11th Physics Practical Manual

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பசித்திரு ! தனித்திரு !! விழித்திரு !!!
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INTERNAL EXPERIMENT SKILL 2
PRACTICAL 5 MARKS
(5 MARKS) RECORD NOTE 3
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EQUATION ONLY (1)

FORMULA 2
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WITH EXPLANATION (1)
𝟏
PROCEDURE (𝟏 )
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𝟐
𝟏
𝟑
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (𝟏 )
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EXTERNAL 𝟐
PRACTICAL TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATION 5 15 MARKS

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(15 MARKS) ARITHMATIC CALCULATION

4
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AND GRAPHICAL METHOD
ONLY ANSWER (𝟏𝟐)

RESULT 𝟏
𝟏
WITH S I UNIT (𝟐)
Victory R. SARAVANAN M. Sc., M. Phil., B. Ed

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GOVT BOYS HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDDALORE DIST
MOBILE : 9940814079
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

PHYSICS PRACTICAL OBSERVATION NOTE
NAME :
CLASS & SECTION : 11
EXAM No. :
SCHOOL :
TEACHER
S.No DATE EXPERIMENT PAGE SIGNATURE
VERNIER CALIPPER - MOMENT OF

1
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INERTIA OF SOLID SPHERE
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2 SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING
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SIMPLE PENDULUM-
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ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY
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RESONANCE COLUMN APPARATUS-

4
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VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR

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STOKE’S METHOD – VISCOSITY OF

5
LIQUID
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NON-UNIFORM BENDING -
6
RELATION BETWEEN M & s
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CAPILLARY RISE METHOD –

7
SURFACE TENSION OF THE LIQUID
CALORIMETER - VERIFICATION
8
OF NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
SONOMETER– RELATION BETWEEN

9
FREQUENCY AND LENGTH
SONOMETER– RELATION BETWEEN

10
TENSION AND LENGTH
யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும்ரேளிர் ! தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர் தே வாோ !!
victory Please
R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil.,
send your Materials B.EdPapers
& Question PG PHYSICS GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI
to [email protected] – 608502
(or) Whatsapp MOBILE 9940814079
- 9385336929
Experiment – 1
Date ;
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A SOLID SPHERE OF KNOWN MASS USING VERNIER CALIPER
AIM :
 To determine the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of known mass using Vernier caliper
APPARATUS :
 Vernier caliper, Solid sphere
FORMULA:
 Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter
𝟐
𝑰𝒅 = 𝑴 𝑹𝟐
𝟓
Where M → Mass of the sphere ( known value to be given ) in kg
R → Radius of the sphere in metre
DIAGRAM:
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Model reading
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Here ; MSR = 2.2 cm ; VSC = 4 divisions ; Total Reading = 2.2 + (4 × 0.01) = 2.24 𝑐𝑚
PROCEDURE:
 The Vernier caliper is checked for zero errors and error if found is to be noted.
 The sphere is kept in between the jaws of the Vernier caliper and the main scale reading
(MSR ) is noted.
 Vernier scale division which coincides with some main scale division ( VSC ) is noted.
 Multiply this VSC by least count (LC) gives Vernier scale reading ( VSR ).
 Add MSR with VSR. This will be the diameter of the sphere.
 Observations are to be recorded for different positions of the sphere and the average value
of the diameter is found. From this value radius of the sphere R is calculated.
 Using the known value of the mass of the sphere M and calculated radius of the sphere R,
the moment of inertia of the given sphere about its diameter can be calculated using the
given formula
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TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :

 Least count (LC) of vernier caliper ;
One main scale division (MSD) = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
Number of Vernier scale divisions = 10
1 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑀𝑆𝐷) 0.1 𝑐𝑚
∴ Least count ; LC = = = 0.01 𝑐𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 10
Zero error ; 𝑍𝐸 = 0.03 𝑐𝑚 Zero correction ; 𝑍𝐶 = − 0.03 𝑐𝑚
Corrected Reading
MSR VSC 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑴𝑺𝑹 + (𝑽𝑺𝑪 × 𝑳𝑪)
S.No 𝟐𝑹 = 𝑻𝑹 ± 𝒁𝑪
(cm) (div) (cm)
(cm)
1 2.9 7 2.97 2.94
2 2.9 6 2.96 2.93
3 2.9 7 2.97 2.94
4 2.9 5 2.95 2.92
5 2.9 7 2.97 2.94
6 2.9 6 2.96 2.93
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Mean diamere ; 2R 2.60
𝟏. 𝟑𝟎
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Radius of the sphere ; R
CALCULATION :
1. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (7 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.07 = 2.97
2. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (6 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.06 = 2.96
;
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2𝑅 = 2.97 − 0.03 = 2.94 𝑐𝑚
2𝑅 = 2.96 − 0.03 = 2.93 𝑐𝑚
3. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (7 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.07 = 2.97 ; 2𝑅 = 2.97 − 0.03 = 2.94 𝑐𝑚
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4. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (5 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.05 = 2.95 ; 2𝑅 = 2.95 − 0.03 = 2.92 𝑐𝑚
5. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (7 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.07 = 2.97 ; 2𝑅 = 2.97 − 0.03 = 2.94 𝑐𝑚
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6. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (6 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.06 = 2.96 ; 2𝑅 = 2.96 − 0.03 = 2.93 𝑐𝑚

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2.94 + 2.93 + 2.94 + 2.92 + 2.94 + 2.93 15.60

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 ; 2𝑅 = = = 2.60 𝑐𝑚
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2.60
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𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝑅 = = 1.30 𝑐𝑚 = 1.30 × 10−2 𝑚

2
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ; 𝑀 = 25 𝑔 = 25 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
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 Hence Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter

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2
𝐼𝑑 = 𝑀 𝑅 2
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2
𝐼𝑑 = × 25 × 10−3 × (1.30 × 10−2 )2
5
= 10 × 1.30 × 1.30 × 10−7
𝑰𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
RESULT :
 The moment of inertia of the given solid sphere about its diameter using Vernier caliper
: 𝑰𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
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Experiment - 2
Date :
SPRING CONSTANT OF A SPRING
AIM :
 To determine the spring constant of a spring by using the method of vertical oscillations
APPARATUS REQUIRED :
 Spring, rigid support, hook, 50 g mass hanger, 50 g slotted masses, stop clock, metre scale,
pointer
FORMULA :
 Spring constant of the spring ;
𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏
𝑲 = 𝟒 𝝅𝟐 [ 𝟐 ]
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏
where M1, M2 → selected loads in kg
T1, T2 → time period corresponding to M1 and M2 respectively in second
DIAGRAM :
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PROCEDURE :
 A spring is firmly suspended vertically from a rigid clamp of a wooden stand at its upper
end with a mass hanger attached to its lower end. A pointer fixed at the lower end of the
spring moves over a vertical scale fixed.
 A suitable load M (eg; 200 g ) is added to the mass hanger and the reading on the scale at
which the pointer comes to rest is noted. This is the equilibrium position.
 The mass in the hanger is pulled downward and released so that the spring oscillates
vertically on either side of the equilibrium position.
 When the pointer crosses the equilibrium position a stop clock is started and the time
taken for 20 vertical oscillations is noted. Then the period of oscillation T is calculated.
 The experiment is repeated by adding masses in steps of 50 g to the mass hanger and
period of oscillation at each time is calculated.
 For the masses M1 and M2 ( with a difference of 50 g ), their corresponding time periods
are T1 and T2.
 Using the formula the spring constant of the given spring is calculated.
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Time taken for 20 oscillations Time
Mass M
S.No period T 𝑻𝟐
(kg) Trial 1 Trial 2 Mean
(s)
1 0.200 22 18 20 1.000 1.000
2 0.250 21 21 21 1.050 1.103
3 0.300 25 21 23 1.150 1.323
4 0.350 25 23 24 1.200 1.440
CALCULATION :
22+18 40 20
1. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = = 20 ; 𝑇 = = 1.000 ; 𝑻𝟐 = 1.000 × 1.000 = 1.000
2 2 20
21+21 42 21
2. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2
= = 21 ; 𝑇 = = 1.050 ; 𝑻𝟐 = 1.050 × 1.050 = 1.103
2 20
25+21 46 23
3. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = = = 23 ; 𝑇 = = 1.150 ; 𝑻𝟐 = 1.150 × 1.150 = 1.323
2 2 20
25+23 48 24
4. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2
= = 24 ; 𝑇 = = 1.200 ; 𝑻𝟐 = 1.200 × 1.200 = 1.440
2 20
Mass 𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏
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𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝟏 𝑻𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏
𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑻𝟐𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏
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0.200 0.300 0.1 1.000 1.323 0.323 0.3096
0.250 0.350 0.1 1.103
da 1.440
Mean ;
0.337
𝑴𝟐 −𝑴𝟏
𝑻𝟐𝟐 −𝑻𝟐𝟏
0.2967
0.3032
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1. 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 0.300 − 0.200 = 0.100 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑇22 − 𝑇12 = 1.326 − 1.000 = 0.323 𝑠 2
𝑀2 − 𝑀1 0.1
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∴ 2 2 = 0.323 = 0.3096
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
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2. 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 0.350 − 0.250 = 0.100 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑇22 − 𝑇12 = 1.440 − 1.103 = 0.337 𝑠 2

𝑀2 − 𝑀1 0.1
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∴ 2 2 = 0.337 = 0.2967
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
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𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏 0.3096 + 0.2967 0.6063

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝟐 = = = 0.3032
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟐𝟏 2 2
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 Hence spring constant,

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𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝐾 = 4 𝜋2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × 0.3032
𝑇2 − 𝑇12
𝑲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒔−𝟐
RESULT:
 The spring constant of the given spring is found to be ; 𝑲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒔−𝟐
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Experiment - 3
Date :
ACCEKERATION DUE TO GRAVITY USING SIMPLE PENDULUM
AIM :
 To measure the acceleration due to gravity using a simple pendulum
 Retort stand, pendulum bob, thread, meter scale, stop watch.
FORMULA :
 Acceleration due to gravity
𝑳
𝒈 = 𝟒 𝝅𝟐 [ 𝟐 ]
𝑻
where T → Time period of simple pendulum in second
L → Length of the pendulum in metre
DIAGRAM AND MODEL GRAPH :
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PROCEDURE :
 Attach a small brass bob to the thread. Fix this thread on to the stand.
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 Measure the length of the pendulum from top of the suspension hook to the middle of the
bob of the pendulum.
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 Record the length of the pendulum in the table given below.

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 Note down the time (t) taken for 20 oscillations using stop watch.
 The period of oscillation T = t/20 is calculated.
 Repeat the experiment for different lengths of the pendulum ‘L’ .
 Find acceleration due to gravity g using the given formula.
TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS:
Time taken for 20
𝑳
Length of the oscillations Time 𝒈 = 𝟒 𝝅𝟐 [ ]
S.No pendulum L (s) period T 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐
(m) (s)
Trial-1 Trial-2 Mean (ms-2)
1 0.65 32 33 32.5 1.625 2.640 9.7080

2 0.70 34 33 33.5 1.675 2.806 9.8399
3 0.75 35 34 34.5 1.725 2.976 9.9404
4 0.80 37 36 36.5 1.825 3.331 9.4729
5 0.85 37 38 37.5 1.875 3.516 9.5353
6 0.90 38 38 38 1.900 3.610 9.8322
Mean ; 𝒈 9.7214
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CALCULATIONS :
𝐿 0.65
1. 𝑔 = 4 π2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [2.640] = 9.7080
T
2 𝐿 0.70
2. 𝑔 = 4 π [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [ ] = 9.8399
T 2.806
𝐿 0.75
3. 𝑔 = 4 π2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [ ] = 9.9404
T 2.976
𝐿 0.80
4. 𝑔 = 4 π2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [3.331] = 9.4729
T
𝐿 0.85
5. 𝑔 = 4 π2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [ ] = 9.5353
T 3.516
2 𝐿 0.85
6. 𝑔 = 4 π [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [ ] = 9.8322
T 3.610
9.7080 + 9.8399 + 9.9404 + 9.4729 + 9.5353 + 9.8322 58.32840

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑔 = = = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
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GRAPH :
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CALCULATION FROM GRAPH :

 From graph, ∆𝑦 = 𝐴𝐵 = 3.3 − 2.5 = 0.8 𝑠 2
∆𝑥 = 𝐵𝐶 = 0.85 − 0.65 = 0.2 𝑚
∆𝑦 𝑇2
 The slope of the graph is ;𝑚 = = 𝐿
∆𝑥
 Hence the reciprocal of the slope is,
1 𝐿 0.2
= 2= = 0.25 𝑚 𝑠 −2
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑇 0.80
 Thus, the acceleration due to gravity is,
𝐿
𝑔 = 4 π2 [ 2 ] = 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × [0.25] = 9.858 𝑚 𝑠 −2
T
RESULT :
 The acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ determined using simple pendulum is found to be
(i) By calculation : 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
(ii) By graph ; 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟓𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
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Experiment - 4
Date :
VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR USING RESONANCE COLUMN;
AIM :
 To determine the velocity of sound in air at room temperature using the resonance
phenomenon.
 Resonance tube, three tuning forks of known frequencies, a rubber hammer, one
thermometer, plumb line, set squares, water in a beaker.
FORMULA :
 Speed of sound in air
𝒗 = 𝟐 𝝂 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
where , 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 → The length of the air column for the first and second resonance
respectively in metre
𝝂 → Frequency of the tuning fork in hertz
DIAGRAM :
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PROCEDURE :
 Adjust the position of the resonance tube, so that the length of air column inside the tube
is very small.
 Take a tuning fork of known frequency and strike it with a rubber hammer.
 The tuning fork now produces longitudinal waves with a frequency equal to the natural
frequency of the tuning fork.
 Place the vibrating tuning fork horizontally at the open end of the resonance tube. Sound
waves pass down the total tube and reflect back at the water surface.
 Length of the water column in the tube is adjusted either by lowering or raising the
reservoir of the tube, until a maximum sound(resonance) occurs.
 Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the first resonating
length, 𝒍𝟏
 Then raise the tube approximately about two times the first resonating length. Excite the
tuning fork again and place it on the open end of the tube.
 Adjust the height of the air column until the maximum sound is heard.
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 Measure the length of air column at this position. This is taken as the second resonating
length 𝒍𝟐
 We can now calculate the velocity of sound in air at room temperature by using the
relation. 𝑽 = 𝟐 𝝂 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
 Repeat the experiment with tuning forks of different frequency and tabulate the
corresponding values of 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 .
 The mean of the calculated values will give the velocity of sound in air at room
temperature.
First Resonating Second Resonating
Frequency (𝝂) 𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 Velocity of
length 𝒍𝟏 length 𝒍𝟐
S.No of tuning fork sound
Trail Trail Trail Trail
(Hz) Mean Mean (× 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) 𝑽 = 𝟐 𝝂 (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
1 2 1 2
1 426 17.7 17.9 17.7 54.4 54.0 54.2 36.5 310.9
2 480 16.3 16.7 16.5 52.4 52.6 52.5 36.0 345.6
3 512 16.3 15.9 16.1 50.4 50.0 50.2 34.1 349.2
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Mean V 335.23
CALCULATION : da
1. 𝑉 = 2 𝜈 (𝑙2 − 𝑙1 ) = 2 × 426 × 36.5 × 10−2 = 310.90 𝑚 𝑠 −1
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2. 𝑉 = 2 𝜈 (𝑙2 − 𝑙1 ) = 2 × 480 × 36.0 × 10−2 = 345.60 𝑚 𝑠 −1
3. 𝑉 = 2 𝜈 (𝑙2 − 𝑙1 ) = 2 × 512 × 34.1 × 10−2 = 349.20 𝑚 𝑠 −1
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310.90 + 345.60 + 349.20 1005.70

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑉 = = = 335.23 𝑚 𝑠 −1
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RESULT :
 Velocity of sound in air at room temperature, is found to be ; 𝑽 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
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Experiment - 5
Date :
VISCOSITY OF A LIQUID BY STOKE’S METHOD-
AIM :
 To determine the co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Stoke’s method
 A long cylindrical glass jar, highly viscous liquid, metre scale, spherical ball, stop clock,
thread.
FORMULA :
 The Coefficient of viscosity of liquid,
𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝒈 (𝝆 − 𝝈)
𝜼 =
𝟗𝒗
where r → radius of spherical ball ( m )
𝜌 → density of the steel sphere ( kg m–3 )
σ → density of the liquid ( kg m–3 )
g → acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m s–2 )
𝒗 → mean terminal velocity ( m s–1 )
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DIAGRAM :
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PROCECURE :
 The radius of the metal spherical ball is determined using screw gauge.
 Then a long cylindrical glass jar with markings is taken.
 Fill the glass jar with the given experimental liquid.
 Two points A and B are marked on the jar. The mark A is made well below the surface of
the liquid so that when the ball reaches A it would have acquired terminal velocity 𝒗.
 The spherical ball is dropped gently into the liquid.
 Start the stop clock when the ball crosses the point A. Stop the clock when the ball reaches
B and note down the time ‘t’.
 Note the distance between A and B and use it to calculate terminal velocity.
 Now repeat the experiment for different distances between A and B.
 Make sure that the point A is suitable for the ball to acquire terminal velocity.
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TABULATION AND OBSERVATIONS :

1. To find the radius of the spherical ball (r) :
 Least count (LC) of screwgauge
Pitch of the screw (𝑃𝑆𝑅) = 1 mm
Number of head scale divisions = 100
1 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 (𝑃𝑆𝑅) 1 𝑚𝑚
∴ Least count ; LC = = = 0.01 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 100
Zero error ; ZE = - 5 Zero correction ; ZC= + 5
H.S.R Diametre
P.S.R H.S.C
S.No = H.S.C ± ZC 𝟐 𝒓 = 𝑷. 𝑺. 𝑹 + (𝑯. 𝑺. 𝑹 × 𝑳𝑪)
(mm) (div)
(div) (mm)
1 3 75 80 3.80
2 3 76 81 3.81
3 3 74 79 3.79
Mean diametre ;2r 3.80 mm
Radius ; r 1.90 mm
1. 2 𝑟 = 𝑃. 𝑆. 𝑅 + (𝐻. 𝑆. 𝑅 × 𝐿𝐶) = 3 + (80 × 0.01) = 3 + 0.80 = 3.80 𝑚𝑚
n
2. 2 𝑟 = 𝑃. 𝑆. 𝑅 + (𝐻. 𝑆. 𝑅 × 𝐿𝐶) = 3 + (81 × 0.01) = 3 + 0.81 = 3.81 𝑚𝑚
l.i
3. 2 𝑟 = 𝑃. 𝑆. 𝑅 + (𝐻. 𝑆. 𝑅 × 𝐿𝐶) = 3 + (79 × 0.01) = 3 + 0.79 = 3.79 𝑚𝑚
3.80+3.81+3.79 11.40
Mean ; 2𝑟 = = = 3.80 𝑚𝑚 = 3.80 × 10−3 𝑚
∴ 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
2. To find the terminal velocity (𝒗) :
3 3
da
𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
ka
Terminal velocity
Distance covered by 𝒅
Time taken t
vi
S.No the spherical ball d 𝒗=

(m)
(s) 𝒕
(ms-1)
al
1 0.5 7.2 0.06044

.k
2 0.5 7.3 0.06849

w
3 0.5 7.0 0.07143

4 0.5 6.8 0.07353
w
5 0.5 6.7 0.07463

6 0.5 7.0 0.07143
w
Mean terminal velocity ; 𝒗 0.06999

CALCULATIONS :
𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓
1. 𝒗 =
𝒕
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 2. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟗 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝟕.𝟐 𝒕 𝟕.𝟑
𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓
3. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 4. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝒕 𝟕.𝟎 𝒕 𝟔.𝟖
𝒅 𝟎.𝟓 𝒅 𝟎.𝟓
5. 𝒗 =
𝒕
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 6. 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝟔.𝟕 𝒕 𝟕.𝟎
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟒+𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟗+𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑+𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟑+𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟔𝟑+𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝟎.𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟓
Mean 𝒗 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒔−𝟏
𝟔 𝟔
 Density of the sphere ; 𝜌 = 7700 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 Density of liquid ; 𝜎 = 970 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
 Thus the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid is
2 𝑟 2 𝑔 (𝜌 − 𝜎) 2 𝑋 (1.90 𝑋 10−3 )2 𝑋 9.8 𝑋(7700 − 970)
𝜂 = =
9𝑣 9 𝑋 0.06999
2 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 1.9 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 9.8 𝑋 6730
= = 0.7569 𝑁 𝑠 𝑚−2
0.6291
RESULT :
 Coefficient of viscosity of given liquid ; 𝜼 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟗 𝑵 𝒔 𝒎−𝟐
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Experiment - 6
Date :
NON-UNIFORM BENDING – RELATION BETWEEN LOAD AND DEPRESSION-
AIM :
 To verify the relation between the load and depression using non-uniform bending of a
beam.
 A long uniform beam (usually a metre scale), two knife – edges, mass hanger, slotted
masses, pin and vernier microscope.
FORMULA :
 From theory of non – uniform bending,
𝑴
= 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒔
where M → Load applied (mass) (kg)

s → depression produced in the beam for the applied load(m)
DIAGRAM :
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
PROCEDURE :
 Place the two knife – edges on the table.
w
 Place the uniform beam (metre scale) on top of the knife edges.
 Suspend the mass hanger at the centre. A pin is attached at the centre of the scale where
the hanger is hung.
 Place a vernier microscope in front of this arrangement
 Adjust the microscope to get a clear view of the pin
 Make the horizontal cross-wire on the microscope to coincide with the tip of the pin. (Here
mass hanger is the dead load M).
 Note the vertical scale reading of the vernier microscope
 Add the slotted masses to the mass hanger one by one in steps of 0.05 kg (50 g) and
corresponding readings are noted down.
 Repeat the experiment by removing masses one by one and note down the corresponding
readings.
 Subtract the mean reading of each load from dead load reading. This gives the depressions
for the corresponding load M.
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𝑴
 To find
𝒔
Least count ; 𝑳𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ; 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑴𝑺𝑹 + (𝑽𝑺𝑪 × 𝑳𝑪)

Microscope readings ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎)
Load Depression s 𝑴
Increasing Load Decreasing Load For M kg 𝒔
(× 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 kg) Mean −𝟐
(× 𝟏𝟎 𝒎) (𝒌𝒈 𝒎−𝟏 )
MSR VSC TR MSR VSC TR
M 8.50 5 8.505 8.50 7 8.507 8.506 𝑥0
𝑀 + 50 8.40 6 8.406 8.40 4 8.404 8.405 𝑥1 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏 49.504
𝑀 + 100 8.30 4 8.304 8.30 2 8.302 8.303 𝑥2 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑 49.261
𝑀 + 150 8.20 4 8.204 8.20 4 8.204 8.204 𝑥3 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟐 49.669
𝑀 + 200 8.10 6 8.106 8.10 4 8.104 8.105 𝑥4 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟏 49.751
𝑀 + 250 8.00 1 8.001 8.00 3 8.003 8.002 𝑥5 𝒙𝟎 − 𝒙𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟒 49.603
n
Mean 49.588
l.i
CALCULATION :
𝑀
=
da
1. 𝑀 = 50 g = 50 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥1 = 0.101𝑐𝑚 = 0.101 × 10−2 𝑚
50 × 10−3
= 495.04 × 10−1 = 49.504 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1
𝑠 0.101 × 10−2
ka
2. 𝑀 = 100 g = 100 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥2 = 0.203 𝑐𝑚 = 0.203 × 10−2 𝑚
𝑀 100 × 10−3
= = 492.61 × 10−1 = 49.261 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1
vi
𝑠 0.203 × 10−2
3. 𝑀 = 150 g = 150 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥3 = 0.302 𝑐𝑚 = 0.302 × 10−2 𝑚
al
𝑀 150 × 10−3
= = 496.69 × 10−1 = 49.669 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1
𝑠 0.302 × 10−2
.k
4. 𝑀 = 200 g = 200 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥4 = 0.401 𝑐𝑚 = 0.401 × 10−2 𝑚

𝑀 200 × 10−3
w
= = 497.51 × 10−1 = 49.751 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1

𝑠 0.401 × 10−2
5. 𝑀 = 250 g = 250 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥5 = 0.504 𝑐𝑚 = 0.504 × 10−2 𝑚
w
𝑀 250 × 10−3
= = 496.03 × 10−1 = 49.603 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1
w
𝑠 0.504 × 10−2
𝑀 49.504 + 49.261 + 49.669 + 49.751 + 49.603 247.788
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ∶ = = = 49.588 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1
𝑠 5 5
MODEL GRAPH :
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GRAPH :
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
RESULT :
 The ratio between mass and depression for each load is calculated. This is found to be
constant.
 Thus the relation between load and depression is verified by the method of non-uniform
bending of a beam.
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Experiment - 7
Date :
SURFACE TENSION BY CAPILLARY RISE METHOD-
AIM :
 To determine surface tension of a liquid by capillary rise method.
 A beaker of Water, capillary tube, vernier microscope, double hole rubber stopper, a
knitting needle, a short rubber tubing and retort clamp.
FORMULA :
 The surface tension of the liquid
𝒉𝒓𝝆𝒈
𝑻=
𝟐
where h → height of the liquid in the capillary tube (m)
r → radius of the capillary tube (m)
𝜌 → Density of water (𝜌 = 1000 kg m–3)
g → Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.8 m s–2)
DIAGRAM
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
PROCEDURE :
 A clean and dry capillary tube is taken and fixed in a stand
w
 A beaker containing water is placed on an adjustable platform and the capillary tube is
dipped inside the beaker so that a little amount of water is raised inside.
 Fix a needle near the capillary tube so that the needle touches the water surface
 A Vernier microscope is focused at the lower meniscus of the water and the corresponding
reading is taken after coinciding it with the horizontal line of the cross wire.
 Tip of the needle is focussed using vernier microscope after coinciding it with horizontal
line of the cross wire
 The difference between the two readings of the vertical scale gives the height (h) of the
liquid raised in the capillary tube.
 Now to find the radius of the tube, raise the capillary tube and remove the beaker.
 Carefully rotate the capillary tube so that the immersed lower end face towards you. Focus
the capillary tube using Vernier microscope to clearly see the inner walls of the tube.
 Let the vertical cross wire coincide with the left side inner walls of the tube. Note down
the reading (L1)
 Turn the microscope screws in horizontal direction to view the right side inner wall of the
tube. Note the reading (R1).
1
 Thus the radius of the tube can be calculated as (𝐿1 − 𝑅1 )
2
 Finally calculate the surface tension using the given formula.
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1. TO MEASURE HEIGHT OF THE LIQUID ‘h’
Least count ; 𝑳𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ; 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑴𝑺𝑹 + (𝑽𝑺𝑪 × 𝑳𝑪)
Microscope reading for the Microscope reading for the Height of
Trial position of Lower meniscus of position of Lower tip of the the liquid
No the liquid ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) needle ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) 𝒉=𝒂~𝒃
MSR VSC TR (𝒂) MSR VSC TR (𝒃) ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎)
1 8.40 36 8.436 2.55 14 2.564 5.872
2 8.40 38 8.438 2.55 12 2.562 5.876
3 8.40 40 8.440 2.55 10 2.560 5.880
Mean h 5.876
2. TO FIND THE RADIUS OF THE CAPILLARY TUBE ‘r’
Radius of
Microscope reading for the Microscope reading for the the capillary
Tube position 𝑳𝟏 ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) position 𝑹𝟏 ( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) tube
𝟏
𝒓= [ 𝑳 ~𝑹 ]
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
MSR VSC TR (𝑳𝟏 ) MSR VSC TR (𝑹𝟏 )
n
( × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎)
l.i
8.05 44 8.094 8.00 43 8.043 0.0255
da
CALCULATION :
ka
 Height of the liquid,
1. 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑎 = 8.40 + (36 × 0.001) = 8.436 ; 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑏 = 2.55 + (14 × 0.001) = 2.564
vi
ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.436 − 2.564 = 5.872

2. 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑎 = 8.40 + (38 × 0.001) = 8.438 ; 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑏 = 2.55 + (12 × 0.001) = 2.562
al
ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.438 − 2.562 = 5.876

3. 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑎 = 8.40 + (40 × 0.001) = 8.440 ; 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑏 = 2.55 + (10 × 0.001) = 2.560
.k
ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.440 − 2.560 = 5.880

5.872 + 5.876 + 5.880 17.628
w
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; ℎ = = = 5.876 𝑐𝑚 = 5.876 × 10−2 𝑚

3 3
 Radius of the capillary tube
w
𝑇𝑅 = 𝐿1 = 8.05 + (44 × 0.001) = 8.094 ; 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 8.00 + (43 × 0.001) = 8.043

w
1 1 1
∴ 𝑟 = [ 𝐿1 ~𝑅2 ] = × [8.094 − 8.043] = × 0.051 = 0.0255 𝑐𝑚 = 0.0255 × 10−2 𝑚
2 2 2
 Here ,
Mean rise of the liquid in the capillary tube ; h = 5.876 × 10−2 𝑚
Diameter of the capillary tube ; 2r = 0.0551 × 10−2 𝑚
Radius of the capillary tube ; r = 0.0255 × 10−2 𝑚
Density of the liquid ; σ = 1000 kg m-3
Acceleration due to gravity ; g = 9.8 m s-2
Hence surface tension of water be,
ℎ 𝑟 𝜌 𝑔 5.876 × 10−2 × 0.0255 × 10−2 × 1000 × 9.8 1468.4 × 10−4
𝑇= = =
2 2 2
𝑇 = 734.2 × 10−4 𝑁𝑚−1 = 0.07342 𝑁𝑚−1
RESULT :
 Surface tension of the given liquid by capillary rise method ; T = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟒𝟐 𝑵𝒎−𝟏
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Experiment - 8
Date :
VERIFICATION OF NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING USING CALORIMETER-
AIM :
 To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a
cooling curve.
 Copper calorimeter with stirrer, one holed rubber cork, thermometer, stop clock,
heater / burner, water, clamp and stand
FORMULA :
 Newton’s law of cooling states that the rate of change of the temperature of an object is
proportional to the difference between its own temperature and the ambient
temperature. (i.e., the temperature of its surroundings)
𝒅𝑻
∝ [𝑻 − 𝑻𝑶 ]
𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑇
where ,
𝑑𝑡
→ Rate of change of temperature (C 𝑠 −1 )
T → Temperature of water (C)
T0 → Room Temperature (C)
n
DIAGRAM AND MODEL GRAPH
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
PROCEDURE :
 Note the room temperature as (T0) using the thermometer.
.k
 Hot water about 90C is poured into the calorimeter.

 Close the calorimeter with one holed rubber cork.
w
 Insert the thermometer into calorimeter through the hole in rubber cork.
 Start the stop clock and observe the time for every 1C fall of temperature from 80C.
w
 Take sufficient amount of reading, say closer to room temperature

w
 The observations are tabulated

 Draw a graph by taking time along the x axis and excess temperature along y axis.
 Room temperature ; 𝑻𝑶 = 30C
Time Temperature of water T Excess temperature [𝑻 − 𝑻𝑶 ]
(s) (C) (C)
0 89 59
180 83 53
360 77 47
540 72.5 42.5
720 68.5 38.5
900 65 35
1080 61.5 31.5
1260 59 29
1440 56.5 26.5
1620 54 24
1800 52.5 22.5
1980 50 20
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GRAPH :
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
RESULT :
 The cooling curve is plotted and thus Newton’s law of cooling is verified.
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Experiment - 9
Date :
STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH OF A GIVEN WIRE UNDER
CONSTANT TENSION USING SONOMETER
AIM :
 To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under constant tension
using a sonometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, paper rider,
hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges
FORMULA :
 The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given by
𝟏 𝑻
𝒏= √
𝟐𝒍 𝒎
For a given m and fixed T
𝟏
𝒏∝(𝒐𝒓) 𝒏𝒍 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒍
n
where m → Mass per unit length of the string ( kg m–1 )
l.i
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
T = Mg → Tension in the string (including the mass of the hanger ( N )
DIAGRAM :
da
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
PROCEDURE :
 Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure minimum
friction
 Stretch the wire by placing suitable mass in the hanger. Keep a small paper rider over the
wire, between the two bridges.
 Set the tuning fork into vibrations by striking it against the rubber pad and place it over
the sonometer by its stem.
 Adjust the vibrating length of the wire by sliding the bridge B till the vibrating sound of
the wire is maximum when the frequency of vibration is in resonance with the frequency
of the tuning fork, the paper rider falls down.
 The length of the wire between the wedges A and B is measured using meter scale. It is
called as resonant length.
 Repeat the above procedure for tuning forks of different frequencies by keeping the same
load in the hanger.
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 The mass suspended on the hanger ; 𝑴 = 𝟑 𝒌𝒈 and tension 𝑻 = 𝑴𝒈 = 3 × 9.8 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟒 𝑵
Frequency of 𝟏
Resonant
the tuning fork 𝒏𝒍
S.No Length 𝒍 𝒍
n (Hz m)
(𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎) (𝒎−𝟏 )
(Hz)
1 256 20.5 4.9 52.48
2 288 18.2 5.5 52.41
3 320 17 5.9 54.40
Mean ; 𝒏𝒍 53.09
CALCULATION :
1. 𝑛 𝑙 = 256 × 20.5 × 10−2 = 256 × 0.205 = 52.48 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
2. 𝑛 𝑙 = 288 × 18.2 × 10−2 = 288 × 0.182 = 52.41 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
3. 𝑛 𝑙 = 320 × 17.0 × 10−2 = 320 × 0.170 = 54.40 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
52.48 + 52.41 + 54.40 159.29
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑛 𝑙 = = = 53.09 𝐻𝑧 𝑚
3 3
MODEL GRAPH :
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
1. GRAPH SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH

w
w
w
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2. GRAPH SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND INVERSE OF LENGTH:
n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
RESULT :
 For a given tension, the resonant length of a given stretched string varies as reciprocal of
𝟏
the frequency (i.e.), 𝒏 ∝
𝒍
 The product 𝑛 𝑙 is a constant and found to be ; 𝒏 𝒍 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟗 𝑯𝒛 𝒎
victory Please
- 9385336929
Experiment - 10
Date :
STUDY OF RELATION BETWEEN LENGTH OF A GIVEN WIRE AND TENSION FOR A
CONSTANT FREQUENCY USING SONOMETER
AIM :
 To study the relationship between the length of a given wire and tension for constant
frequency using a sonometer
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Sonometer, six tuning forks of known frequencies, Metre scale, rubber pad, paper rider,
hanger with half – kilogram masses, wooden bridges
FORMULA :
 The frequency n of the fundamental mode of vibration of a string is given by
𝟏 𝑻
𝒏= √
𝟐𝒍 𝒎
For a given m and fixed n
√𝑻
√𝑻 ∝ 𝒍 (𝒐𝒓)
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒍
n
where m → Mass per unit length of the string ( kg m–1 )
l.i
l → Length of the string between the wedges (m)
T = Mg → Tension in the string (including the mass of the hanger ( N )
da
M → Mass suspended, including the mass of the hanger (Kg)
DIAGRAM AND MODEL GRAPH :
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
PROCEDURE :
 Set up the sonometer on the table and clean the groove on the pulley to ensure that it has
minimum friction.
 Keep a small paper rider on the wire,between the bridges.
 Place a mass of 1 kg for initial reading in the mass hanger.
 Now, strike the tuning fork and place its shank stem on the bridge A and then slowly adjust
the position of the bridge B till the paper rider is agitated violently and might eventually
fall due to resonance.
 Measure the length of the wire between wedges at A and B which is the fundamental mode
corresponding to the frequency of the tuning fork.
 Increase the load on the hanger in steps of 0.5 kg and each time find the resonating length
as done before with the same tuning fork.
 Record the observations in the tabular column.
victory Please
- 9385336929
TABULATION AND OBSERVATION :

 Frequency of the tuning fork ; 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝑯𝒛 and acceleration due to gravity ; 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
Tension Vibrating √𝑻
Mass M 𝟐
S.No T=M g √𝑻 length 𝒍 𝒍 𝒍
(kg)
(N) (× 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m) (𝑵𝒎−𝟏 )
1 2 19.6 4.427 15.5 240.25 28.56
2 3 29.4 5.422 20.5 420.25 26.49
3 4 39.2 6.261 22.0 484.00 28.46
CALCULATION :
√𝑇 4.427 442.7
1. = −2
= = 28.56 𝑁𝑚−1
𝑙 15.5 × 10 15.5
√𝑇 5.422 542.2
2. = −2
= = 26.49 𝑁𝑚−1
𝑙 20.5 × 10 20.5
√𝑇 6.261 626.1
3. = −2
= = 28.46 𝑁𝑚−1
𝑙 22.0 × 10 22
√𝑻
 From the above calculation, it is clear that ; = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒍
n
GRAPH :
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w
RESULT :
 The resonating length varies as square root of tension for a given frequency of vibration
of a stretched string.
√𝑻
 is found to be a constant.
𝒍
victory Please
- 9385336929

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பசித்திரு ! தனித்திரு !! விழித்திரு !!!

EQUATION ONLY (1)

WITH EXPLANATION (1)

PRACTICAL TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATION 5 15 MARKS

(15 MARKS) ARITHMATIC CALCULATION

AND GRAPHICAL METHOD

ONLY ANSWER (𝟏𝟐)

Victory R. SARAVANAN M. Sc., M. Phil., B. Ed

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

VERNIER CALIPPER - MOMENT OF

RESONANCE COLUMN APPARATUS-

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR

STOKE’S METHOD – VISCOSITY OF

CAPILLARY RISE METHOD –

SONOMETER– RELATION BETWEEN

SONOMETER– RELATION BETWEEN

யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும்ரேளிர் ! தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர் தே வாோ !!

TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :

6. 𝑇𝑅 = 2.9 + (6 × 0.01) = 2.9 + 0.06 = 2.96 ; 2𝑅 = 2.96 − 0.03 = 2.93 𝑐𝑚

2.94 + 2.93 + 2.94 + 2.92 + 2.94 + 2.93 15.60

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝑅 = = 1.30 𝑐𝑚 = 1.30 × 10−2 𝑚

 Hence Moment of inertia of a solid sphere about its diameter

TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :

2. 𝑀2 − 𝑀1 = 0.350 − 0.250 = 0.100 𝑘𝑔 ; 𝑇22 − 𝑇12 = 1.440 − 1.103 = 0.337 𝑠 2

𝑴𝟐 − 𝑴𝟏 0.3096 + 0.2967 0.6063

 Hence spring constant,

 Record the length of the pendulum in the table given below.

1 0.65 32 33 32.5 1.625 2.640 9.7080

9.7080 + 9.8399 + 9.9404 + 9.4729 + 9.5353 + 9.8322 58.32840

CALCULATION FROM GRAPH :

1 426 17.7 17.9 17.7 54.4 54.0 54.2 36.5 310.9

2 480 16.3 16.7 16.5 52.4 52.6 52.5 36.0 345.6

3 512 16.3 15.9 16.1 50.4 50.0 50.2 34.1 349.2

310.90 + 345.60 + 349.20 1005.70

TABULATION AND OBSERVATIONS :

S.No the spherical ball d 𝒗=

1 0.5 7.2 0.06044

2 0.5 7.3 0.06849

3 0.5 7.0 0.07143

5 0.5 6.7 0.07463

Mean terminal velocity ; 𝒗 0.06999

where M → Load applied (mass) (kg)

TABULATION AND OBSERVATIONS :

Least count ; 𝑳𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ; 𝑻𝑹 = 𝑴𝑺𝑹 + (𝑽𝑺𝑪 × 𝑳𝑪)

4. 𝑀 = 200 g = 200 × 10−3 kg ; s = 𝑥0 − 𝑥4 = 0.401 𝑐𝑚 = 0.401 × 10−2 𝑚

= = 497.51 × 10−1 = 49.751 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−1

TABULATION AND OBSERVATIONS :

ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.436 − 2.564 = 5.872

ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.438 − 2.562 = 5.876

ℎ = 𝑎 ~ 𝑏 = 8.440 − 2.560 = 5.880

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 ; ℎ = = = 5.876 𝑐𝑚 = 5.876 × 10−2 𝑚

𝑇𝑅 = 𝐿1 = 8.05 + (44 × 0.001) = 8.094 ; 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 8.00 + (43 × 0.001) = 8.043

 Hot water about 90C is poured into the calorimeter.

 Take sufficient amount of reading, say closer to room temperature

 The observations are tabulated

TABULAR COLUMN AND OBSERVATIONS :

1. GRAPH SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND LENGTH

2. GRAPH SHOWING RELATION BETWEEN FREQUENCY AND INVERSE OF LENGTH: