2 Calculus of exponential

functions
2.1 Overview
Rates of change and the concept
of a limit are fundamental ideas in the
study of calculus. Many processes in
nature can be modelled by exponential
functions. These include the growth in
a population of bacteria and the decay
of radioactive material. Other areas
modelled by exponential functions
include the value of an investment after
a period of time and the temperature
of a liquid after it has been cooling.
In 1683, Jacob Bernoulli, a famous
Swiss mathematician, was studying
a problem relating to compound
interest. What were the effects on
the investment if smaller and smaller
compounding intervals were used?
In fact, he was attempting to find the
( )n
1
value of lim 1 + and discovered that the limit had to lie between 2 and 3. Other mathematicians in
n→∞ n
the 17th century were studying similar ideas and came close to finding the limit.
Leonhard Euler, another famous Swiss mathematician, had studied under Bernoulli. While he was
endeavouring to solve the problem of limits and investments proposed by Bernoulli, Euler discovered the
constant e. He subsequently found many uses of the constant e and, in the mid 18th century published a
paper showing all of his findings, including e to 18 decimal places. An approximation for e is
2.718 281 828 459 . . . Like 𝜋, Euler’s number, e, is irrational.
Euler studied many areas of science, including mechanics, fluid dynamics, astronomy and physics. In
mathematics, the influence of Euler is found in geometry, trigonometry, calculus and algebra. He also
studied and wrote on the theory of music.

LEARNING SEQUENCE
2.1 Overview
2.2 Review of limits and differentiation
2.3 The exponential function
2.4 Differentiation of exponential functions
2.5 Applications of exponential functions
2.6 Review: exam practice
Fully worked solutions for this chapter are available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at
www.jacplus.com.au.

48 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

2.2 Review of limits and differentiation
2.2.1 Limits
The limit of a function, y = f (x), is the value that the function approaches as x approaches a given value.
Consider the limit of f (x) = x + 1 as x approaches 1, using a spreadsheet.

x x+1 x x+1

0.9 1.9 1.1 2.1

0.99 1.99 1.01 2.01

0.999 1.999 1.001 2.001

0.9999 1.9999 1.0001 2.0001

As x approaches 1 from the left-hand side, or below, the function approaches 2.

As x approaches 1 from the right-hand side, or above, the function approaches 2.
As both are equal, the limit exists and is written as:

lim (x + 1) = 2
x→1

Since the function f(x) = x + 1 is continuous, the limit can be found by direct substitution.
x2 − 1 y
Consider a different function, g(x) = .
x−1 3
This function is undefined at x = 1.
(x − 1) (x + 1) 2
However, g(x) can be simplified to g(x) = .
(x − 1)
1
g(x) = (x + 1), x ≠ 1
0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
As shown above, since lim (x + 1) = 2, then
x→1 –1
x2 − 1
lim = 2 or lim g(x) = 2. –2
x→1 x − 1 x→1
The graph of y = g(x) is in fact a linear function with a
–3
point discontinuity at (1, 2), as shown.

WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Evaluate the following limits:
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 5x + 6
a. lim (3h − 5) b. lim c. lim
h→4 x→0 x+2 x→−2 x+2

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Substitute h = 4 as the function is defined. a. lim(3h − 5)
h→4
=3×4−5
=7
2. Answer the question. lim(3h − 5) = 7
h→4

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 49

 x2 + 5x + 6
b. 1. Substitute x = 0 as the function exists for b. lim
this value.
x→0 x+2
6
=
2
=3
x2 + 5x + 6
2. Answer the question. lim =3
x→0 x+2
x2 + 5x + 6
c. 1. The function is undefined at x = −2. c. lim
Factorise the numerator and simplify.
x→−2 x+2
(x + 2) (x + 3)
= lim
x→−2 (x + 2)
= lim (x + 3)
x→−2
2. Substitute x = −2. = −2 + 3
=1
x2 + 5x + 6
3. Answer the question. lim =1
x→−2 x+2

2.2.2 The derivative as a limit

In Year 11, you were introduced to differentiation, the process of finding the rate of change of a function at
any point.
Differentiation from first principles involves finding a limit as h approaches 0.
For the function y = f (x):

dy f (x + h) − f (x)
= lim
dx h→0 h

WORKED EXAMPLE 2

Calculate the derivative of f (x) = 3x2 − 4x + 7 from first principles.

THINK WRITE
1. State the function f (x) = 3x2 − 4x + 7
f(x + h) − f(x)
2. The derivative is equal to f ′ (x) = lim
f (x + h) − f (x)
h→0 h
lim .
h→0 h
[3(x + h) 2 − 4(x + h) + 7] − [3x2 − 4x + 7]
3. Substitute for f (x). f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
3x2 + 6xh + 3h2 − 4x − 4h + 7 − 3x2 + 4x − 7
4. Expand and simplify. = lim
h→0 h
2
6xh + 3h − 4h
= lim
h→0 h

50 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

 h(6x + 3h − 4)
5. Factorise and simplify. = lim
h→0 h
= lim(6x + 3h − 4)
h→0
6. Evaluate the limit as h = 6x + 3 × 0 − 4
approaches 0. = 6x − 4
′
7. Answer the question. f (x) = 6x − 4

2.2.3 Estimating a limit

Technology, such as a spreadsheet, can be used to estimate the limit of a given expression.
ah − 1
Consider the limit of as h → 0 for various values of a > 0.
h
For a = 2:

(2h − 1)
h
h
1 1

0.5 0.828 427 12

0.1 0.717 734 63

0.01 0.695 555 01

0.001 0.693 387 46

0.000 1 0.693 171 2

0.000 01 0.693 149 58

The limit is approaching 0.6931.

For a = 3:

(3h − 1)
h
h
1 2

0.5 1.464 101 615

0.1 1.161 231 74

0.01 1.104 669 194

0.001 1.099 215 984

0.000 1 1.098 672 638

0.000 01 1.098 618 323

The limit is approaching 1.0986.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 51

 ah − 1
Can we find a value of a where the fraction has a limiting value of 1 as h → 0?
h
The value of a would lie in the interval 2 < a < 3.

ah − 1
If = 1, h ≠ 0, then ah − 1 = h ⇒ ah = 1 + h
h
1
a = (1 + h) h

Consider the value of a as h → 0.

( )
1
h (1 + h) h

1 2

0.5 2.25

0.1 2.593 742 46

0.01 2.704 813 829

0.001 2.716 923 932

0.000 1 2.718 145 927

0.000 01 2.718 268 237

0.000 001 2.718 280 469

0.000 000 1 2.718 281 694

0.000 000 01 2.718 281 786

0.000 000 001 2.718 282 052

1E − 10 2.718 282 053

The fraction is approaching 2.718 282 05 … as h → 0.

Euler’s number, e ≈ 2.718 28, is the value of a that gives the limit of the fraction to be 1.
Like 𝜋, e is an irrational number.
Scientific and graphics calculators have an ex function that is treated in the same way as any other
function.
An answer given in terms of e is an exact answer.

Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 1 Concept 1

Review of limits Summary screen and practice questions

52 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

Exercise 2.2 Review of limits and differentiation
Technology free
1. WE1a Evaluate the following limits.
a. lim(5h + 4) b. lim (4 − 6h) c. lim(6h2 − 3h + 2)
h→3 h→−2 h→0
2. WE1bEvaluate the following limits.
2x2 + 7x + 3 x2 + 4x x2 + 4x
a. lim b. lim c. lim
x→0 x−1 x→2 x + 2 x→−3 x + 1
3. WE1c Evaluate the following limits.
h2 − h − 12 h2 + 4h x2 − x − 6
a. lim b. lim c. lim
h→−3 h+3 h→0 h x→3 3−x
4. Evaluate the following limits.
3x2 h + 4h2
a. lim(4x2 + 5xh − h2 ) b. lim
h→0 h→0 h
5. WE2 For the function f (x) = x2 − 6x, calculate the derivative from first principles.

6. Use first principles to differentiate the function f (x) = 5 + 3x − 2x2 .

ah − 1
7. Estimate to 5 decimal places, using technology, the limit of as h → 0, where:
h
a. a = 2.5 b. a = 2.6 c. a = 2.7
d. a = 2.8 e. a = 2.9 f. a = 2.718 28
8. Evaluate the following, giving your answers to 4 decimal places.
1
e2
a. b. e3 c. e2
9. Evaluate the following, giving your answers to 3 decimal places.
√ 4+e
a. 2e−1
3
b. e c.
e
10. a. Use first principles to differentiate the function y = 8x − x2 .
b. Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = 8x − x2 at the point where x = 2.
c. Hence, determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at x = 2.
11. Use differentiation by first principles to determine the gradient of the curve y = x3 − 3x2 at any point
and hence the equation of the tangent at the point where the curve crosses the positive x-axis.
12. Consider the function f (x) = x3 − 4x.
a. Determine the x-intercepts of this function.
b. Use first principles to differentiate the function.
c. Calculate the gradient of the tangents at the points where the function crosses the x-axis.
d. Deduce that two of the tangents are parallel.
1 1
13. a. Simplify the fraction − .
x+h x
1
b. Hence, use first principles to determine the derivative of the function f (x) = , x ≠ 0.
x
1 1 −h
14. a. Show that − = .
(x + h − 2) (x − 2) (x − 2)(x + h − 2)
−1
b. Evaluate lim .
h→0 (x − 2)(x + h − 2)
1
c. Hence, use first principles to determine the gradient function for y = , x ≠ 2.
(x − 2)
d. Determine the x-value(s) on the curve where the tangent is parallel to 9x + y − 7 = 0.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 53

2.3 The exponential function
2.3.1 Review of exponential functions, f(x) = ax where a ∈ R+ \ {1}
The graph of f (x) = ax , a > 1 has the following features: y = ax, a > 1
y
• The y-intercept is (0, 1). ( )
1
• The key points are (1, a) and −1, . (1, a)
a
• The maximal domain is x ∈ R.
• The range is y ∈ R+ or y > 0. (–1, 1a ) (0, 1)
y=0
• As x → ∞, f (x) → ∞. x
0
• As x → −∞, f (x) → 0.
• The horizontal asymptote is y = 0 (the x-axis).
• It is a one-to-one function.
The graph of f (x) = a−x , a > 1 is a reflection of f (x) = ax for a > 1
over the y-axis.
The graph of f (x) = a−x , a > 1 has the following features: y
• The y-intercept is (0, 1). ( )
1
• The key points are (−1, a) and 1, . (–1, a)
a
• The maximal domain is x ∈ R. y = a–x, a > 1 (0, 1)
• The range is y ∈ R+ or y > 0. (1, 1a )
• As x → ∞, f (x) → 0. 0 y=0 x
• As x → −∞, f (x) → ∞.
• The horizontal asymptote is y = 0 (the x-axis).
• It is a one-to-one function.

WORKED EXAMPLE 3
Sketch the following exponential functions, showing all important features.
a. f (x) = 2x b. f (x) = 2−x c. f (x) = −2x

THINK WRITE
a. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2x , first a. f (x) = 2x
determine the y-intercept, which occurs f (0) = 20
when x = 0.
f (0) = 1
y-intercept (0, 1)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, f (1) = 21 and f (−1) = 2−1
it is useful to know any two other points 1
on the graph. For example, determine the f (1) = 2 f (−1) =
2
coordinates of the points at x = ±1. ( )
1
(1, 2) and −1,
2
3. State the equation of the horizontal y=0
asymptote.

54 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

 4. Sketch the graph. y
f(x) = 2x

(1, 2)
(–1, 12 ) (0, 1)
0 y=0 x

b. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2−x , first b. f (x) = 2−x

determine the y-intercept, which occurs f (0) = 2−0
when x = 0.
f (0) = 1
y-intercept (0, 1)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, it is f (1) = 2−1 and f (−1) = 2−1
useful to know any two other points on the 1
graph. For example, determine the f (1) = f (−1) = 2
2
coordinates of the points at x = ±1. ( )
1
1, and (−1, 2)
2
3. State the equation of the horizontal y=0
asymptote.
4. Sketch the graph. y
Note: This is a reflection of the curve in f(x) = 2–x
part a over the y-axis.
(–1, 2)
(0, 1) (1, 12)
0 y=0 x

c. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = −2x , first c. f(x) = −2x

determine the y-intercept, which occurs f (0) = −20
when x = 0.
f (0) = −1
y-intercept (0, −1)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, it is f (1) = −21 and f (−1) = −2−1
useful to know any two other points on the 1
graph. For example, determine the f (1) = −2 f (−1) = −
2
coordinates of the points at x = ±1. ( )
1
(1, −2) and −1, −
2
3. State the equation of the horizontal y=0
asymptote.
4. Sketch the graph. y
Note: This is a reflection of the curve in
part a over the x-axis. 0 y=0 x
(0, –1)
(–1, – 1
2 ) (1, –2)

f(x) = –2x

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 55

2.3.2 The exponential function, f(x) = ex
It has been established that e ≈ 2.718 28, giving 2 < e < 3.
Therefore, the graph of the exponential function, y = ex , lies between y = 2x and y = 3x .
The graph of f (x) = ex has the following features: y
4 y = 3x
• The y-intercept is (0, 1). ( )
1 3 (1, 3)
• The key points are (1, e) and −1, .
e (1, 2.718)
• The maximal domain is x ∈ R. 2 (1, 2)
+
• The range is y > 0 or y ∈ R . y=e x
y = 2x
• As x → ∞, f (x) → ∞. 1 (0, 1)
• As x → −∞, f (x) → 0. y=0
• The horizontal asymptote is y = 0. –2 –1 0 1 2
x
• It is a one-to-one function.
Three exponential functions, y = 2x , y = ex and y = 3x , are shown.
Graphs of f (x) = aenx + b where a, n, b ∈ R can be sketched using your knowledge of transformations.

Sketching y = ex and its transformations

The graph of y = kex is a dilation of y = ex by a factor of k from the x-axis (or perpendicular to the y-axis).
1
The graph of y = enx is a dilation of y = ex by a factor of from the y-axis (or parallel to the x-axis).
n
The graph of y = −ex is a reflection of y = ex in the x-axis.
The graph of y = e−x is a reflection of y = ex in the y-axis.
The graph of y = ex + k is a translation of y = ex by k units vertically (or parallel to the y-axis).
The graph of y = e(x−h) is a translation of y = ex by h units horizontally (or parallel to the x-axis), giving
the vertical asymptote x = h.

WORKED EXAMPLE 4
a. Sketch the function f (x) = 2ex , showing all important features.
b. State the transformation required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2ex .

THINK WRITE
x
a. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2e , first a. f (x) = 2ex
determine the y-intercept, which occurs f (0) = 2e0
when x = 0.
f (0) = 2 × 1
f (0) = 2
y-intercept (0, 2)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, it is f (1) = 2e1 and f (−1) = 2e−1
useful to know any two other points on the graph. 2
For example, determine the coordinates of the f (1) = 2e f (−1) =
e
points at x = ±1.
(1, 2e) ≈ (1, 5.44)
( )
2
−1, ≈ (−1, 0.74)
e
3. State the equation of the horizontal asymptote. y=0

56 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

 4. Sketch the function. y
(1, 2e)

f(x) = 2 ex

(0, 2)
(–1, 2e )
0 y=0 x

b. State the transformation. b. The transformation required to map

f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2ex is a dilation
by a factor of 2 from the x-axis.

WORKED EXAMPLE 5
a. Sketch the function f (x) = 2 + e−x , showing all important features.
b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2 + e−x .

THINK WRITE
−x
a. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 + e , a. f (x) = 2 + e−x
first determine the y-intercept, which occurs f (0) = 2 + e−0
when x = 0.
f (0) = 2 + 1
f (0) = 3
y-intercept (0, 3)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, f (1) = 2 + e−1 and f (−1) = 2 + e−1
it is useful to know any two other points f (−1) = 2 + e
on the graph. For example, determine the (1, 2 + e−1 ) ≈ (1, 2.37)
coordinates of the points at x = ±1. (−1, 2 + e) ≈ (−1, 4.72)
3. State the equation of the horizontal y=2
asymptote.
4. Sketch the function. y

(–1, 2 + e)
f(x) = 2 + e–x
(0, 3) (1, 2 + e–1)
y=2

0 x

b. State the transformations. b. The transformations required to map

f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2 + e−x are a reflection
in the y-axis and a vertical translation
upwards by 2 units.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 57

2.3.3 Indicial equations with e
Determining the x-intercepts of exponential functions may involve solving equations with e.
• The laws of indices apply in the same way if e is the base.
• Equations involving e are solved using the same methods as any equation involving indices.
• Solving may require the use of logarithms with base e.
• The laws of logarithms apply, using the notation loge (x) or ln (x) as found on your calculator.
• Since ex > 0, not all equations have real solutions. For example, ex = −1 has no real solution.

WORKED EXAMPLE 6
Consider the function f (x) = 2 − e−x .
a. Determine the coordinates of any axis intercepts.
b. Sketch the function f (x) = 2 − e−x , showing all important features.
c. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2 − e−x .

THINK WRITE
a. 1. For the y-intercept, x = 0. a. f (x) = 2 − e−x
• Substitute x = 0. f (0) = 2 − e0
• Evaluate. f (0) = 2 − 1 = 1
2. For the x-intercept, y = 0. 2 − e−x = 0
• Substitute y = 0. 2 = e−x
• Rearrange the equation. loge 2 = loge e−x
• Take the log (base e) of both sides. −x loge e = loge 2
• Use log laws to simplify.
x = − loge 2
3. State the coordinates of the axis intercepts. Axis intercepts:
(Hint: An approximation may be useful.) (− loge 2, 0) and (0, 1)
Approximately:
(−0.693, 0) and (0, 1)
−x
b. 1. To sketch the graph of f (x) = 2 − e , use b. Axis intercepts:
the x- and y-intercepts found in part a. (− loge 2, 0) and (0, 1)
Approximately:
(−0.693, 0) and (0, 1)
2. To help determine the shape of the curve, it is f (1) = 2 − e−1 and f (−1) = 2 − e−1
useful to know any two other points on the f (−1) = 2 − e
graph. For example, determine the −1
(1, 2 − e ) ≈ (1, 1.632)
coordinates of the points at x = ±1. (−1, 2 − e) ≈ (−1, −0.718)
3. State the equation of the horizontal y=2
asymptote.
4. Sketch the function. y

y=2

(1, 2 – e)
f(x) = 2–ex
(0, 1)
(–0, 0.693)
0 x
(1, 2 – e–1)

58 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

c. State the transformations. c. The transformations required to map
f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 2 − e−x are reflections
in both the x- and y-axes and a vertical
translation upwards by 2 units.

WORKED EXAMPLE 7
Solve 6ex = 15 + ex for x, giving your answer:
a. as an exact number
b. correct to 3 decimal places.

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Write the equation. a. 6ex = 15 + ex
2. Collect like terms. 5ex = 15
3. Find ex . ex = 3
4. Take the log of both sides. (Note: loge (x) = ln(x)) ln(ex ) = ln(3)
5. State the solution as an exact number. x = ln(3)
b. 1. Use your calculator to determine the approximation. b. x = 1.098 61
2. State the solution correct to 3 decimal places. x = 1.099

WORKED EXAMPLE 8
Solve ex − 3e−x = 2 for x, giving your answer(s) correct to 2 decimal places.

THINK WRITE
1. Write the equation. ex − 3e−x = 2
3
2. Rewrite without negative indices. ex − x = 2
e
3. Multiply each term by ex . (ex ) 2 − 3 = 2ex
4. Recognise a quadratic equation in ex . (ex ) 2 − 2ex − 3 = 0
5. Let a = ex . a2 − 2a − 3 = 0
6. Factorise the quadratic expression. (a − 3)(a + 1) = 0
7. Solve for a. a = 3 or a = −1
8. Substitute ex for a. ex = 3 or ex = −1
9. Solve for x. ln(ex ) = ln(3), ex ≠ −1
x = ln(3)
10. State the solution correct to 2 decimal places. x = 1.10 (to 2 decimal places)

Resources
Interactivity: Exponential functions (int-5959)

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 59

 Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 1 Concept 2
The exponential function Summary screen and practice questions

Exercise 2.3 The exponential function

Technology free
1. WE3 Sketch the following exponential functions, showing all important features.
a. f (x) = 4x b. f (x) = 4−x c. f (x) = −4x
x −x
2. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = 10 and y = 10 .
3. WE4 a. Sketch the function f (x) = 4ex , showing all important features.

b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 4ex .

4. a. Sketch the function f (x) = −5ex , showing all important features.
b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = −5ex .
5. WE5 a. Sketch the function f (x) = e−x + 3, showing all important features.

b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = e−x + 3.

6. a. Sketch the function f (x) = e2x + 3, showing all important features.
b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = e2x + 3.
7. WE6 Consider the function f (x) = e2x − 3.

a. Determine the coordinates of any axis intercepts for this function.

b. Sketch the function f (x) = e2x − 3, showing all important features.
c. State the transformations required to map f(x) = ex onto f (x) = e2x − 3.
8. Consider the function f (x) = 4 − 2e−x .
a. Determine the coordinates of any axis intercepts for this function.
b. Sketch the function f (x) = 4 − 2e−x , showing all important features.
c. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 4 − 2e−x .
x
9. a. Sketch the function f (x) = 4e 2 , showing all important features.
x
b. State the transformations required to map f (x) = ex onto f (x) = 4e 2 .
Technology active x
−
10. a. Determine the coordinates of any axis intercepts for the function y = 3e 2 − 6.
b. Sketch the function, showing all important features.
x
c. State the transformation required to map y = ex onto y = 3e− 2 − 6.
11. WE7 Solve 3ex + 8 = 5ex for x, giving your answer:

a. as an exact number
b. correct to 3 decimal places.
12. Solve for x, giving your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
1
a. ex = 5 b. ex = c. ex = 2.6
2
d. e−x = 6 e. 3 = 2ex f. 3e−x − 10 = 0
13. Solve for x in each of the following, giving your answer in exact form.
a. (ex − 1)(ex − 2) = 0 b. (ex − 1)(ex + 3) = 0
−x 2x
c. (e − 1)(e − 4) = 0 d. (3e−x − 2)(2ex − 1) = 0
e. (2ex + 1)(ex − 4) = 0 f. (3ex − 2)(ex + 4) = 0
x
WE8 Solve e − 15e −x
14. = 2 for x, giving your answer(s) correct to 2 decimal places.
15. Solve for x in each of the following, giving your answers in exact form.
a. 5ex − 12e−x − 11 = 0 b. 3ex + 6e−x = 11
−x
x
c. 2e = 9 + 5e d. ex = 25e−x

60 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

16. Solve for x in each of the following, giving your answers in exact form.
a. ex > 1 b. e−x < e c. e2x ≥ 4 d. e1−x ≤ 6
17. a. Sketch the curve y = 2 e−x + 1.
b. For what values of x is y < 3?
c. Discuss why 2 e−x + 1 < 0 has no real solutions.
18. a. Sketch the curve f(x) = 4 − ex , stating all axis intercepts in exact form.
b. For what values of x is y > 0?
c. Discuss the range of the function if the domain is x ≥ 0.

2.4 Differentiation of exponential functions

The derivative of the exponential function can be found using first principles.
If f (x) = ex , then

f(x + h) − f(x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
e − ex
x+h
= lim
h→0 h
e e − ex
x h
= lim
h→0 h
ex (eh − 1)
= lim
h→0 h
h
e −1
= ex lim
h→0 h

ah − 1 eh − 1
In subtopic 2.2, it was shown that lim = 1 for a = e; that is, lim = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h
eh − 1
Substituting into f ′ (x) = ex lim :
h→0 h

f ′ (x) = ex

The derivative of y = ef (x) can be found using the chain rule, studied in Year 11.
If y = ef (x) , let u = f (x) .
Then y = eu .
dy du
= eu and = f ′ (x)
du dx

dy dy du
The chain rule states: = ×
dx du dx
dy
Substitute: = eu × f ′ (x)
dx
dy
Replace u as f (x): = f ′ (x)e f(x)
dx

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 61

 The differential of an exponential
d(ex )
= ex
dx
And with the chain rule:
d(e f(x) )
= f ′ (x) e f(x)
dx
or
u
d(e ) du
= eu × where u = f(x)
dx dx

WORKED EXAMPLE 9

Using the chain rule, differentiate y = e−5x with respect to x.

THINK WRITE
1. Write the equation. y = e−5x
2. Substitute u = −5x. y = eu and u = −5x
dy du dy du
3. Determine and . = eu and = −5
du dx du dx
dy dy dy du
4. Use the chain rule to find . = ×
dx dx du dx
dy
= eu × (−5)
dx
dy
5. State the derivative in terms of x. = −5ex
dx
Alternatively, recognise and apply the formula y = e−5x
d(e f (x) ) dy
= f ′ (x)e f(x) where f (x) = −5x. = −5ex
dx dx

WORKED EXAMPLE 10

Determine the derivative of y = e2x+1 .

THINK WRITE
1. Write the equation. y = e2x+1
dy
2. Recognise and apply the formula = 2e2x+1
d(e f (x) ) dx
= f ′ (x)e f (x) where f (x) = 2x + 1.
dx

62 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

WORKED EXAMPLE 11
Differentiate the following.
e3x − 2e−x
a. f (x) = ex (ex − 3) b. f (x) =
ex

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Write the equation. a. f (x) = ex (ex − 3)
2. Write the equation in expanded form. f (x) = e2x − 3ex
3. Differentiate each term. f ′ (x) = 2e2x − 3ex
e3x − 2e−x
b. 1. Write the equation. b. f (x) =
ex
e3x 2e−x
2. Separate the terms and simplify. f (x) = x − x
e e
2x −2x
f (x) = e − 2e
3. Differentiate. f ′ (x) = 2e2x + 4x−2x
4
f ′ (x) = 2e2x + 2x
e

WORKED EXAMPLE 12
( )
3
x −x
Determine the derivative of the function y = e .

THINK WRITE
3
1. Write the equation. y = e(x −x)
2. Substitute u = x3 − x. y = eu and u = x3 − x
dy du dy du
3. Determine and . = eu and = 3x2 − 1
du dx du dx
dy dy dy du
4. Use the chain rule to find . = ×
dx dx du dx
dy ( )
= eu × 3x2 − 1
dx
dy 3
5. State the derivative in terms of x. = (3x2 − 1) e(x −x)
dx
Alternatively:
3
1. Write the equation y = e(x −x)
dy 3
2. Recognise and apply the formula = (3x2 − 1) e(x −x)
dx
d(e f (x) )
= f ′ (x)e f (x) where f (x) = x3 − x.
dx

Units 3 & 1 Area 2 Sequence 1 Concept 3

Differentiation of exponential functions Summary screen and practice questions

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 63

Exercise 2.4 Differentiation of exponential functions
Technology free
1. WE9 Differentiate the following.
1 x
y = e10x
a. b. y = e3x c. y = e4
d. y = e−x e. y = 2e3x f. y = 4e−5x
2. WE10 Differentiate the following.
a. y = e6x−2 b. y = e8−6x c. y = 2e5x+3
d. y = 4e7−2x e. y = −3e8x+1 f. y = −2e6−5x
3. a. y = 10e6−9x b. y = −5e3x+4 c. y = 6e−7x
x x x
2−
d. y = 2e 2 + 1 e. y = 3e 3 f. y = −4e 4 +5
3x+2
4. MC The derivative of y = e is equal to:
3x+2
A. 3e B. (3x + 2)e3x+2 C. 3e3x D. 3xe3x+2
5. WE11 Differentiate the following.

a. f (x) = 2(ex + 1) b. f (x) = 3e2x (ex + 1)

c. f (x) = 5(e−4x + 2x) d. f (x) = (ex + 2)(e−x + 3)
6. WE11 Differentiate the following.

3e3x + e−6x 4e7x − 2e−x

a. f (x) = b. f (x) =
ex e−2x
7. WE12 Determine the derivatives of the following.
2 2 2
a. y = ex +3x b. y = ex −3x+1 c. y = ex −2x d. f(x) = e2−5x
f (x)
d(e )
8. Use the formula = f ′ (x) e f (x) to differentiate the following functions.
dx
2 3 2 2
a. f (x) = e6−3x+x b. g(x) = ex +3x−2 c. h(x) = 3e4x −7x d. y = −5e1−2x−3x
3
9. MC The derivative of 6ex −5x is equal to:
3 3
A. 6(3x2 − 5)ex −5x B. (3x2 − 5)ex −5x
3 2
C. 6(x3 − 5x)ex −5x D. 6(3x2 − 5)e3x −5
10. If f (x) = 5e9−4x , determine the exact value of f ′ (2).
2
11. If g(x) = 2ex −3x+2 , determine the exact value of g′ (0).
2
12. Calculate the exact value of h′ (−1) if h(x) = −5ex +3x .
2
13. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve y = ex +3x−4 at the point where x = 1.
14. Determine the equations of the tangent and the line perpendicular to the curve y = e−3x − 2 at the point
where x = 0.
15. Determine the derivative of the function f (x) = e−2x+3 − 4e and hence find:
a. f ′ (−2) in exact form b. {x : f ′ (x) = −2}
e3x + 2
16. Determine the derivative of the function f (x) = and hence find:
ex
a. f ′ (1) in exact form b. {x : f ′ (x) = 0}

2.5 Applications of exponential functions

Functions involving the exponential function y = ex can be used to model many real-life situations. These
include:
• population growth and decay, for example bacteria
• radioactive decay
• growth of investments
• cooling of heated objects.

64 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

 In modelling that involves exponential growth and decay, the rate of change of the function often implies
dy
the change with respect to time, .
dt
It may be necessary to restrict the domain of the exponential function to suit the context of the problem.
For example, time (t) cannot be negative.

WORKED EXAMPLE 13
The number of bacteria on a culture plate, N, can be defined by the rule

N(t) = 2000e0.3t , t ≥ 0

where t is the time, in seconds, the culture has been growing.

a. How many bacteria were initially present?
b. How many bacteria, to the nearest whole number, are present after 10 seconds?
c. At what rate is the bacteria population increasing after 10 seconds? Give your answer correct to
the nearest whole number.

THINK WRITE
a. 1. The initial time is when t = 0. Substitute a. N(t) = 2000e0.3t
t = 0 and evaluate. N(0) = 2000e0.3(0)
= 2000
2. Write the answer. Initially there were 2000 bacteria present.
b. 1. After 10 seconds, t = 10. Substitute b. N(t) = 2000e0.3t
t = 10. N(10) = 2000e0.3(10)
= 2000e3
= 40 171.074
2. Write the answer. After 10 seconds there were 40 171 bacteria
present.
( )
d(e f(x) )
c. 1. Differentiate = f ′ (x) e f(x) to c. N(t) = 2000e0.3t
dx
find rate of change with respect to time. dN
= 2000 × 0.3e0.3t
dt
dN
= 600e0.3t
dt

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 65

 dN
2. After 10 seconds, t = 10. Substitute = 600e0.3(10)
t = 10 and evaluate. dt
= 600e3
= 12 051.322
3. Write the answer with correct units. After 10 seconds the bacteria is increasing at a
rate of 12 051 bacteria/second.

TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE

a.1. On a Calculator page, a.1. On a Main Menu screen,
press MENU, then select:
select: Graph.
2: Add Graphs. Complete the entry line
Complete the entry in the Y1 tab as:
line in the f1(x) = tab 2000e0.3x
as: Note: The independent
2000e0.3x variable t has been
replaced with x.
2. Sketch the graph by 2. Sketch the graph by
pressing the ENTER pressing either the
button. DRAW or EXE button.

3. To calculate the initial 3. To calculate the initial

value, select: value, select:
Menu G-Solv (SHIFT F5)
8: Geometry Y-CAL.
1: Points & Lines Complete the entry line
2: Point On. in X: as 0.

4. Move the cursor and 4. The answer appears on

select the curve the screen.
representing f1 (x). In this case, when
Press the ESC x = 0, y = 2000.
(escape) button. This
allows you to move
the text box indicating
the coordinates
( ) of the
point P x, y .
Complete the entry
line in the textbox as
0 for the x-value.
5. The answer appears 5. To calculate the number
on the screen. of bacteria after 10
In this case, when seconds, select:
x = 0, y = 2000. G-Solv (SHIFT F5)
Y-CAL.
Complete the entry line
in X: as 10.

66 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

b.1. Complete the entry b.1. The answer appears on
line in the textbox as the screen.
10 for the x-value. In this case, when
The answer appears x = 10, y = 40 171.074.
on the screen.
In this case, when
x = 10,
y = 40 171.074.
Note: You can also
calculate an x-value
by entering a desired
y-value.
c.1. On a Calculator page, c.1. On a Run Matrix screen,
press MENU, then select:
select: d
Math .
4: Calculus dx
1: Numerical
Derivative at a Point.

2. Complete the value 2. Complete the entry line

entry line as: as:
10 d ( )
Press the OK button. 2000e0.3x
dx
Enter 10 in the x-value
box.
Press the EXE button to
complete the calculation.

3. Complete the entry 3. The answer appears on

line as: the screen.
d ( ) In this case, when
2000e0.3x
dx x = 10,
dy
Press the ENTER = 12 051.322.
button to complete dx
the calculation.

The answer appears

on the screen.
In this case, when
x = 10,
dy
= 12 051.322.
dx

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 67

 WORKED EXAMPLE 14
The mass, M grams, of a radioactive substance is initially
20 grams. The substance has been stored for 30 years already.
The mass in any year is given by

M(t) = M0 e−0.00152t

where M0 is a constant and t is the time in years.

a. Determine the value of M 0 .
b. Calculate the amount of the substance remaining
after a further 30 years. Give your answer correct to
2 decimal places.
c. Determine the rate of decay at this time. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.

THINK WRITE
a. 1. The mass, M grams, of a radioactive a. M (t) = M0 e−0.00152t
substance is initially 20 grams. Substitute M (0) = M0 e−0.00152(0) = 20
t = 0, M(0) = 20.
M0 e0 = 20
⇒ M0 = 20
2. Write the answer. M0 = 20
b. 1. Rewrite the equation with M0 = 20. b. M(t) = 20e−0.00152t
2. The mass, M grams, of a radioactive M(60) = 20e−0.00152(60)
substance is initially 20 grams. After = 18.2567
30 years (t = 30), a further 30 years is
when t = 60. Substitute t = 60 and
evaluate.
3. Write the answer. After a further 30 years, the mass is
18.26 grams.
c. 1. Differentiate to find the rate of change c. M(t) = 20e−0.001 52t
with respect to time. M′ (t) = 20 × (−0.00152) e−0.00152t
M′ (t) = −0.0304e−0.00152t
2. Evaluate the rate of change at t = 60 by M′ (60) = −0.0304e−0.00152(60)
substitution. = −0.027 75
3. Answer the question with correct units. The rate of decay after 60 years is
0.03 grams/year.
Note: The question asked for the rate of decay,
so the negative sign is not included in the final
answers. The negative indicates a rate that is
decreasing.

68 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

WORKED EXAMPLE 15
The population of foxes on the outskirts
of a city is starting to increase.
Data collected suggest that a model for the
number of foxes is given by N(t) = 480 − 320e−0.3t ,
t ≥ 0 where N is the number of foxes t years
after the observations began.
a. How many foxes were present initially at
the start of the observations?
b. By how many had the population of foxes grown
at the end of the first year of observations?
c. After how many months does the model predict the
number of foxes would double its initial population?
d. Sketch the graph of N versus t.
e. Explain why this model does not predict that the population of foxes will grow to 600.

THINK WRITE
a. 1. Calculate the initial number, that is when a. N(t) = 480 − 320e−0.3t
t = 0. When t = 0,
N(0) = 480 − 320e0
= 480 − 320
= 160
2. Answer the question. There were 160 foxes present initially.
b. 1. Calculate the number of foxes, N, after b. When t = 1,
1 year, t = 1. N(1) = 480 − 320e−0.3
≈ 242.94
After the first year 243 foxes were present.
2. Express the change over the first year in Over the first year the population grew from
context. 160 to 243, an increase of 83 foxes.
c. 1. Calculate the required value of t. c. Let N = 2 × 160 = 320.
Note: An algebraic method requiring 320 = 480 − 320e−0.3t
logarithms has been used here. 320e−0.3t = 160
1
e−0.3t =
2
( )
1
−0.3t = loge
2
( )
1 1
t=− loge
0.3 2
t ≈ 2.31
2. Answer the question. 0.31 × 12 ≈ 4
The population doubles after 2 years and
4 months.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 69

 d. Sketch the graph. d. N(t) = 480 − 320e−0.3t
The horizontal asymptote is N = 480.
The y-intercept is (0, 160).

N N = 480
480

(0, 160) N = 480 – 320e–0.3t

0 t
e. Give an explanation for the claim that this e. The presence of an asymptote on the graph
model will not predict the population of shows that as t → ∞, N → 480.
foxes to grow to 600. Hence, N can never reach 600.
The population will never exceed 480
according to this model.

Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 1 Concept 4

Applications of exponential functions Summary screen and practice questions

Exercise 2.5 Applications of exponential functions

Technology active
1. WE13 The number of bacteria on a culture plate, N, can be defined by the rule

N(t) = 500e0.46t , t ≥ 0

where t is the time, in hours, that the culture has been growing.
a. How many bacteria were initially present?
b. How many bacteria, to the nearest whole number, are present after 5 hours?
c. At what rate is the bacteria population increasing after 5 hours? Give your answer correct to the
nearest whole number.
2. The bilby is an endangered species that can be found in the
Kimberley in Western Australia as well as some parts of South
Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. The gestation
time for a bilby is 2–3 weeks and when they are born, they are
only about 11 mm in length. The growth of a typical bilby can
be modelled by the rule
L = L0 e0.599t

where L0 is its length in millimetres at birth and L is the length of

the bilby in millimetres t months after its birth.
a. Determine the value of L0 .
b. What is the rate of change of length of the bilby at time t months?
c. At what rate is the bilby growing when it is 3 months old? Give your answer correct to 3 decimal
places.

70 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

3. WE14 The mass, M grams, of a particular radioactive substance can be modelled by the exponential

function

M(t) = M0 e−0.005t

where M0 is a constant and t is the time in days, Initially the substance weighed 50 grams.
a. Determine the value of M0 .
b. Calculate the amount of the substance remaining after 10 days. Give your answer correct to
2 decimal places.
c. Determine the rate of decay at this time. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
4. Changing 𝛿-gluconolactone into gluconic acid can be modelled by the equation y = y0 e−0.6t where y is
the number of grams of 𝛿-gluconolactone present t hours after the process has begun. Suppose
200 grams of 𝛿-gluconolactone is to be changed into gluconic acid.
a. Determine the value of y0 .
b. How many grams of 𝛿-gluconolactone will be present after 1 hour? Give your answer correct to the
nearest gram.
c. How long will it take to reduce the amount of 𝛿-gluconolactone to 50 grams? Give your answer
correct to the nearest quarter of an hour.
d. Determine the rate of change in the 𝛿-gluconolactone after 2 hours. Give your answer to 1 decimal
place.
5. The decay of radon-222 gas is given by the equation y = y0 e−0.18t , where y is the amount of radon
remaining after t days. If initially there was 10 grams of radon-222 gas, determine:
a. the value of y0
b. the amount of gas, to the nearest integer, remaining after 2 days
c. how many days it will take for the mass to reach half its original mass
d. the rate of decay after 5 days, correct to 2 decimal places.
6. An amount of $1000 is invested in a building society where the 5% p.a. interest is compounded
continuously. The amount in the account after t years can be modelled by the equation A = A0 × ert ,
where A0 is the initial value of the investment and r is the continuous interest rate expressed as a
decimal.
a. State the value of A0 and r.
b. Calculate the amount in the account, correct to the nearest cent, after:
i. 1 year
ii. 5 years
iii. 10 years.
c. At what rate was the investment increasing, correct to the nearest cent per year, after:
i. 1 year? ii. 5 years? iii. 10 years?
d. Estimate how long, to the nearest year, it would take for the investment to double in value.
7. A body that is at a higher temperature than its surroundings cools according to Newton’s Law of
Cooling, which states that

T = T0 e−zt

where T0 is the original excess of temperature, T is the excess of temperature in degrees Celsius after
t minutes, and z is a constant.
a. The original temperature of the body was 95 °C and the temperature of the surroundings was 20 °C.
Find the value of T0 .
b. At what rate is the temperature decreasing after a quarter of an hour if it is known that z = 0.034?
Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 71

 8. The number of people living in Boomerville at any time, t years, after the first settlers arrived can be
modelled by the equation P = P0 ekt . Initially, on 1 January 1850, Boomerville had a population of
500 people. By 1 January 1860, the population had grown to 675.
a. Determine the value of P0 .
b. Calculate the value of k correct to 2 decimal places.
c. Using this value of k, determine the population on 1 January 1900. Give your answer to the nearest
10 people.
d. At what rate was the population increasing on 1 January 1900? Give your answer to the nearest
whole number.
9. The mass, m kg, of a radioactive isotope remaining in a sample t hours after observations began is given
by the rule m(t) = ae−kt . Initially there is 2 kg of the isotope. After 3 hours the mass of the isotope has
decreased to 1.1 kg.
a. Determine the values of a and k. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
b. Using these values, find the rate of change of the isotope as a function of t.
c. Calculate the rate of decay of the isotope after 6 hours. Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
d. Determine the half-life of this isotope, that is, the time it takes for the isotope to reduce to half its
original mass. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place.
10. An unstable gas decomposes in such a way that the amount present, A units, at time t minutes is given
by the equation

A = A0 e−kt

where k and A0 are constants. It was known that initially there were 120 units of unstable gas.
a. Find the value of A0 .
b. After 2 minutes there were 90 units of the gas left. Find the value of k.
c. At what rate is the gas decomposing when t = 5? Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
d. Will there ever be no gas left? Explain your answer.
11. The population of Australia since 1950 can be modelled by the rule

P = P0 e0.016t

where P0 is the population in millions at the beginning of 1950 and P is the population in millions
t years after 1950. It is known that there were 8.2 million people in Australia at the beginning of 1950.
a. Calculate the population in millions at the beginning of 2015, correct to 1 decimal place.
b. During which year and month did the population reach 20 million?
c. Determine the rate of change of population at the turn of the century, namely the year 2000, correct
to 2 decimal places.
d. In which year was the rate of increase of the population predicted to exceed 400 000 people per year?
12. The pressure of the atmosphere, P cm of mercury, decreases with the height, h km above sea level,
according to the law

P = P0 e−kh

where P0 is the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level and k is a constant. At 500 m above sea level, the
pressure is 66.7 cm of mercury, and at 1500 m above sea level, the pressure is 52.3 cm of mercury.
a. What are the values of P0 and k, correct to 2 decimal places?
b. Find the rate at which the pressure is falling when the height above sea level is 5 km. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.

72 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

13. The cane toad, originally from South America, is an invasive
species in Australia. Cane toads were introduced to Australia
from Hawaii in 1935 in an attempt to control cane beetles,
though this proved to be ineffective.
In a controlled experiment at a particular waterhole, it was
observed that at the beginning of the experiment there were an
estimated 30 000 tadpoles (future cane toads) in the water. The
number of tadpoles increased by about 60 000 a day over the
period of a week. This growth pattern can be defined by the equation

T = T0 ekt

where T0 is the initial number of cane toad tadpoles (in thousands) at the waterhole during the time of
the experiment, T is the number of cane toad tadpoles (in thousands) at the waterhole t days into the
experiment, and k is a constant.
a. Calculate the value of T0 .
b. How many cane toad tadpoles are in the waterhole after 7 days if it is known that k = 0.387? Give
your answer to the nearest thousand.
c. Determine the rate at which the cane toad tadpole numbers are increasing after 3 days.
14. WE 15 The population of possums in an inner city suburb is starting
to increase. Observations of the numbers present suggest a model
for the number of possums in the suburb given by
P(t) = 83 − 65e−0.2t , t ≥ 0, where P is the number of possums
observed and t is the time in months since observations began.
a. How many possums were present at the start of the observations?
b. By how many had the population of possums grown at the end
of the first month of observations? Give your answer to the nearest
whole number.
c. When does the model predict the number of possums would be
twice the initial population?
d. Sketch the graph of P versus t.
e. Explain why this model does not predict the population of possums
will grow to 100.
15. Manoj pours himself a mug of coffee but gets distracted by a phone
call before he can drink the coffee. The temperature of the
cooling mug of coffee is given by T = 20 + 75e−0.062t , where T is the temperature of the coffee t
minutes after it was initially poured into the mug.
a. What was the initial temperature of the coffee when it was first poured?
b. Sketch the graph of temperature, T °C against time, t minutes.
c. To what temperature will the coffee cool if left unattended?
d. How long does it take for the coffee to reach a temperature of 65 °C?
Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
e. Determine the rate of change in the temperature of the coffee after 10 minutes, correct to 1 decimal
place. Explain why the rate of change is negative.
16. Newton’s Rule of Cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of a particle is proportional to
the difference between the temperature of the particle and the constant temperature of the surrounding
medium. The temperature, T °C, of a particle when placed in a medium with a constant temperature of
A °C can be modelled by the equation
T = T0 e−kt + A

where t is time and T0 is a constant.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 73

 A metal ball has been heated to a temperature of 200 °C and is placed into a room that is maintained
at a constant temperature of 30 °C. After 5 minutes, the temperature of the ball has dropped to 150 °C.
a. State the value of A and hence determine the value of T0 .
b. Calculate the value of k correct to 4 decimal places.
c. Using the values found above, state the equation for this model and sketch its graph.
d. Determine the temperature of the rod, correct to 1 decimal place, after a further 10 minutes.
e. Calculate the rate of change in the temperature, correct to 1 decimal place, at this time.
f. Determine how long it will take for the temperature of the ball to reach 40 °C. Give your answer to
2 decimal places.
g. Verify, with reasons, that the metal ball would never reach 10 °C if left in the room.

2.6 Review: exam practice

A summary of this chapter is available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at www.jacplus.com.au.

Simple familiar
1. Evaluate the following limits.
2x2 − 6x
a. lim(6x − 1) b. lim
x→3 x→3 x − 3
2x2 + 3x − 5 3x − 5
c. lim d. lim
x→1 x2 − 1 x→0 2x − 1
dy
2. Using first principles, calculate for the following functions.
dx
a. y = 4 − x2
b. y = x2 + 4x
c. y = x(x + 1)
3. Given f (x) = (x + 5)2 :
a. find f ′ (x) using first principles
b. calculate f ′ (−5) and explain its geometric meaning
c. calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at its y-intercept
d. calculate the instantaneous rate of change of the function y = f (x) at (−2, 9).
4. Solve the following for x, giving your answers to 3 decimal places.
a. ex+1 = 6 b. 2e4−x − 5 = 0
−2x
c. e =8 d. 4 − ex−2 = 0
5. Solve the following for x, giving your answers in exact form.
a. e2x − 2ex = 0 b. (ex + 1)(ex − 3) = 0
2x x
c. e + 2e = 8 d. 2e2x − 9ex + 4 = 0
6. Consider the function f(x) = −5x .
a. Evaluate f(2).
b. On the same set of axes sketch the graphs of y = 5x , y = −5x and y = 5−x .
c. Express y = 5−x in an equivalent form.
7. Sketch the following graphs and state the domain and range of each graph.
x 1
a. y = 2ex + 1 b. y = 3 − 3e− 2 c. y = − ex+1
4
8. Sketch the following graphs and state the domain and range of each graph.
a. y = −2ex − 3 b. y = 4e−3x − 4 c. y = 5ex−2
9. a. Sketch the graph of y = 2e1−3x − 4, labelling any intercepts with the coordinate axes with their exact
coordinates.
b. Sketch the graph of y = 3 × 2x − 24 and state its domain and range.

74 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

10. MC A possible equation for the graph shown is: y
A. y = 2 − ex
B. y = 2 − e−x
y=2
C. y = 2 + e−x
D. y = e−x − 2 (0, 1)
11. Determine the derivative of each of the following functions.
−1x 0 x
a. y=e 3
2
b. y = 3x4 − e−2x
4ex − e−x + 2
c. y =
3e3x
d. y = (e − 3)2
2x

1
12. Consider the function defined by the rule f (x) = e3x + e−x .
2
Determine the gradient of the curve when x = 0.

Complex familiar
13. a. The graph shown is of the function f(x) = aex + b. Determine the values of a and b and write the
function as a mapping.

y
y = 11

(0, 0) x

b. The graph shown has an equation of the form y = Aenx + k. Determine its equation.

y
(–1, 4 + e2)

f(x)
(0, 5)

y=4

0 x

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 75

 2
14. The graph of y = Ae−x , where A is a constant, is shown. y
Answer the following questions correct to 2 decimal places
where appropriate. (0, 5)
a. Determine the value of A.
dy
b. Find .
dx
c. Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve
at the point where:
i. x = −0.5
ii. x = 1 0 x
d. Show that the equation of the tangent at the point
where x = 1 is given by 10x + ey − 15 = 0.

15. The mass, m g, of a radioactive isotope remaining in

a sample t hours after observations began is given
by the rule m(t) = ae−kt . Initially there are 4 grams
of the isotope. After 6 hours, the mass of the isotope
has decreased to 2.8 g.
a. Evaluate the values of a and k. Give your answers
correct to 3 decimal places where necessary.
b. Calculate the rate of decay of the isotope as a
function of t.
c. Calculate the rate of decay after 6 hours. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
16. The population of a certain town was 250 000 at the beginning of the year
2000 and 400 000 at the beginning of the year 2010. It was found that the
relationship between the population, P thousands, and time, t years, could
be modelled by the relationship P(t) = A ekt where A and k are constants.
a. Determine the values of A and k, giving your answers correct to
3 decimal places where necessary.
b. How many people lived in the coastal town at the beginning of the
year 2015? Give your answer to the nearest thousand.
c. The local council has determined that the population should not exceed 750 000. In what year would
this likely occur?

Complex unfamiliar
17. Microbiologists have been working with a certain
type of bacteria that continues to thrive providing
it has a favourable growth medium. For a particu-
lar experiment, they started with 500 bacteria and
observed that the population doubles every 8 hours.
The relationship between the number of bacteria, P,
and the time, t hours since the bacteria started multi-
plying, is given by P(t) = P0 ekt , where P0 and k are
constants.
1
a. State the value of P0 and show that k = loge 2.
8
b. The growth phase lasts for 40 hours. How many bacteria are present in the colony at this time?
c. Show that the rate of increase in the colony size after 8 hours is 125 loge 2 bacteria/hour.
d. Determine when the rate of increase in the colony size would be double the rate found after 8 hours.

76 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

18. The mass, m mg, of a radioactive substance remaining in a sample t hours after observations began is
given by the rule m(t) = ae−kt . Initially, 30 mg of the substance is present. After 2 hours the scientist
observes that 20% had disintegrated.
a. State the value of a.
b. Determine the mass of the substance after 2 hours.
c. Calculate the value of k, correct to 4 decimal places.
d. Determine the amount of the substance remaining after a further 3 hours. Give your answers correct
to 2 decimal places.
e. Determine when the rate of decay of the substance is 1 mg/hour. Give your answer correct to
1 decimal place.
19. When money is invested in a bank at a constant
rate of r% with continuously compounding interest,
the accumulated amount $A at a time t years after
the start of the investment is modelled by the
equation

A = A0 ert

where A0 is the amount to be invested.

a. Determine the amount to which $10 000 will
grow in 6 years if invested at 4.5%.
b. If the rate did not change, estimate the time it
would take for the investment to triple in value.
Give your answer to the nearest month.
20. Newton’s Rule of Cooling states that the rate of
change of the temperature of a particle is propor-
tional to the difference between the temperature
of the particle and the constant temperature of the
surrounding medium. The temperature, T °C, of a
particle when placed in a medium with a constant
temperature of A °C can then be modelled by the
equation

T = T0 e−kt + A

where t is time and T0 is a constant.

A saucepan is filled with water and heated until the
temperature of the water reaches 100 °C. The saucepan is then placed on a bench in a room that is kept
at a constant temperature of 28 °C.
After 3 minutes, the temperature of the water in the saucepan is 76 °C.
a. State the value of A and determine the value of T0 .
( )
1 3
b. Show that k = ln .
3 2
c. State the equation for this model and sketch a graph to represent it.
d. Determine the temperature of the water after a further 3 minutes.
e. Verify, with reasons, that the water would never reach 25 °C if left in the room.

Units 3 & 4 Sit exam

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 77

Answers b. y

(–1, 4)
2 Calculus of exponential
functions
y = 4–x
Exercise 2.2 Review of limits and differentiation
1. a. 19 b. 16 c. 2 (0, 1)
3 y=0
(1, 0.25)
2. a. −3 b. 3 c.
2 0 x
3. a. −7 b. 4 c. −5
2 2
4. a. 4x b. 3x c. y
5. f ′ (x) = 2x − 6
y=0
6. f ′ (x) = 3 − 4x
0 x
7. a. 0.916 29 b. 0.955 51 c. 0.993 25 (–1, –0.25)
d. 1.029 62 e. 1.064 71 f. 1.000 00 (0, –1)
8. a. 7.3891 b. 20.0855 c. 1.6487
9. a. 0.736 b. 1.396 c. 2.472 y = –4x
dy
10. a. = 8 − 2x b. 4 c. y = 4x + 4
dx
dy (1, –4)
11. = 3x2 − 6x; y = 9x − 27
dx
12. a. (−2, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0) 2. y
dy
b. = 3x2 − 4
dx
(–1, 10) (1, 10)
c. At x = −2, gradient = 8.
At x = 0, gradient = −4.
At x = 2, gradient = 8.
d. The gradient of the tangent at x = −2 and x = 2 is
m = 8. Therefore, since the gradients are equal, the
y = 10–x y = 10x
tangents are parallel.
−h dy −1
13. a. b. = 2
(x + h)x dx x (0, 1)
14. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
(–1, 0.1) 0 y = 0 (1, 0.1) x
in the online resources.
−1
b. 3. a. y
(x − 2)2
dy −1 (1, 10.873)
c. =
dx (x − 2)2
5 7
d. x = ,
3 3 y = 4ex

Exercise 2.3 The exponential function

1. a. y (0, 4)

(–1, 1.472)
(1, 4)

0 y=0 x

y = 4x x
b. The function f(x) = e has been dilated by a factor of 4
from the x-axis to give f(x) = 4ex .
(0, 1)
(–1, 0.25)
y =0
0 x

78 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

4. a. y b. y

(0.549, 0)
0 x
y=0
0 x y = e2x – 3
(–1, –1.84) (0, –5) (0, –2)
y = –5e x y = –3

(1, –13.59)
x
1
c. The function f(x) = e has been dilated by a factor of
2
from the y-axis and translated vertically down by 3 units
to give f(x) = e2x − 3.
x
b. The function f (x) = e has been reflected in the x-axis 8. a. Intercepts: (− ln(2), 0) and (0, 2)
and dilated by a factor of 5 from the x-axis to give b. y y=4
f (x) = −5ex .
5. a. y
(0, 2)
(–1, 5.718) (–0.693, 0)
0 x
y = 3 + e–x
y = 4 – 2e–x
(0, 4)
(1, 3.368)
x
y=3 c. The function f (x) = e has been dilated by a factor of 2
from the x-axis, reflected in the x-axis, reflected in the
y-axis and translated vertically up by 4 units to give
f (x) = 4 − 2e−x .
9. a. y
0 x x
y = 4e 2
x
b. The function f (x) = e has been reflected in the y-axis
(1, 6.595)
and translated vertically up by 3 units to give
f (x) = e−x + 3. (0, 4)
6. a. y (–1, 2.426)

(1, 10.389)
y=0
0 x

x
y = 3 + e2x b. The function f (x) = e has been dilated by a factor of 2
from the y-axis and dilated by a factor of 4 from the
x
(0, 4)
x-axis to give f (x) = 4e 2 .
(–1, 3.135) y=3 10. a. Intercepts: (−2 ln(2), 0) and (0, −3)
b. y

0 x

1 (–1.386, 0) 0 x
x
b. The function f (x) = e has been dilated by a factor of
2 –x
y = 3e 2 –6
from the y-axis and translated vertically up by 3 units to (0, –3)
give f (x) = e2x + 3.
( )
1 y = –6
7. a. Intercepts: ln(3), 0 and (0, −2)
2
x
c. The function y = e has been dilated by a factor of 2
from the y-axis and dilated by a factor of 3 from the
x-axis, reflected in the y-axis and translated vertically
x
−
down by 6 units to give y = 3e 2 − 6.

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 79

 2 2
11. a. x = ln (4) x = 1.386 x +3x x −3x+1
b. 7. a. (2x + 3)e b. (2x − 3)e
12. a. x ≈ 1.609 b. x ≈ −0.693 2
x −2x 2−5x
c. 2(x − 1)e d. −5e
c. x ≈ 0.956 d. x ≈ −1.792 2 3
6−3x+x 2 x +3x−2
e. x ≈ 0.405 f. x ≈ −1.204 8. a. (2x − 3)e b. 3(x + 1)e
13. a. x = 0, ln(2) b. x=0 2
4x −7x
2
( ) c. 3(8x − 7)e d. 10(1 + 3x)e
1−2x−3x
3
c. x = 0, ln(2) d. x = ln , − ln(2) 9. A
2 −20e
( ) 10.
2 11. −6e2
e. x = ln(4) f. x = ln
3 12. −5e−2
14. x = 1.61 13. y = 5x − 4
( )
2 1
15. a. x = ln(3) b. x = ln(3), ln 14. Tangent: y = −3x − 1; perpendicular: y = x−1
3 3
c. x = ln(5) d. x = ln(5) 7
3
15. a. −2e b.
16. a. x > 0 b. x > −1 2
2
c. x ≥ ln(2) d. x ≥ 1 − ln(6) 16. a. 2e −
2
b. 0
17. a. y e

Exercise 2.5 Applications of exponential

(–1, 6.437)
functions
y = 2e–x + 1 1. a. 500 bacteria b. 4987 bacteria
(0, 3) c. 2294 bacteria/hour
(1, 1.736)
dL
y=1 2. a. 11 b. = 6.589e0.599t
dt
c. 39.742 mm/month
0 x 3. a. 50 b. 47.56 grams
c. 0.24 grams/day
b. x > 0 4. a. 200 b. 110 grams
−x
c. For 2 e + 1 < 0, the curve would be below the x-axis. 1
But y > 1 for all x values, so the curve is never below the c. 2 hours d. −36.1 grams/hour
4
x-axis. Hence, 2 e−x + 1 < 0 has no real solutions. 5. a. 10 b. 7 grams
18. a. y c. 4 days d. 0.73 grams/day
6. a. A0 = 1000; r = 0.05
y=4 b. i. $1051.27
(0, 3) ii. $1284.03
y = 4 – ex
iii. $1648.72
c. i. $52.56/year
(loge4, 0) ii. $64.20/year
0 x iii. $82.44/year
d. 14 years
b. x < ln(4) 7. a. 75 b. 1.531 °C/ min
c. For x = 0, y = 3. 8. a. 500 b. 0.03
Observing the graph: c. 2240 d. 67 people/year
For x ≥ 0, y ≤ 3. dm
9. a. a = 2; k = 0.2 b. = −0.4e−0.2t
] is restricted to x ≥ 0, the range is y ≤ 3 or
If the domain dt
y ∈ (−∞, 3 . c. 0.12 kg/h d. 3.5 h
10. a. 120 ( )
Exercise 2.4 Differentiation of exponential 1 4
functions b. ln
2 3
10x
1 x 1 x c. 8.411 units/min
1. a. 10e b. e3 c. e4 d. As t → ∞, A → 0. Technically the graph approaches the
3 4
d. −e−x e. 6e3x f. −20e−5x line A = 0 (asymptotic behaviour). However, the value
2. a. 6e6x−2 b. −6e8−6x c. 10e5x+3 of A would be so small that in effect, after a long period
d. −8e7−2x e. −24e8x+1 f. 10e6−5x of time, there is no gas left.
3. a. −90e6−9x b. −15e3x+4 c. −42e−7x 11. a. 23.2 million b. August 2005
x
2−
x x c. 0.29 million/year d. 2019
d. e 2 +1 e. −e 3 f. −e 4 +5 12. a. 75.32 cm; k = 0.24
4. A b. 5.45 cm of mercury/km
x 2x x
5. a. 2e b. 3e (3e + 2) 13. a. 30
−4x x −x
c. −10(2e − 1) d. 3e − 2e b. 450 000 tadpoles
2x −7x 9x x
6. a. 6e − 7e b. 36e − 2e c. 37 072.2 tadpoles/day

80 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland

14. a. 18 possums 4. a. 0.792 b. 3.084 c. −1.040 d. 3.386
b. 12 possums 5. a. ln(2) b. ln(3)
c. 1.62 months c. ln(2) d. − ln(2), ln(4)
d. P(t) (possums) 6. a. −25
b. y
P = 83 y = 5–x y = 5x

(–1, 5) (1, 5)
P = 83 – 65e–0.2t
(1.6, 36)
(1, 30) (0, 1)
(0, 18)
0 y=0 x
(0, –1)
0 t (months)

e. The presence of the asymptote at P = 83 shows that as (1, –5)

t → ∞, P → 83. The population can never exceed 83, so
the population cannot grow to 100 possums. y = –5x
15. a. 95 °C ( )x
1
b. T (°C) c. y = or y = (0.2)x
5
(0, 95) 7. a. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (1, ∞)
y
y = 75e–0.062x + 20
y = 2ex + 1
y = 20

(0, 3)
0 t (minutes)
y=1
c. Approximately 20 °C
d. 8.24 min
0 x
e. After 10 minutes, the coffee is cooling at a rate of
2.5 °C/minute. The temperature is decreasing, so the rate
of change will be negative. b. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (−∞, 3)
16. a. A = 30; T0 = 170
y
b. k = 0.0697
−0.0697t
c. T = 170e + 30
T (°C) y=3
x
––
(0, 200) y = 3 – 3e 2

T = 170e–0.0697t + 30
(0, 0) x

y = 30

0 t (minutes)
d. 89.8 °C
e. −4.2 °C/ min
f. 40.65 min
g. From the graph, the temperature of the metal ball is c. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (−∞, 0)
always greater than 30 °C, the temperature of the room, y
so if left in the room it will never reach a temperature of
10 °C.
y=0
2.6 Review: exam practice 0 x
7 (–1, –– –14) 1 ex + 1
y = ––
1. a. 17 b. 6 c. d. 5 4
2 (0, – –4e)
2. a. −2x b. 2x + 4 c. 2x + 1
′
3. a. f (x) = 2x + 10
b. 0; The function has a stationary point at x = −5.
c. 10
d. 6

CHAPTER 2 Calculus of exponential functions 81

 8. a. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (−∞, −3) 10. A
y 1 1
− x 3 −2x
2
11. a. − e 3 b. 12x + 4xe
3
0 x 8 4
−2x
c. − e + e−4x − 2e−3x 4x
d. 4e − 12e
2x

y = –3
3 3
1
12.
2
(0, –5) 13. a. a = −11, b = 11; f : R → R, f(x) = −11e + 11
x
−2x
b. y = e +4
dy 2
14. a. 5 b. = −10xe−x
y = –2ex – 3 dx
c. i. 3.89
b. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (−4, ∞) ii. −3.68
y dm
y = 4e–3x – 4
15. a. a = 4; k = 0.059 b. = −0.236e−0.059t
dt
c. 0.17 g/h
16. a. A = 250; k = 0.047 b. 506 000
(0, 0) c. 2023
x
17. a. P0 = 500
b. 16 000 bacteria.
c. At t = 8, P′ (8) = 125 ln(2) bacteria/hour
y = –4 d. 16 hours
18. a. 30 b. 24 mg
c. Domain: x ∈ R, range: y ∈ (0, ∞) c. k = 0.1116 d. 17.17 mg
y e. After 10.8 hours
y = 5ex – 2 19. a. $13 099.65
(2, 5) b. 24 years and 5 months
20. a. A = 28; T0 = 72
b. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
in the online
(
resources.
)
(0, 5e–2) y=0 −
1 3
ln t
0 x c. T = 72e 3 2 + 28
T (°C)
9. a. y
(0, 100)

(0, 2e – 4)

0 1 ln 3 x
(–13 (1 – log (2)), 0)
e
x
y = 72e– 3 2 + 28

y = 28
y = 2e1 – 3x – 4

y = –4
b. Domain R, range (–24, ∞) 0 t (minutes)
y d. 60 °C
e. Since the room is kept at a constant temperature of
28 °C, the water will never cool below this level.

y = 3 × 2x – 24
(3, 0)
0 x

(0, –21)
y = –24

82 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland