Students’ Learning Material

The University of Burdwan

English Hons. Sem VI
Paper – DSE 4
Topic: Preface to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth
-by Pallab Das

1.1 Wordsworth’s life and works.

1.2 Poetry, according to Wordsworth in "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"
1.3 Subject matter of poetry according to Wordsworth
1.4 Difference between the language of prose and metrical composition
1.5 Why does Wordsworth choose situations from "humble and rustic life" in his preface to Lyrical
Ballads?
1.6 Poetic diction in "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"
1.7 As a manifesto of romantic criticism
1.8 The ideal poet
1.9 Happiness to the poet in contrast to the man of science
1.10 How does William Wordsworth link imagination to poetry in his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"?

1.1 Wordsworth’s life and works

William Wordsworth, born on April 7, 1770, in Cockermouth, Cumberland, England, was one
of the most influential poets of the Romantic era. His life and work left an indelible mark on
the landscape of English literature. Wordsworth's poetry captured the essence of human
experience, celebrated the beauty of nature, and revolutionized the way people thought about
and approached poetry.

Wordsworth's early life was marked by both joy and tragedy. His mother died when he was only
eight years old, and his father passed away when he was thirteen. These losses deeply impacted
him and shaped his perception of life and the world around him. However, he found solace in
the enchanting natural surroundings of the Lake District, where he spent his childhood. The
natural beauty of this region would become a significant source of inspiration for his poetic
imagination.

In 1787, Wordsworth attended St. John's College, Cambridge, where he developed a passion
for poetry. He was deeply influenced by the works of the English poets John Milton, William
Shakespeare, and John Dryden, as well as the works of the European Romantic poets, such as
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. These literary influences, combined with
his own observations and experiences, laid the foundation for his unique poetic vision.
One of Wordsworth's defining moments occurred during a walking tour of France in 1790.
Witnessing the French Revolution and its aftermath had a profound impact on his political and
philosophical views. He initially embraced the ideals of the revolution, but as he witnessed the
violence and upheaval, he became disillusioned with the course it had taken. This experience
led him to develop a more introspective and individualistic approach to his poetry, focusing on
personal emotions and experiences rather than grand political themes.

In 1795, Wordsworth met Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and together they published "Lyrical
Ballads" in 1798, which marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in English literature.
This collection of poems challenged the prevailing poetic conventions of the time and
introduced a new style characterized by simplicity, accessibility, and a focus on ordinary life
and nature. Wordsworth's preface to the second edition of "Lyrical Ballads" in 1800, often
referred to as the "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads," outlined his poetic theories and became a
manifesto for the Romantic movement.

Central to Wordsworth's poetic philosophy was the belief that poetry should be a reflection of
real life and express genuine emotions. He rejected the artificial and grandiose themes of
classical poetry, advocating instead for a language that mirrored the simplicity and beauty of
common speech. Wordsworth wrote in the preface, "The language too of these men [common
people], I at all times heard them use with dignity, and with effect: ... I have wished to keep the
reader in the company of flesh and blood."

Nature played a vital role in Wordsworth's poetry, serving as a source of inspiration, solace, and
spiritual renewal. He believed that through a deep connection with nature, one could access
profound truths about the human condition. Wordsworth's poetry often depicted the power and
beauty of the natural world, inviting readers to contemplate their own relationship with the
environment. In "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey," he wrote, "And I have
felt / A presence that disturbs me with the joy / Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime / Of
something far more deeply interfused, / Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns."

Wordsworth's exploration of childhood experiences was another significant aspect of his work.
He believed that children possessed an innate wisdom and a closer connection to nature,
unburdened by the complexities and constraints of adulthood. In poems such as "Ode:
Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood," he reflected on the loss of
this connection and celebrated the purity and visionary powers of childhood.

Throughout his life, Wordsworth faced personal and professional challenges. Financial
difficulties, the death of loved ones, and critical backlash to some of his later works tested his
resilience. However, he continued to write and publish poetry until his death on April 23, 1850.

Wordsworth's impact on English literature cannot be overstated. His emphasis on the ordinary,
his intimate connection with nature, and his exploration of human emotions and experiences
paved the way for future generations of poets. His work remains relevant and continues to
inspire readers with its timeless themes and lyrical beauty. William Wordsworth's legacy as a
poet and his contributions to the Romantic movement solidify his position as one of the greatest
poets in the English language.
1.2 Poetry, according to Wordsworth in "Preface to
Lyrical Ballads"
In his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," William Wordsworth provides a comprehensive and
influential definition of poetry. Published in 1800, this preface served as a manifesto for the
Romantic movement in English literature and outlined Wordsworth's poetic theories. In this
essay, we will explore how Wordsworth defines poetry in his preface, along with critical
comments on his ideas.

Wordsworth begins the preface by asserting that the aim of poetry is to "choose incidents and
situations from common life and to relate or describe them throughout, as far as was possible,
in a selection of language really used by men." He emphasizes the importance of using language
that is accessible and familiar to everyday people. This departure from the elevated language of
classical poetry was revolutionary for its time and aimed to make poetry more relatable and
understandable to a wider audience.

Critics have responded to Wordsworth's emphasis on using everyday language in poetry in

various ways. Some praise this approach for its democratic appeal and for bringing poetry closer
to the common experiences of people. They argue that it allows readers from all walks of life
to engage with and appreciate poetry. For example, critic Harold Bloom comments,
"Wordsworth made poetry available to a larger audience by raising up the ordinary... He is,
above all, the poet of solitude, and of the desire for solitude, as well as of consolation."

However, other critics have expressed reservations about Wordsworth's focus on simplicity.
They argue that the use of everyday language may lead to a reduction in the depth and
complexity of poetic expression. These critics contend that poetry should not merely mirror
ordinary speech but should strive for a heightened and transformative language. Literary critic
T.S. Eliot, for instance, critiques Wordsworth's definition, stating, "The language of poetry...
can never be the language of ordinary conversation. In the language of poetry, the language of
the intellect and that of the passions are one and the same."

Wordsworth further defines poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes
its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility." Here, he emphasizes the role of personal
emotion as the wellspring of poetry. He suggests that poets should draw from their own
experiences and tap into the depths of their emotions to create meaningful and evocative poetry.

Critics have generally appreciated Wordsworth's emphasis on the role of emotion in poetry.
They acknowledge the power of poetry to evoke strong emotions in readers and consider it as
one of the essential qualities of great poetry. Literary critic Matthew Arnold comments,
"Wordsworth’s poetry is great because of the extraordinary power with which he feels the joy
offered to us in nature, the joy offered to us in the simple elementary affections and duties." By
connecting with readers' emotions, Wordsworth's poetry allows them to experience a profound
and transformative connection with the world.

On the other hand, some critics have raised concerns about the potential limitations of
Wordsworth's focus on personal emotion. They argue that an exclusive reliance on personal
emotion may result in subjectivity and introspection at the expense of broader themes and
perspectives. Critic Cleanth Brooks states, "Wordsworth comes near to insisting that his own
personal experience, and that of a limited number of his fellows, are the sole sources of poetry...
Wordsworth is often accused of being solipsistic and narrowly individualistic."
 In addition to personal emotion, Wordsworth highlights the significance of nature in defining
poetry. He believed that nature serves as a powerful source of inspiration and spiritual renewal.
Wordsworth writes, "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin
from emotion recollected in tranquility: the emotion is contemplated till, by a species of
reaction, the tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before
the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced, and does itself actually exist in the mind."

Critics widely acknowledge the importance of nature in Wordsworth's poetry and appreciate his
ability to capture the beauty and power of the natural world. They applaud his profound
connection with nature and his ability to convey its transformative effect on human emotions
and perception. Critic Lionel Trilling states, "Wordsworth conceived himself as a poet of the
human mind in the presence of nature."

However, some critics have challenged Wordsworth's almost mystical elevation of nature and
its role in poetry. They argue that his excessive emphasis on nature may overlook the complexity
and diversity of human experiences and limit the scope of poetic expression. Critic Northrop
Frye comments, "Nature as Wordsworth conceives it is the static, unchanging world of
Romantic poetry, with its nostalgic mood and introspective tone."

In conclusion, in his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," Wordsworth provides a significant definition

of poetry that focuses on using everyday language, drawing from personal emotion, and
celebrating the power and beauty of nature. While his ideas have been celebrated for
democratizing poetry and highlighting the importance of personal experience and emotion, they
have also faced criticism for potential limitations in terms of poetic expression and subjectivity.
Regardless of these debates, Wordsworth's definition of poetry has had a lasting impact on
English literature and continues to shape our understanding of the art form.

1.3 Subject matter of poetry according to Wordsworth

William Wordsworth, one of the prominent figures of the Romantic era, had a profound
influence on the development of English poetry. His collection of poems, "Lyrical Ballads," co-
authored with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, serves as a manifesto for the Romantic movement and
reflects Wordsworth's views on the subject matter of poetry. According to Wordsworth, poetry
should be rooted in everyday life, nature, and the experiences of common people. In this essay,
I will delve into Wordsworth's understanding of the subject matter of poetry, drawing references
from the poems in "Lyrical Ballads."

Wordsworth believed that poetry should depart from the elevated and artificial themes of the
classical tradition, and instead, focus on the ordinary occurrences of life and the natural world.
He argued for a return to simplicity, where the language of poetry mirrored the language of
common speech. In the preface to "Lyrical Ballads," Wordsworth writes, "The principal object,
then, proposed in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to
relate or describe them throughout, as far as was possible, in a selection of language really used
by men."

One of the poems that exemplifies Wordsworth's emphasis on everyday life is "We Are Seven."
The poem centers around a conversation between the speaker and a little girl, where the girl
insists that she has seven siblings, even though two have passed away. Despite the simplicity of
the subject matter, Wordsworth uses it to explore profound themes of life, death, and the
resilience of the human spirit. The poem challenges the notion of what constitutes a valid
understanding of reality and highlights the imaginative power of the child's mind.

Another poem that highlights Wordsworth's interest in ordinary life is "The Old Cumberland
Beggar." In this poem, Wordsworth depicts an impoverished beggar and tells the story of his
life with compassion and empathy. Through vivid descriptions, the poet humanizes the beggar
and emphasizes the dignity and worth of even the most marginalized members of society.
Wordsworth's choice of subject matter and his ability to find beauty in the commonplace reflect
his belief that poetry should illuminate the lives of ordinary people.

Nature holds a central position in Wordsworth's understanding of the subject matter of poetry.
He saw nature as a source of inspiration, solace, and spiritual renewal. In "Lines Written a Few
Miles Above Tintern Abbey," Wordsworth reflects on his return to the banks of the River Wye
and the transformative power of nature. He writes, "For I have learned / To look on nature, not
as in the hour / Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes / The still, sad music of humanity."
Wordsworth's connection with nature is deeply rooted in his personal experiences and
memories, and he believes that the contemplation of nature can lead to a heightened sense of
self-awareness and a deeper understanding of the human condition.

"The Tables Turned" further exemplifies Wordsworth's belief in the restorative power of nature.
In this poem, he encourages his friend to leave his books behind and venture into the natural
world. Wordsworth argues that true wisdom and knowledge are found in direct engagement
with nature rather than in books. He writes, "Come forth into the light of things, / Let Nature
be your Teacher."

Wordsworth's poetry also explores the theme of childhood and the purity of youthful
experiences. He believed that children possess an innate wisdom and a closer connection to
nature. In "Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood," Wordsworth
contemplates the loss of this connection as one grows older. He laments the fading of the
visionary powers of childhood and the diminishing sense of wonder in adulthood. The poem
celebrates the innocence and unspoiled perception of children, suggesting that they offer
insights into the deeper truths of existence.

While Wordsworth's focus on everyday life, nature, and childhood experiences constitutes the
core of his subject matter, he also explores social and political issues in his poetry. "The Female
Vagrant" is a poem that addresses the plight of a homeless woman and the social injustices she
faces. Wordsworth highlights the contrast between the beauty of nature and the harsh realities
of human suffering, shedding light on the societal inequalities of his time.

In conclusion, Wordsworth's understanding of the subject matter of poetry can be summarized

as a celebration of the ordinary, the natural world, and the experiences of common people. His
poetry in "Lyrical Ballads" reflects his belief that poetry should be accessible and relatable to
all, rather than a privilege of the educated elite. Wordsworth's emphasis on simplicity, his
connection with nature, and his exploration of childhood experiences and social issues
contributed to a transformative shift in English poetry and continue to inspire poets to this day.
1.4 Difference between the language of prose and
metrical composition

In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, written by William Wordsworth and published in 1800,
Wordsworth discusses his theories and principles regarding poetry. One of the key aspects he
explores is the difference between the language of prose and metrical composition.
Wordsworth's thoughts on this topic reflect his belief in the power of simplicity and the use of
common language in poetry, which he saw as crucial for conveying the true essence of human
emotions and experiences.

According to Wordsworth, prose is the language used for everyday communication, and its
primary purpose is to convey information and express thoughts in a straightforward manner.
Prose is characterized by its utilitarian nature and lack of elevated or ornate language. It is the
language of ordinary people and is generally devoid of any heightened emotional or imaginative
qualities. Wordsworth emphasizes that prose is essential in society for its practicality and clarity
of expression.

On the other hand, metrical composition, which refers to poetry, differs significantly from prose
in its use of language and form. Wordsworth asserts that the language of poetry should not be
a departure from ordinary language but rather a selection and arrangement of ordinary words
that are more deeply infused with passion and emotion. Poetry, for Wordsworth, has the ability
to tap into the profound sentiments of the human heart and to communicate them in a manner
that transcends the limitations of everyday language.

Wordsworth argues that the language of poetry should retain a connection to common speech,
as it is through this connection that poetry gains its power. He believes that the language of
poetry should be simple, free from artificiality, and capable of eliciting genuine emotional
responses from the reader. Wordsworth's emphasis on simplicity and the use of common
language in poetry was a significant departure from the prevailing poetic conventions of his
time, which often relied on elaborate and formal diction.

Wordsworth's ideas on the language of poetry were influenced by his romantic sensibilities and
his belief in the importance of the individual's subjective experience. He believed that the truest
and most profound emotions are those that arise from personal encounters with the natural
world and the human condition. In order to convey these emotions effectively, Wordsworth
advocated for the use of language that was closer to the language of everyday life, rather than
the language of formal rhetoric or literary ornamentation.

The poet's role, according to Wordsworth, is to be a "man speaking to men" and to connect with
the common experiences and emotions shared by all humanity. He believed that the language
of poetry should be accessible and relatable to people from all walks of life. By using a language
that is closer to the everyday speech of ordinary people, Wordsworth aimed to bridge the gap
between the poet and the reader, creating a direct and immediate connection.

Wordsworth's theories on the language of poetry were met with both praise and criticism. Some
critics lauded his emphasis on simplicity and the use of common language, seeing it as a
departure from the artificiality and excesses of contemporary poetic styles. They appreciated
Wordsworth's ability to capture the beauty of ordinary experiences and elevate them to the
realm of the sublime through his carefully chosen and arranged language.
 However, others criticized Wordsworth's approach, arguing that his preference for simplicity
and common language led to a decline in the poetic art. They believed that poetry should be
characterized by a heightened and sophisticated language, and that Wordsworth's focus on the
everyday diminished the significance and impact of poetry as an art form. Critics also accused
Wordsworth of being overly didactic in his poetry, as his emphasis on moral lessons and the
portrayal of rustic life sometimes overshadowed the aesthetic aspects of his work.

Despite the controversies surrounding Wordsworth's theories, his ideas had a lasting impact on
the development of English poetry. His emphasis on the use of common language and the
depiction of everyday experiences laid the foundation for the Romantic movement in literature,
which sought to explore the depths of human emotions and the beauty of nature. Wordsworth's
influence can be seen in the works of later poets such as John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley,
who also embraced a simpler and more direct style of poetic language.

In conclusion, Wordsworth's discussion on the difference between the language of prose and
metrical composition in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads highlights his belief in the power of
simplicity and the use of common language in poetry. He argues that the language of poetry
should connect with the ordinary experiences and emotions of humanity, and that it should be
capable of evoking genuine emotional responses. While his ideas were met with both praise
and criticism, Wordsworth's theories had a profound impact on the development of English
poetry, shaping the Romantic movement and influencing subsequent generations of poets.

1.5 Why does Wordsworth choose situations from "humble

and rustic life" in his preface to Lyrical Ballads?
In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth explains his choice of situations from "humble
and rustic life" as a deliberate artistic decision. He believes that such situations provide a fertile
ground for exploring and expressing profound human emotions and experiences. Wordsworth's
preference for humble and rustic life reflects his Romantic sensibilities and his belief in the
intrinsic value of ordinary people and their connection to nature.

One of the main reasons Wordsworth chooses situations from humble and rustic life is because
he sees these settings as more conducive to genuine and unadulterated emotions. He argues that
individuals in such circumstances are less influenced by the artificiality and conventions of
society, allowing their emotions to flow freely and authentically. By focusing on ordinary
people and their everyday experiences, Wordsworth aims to capture the universal aspects of
human nature that transcend social hierarchies and cultural barriers.

Moreover, Wordsworth believes that the simplicity and purity of rural life provide a direct and
unmediated connection to the natural world. He sees nature as a wellspring of inspiration and
spiritual renewal, and he asserts that the lives of rural dwellers are intimately intertwined with
the natural environment. By depicting situations from humble and rustic life, Wordsworth seeks
to explore the profound relationship between humanity and nature, emphasizing the restorative
and transformative power of the natural world.

Additionally, Wordsworth's choice of humble and rustic life reflects his commitment to
portraying the realities of ordinary people and giving them a voice. He criticizes the prevailing
poetic traditions that celebrated grandeur, nobility, and high society, arguing that they alienated
 the common people and their experiences. Wordsworth aims to bridge this gap by elevating the
lives of ordinary individuals and offering a platform for their stories and emotions to be heard.

Furthermore, Wordsworth believes that situations from humble and rustic life possess a moral
and didactic value. He sees these situations as inherently instructive, as they often involve
individuals facing hardship, adversity, or moral dilemmas. By depicting the struggles and
triumphs of ordinary people, Wordsworth seeks to impart moral lessons and insights into the
human condition. He believes that poetry should not only provide aesthetic pleasure but also
offer guidance and enlightenment to its readers.

Wordsworth's choice of situations from humble and rustic life also aligns with his broader social
and political ideals. During the Romantic era, there was a growing interest in the rights and
welfare of the common people, and Wordsworth was influenced by these progressive ideas. By
highlighting the lives and experiences of ordinary individuals, Wordsworth aims to advocate
for their dignity, rights, and recognition in society. He portrays humble and rustic life as
deserving of respect and admiration, challenging the prevailing hierarchical structures of his
time.

In conclusion, Wordsworth chooses situations from humble and rustic life in his Preface to
Lyrical Ballads because he believes they provide a fertile ground for exploring genuine
emotions, highlighting the interconnectedness of humanity and nature, giving voice to ordinary
people, imparting moral lessons, and advocating for social change. By depicting the
experiences of humble individuals, Wordsworth seeks to capture the essence of human nature
and convey the profound beauty and significance of ordinary life.

1.6 Poetic diction in "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"

In the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," William Wordsworth discusses the concept of poetic diction
and its role in poetry. Poetic diction refers to the language and style used in poetry, distinct from
the language of everyday speech or prose. Wordsworth's views on poetic diction were
significant as he advocated for a departure from the ornate and artificial language that was
prevalent in poetry during his time.

Wordsworth argues that poetic diction should differ from everyday language, but not to the
extent that it becomes detached from common speech. He criticizes the use of overly elaborate
and grandiose language in poetry, which he believes creates a barrier between the poet and the
reader. According to Wordsworth, poetry should speak to the common emotions and
experiences of humanity, and for that reason, it should employ a language that is accessible and
relatable.

Wordsworth emphasizes the use of a simpler and more natural language in poetry. He states, "I
have proposed to myself to imitate, and, as far as possible, to adopt the very language of men."
His intention is to capture the genuine sentiments and feelings of ordinary people, and he
believes that a language closer to everyday speech is better suited to express these emotions
effectively.

Wordsworth's preference for a simpler language in poetry is rooted in his belief in the power of
nature and the importance of the individual's subjective experience. He sees nature as the
ultimate source of inspiration and a conduit for profound emotions. By using a language that is
closer to common speech, Wordsworth aims to establish a direct and immediate connection
 between the poet, the reader, and the natural world. He believes that this connection is essential
for the true impact and understanding of poetic works.

Additionally, Wordsworth criticizes the use of poetic diction as a means of exhibiting the poet's
own linguistic prowess or intellectual superiority. He asserts that poetry should not be a
showcase of literary artifice or rhetorical devices. Instead, it should be an expression of genuine
emotion and a reflection of the human experience. Wordsworth rejects the idea that poetry
should be elevated above ordinary language and asserts that it should remain grounded in the
realities of life.

Wordsworth's views on poetic diction were met with both praise and criticism. Some critics
appreciated his emphasis on simplicity and the use of common language, viewing it as a return
to the true essence of poetry. They believed that his approach allowed for a more authentic and
direct connection with the reader, enabling the emotions and experiences depicted in his works
to resonate deeply.

However, others criticized Wordsworth's departure from traditional poetic diction, arguing that
it diminished the artistry and sophistication of poetry. They felt that his focus on everyday
language led to a decline in the literary quality of his works. These critics believed that poetry
should be characterized by elevated and ornate language, and that Wordsworth's preference for
simplicity and common speech reduced the significance and impact of poetic expression.

In conclusion, Wordsworth's views on poetic diction in the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" reflect
his belief in the power of simplicity and the use of common language in poetry. He advocated
for a departure from the ornate and artificial language prevalent in his time, emphasizing the
need for poetry to connect with the genuine emotions and experiences of ordinary people. While
his ideas on poetic diction were met with mixed responses, they had a significant impact on the
development of English poetry, shaping the Romantic movement and influencing subsequent
generations of poets.

1.7 As a manifesto of Romantic Criticism

The "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" is often regarded as a manifesto of Romantic Criticism due to
its groundbreaking ideas and principles that challenged the prevailing literary conventions of
its time. Written by William Wordsworth and published in 1800, the preface laid the foundation
for the Romantic movement in literature and outlined its key tenets. Let's explore how the
preface serves as a manifesto of Romantic Criticism.

Emphasis on Individual Emotion and Imagination: The preface highlights the Romantics' belief
in the primacy of individual emotion and imagination. Wordsworth argues that poetry should
stem from genuine feelings and subjective experiences rather than conforming to traditional
literary norms. He asserts that the poet's task is to give life to emotions that are universally
shared, celebrating the individual's capacity to perceive and connect with the world.

Focus on Nature and the Sublime: Wordsworth's preface underscores the Romantics' fascination
with nature and its transformative power. He presents nature as a source of inspiration, spiritual
renewal, and profound beauty. The Romantics sought to explore the sublime aspects of the
natural world and its ability to evoke strong emotions and a sense of awe in the human psyche.
Nature, for Wordsworth, becomes a central subject of poetry and a means to access higher
truths.
 Rejection of Classical and Neoclassical Conventions: The preface challenges the dominant
classical and neoclassical literary traditions that favored formalism, imitation of past models,
and strict adherence to rules. Wordsworth criticizes the ornate language and artificiality
prevalent in poetry of the time, advocating for a simpler and more natural style. He argues that
poetry should draw from everyday language and depict scenes and characters from ordinary
life, challenging the hierarchy of subject matter and elevating the experiences of common
people.

Valuing Spontaneity and Intuition: The Romantics placed great importance on spontaneity and
intuition as sources of creative inspiration. Wordsworth stresses the need for the poet to trust
their immediate perceptions and emotions, rather than relying on preconceived ideas or artificial
constructs. He encourages poets to tap into their imaginative faculties and to express themselves
with a sense of authenticity and immediacy.

Celebration of the Common Man: The preface champions the worth and dignity of ordinary
individuals and their experiences. Wordsworth's focus on "humble and rustic life" in poetry
aimed to elevate the lives and emotions of common people. This emphasis on the common man
challenged the prevailing social and class hierarchies, giving a voice to those who had been
marginalized in traditional literature.

Romantic Idealism and Transcendence: The preface reflects the Romantic belief in the power
of art to transcend the limits of reality and offer glimpses of higher truths. Wordsworth suggests
that poetry has the capacity to provide solace, moral guidance, and a sense of connection to
something beyond the mundane. The Romantics sought to transcend the boundaries of reason
and rationality, embracing the mystical and supernatural elements of human existence.

The "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" encapsulates the core principles of Romantic Criticism,
challenging established norms and advocating for a poetry that speaks to the individual's
subjective experiences, celebrates the beauty and power of nature, rejects artificial conventions,
and gives voice to the common man. It laid the groundwork for a new era in literature and
exerted a profound influence on subsequent generations of poets and critics.

1.8 The ideal poet

In the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," Wordsworth discusses his vision of an ideal poet, outlining
the qualities and characteristics that he believes are essential for a poet to possess. According
to Wordsworth, an ideal poet is someone who understands and embodies the principles of
Romanticism, and who uses poetry as a means to connect with the profound emotions and
experiences of humanity. Let's explore how Wordsworth defines an ideal poet in the preface:

Sensibility and Sympathy: Wordsworth asserts that an ideal poet possesses a heightened
sensibility and a deep capacity for sympathy. The poet should be able to perceive and feel the
subtle nuances of the human experience, being attuned to the joys, sorrows, and complexities
of life. This sensibility allows the poet to empathize with others and to express their emotions
with authenticity and depth.

Connection to Nature: Wordsworth emphasizes the importance of a poet's connection to nature.

He believes that an ideal poet should have a profound appreciation for the natural world and an
ability to perceive its beauty, power, and spiritual significance. Nature serves as a wellspring of
 inspiration and a source of profound emotions, and the poet should be able to translate these
experiences into poetry.

Imagination and Creativity: Wordsworth highlights the role of imagination in the work of an
ideal poet. He sees imagination as the faculty that allows the poet to transform ordinary
experiences into extraordinary ones, to see the world with fresh eyes, and to create vivid and
memorable poetic images. The poet's creative faculties should be employed to breathe life into
emotions and to engage the reader's imagination.

Simplicity and Common Language: Wordsworth emphasizes the use of simplicity and common
language in the poetry of an ideal poet. He argues that the poet should employ a language that
is accessible and relatable to ordinary people. The use of common language enables the poet to
bridge the gap between the lofty realm of poetry and the realities of everyday life, connecting
with readers on a deep and immediate level.

Moral and Didactic Purpose: Wordsworth believes that an ideal poet should have a moral and
didactic purpose in their work. Poetry, for Wordsworth, should not only evoke emotions but
also provide moral guidance and enlightenment. The poet has a responsibility to explore ethical
questions, to inspire virtue, and to uplift the human spirit through their words.

Honesty and Sincerity: Wordsworth stresses the importance of honesty and sincerity in the work
of an ideal poet. The poet should express their thoughts and emotions with truthfulness and
integrity, avoiding artificiality or pretense. Wordsworth values genuine and heartfelt expression,
considering it essential for creating a true connection between the poet and the reader.

Overall, Wordsworth's ideal poet embodies a combination of sensitivity, imagination,

connection to nature, simplicity, moral purpose, and sincerity. This poet possesses the ability to
capture and communicate the profound emotions and experiences of humanity, using poetry as
a medium to bridge the gap between the ordinary and the extraordinary, the individual and the
universal.

1.9 Happiness to the poet in contrast to the man of science

In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth discusses the contrasting approaches to
happiness between the poet and the man of science. According to Wordsworth, the man of
science seeks to analyze and understand the external world through reason and empirical
observation. He aims to uncover the laws and mechanisms that govern nature, seeking
knowledge and power over the material world.

On the other hand, Wordsworth presents the poet as someone who looks beyond the surface of
things and perceives the deeper truths and spiritual essence of the world. The poet finds
happiness and a sense of connection by immersing himself in nature and experiencing the
profound emotions and sensations it evokes. Wordsworth argues that the poet's role is not
merely to describe the external world but to delve into the subjective and emotional aspects of
human experience.

For Wordsworth, happiness is intimately tied to the poet's ability to tap into the "real language
of men" and express universal feelings and emotions that resonate with readers. He believes
that the poet's creative imagination, combined with a deep understanding of human nature, can
reveal profound insights into the human condition. Through his emotional and imaginative
 engagement with the world, the poet can transcend the limitations of scientific analysis and
offer a more holistic and meaningful understanding of happiness.

In summary, Wordsworth suggests that the man of science pursues happiness through
intellectual analysis and mastery of the external world, while the poet finds happiness through
emotional and imaginative communion with nature and the human experience. The poet's role
is to uncover deeper truths and evoke profound emotions that resonate with readers, providing
a more comprehensive understanding of happiness and the human condition.

1.10 How does William Wordsworth link imagination to

poetry in his "Preface to Lyrical Ballads"?

In the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads," Wordsworth emphasizes the role of imagination in poetry
and its connection to the creative process. He argues that imagination is the source of poetic
power, enabling the poet to transform ordinary experiences into something extraordinary and
to express universal truths.

Wordsworth distinguishes between two types of imagination: the primary and the secondary.
The primary imagination, according to Wordsworth, is the spontaneous and creative faculty that
allows the poet to perceive and apprehend the world in a fresh and unmediated way. It is the
ability to see beyond the surface of things and to capture the essence of human experiences and
emotions.

On the other hand, the secondary imagination is the reflective and transformative power that
the poet employs to recreate and present the emotions and experiences for the reader. It involves
shaping and organizing the raw materials of perception into a poetic form that evokes a response
in the audience. Wordsworth believes that the secondary imagination is crucial in
communicating the poet's insights and emotions effectively.

Wordsworth contends that poetry, rooted in the primary imagination, possesses a unique ability
to capture the essence of human experiences and emotions. He argues that poetry should be
characterized by a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and emotions, rather than by
artificial poetic language or conventional forms. By harnessing the power of the imagination,
the poet can create works that speak directly to the reader's emotions and have a profound
impact.

Furthermore, Wordsworth suggests that the poet's imaginative connection with nature is
essential for the creation of meaningful poetry. He emphasizes the importance of a deep and
intimate relationship with the natural world, as it allows the poet to tap into the primal and
universal aspects of human experience. By immersing themselves in nature, poets can awaken
their imagination and access a rich source of inspiration.

In summary, Wordsworth links imagination to poetry by highlighting its role in perceiving and
transforming the world. Through the primary imagination, the poet apprehends the essence of
human experiences, while the secondary imagination enables the poet to recreate and
communicate those experiences effectively. The imaginative connection with nature further
enhances the poet's creative power, allowing for the expression of profound truths and emotions.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, these study materials on the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" by William Wordsworth provide
valuable insights into the poet's poetic philosophy and his revolutionary ideas about the role of poetry
in society. Wordsworth's preface challenges conventional poetic norms of his time and emphasizes the
power of imagination, the importance of emotional engagement, and the profound connection between
nature and human experience.

Through his exploration of the contrast between the man of science and the poet, Wordsworth highlights
the distinct ways in which they approach happiness and knowledge. While the man of science seeks to
analyze and understand the external world through reason, the poet relies on his imagination to delve
into the deeper truths and spiritual essence of the world. The poet's ability to tap into the "real language
of men" and evoke universal feelings and emotions sets him apart and allows for a more holistic and
meaningful understanding of happiness.

Wordsworth's linking of imagination to poetry reveals its transformative power in the creative process.
The primary imagination enables the poet to perceive the world in a fresh and unmediated way, while
the secondary imagination shapes and organizes these perceptions into poetic form. The poet's
imaginative connection with nature is also emphasized as a vital source of inspiration and a means to
access the primal and universal aspects of human experience.

Overall, the study materials on the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" provide a deep understanding of
Wordsworth's vision for poetry and its significance in illuminating the human condition. By challenging
established norms and emphasizing the power of imagination, Wordsworth invites readers to engage
with poetry on a profound emotional and intellectual level. His ideas continue to resonate, reminding
us of the enduring relevance of poetry as a means of capturing the essence of human experiences and
fostering a deeper connection with the world around us.

Pallab Das
Assistant Professor in English
Mankar College, Mankar.

Bibliography/ list of books for reference:

Wordsworth, William. "Preface to Lyrical Ballads." In Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems. Oxford
University Press, 2008. (The primary source itself, providing Wordsworth's original preface.)

Abrams, M. H. Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature. W. W. Norton

& Company, 1973. (An influential analysis of Wordsworth's preface and its impact on the Romantic
movement.)

Gill, Stephen. William Wordsworth: A Life. Oxford University Press, 1990. (A comprehensive biography
of Wordsworth that offers insights into his life and the context surrounding the composition of the
"Preface to Lyrical Ballads.")
Riede, David G. Wordsworth's Counterrevolutionary Turn: Community, Virtue, and Vision in the 1790s.
Bucknell University Press, 1997. (Examines the political and cultural context of the preface and its
implications for Wordsworth's views on society and aesthetics.)

Johnston, Kenneth R. The Hidden Wordsworth: Poet, Lover, Rebel, Spy. W. W. Norton & Company, 1998.
(Explores the personal and poetic dimensions of Wordsworth's work, including an analysis of the
"Preface to Lyrical Ballads.")

Roe, Nicholas. Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Radical Years. Oxford University Press, 2005. (A study
of Wordsworth's early years and his collaboration with Coleridge, with insights into the ideas
presented in the "Preface to Lyrical Ballads.")

Wolfson, Susan J. Romantic Interactions: Social Being and the Turns of Literary Action. Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2010. (Examines the social and philosophical implications of Wordsworth's preface
within the larger context of Romantic literature.)

Butler, James, and Karen Green. "Wordsworth and the French Revolution." In The Cambridge
Companion to Wordsworth, edited by Stephen Gill. Cambridge University Press, 2003. (Explores the
relationship between Wordsworth's preface and his response to the French Revolution.)