Learning Competencies The learners: 1. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-3); 2. classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-4); and 3. describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-5).
Objectives The learners should be able to: 1. differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features. 2. classify different cell types of animal and plant tissues and state their function(s). 3. describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair); and 4. create a graphic organizer to simplify a certain lesson in this module.
Let’s Recall Label what is being asked on figure 1 using these words.
Body/Organ system Cell
Tissue Organism Atom Figure 1 Levels of Biological Organization https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/108227197274559821/
Let’s Understand
TYPES OF CELLS Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotes are organisms that are made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane- enclosed organelles. This means that the genetic material DNA in prokaryotes is not bounded within a nucleus. In addition, the DNA is less structured in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes: in prokaryotes, DNA is a single loop while in eukaryotes DNA is organized into chromosomes. Most prokaryotes are made up of just a single cell (unicellular) but there are a few that are made of collections of cells (multicellular). Scientists divided the prokaryotes into two groups, the Eubacteria, and the Archaebacteria. Some bacteria, including E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria, are found in foods and can cause disease; others are helpful to human digestion and other functions. Archaea were discovered to be a unique life form which can live indefinitely in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents or arctic Figure 2 Prokaryotic cell ice. https://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_cells_12.png
1 A typical prokaryotic cell might contain the following parts: cell wall, cytoplasm, flagella and pili, nucleoid (a nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic material is kept), and plasmid (a small molecule of DNA that can reproduce independently).
Figure 3 Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Figure 4 Typical size range of prokaryotic and https://sciencenotes.org/prokaryotic-vs-eukaryotic-similarities-and- eukaryotic cells differences/#google_vignette https://www.ontrack- media.net/gateway/biology/g_bm1l2rs3.html
Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotes are organisms that are made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus (that holds DNA in the form of chromosomes) as well as membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or unicellular. All animals are eukaryotes. Other eukaryotes include plants, fungi, and protists. (adapted from: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-129478)
ANIMAL AND PLANT TISSUES
According to Biology Online (n.d.), the body tissue is an aggregation of cells that function together and have a similar function. The study of tissues is called histology.
Animal tissues are grouped into four (4) basic types:
1. Epithelial tissue is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities. Cells that make up epithelial tissues can have distinct arrangements: a. cuboidal→ for secretion b. simple columnar→ brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption c. simple squamous→ plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion Figure 5 Types of Epitheliums Illu_epithelium.jpg (520×208) (wikimedia.org) d. stratified squamous→ multilayered and regenerates quickly, for protection e. pseudostratified columnar→ single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the mucus) 2. Connective tissues are composed of the following: a. Blood is made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix); contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets for blood clotting. b. Connective tissue proper (CTP) is made up of loose connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the body and store energy.
2 c. Cartilage functions as a cushion between bones. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate. d. Bone is a mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. 3. Muscle tissues are composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Movement of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve cells. In vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the following: Figure 6 Tissues that comprise the stomach a. skeletal→ striated; voluntary movements https://www.shutterstock.com/search/human- b. cardiac→ striated with intercalated disk for tissue-types synchronized heart contraction; involuntary c. smooth→ not striated; involuntary 4. Nervous tissues are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.
Plant tissues can be classified by following ways:
I. based on the part they are present
1. Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant in a single layer of cells called the epidermis. It mediates most of the interactions between a plant and its environment. Epidermal cells secrete a waxy substance called cuticle, which coats, waterproofs, and protects the above-ground parts of plants. Cuticle helps prevent water loss, abrasions, infections, and damage from toxins. 2. Ground tissue makes up much of the Figure 7 Plant Tissues interior of a plant and carries out basic plant-tissues-55-300x189.gif (300×189) (online-sciences.com) metabolic functions. Ground tissue in stems provides support and may store food or water. Ground tissues in roots may also store food. 3. Vascular tissues transport water and dissolved substances inside the plant. a. The xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to stems and leaves. b. The phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant.
II. Based on kind of cells they contain
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue 1.Capable of cell division 1.Lost power of cell division 2.Undifferentiated cells 2.Differentiated cells 3.Have not attained definite form and size 3.Have attained definite form and size 4.Dense and abundant cytoplasm 4.Thin layer of cytoplasm around vacuole (if living) 5.Always living 5.May be living or dead
3 Permanent Tissues 1. Simple Permanent Tissues a. Parenchyma Tissues→ They are living cells that form the basic ground tissue and store food. b. Collenchyma Tissues→ They are living cells and give mechanical support to the plant. c. Sclerenchyma Tissues→ They are dead cells and provide strong mechanical support, rigidity and Sclerenchyma Cells flexibility to the plant. 2. Complex Permanent Tissues a. Vascular Tissues are specialized to transport food, water and minerals. There are two different Collenchyma Cells types of vascular tissues, called xylem and phloem. Parenchyma Cells Xylem is vascular tissue that transports water and Figure 8 Meristematic and Permanent Tissues dissolved minerals from roots https://www.dronstudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/810.png to stems and leaves. This type of tissue consists of dead cells that lack end walls between adjacent cells.
Phloem is vascular tissue that transports food (sugar dissolved in water) from photosynthetic cells to other parts of the plant for growth or storage. This type of tissue consists of living cells that are separated by end walls with tiny perforations, or holes. (adapted from: Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL BIOLOGY 1)
CELL SPECIALIZATION Cell specialization (or modification or differentiation) is actually a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively. Examples of specialized cells: 1. A red blood cell (erythrocyte) is a tiny, disc-like cell (biconcave shape) which has no nucleus. In the cytoplasm of a red blood cell, there is a red pigment called hemoglobin. 2. Root hair cells are modified epidermal cells of the roots. Their function is to absorb water and mineral salts by osmosis and active transport respectively. 3. A xylem vessel is made up of long cells joined end to end. Its function is to transport water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant as well as to provide support to the whole plant hence enable a plant to stand erect. 4. Guard cells are cells in between a stoma. They are specialized in such a way that the cell wall in the inner side of the guard cells is thicker than the outer side. 5. A muscle cell is generally elongated and elastic containing mitochondria in large numbers. The elongated and elastic feature helps muscle tissues to contract and relax. (adapted from: https://www.herald.co.zw/what-is-cell-specialisation/)
4 Let’s Apply A. Classify the following organisms as prokaryote or eukaryote. Write your answers on your answer sheet. 1. Human - 2. Mushroom - 3. Bacterium - 4. Philippine eagle - 5. Mango tree - 6. M. tuberculosis - 7. Sea star or starfish - 8. Lactobacillus acidophilus - 9. Jasminum Ambac (Sampaguita) - 10. Salmonella –
B. Classify the following as animal or plant tissue and give its function/description. (2 points each) 1. Vascular tissues 4. Epithelial tissue 2. Nervous tissues 5. Connective tissues 3. Ground tissue
Let’s Analyze Answer the following questions on your answer sheet. (2 points each) 1. Explain the statement `Tissues exhibit division of labour.’ (Siyavula, n.d.) 2. Why do plants have more dead tissues compared to animals? (Siyavula, n.d.) 3. Why do cells need to become specialized?
Let’s Try Multiple Choice: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. What cell possesses a membrane-bound nucleus as well as membrane-bound organelles?
a. Cell modification c. Cell specialization b. Prokaryotic cell d. Eukaryotic cell 2. Which of the following does NOT belong to the group? a. Jasminumsambac (Sampaguita) b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis c. Salmonella d. E. coli 3. Which of the following refers to a group of connected cells that have a similar function within an organism? a. Organelles c. Organ b. Tissue d. Organ system 4. Which of the following is the function of nervecells or neurons? a. Transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body b. Insulate the body and store energy c. Movement of muscles d. Covering of the body 5. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired? a. Epithelial tissues: skeletal muscle b. Muscle tissues: muscle fibers c. Nervous tissues: neurons d. Connective tissues: bone 6. Which of the following does NOT make up the connective tissue? a. bone b. cardiac muscle tissue
5 c. blood d. cartilage 7. Which of the following plant tissues are properly grouped according to the part they are present in? a. Vascular, permanent and meristematic b. Ground, meristematic and permanent c. Dermal, vascular and meristematic d. Dermal, ground, and vascular 8. What is/are the function(s) of vascular tissues? a. Transport water and dissolved substances inside the plant b. Provide support and may store food or water c. Cover the outside of a plant d. All of the above. 9. Which of the following specialized cells has a function to absorb water and mineral salts by osmosis and active transport respectively? a. Root hair cells b. Xylem vessels c. Blood cells d. Guard cells 10. What is a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified? a. Cell cycle b. Cell specialization c. Photosynthesis d. Cell division
2 Let’s Create
Goal: You will create a graphic
organizer to simplify a certain lesson. You will only choose one (1) lesson about this module. It can be prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, animal tissues, plant tissues, or cell specialization.
Role: You are a biology student.
Audience: Your classmates.
Situation: You have consecutive lessons about
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, animal tissues, plant tissues, or cell specialization. So, you want to make a graphic organizer to simplify one (1) lesson that is difficult for you and you will share it to your classmates to help them also. Figure 9 Sample template of a graphic organizer Product, Performance, and Purpose: Only one https://2f96be1b505f7f7a63c3- 837c961929b51c21ec10b9658b068d6c.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com (1) graphic organizer on a short bond paper for /products/067067i03.jpg your chosen lesson prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, animal tissues, plant tissues, or cell specialization. Figure 9 shows a sample template of a graphic organizer but the content of your output will be based on a lesson of this module.
Standards and Criteria: Your graphic organizer will be graded based on this rubric. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER RUBRIC Needs Excellent Good Fair Criteria improvement (4 points) (3 points) (2 points) (1 point) Somewhat organized Organized. Poorly organized. Extremely well structure allows the Structure allows A clear sense of organized. reader to move the reader to direction is not Order & structure of through some of the Organization move through evident. information is content without content without Flow is compelling and flows confusion. Flow is confusion. frequently smoothly sometimes Flows smoothly interrupted. interrupted. Shows Complete Shows some Thorough and insightful incomplete Content understanding of understanding of understanding of content understanding of content content material Shows minimal Enthusiastically uses Use of materials effort for Shows some use of Creativity materials and ideas for and ideas for enhancement of materials and ideas enhancement enhancement materials and ideas
