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English Nine
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Making Connections between
Texts to Particular
Social Issues, Concerns or
Dispositions in Life
As a reader, we should be able to make connections between what we
read and what we know. This is actually a good strategy to clearly
understand the text we read, and make reading more purposive.
There are three ways on how we make connections:

1. Text to Self. Relating information and insights from a text to our

personal experiences.

2. Text to Text. Relating information and insights from a text to another

text previously read.

3. Text to World. Relating information and insights from a text to what

we know about the world, like social issues, real life situations and
events, and other things happening around us.
Social Issues
Problems exist
in all societies.
A problem is social if and only if
the issue(s) affects a larger
percentage of persons.
Social issues are topics or subjects
that impact many people. They
often reflect current events but
also represent longstanding
problems or disagreements that
are difficult to solve.
Poverty
the state of being inferior in
quality or insufficient in
amount

Bullying
seek to harm, intimidate, or
coerce (someone perceived as
vulnerable)
Discrimination
the unjust or prejudicial treatment of
different categories of people,
especially on the grounds of ethnicity,
age, sex, or disability

Social Media
Addiction
the fact or condition of being addicted
to a particular substance, thing, or
activity
Teenage Pregnancy
is pregnancy in a female adolescent or
young adult under the age of 20

Unemployment
the state of being unemployed
Drug Abuse
The use of illegal drugs or the use of
prescription or over-the-counter drugs for
purposes other than those for which they are
meant to be used, or in excessive amounts.

Pollution
the presence in or introduction into
the environment of a substance or
thing that has harmful or poisonous
effects
Gender Inequality
Gender inequality is discrimination on the basis
of sex or gender causing one sex or gender to
be routinely privileged or prioritized over
another. Gender equality is a fundamental
human right and that right is violated by
gender-based discrimination.
 Prejudice
• a favoring or dislike of something without
good reason.

• unfriendly feelings directed against an

individual, a group, or a race.

• A negative assumption or prejudgment about

members of a specific group

For example, a person might have a lot of preconceived ideas about someone who is
Christian, Muslim, or Jewish and will allow those judgements to affect the way they view and
treat those people. The same can be true for people who are Black, White, or Asian.
Author’s Purpose
 TO PERSUADE - THIS MEANS THAT THE AUTHOR WANTS THE READER
TO THINK OR EVEN ACT IN A SPECIFIC WAY.

Example:
The death penalty is a good deterrent to criminals. Beyond
that, it is fair because the Bible supports “an eye for an
eye.” We need to keep the death penalty on the books.
- It is clear that the author implies persuasion and
wants the readers to support equal rights for the
victims of crimes.
 Writing to Persuade
The purpose of the texts written to persuade is to
compel readers to take action, to convince them of an
idea through argument, or to reaffirm their existing
beliefs.
Examples of Texts That Are Written to Persuade:

• Advertisements
• Campaign Speeches
• Persuasive Letters or Notes
 2. TO INFORM – IT IS THE SECOND TYPE OF AUTHOR’S PURPOSE THAT AIMS
TO GIVE THE READERS ACQUIRE NEW KNOWLEDGE. INFORMATION SEEMS
NEW TO THE READER.

Example:
Ireland is a country steeped in history. In fact, its
history dates beyond 3,000 B.C, when the
megalithic tombs were constructed in Newgrange.
Throughout the country's expansive evolution, the
Irish fought time and again to maintain their
independence as a sovereign nation. Evidence of
the rich history is clearly visible through its many
castles, including Leighlinbridge Castle and Carlow
Castle, two of Ireland's oldest establishments.
It signifies information about the history of
Ireland.
Writing to Inform
The primary purpose of texts that are written to
inform is to enlighten the reader or to provide the
reader with information about a topic.
Examples of Texts That Are Written to Inform:
• Expository Essays or Articles
• Instructions or Directions
• Encyclopedias or Other Reference Texts
3. TO ENTERTAIN – THE AUTHOR WANTS THE READER TO ENJOY
AND HAVE A FORM OF RELAXATION.
This does not mean that the text must be happy, the text
could be a tragedy, but the main reason is to amuse the
readers.
Example:
“One day I was picking blackberries for a pie and a big, hairy
bear snuck up behind me. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner
eating his Christmas pie.”
Writing to Entertain
The primary purpose of texts that are written to
entertain is to amuse readers.
Examples of Texts that Are Written to Entertain:

• Stories
• Poems
• Dramas
• Songs
Let’s apply what we have learned from our discussion.
Read the following statements and identify the author’s purpose.

1.It was a glorious morning in Alabama. The sun was

shining through the trees. Alan couldn't wait to find his
fishing pole and call his friend Sam to go fishing. They had
a great time on these early morning fishing trips. They
took their dogs with them and the dogs would swim in the
lake while they fished. It was so funny to watch those dogs
paddle around the lake.
What is the author's purpose of this writing?
The author’s purpose is to entertain. The
author wants the reader to just sit back
and visualize the fishing trips. Isn’t it
enjoyable and entertaining? Yes, it is. The
author also wants to convey an imagery
where the reader will feel that he/she is
part of it.
1.The Underground Railroad was a secret
organization which helped slaves escape to
freedom. Many slaves were able to escape
because of the conductors and station
masters. The northern states were free states
and slaves were free once they arrived in the
north. Secret codes and signals were used to
identify the conductors and station masters.
•What is the author's purpose of this writing?
The author’s purpose is to inform. The
writer is telling the reader an exact
account of what had happened in the
past about the secret organization who
helped slaves to escape.
3. The Slim-O-Matic will cause you to lose
pounds and inches from your body in one
month. This amazing machine helps you to
exercise correctly and provides an easy video
to show you the proper way to exercise. Send
$75.99 and begin exercising today
•What is the author's purpose of this
writing?
The author is persuading the reader to
buy Slim-O-Matic to have a fit and
toned body.
Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, I have a
dream,” used some rhetorical and literary
devices.
What is a rhetorical device?
Rhetorical device is a technique that an author or
speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a
meaning with the goal of persuading them.
Rhetorical devices evoke an emotional response in
the readers through the use of language.
 WHAT IS MEANT BY LITERARY DEVICES?

Literary device is a technique a writer

uses to produce a special effect in his
writing and to help readers understand his
writing on a deeper level.
 RHETORICAL/LITERARY DEVICE
Metaphor
•a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to
an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
•A comparison of two unlike objects without using as or like.

Examples
1. Kisses are the flowers of affection.
2. The falling snowflakes are dancers.
Examples:
1.What light through yonder window
breaks? It is East and Juliet, the sun!
2.Laughter is the best medicine.
3.The heart of stone surprised me.
4.Time is money.
5.No man is an island.
Analogy
•A comparison between two things, typically for
the purpose of explanation or clarification.
•A literary device often used in literature and
poetry to make connections between familiar
and unfamiliar things.
•It is not a figure of speech unlike the simile and
metaphor.
Examples
• The structure of an atom is like a solar system. The nucleus is
the sun, and electrons are the planets revolving around their
sun.
• Every choice you make is like spinning the wheel of fortune-
sometimes you will get the result that you desire, while other
times you will end up with something hoped to avoid.
• Raising children require the same dedication you would give to a
garden. Nurture them, feed them, introduce them to both light
and dark, and have patience; and soon you will see them grow
into blooming wonders.
 PARALLELISM
Used to persuade, motivate, and/or evoke emotional responses
in an audience and is often used in speeches. The balance
between clauses or phrases makes complex thoughts easier to
process while holding the reader's or listener's attention.
Examples
1. "My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for
you, ask what you can do for your country." - John F. Kennedy
2. "I don't want to live on in my work. I want to live on in my
apartment." - Woody Allen
EXAMPLES OF PARALLELISM IN PROVERBS

What you see is what you get. (The ‘what you’ plus a
short verb is repeated)
Easy come, easy go. (The ‘easy’ plus short verb is
repeated)
When the going gets tough, the tough gets going.(The
‘going gets tough’ phrase is repeated so that it sounds
similar and yet by flipping around the order of the
words, the meaning changes.)
•I have a dream that my four children will one day live in a
nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin
but by the content of their character. I have a dream today.-
Martin Luther king Jr.
•One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind- Neil
Armstrong

Parallelism is a literary device in which parts of the sentence

are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction. It
can be a word, a phrase, or an entire sentence repeated.
Repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is
a common rhetorical device used to add emphasis
and stress in writing and speech
Examples
1. “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.”
2. "And miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go
before I sleep." - Robert Frost "Stopping by Woods on a
Snowy Evening
I came, I saw, I conquered- Julius Caesar
Notice that the sentence construction is
being repeated. Each phrase begins with “I”
plus a verb. It not only sounds appealing
but the repetition makes the quote stand
out in the reader’s mind.
 Comparing Your Two friends

Differences Similarities Differences

 COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

Compare and contrast is a rhetorical style that discusses the

similarities and differences of two or more things: ideas,
concepts, items, places, etc. This is also used to make some kind
of comparison to help illustrate a point. A Venn diagram is used
in making comparison and contrast to show differences and
similarities of two subjects. It uses overlapping circles or other
shapes to illustrate the logical relationship between two or more
sets of items. Often, they serve to graphically organize things,
highlighting how the items are similar and different.
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

Drawing conclusion refers to information that is implied

or inferred. This means that the information is not directly
nor clearly stated. Details give hints or clues that can help
you “read between the lines.” Inferring means that you go
beyond the surface or go for deeper understanding of
what you are reading. When the meaning is not stated
clearly, they may be implied or suggested.
 ENGLISH 9 | 2ND QUARTER
LESSON 6

Understanding Tone,
Mood, Technique,
Author’s Purpose,
Rhetoric and Literary
Devices Used
Prepared by:
SIR ELI JOY QUE
[email protected]
 Martin
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister,
activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most
prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955
until his assassination in 1968.
Born: January 15, 1929, Atlanta,

Luther
Georgia, United States
Assassinated: April 4,
1968, Lorraine Motel, Memphis,
Tennessee, United States
Children: Martin Luther King

King Jr.
III, Yolanda King, Bernice
King, Dexter King
Spouse: Coretta Scott King (m.
1953–1968)

Martin Luther King Jr. Day is a federal

holiday in the United States marking
the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr.
It is observed on the third Monday of
“I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH
January each year.
LESSON 6 | 2ND QUARTER
 a figure of speech in which a word or
phrase is applied to an object or action to
which it is not literally applicable

Examples

1. Kisses are the flowers of affection.

2. The falling snowflakes are dancers.
is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is a common rhetorical device
used to add emphasis and stress in writing and speech

Examples:
1. “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.”
2. "And miles to go before I sleep, and miles to go before I sleep." -
Robert Frost "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
ENGLISH 9 | 2ND QUARTER

Understanding
AUTHOR’S
PURPOSE
LESSON 6
Prepared by:
SIR ELI JOY QUE
[email protected]
 ‘Thank You, Ma’am’: Plot Summary
By Langston Hughes
The story begins by introducing a ‘large woman’ who carries a ‘large purse’ slung over her shoulder. Late one night, she is walking alone when a boy tries
to steal her purse, but because it is so heavy, he ends up falling backwards. She kicks him in the backside before shaking him vigorously and ordering
him to retrieve her purse from the ground. She then asks him if he is ashamed of himself for trying to rob her.

The boy, who is dressed in tennis shoes and blue jeans, is around fourteen or fifteen years old and clearly intimidated by the large, imposing older
woman. She comments on how dirty his face is and it emerges that the boy is not taken care of at home, so the woman takes him back to her home to
wash his face.

The boy just wants her to let him go, but she reminds him that he was the one who imposed himself upon her when she was minding her business. She
reveals that her name is Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones. She comments that if the boy were her son, she would teach him right from wrong.

Once she has the boy inside the house she shares with other people, she asks his name, which he reveals to be Roger. She takes him into the kitchenette
and finally lets go of him, ordering him to go to the sink and wash his face. Although Roger initially considers making a run for it, he does as he is bid and
goes to the sink.
As the two of them talk, Mrs. Jones learns that Roger attempted to steal her pocketbook because he wants money to buy some blue suede shoes. She
tells him he could’ve just asked her for the money: a response which confuses Roger. Again, he thinks of running for it, afraid that she will take him to jail,
but instead, when she offers to cook him something to eat, he sits down and behaves himself.

Indeed, he even resists the temptation to steal her purse, which she leaves on the table close to him while she goes behind the screen to prepare the
food. He offers to go to the shop to get food for her if she needs it, and when she asks if he wants to get some sweet milk for the cocoa she’s preparing,
he says that canned milk will be fine.
As they eat, she tells him about her job in a hotel beauty-shop, and offers him some cake. Then she gives Roger ten dollars and tells him to buy himself
the blue suede shoes he wants, but not to try to steal from her or anybody else again, because shoes bought from ill-gotten gains would ‘burn your feet’.

As Roger leaves, he wants to thank her more fulsomely than simply saying ‘Thank you, ma’am’, but finds he is unable to. The third-person narrator of the
story tells us that he never saw her again.
Thank
You.