Lecture Sheet On Ienterference

Interference
Sonet Kumar Saha

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Z. H. Sikder University of Science and Technology
In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves
superimpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude.
Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for

example, light, radio, acoustic, and surface water waves.
Interference
In order to observe interference in light waves,
the following conditions must be met:
1. The sources must be coherent- that is, they maintain a constant phase
with respect to each other.
2. The sources must be monochromatic-that is, of a single wavelength.
Condition for
Interference
Constructive interference
 If a crest of a wave meets a crest of another wave of the same
frequency at the same point.
 the magnitude of the displacement is the sum of the individual
magnitudes.
Constructive Destructive interference

 If a crest of one wave meets a trough of another wave
& Destructive  the magnitude of the displacements is equal to the difference in
the individual magnitudes.
Interference
Conditions for Constructive
 If the path difference Δ is equal to λ or some integral multiple
of λ or an even multiple of λ/2
Δ = mλ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, …

The number m is called the order number
Constructive  The two waves arrive at P in phase (0o) and a bright fringe
& Destructive appears there (constructive interference).
Interference
Conditions for Destructive
 If, on the other hand, the path difference at P is an odd multiple
of λ/2
Δ = (m + ½)λ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
The number m is called the order number
Constructive  The two waves arrive out of phase (180o) and create a dark
& Destructive fringe (destructive interference).
Interference
Interference fringe
A bright or dark band caused by beams of light that are in phase or out
of phase with one another.
Interference
fringe
Light from slits S1 and S2 is coherent; is of the same wavelength.
Light waves from S1 and S2 spread out and overlap at an arbitrary point P
on the screen.
since sin θ = Δ/a in triangle S1S2Q.
Δ = S2P − S1P = S2Q = a sin θ
Young’s
double-slit
interference
Young’s
double-slit ΔB = a sin θ = mλ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
interference ΔD = a sin θ = (m + ½)λ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
θ is small, sin θ ≅ tan θ, so that for triangle OPO′

we can write
sin θ ≅ tan θ = y/S
If two lightbulbs are placed side by side, no interference effects are
observed because the light waves from one bulb are emitted independently
of those from the other bulb.
The emissions from the two lightbulbs do not maintain a constant phase
relationship with each other over time.
Light waves from an ordinary source such as a lightbulb undergo random
No changes about once every 10-8 s.
Therefore, the conditions for constructive interference, destructive
Interference interference, or some intermediate state last for lengths of time of the
Effects order of 10-8 s.
Because the eye cannot follow such short-term changes, no interference
effects are observed.
Such light sources are said to be incoherent.
A viewing screen is separated from a double-slit source by 1.2 m.
The distance between the two slits is 0.030 mm. The second-order bright
fringe is 4.5 cm from the center line.
(a)Determine the wavelength of the light.
(b)Calculate the distance between adjacent bright fringes.
Problem
Two radio antennas separated by 300 m as shown in Figure
simultaneously broadcast identical signals at the same wavelength. A
radio in a car traveling due north receives the signals.
(a)If the car is at the position of the second maximum, what is the
wavelength of the signals?
(b)How much farther must the car travel to encounter the next minimum
in reception? (Note: Do not use the small-angle approximation in this
problem.)
Problem
Thin Film
A thin film is a layer of material

ranging from fractions of a
nanometer to several micrometers in
thickness.
Thin Film Interference Due To Reflected Light
Thin Film Interference Due To Reflected Light
In optics, optical path length (OPL) or

optical distance is the product of the
geometric length of the path light follows
through the system, and the index of
refraction of the medium through which it
propagates.
A difference in optical path length between

two paths is often called the optical path
difference (OPD).
THANK YOU
FOR
YOUR KIND
ATTENTION

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Interference

Sonet Kumar Saha

Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for

Constructive Destructive interference

Δ = mλ where m = 0, ±1, ±2, …

θ is small, sin θ ≅ tan θ, so that for triangle OPO′

A thin film is a layer of material

In optics, optical path length (OPL) or

A difference in optical path length between

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