General Biology 1

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
General Biology 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Second Edition, 2021

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What do you call a group of cells that perform the same function?
a. Tissue b. Organ System c. Organ d. Organism
2. Prokaryotes have the following structures EXCEPT…
a. Ribosome b. Nucleoid c. Lysosome d. Flagellum
3. The Structure responsible for a bacterial cell’s attachment is…
a. Flagellum b. Cilia c. Nucleoid d. Pilus
4. A plant tissue responsible for carrying water.
a. Xylem b. Parenchyma c. Phloem d. Collenchyma
5. All are types of eukaryotic cells EXCEPT…
a. Protista b. Fungi c. Bacteria d. Plants
6. A type of animal tissue responsible for the structural frame and support of the body.
a. Blood b. Connective c. Muscular d. Nervous Tissue
7. What structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
a. Vacuole b. Golgi Apparatus c. Mitochondrion d. Ribosome
8. A plant tissue that functions to strengthen and support the plant.
a. Parenchyma b. Sclerenchyma c. Collenchyma d. Phloem
9. Which of the following is present in both plant cell and bacterial cell?
a. Cell Wall b. Nucleus c. Capsule d. Lysosome
10. What is the main function of the phloem?
a. Water conduction b. Protection c. Sugar Conduction d. Growth

Lesson 1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

We have established from the previous module that organisms are made up of cells and that cells
are the fundamental unit of life. it has also been discussed that cells have similar characteristics
as well as differences. In this lesson, we will try to dig deeper on those differences and what
makes these cells unique.

What’s In

Two kinds of cells, which differ in size and structure, have evolved over time. Bacteria and
archaea consist of prokaryotic cells, whereas all other forms of life (protists, fungi, plants, and
animals) are composed of eukaryotic cells.
The characteristics of a Prokaryotic cell are the following:
a. has simple structure.
b. no true nucleus (genetic information is found in the nucleoid).
c. no membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have the following characteristics:
a. complex structure.
b. has true nucleus (genetic information is coiled in a DNA enclosed in a nuclear
membrane).
c. has membrane-bound organelles.

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 What’s New

Directions: Analyze the pictures below and give the kind of cell, its structural characteristics and
the organelles present within each cell.
Structural Organelles Present
Cell Type Characteristic
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
w iki/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-
_en.svg#/media/File:Average_prok
aryote_cell-_unlabled.svg

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.or
g/
wiki/File:Plant_cell_structure_no_
text.png#/media/File:Plant_cell_s
tructure_no_text.png

Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wi
ki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg
#/media/File:Anima_cell_notext.svg

What is It
Cells are basically categorized into three classifications. First is the bacterial cell which is a kind
of Prokaryotic cell and the plant cell and animal cell which are Eukaryotic Cells. Now, what
are the differences between the three?
Cellular Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell
Structures

Source: Source: Source:

wikimedia wikimedia wikimedia
commons.com commons.com commons.com
Capsule ✓ Present X Absent X Absent
Cell Wall ✓ Present ✓ Present X Absent
Cell ✓ Present ✓ Present ✓ Present
Membrane
Pilus (Pili) ✓ Present X Absent X Absent
Flagellum ✓ Present X Absent X Absent
(Flagella) (Except for the sperm cell
in animals)
Bacterial cells have the most external structures because they need protection. Their simple
structure makes them very vulnerable to extreme conditions. There are exemptions, however, in
the form of Archaea which thrive in extreme conditions. Plants have the cell wall as the outermost
part of its cell. This is the reason why plants are non-motile. Their tough exoskeleton prevents
cellular movement.
Animals have no cell walls and therefore have mobility. But the lack of added protection makes
animal cells vulnerable to injuries and dehydration. Most animal cells don’t have flagella. The
only exception is the sperm cell which is designed to move and to swim in order to come in
contact with the egg cell during fertilization.

Cellular Bacterial Cell Plant Cell Animal Cell

Structure
Nucleus X Absent ✓ Present ✓ Present
Ribosome ✓ Present ✓ Present ✓ Present
Endoplasmic X Absent ✓ Present ✓ Present
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus X Absent ✓ Present ✓ Present
Mitochondrion X Absent ✓ Present ✓ Present
Chloroplast X Absent ✓ Present X Absent
Vacuol X Absent ✓ Present X Absent

2
The Internal structure of bacterial cells is simpler than those of plant cells and animal cells. Most
organelles are not present except for the ribosome. A bacterial cell’s genetic material is in the
form of a nucleoid. It also lacks a nucleus. Plants and animals have almost the similar internal
structures and organelles. The only structures that are not found in animals but are found in
plants are the chloroplast and vacuole.

What’s More

Directions: Provide a concrete explanation and description as to what will happen on the given
theoretical scenarios based on the lecture provided earlier.
1. What would happen if animals were able to do Photosynthesis? Which cellular
structures will be present? Which structures will be absent?
2. What would happen if plant cells lack a cell wall? What if animal cells have a cell
wall?
3. What would be the implication of having a Nucleus for bacterial cells? What is the
advantage of having a nucleus?

What I Have Learned

1. Prokaryotes are composed of only while Eukaryotes are composed of

.
2. Organelles are which perform specific functions
and work in a cell’s metabolic processes.
3. Prokaryotes are simple structured cells which _ . External
structures of a prokaryote include , . It has
for attachment and for motility.
4. Plant and Animal cells are Eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are complex in structure and
in general, they are cells which has that work on the cell’s biological processes.
Although both plants and animals are eukaryotic, they have some differences. Plant cells
have , , and , structures which aren’t
found in animal cells.

What I Can Do

Directions: Using the Radial Venn Diagram, list the

characteristics that are present on each type of cell in the
BACTERIAL
CELL space provided. And list the similarities of the three types
of cell at the center circle.

SIMILARITIES

PLANT ANIMAL
CELL CELL

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Prokaryotes have the following structures EXCEPT…
a. Ribosome b. Nucleoid c. lysosome d. flagellum
2. A structure of plant cells which holds and stores water.
a. golgi apparatus b. nucleus c. vacuole d. lysosome
3. Which of the following is present in both plant cell and bacterial cell?
a. cell wall b. nucleus c. capsule d. lysosome
4. All are types of eukaryotic cells EXCEPT…
a. protista b. fungi c. bacteria d. plants
5. What structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
a. vacuole b. golgi apparatus c. mitochondrion d. ribosome
3
 Additional Activities

CRITICAL THINKING
Directions: Give a thorough explanation and answer for the questions provided.
1. How would you compare a cell to a factory?
2. What are some of the structural and functional similarities and differences of a
mitochondrion and a chloroplast?
3. What would be an advantage of a simple structured bacterial cell compared to the plant
and animal cell?

Lesson 2 CELL TYPES

The previous lesson discussed the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells as
well as the differences between bacterial cells, plant cells, and animal cells. For this discussion,
we will be taking a look the different cell types and tissues of plants and animals. With this lesson
we will be able to understand the functionality of some cells.

What’s In

Tissues are defined as a group of cells that function a certain action similarly and specifically.
These are groups of cells that conduct the same work, only this time, it is a more complex
structure. Plant and animal tissues differ greatly as each type is adapted to the organism’s way
of life. plant tissues are very different from animal tissues. Plant cells have different types of
tissues including dermal (epidermis), ground (parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma,
etc), and vascular (xylem and phloem). Animal cells have four main tissue types and these are
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue.

What’s New

Directions: Complete the table below. You will be given structures and parts from both animal
and plants. The goal in this activity is to identify which is the counterpart of the given
structure?
Animal Plant
Skin
Vascular structures
Blood
Muscle
Shoots
Stem

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 What is It

Here are the types of plant and animal tissues and its characteristics.
Structure Function
Parenchyma
Thin and flexible cell walls. cube-shaped
cells. Its function is to photosynthesize
Source:
https://www.flickr.
and store nutrients. Examples of which
c are soft and flexible stems and fleshy
om/photos/14682 fruits.
43
58@N03/36276677
5
86
Collenchyma A combination of thick and thin cell wall
that varies in different area of the cells
Source: Collenchyma
and tissues. Irregularly-shaped. The
in Ligistrum (Privet) function of it is for structural support for
https://commons.wiki
media.org/wiki/File:A growing parts of the plant. An example
ngiosperm_Morphology
_Abaxial_Midrib_Colle are plant stalks.
nchyma_in_Ligustrum
_(36198189414).jpg

Sclerenchyma Has a very thick and very rigid cell wall.

Most are irregular in shape. Its function
is to strengthen the support of non-
growing plant parts. They usually die at
Source:
maturity. Examples are peanut shells and
https://www.flickr.co
m seeds.
/photos/146824358@
N 03/36452689110
Xylem and Phloem A vascular tissue of a plant which
transports water. Composed of a
Source: perforated cellular vessel.
https://www.fli
c Another vascular tissue of a plant that
kr.com/photos/ transports sugar. Composed of shorter
1
46824358@N03 sieve-tube cells which forms a longer
/ vessel when grouped together.
35207240160
Just like plants, animals have their own specialized tissues.
Epithelial Epithelial tissues are composed of
tissue epithelial cells which may vary in shapes
Source: and sizes. It can be squamous or
https://commons. irregular in shape. It can also be cuboidal
wi
kimedia.org/wiki/F
and columnar shape. Epithelial tissues
il make up the walls and lining of the body.
e:Epithelial_Tissues_
Stratified_Squamous
It includes the skin, the lining of the
_Epithelium_(419942 stomach and the intestine. Its functions
32802).jpg
are for protection and for absorption.
Connective tissue Connective tissues are the most diverse
group of tissues. They are composed of the
bones, cartilages, and other fibrous tissues
Source:
https://commons.
that vary in density. Other kinds include
wikimedia.org/wi the blood which is composed of a number
k
i/File:Connective_T
of cell types as well. The function of
issue_Loose_Aerol connective tissue is mainly for structural
ar_(41743649122 support as well as added protection for the
).
jpg vital organs in the body.
Muscular tissue Muscular tissues vary in different forms
Source:
with different functions as well. There are 3
https://common kinds of muscle tissues, the smooth muscle
s. (muscle of the digestive tract) and the
wikimedia.org/wi cardiac muscle (muscle of the heart) are
ki/File:Muscle_Tis
sue_Skeletal_Mus
both involuntary. The skeletal muscle is
cle_Fibers_(40153 voluntary. The function of the muscle
601630).jpg tissue is for movement.
Nervous tissue Nervous tissue composed of different kinds
of nerve cells which have different
specialized functions as well. But in
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 general, the nervous tissue is composed of
neurons and neuroglia or glial cells. Nerves
function to receive, conduct, process, and
send nerve impulses for coordinated
activities, sensation, cognitive thinking and
many more. The nervous tissue is the
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:416_Nervous_Tissue- structure that connects every part of the
new.jpg body to the brain.

What’s More

Directions: Using the illustration at the left, identify the part of the body where
the tissues are found (head, chest, trunk, arms, and legs). Label the type of tissue
of the part of the body (can be multiple answers).

What I Have Learned

Plant cells have different types of tissue, including , , and

. In terms of cell wall thickness, is the thickest, followed by
, the thinnest is . Xylem and phloem are two vascular tissues of the plant.
Xylem transports while phloem transports . Animal tissues have four
main types. These are the epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscular tissues and nervous
tissues. Epithelial tissues are , internally and externally. It comes in a variety of shapes
and form. is irregularly shaped. Then we have cuboidal and columnar. Its function
is for and . Connective tissues have a wide variety of forms. From the
bones, cartilages, blood, and adipose, these tissue types have the function of ,
, and . Muscular tissues have three types, the smooth muscles found in
, , and the . The controls every
bodily activity happening. It is composed of the neurons and the glial cells that support it. Its
main function is to receive, process, and send stimulus throughout the body.

What I Can Do

Directions: Discuss the importance of the three plant tissues and give at least five examples of
plant parts which has each type of tissues.
Plant tissues Importance Examples
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. A plant tissue responsible for carrying water.
a. Xylem b. Parenchyma c. Phloem d. Collenchyma
2. The thinnest plant tissue which is found in growing parts of the plant.
a. Sclerenchyma b. Parenchyma c. Collenchyma d. Xylem
3. A type of animal tissue responsible for the structural frame and support of the body.
a. Blood Tissue b. Connective Tissue c. Muscular Tissue d. Nervous Tissue
4. Which of the following epithelial tissues is the irregularly shaped?
a. Squamous b. Columnar c. cuboidal d. simple
5. Which muscle tissue is responsible for the contraction of the heart?
a. Skeletal b. Striated c. smooth d. cardiac
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 Additional Activities

CRITICAL THINKING
Directions: Answer the following questions. Provide a brief but detailed answer for each.
1. What is the importance of having tissue structures in organisms?
2. Compare and contrast the two vascular tissues of plants, the xylem and phloem.
3. Briefly discuss and explain the idea of “form meets function”.

Lesson 3 Cell Modifications

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the different cell types of an organism. You can
find these cells in the tissues of both plants and animals. Each living things matter on Earth.
But do you know that some modified cells have their specialized function in the organism? Let’s
find out in this discussion.

What’s In

You are familiar with the structural support, and specialized functions of the cells. Cells are
responsible for growth, reproduction, providing structure and carry out specialized functions. In
this discussion, cells have unique functions compared to the other cells. We have different kinds
of cell modifications: apical, basal, and lateral modifications.
Apical modifications- found on the top surface of cell. Most of the cells perform secretions,
absorption, and movement of luminal content. Basal modifications- found on the basal surface
of the cell closest to the basal lamina. Lateral modifications- found on the basal surface of the
cell. Cells are tightly bonded by intercellular junctions.

What’s New

Cell Modifications
Each cell of a simple epithelia has three surfaces attached to basal lamina.
APICAL MODIFICATIONS
1. CILIA -A hair-like structures that appears in the entire apical surface of
cell. They beat in waves, often moving a surface coat of mucus and trapped
materials. It can be found in the lining of trachea, fallopian tube. Cilia can
be motile or non-motile as follows:
• mechanoreceptor- detects stimuli such as touch, pressure, and vibration
from internal or external environment.
• chemoreceptor- detects the smell of substances to generate a biological
edia.org/wiki/File:Loco
signal.
• photoreceptor- detects light energy.
2. FLAGELLA - A whip-like structures extend from the cell body. It acts
primarily for locomotion, particularly direction in propelling motion.
3. MICRCOVILLI- It is also known as striated border or brush border. A finger-like cytoplasmic
extensions of the apical surface for absorption without significantly increasing the size of the
cell. It can be found in lymph vessels, small intestines.
4. STEREOCILIA- A long non-motile microvilli. It is usually found in the sensory cells in ear
and male reproductive tract such as epididymis and ductus deferens for the absorption.
BASAL MODIFICATIONS
1. BASAL LAMINA- these sheet-like structures composed of collagen, proteoglycans, lamina and
glycoproteins that helps binding cells in the basal lamina. Basal lamina components are
contributed by epithelial cell, connective tissues, muscles, adipose, and Schwann cells.

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2. HEMIDESMOSOMES- located on the inner surface of basal plasma membrane. They help to
attach epithelial cells to basal lamina. Examples are layers of stratified squamous epithelium.
LATERAL MODIFICATIONS
Cells are connected by several intercellular junctions.
1. Zonula occludens/ Tight junctions- located near the cell apex. It seals off the intercellular
space allowing the epithelium to separate compartments like they help keep intestinal bacteria
and toxins out of the bloodstream.
2. Zonula adherens/ Adhering junctions - adhering cells are typically 20-90 nm apart at a
zonula adherens. It contains the actin filaments that maintains the integrity and fasten the cells
to one another.
3. Communicating junctions/ Gap junctions- a patched-shaped structures that performs
intercellular communication and coordination in most tissues. It has the presence of connexon
that allow direct exchange of chemicals between the cytoplasm of two cells.

Assessment

Directions: Fill out the table with the necessary information for each types of cell modifications
listed.
TYPES OF CELL EXAMPLES OF FUNCTION LOCATION
MODIFICATION MODIFIED CELLS
1. Apical modification
2. Basal modification
3. Lateral modification