This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D2892 − 23

Standard Test Method for

Distillation of Crude Petroleum (15-Theoretical Plate
Column)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2892; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.4.4 Annex A4—Test Method for the Verification of Tem-

1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the distillation perature Sensor Location,
of stabilized crude petroleum (see Note 1) to a final cut 1.4.5 Annex A5—Test Method for Determination of the
temperature of 400 °C Atmospheric Equivalent Temperature Temperature Response Time,
(AET). This test method employs a fractionating column 1.4.6 Annex A6—Practice for the Calibration of Sensors,
having an efficiency of 14 to 18 theoretical plates operated at a 1.4.7 Annex A7—Test Method for the Verification of Reflux
reflux ratio of 5:1. Performance criteria for the necessary Dividing Valves,
equipment is specified. Some typical examples of acceptable 1.4.8 Annex A8—Practice for Conversion of Observed Va-
apparatus are presented in schematic form. This test method por Temperature to Atmospheric Equivalent Temperature
offers a compromise between efficiency and time in order to (AET),
facilitate the comparison of distillation data between laborato- 1.4.9 Appendix X1—Test Method for Dehydration of a
ries. Sample of Wet Crude Oil, and

iTeh Standards
NOTE 1—Defined as having a Reid vapor pressure less than 82.7 kPa
(12 psi).
1.4.10 Appendix X2—Practice for Performance Check.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
1.2 This test method details procedures for the production of
a liquefied gas, distillate fractions, and residuum of standard-
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
provided for information only and are not considered standard.

Documentby both mass and Preview

ized quality on which analytical data can be obtained, and the 1.6 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
determination of yields of the above fractions regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
volume. From the preceding information, a graph of tempera- serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
ture versus mass % distilled can be produced. This distillation onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
curve corresponds to a laboratory technique, whichASTM D2892-23
is defined Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
athttps://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
15/5 (15 theoretical plate column, 5:1 reflux ratio) or TBP products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
(true boiling point). for additional information. The potential exists that selling
1.3 This test method can also be applied to any petroleum mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
mixture except liquefied petroleum gases, very light naphthas, by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
and fractions having initial boiling points above 400 °C. in their location.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 This test method contains the following annexes and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
appendixes:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4.1 Annex A1—Test Method for the Determination of the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Efficiency of a Distillation Column,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4.2 Annex A2—Test Method for the Determination of the For specific warning statements, see Section 10.
Dynamic Holdup of a Distillation Column, 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.4.3 Annex A3—Test Method for the Determination of the dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Heat Loss in a Distillation Column (Static Conditions), ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D2892 – 20. DOI:
10.1520/D2892-23.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D2892 − 23
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.2 atmospheric equivalent temperature (AET), n—the
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 temperature converted from the measured vapor temperature
D941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe- using equations in Annex A8.
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom- 3.1.2.1 Discussion—The AET is the expected vapor tem-
eter3 perature if the distillation was performed at atmospheric
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe- pressure and there was no thermal decomposition.
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer 3.1.3 boilup rate, n—in distillation, the quantity of vapor
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API entering the column per unit of time.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
3.1.4 debutanization of crude petroleum, n—the removal of
ucts by Hydrometer Method
the light hydrocarbons up to and including n-butane, and
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-
retention of the heavier hydrocarbons.
troleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In practice, a crude petroleum is re-
D3710 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Gaso-
garded as debutanized if the light hydrocarbon cut collected in
line and Gasoline Fractions by Gas Chromatography
the cold trap contains more than 95 % of the C2 to C4
(Withdrawn 2014)4
hydrocarbons and less than 5 % of the C5 hydrocarbons
D4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
initially present in the sample.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter 3.1.5 distillation pressure, n—the pressure measured as
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and close as possible to the point where the vapor temperature is
Petroleum Products taken, normally at the top of the condenser.
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and 3.1.6 distillation temperature, n—the temperature of the
Petroleum Products saturated vapor measured in the head just above the fraction-
D5134 Test Method for Detailed Analysis of Petroleum ating column.
Naphthas through n-Nonane by Capillary Gas Chroma- 3.1.6.1 Discussion—It is also known as the head tempera-
tography
iTeh Standards
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
ture or the vapor temperature.
3.1.7 dynamic hold-up, n—in column distillation, the quan-
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
D6729 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com-
tity of liquid held up in the column under normal operating
conditions.

Document Preview
ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100 Metre 3.1.8 flood point, n—in distillation, the point at which the
Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography velocity of the upflowing vapors obstructs the down-coming
D6730 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com- reflux and the column suddenly fills with liquid.
ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 100-Metre
3.1.9 internal reflux, n—in distillation, the liquid normally
Capillary (with Precolumn) High-Resolution ASTM Gas Chro- D2892-23
running down inside the column.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
matography
D6733 Test Method for Determination of Individual Com- 3.1.10 pressure drop, n—the difference between the pres-
ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 50-Metre sure measured in the condenser and the pressure measured in
Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography the distillation flask.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—It is expressed in kilopascals (mm Hg)
3. Terminology per metre of packed height for packed columns, or kilopascals
3.1 Definitions: (mm Hg) overall for real plate columns. It is higher for
3.1.1 adiabaticity, n—the condition in which there is no aromatics than for paraffins, and for higher molecular weights
significant gain or loss of heat throughout the length of the than for lighter molecules, at a given boilup rate.
column. 3.1.11 reflux ratio, R, n—in distillation, the ratio of the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—When distilling a mixture of com- condensate at the head of the column that is returned to the
pounds as is the case of crude petroleum, there will be a normal column (reflux) to that withdrawn as product.
increase in reflux ratio down the column. In the case where
3.1.12 static hold-up or wettage, n—the quantity of liquid
heat losses occur in the column, the internal reflux is abnor-
retained in the column after draining at the end of a distillation.
mally greater than the reflux in the head. The opposite is true
when the column gains heat, as with an overheated mantle. 3.1.12.1 Discussion—It is characteristic of the packing or
the design of the plates, and depends on the composition of the
material in the column at the final cut point and on the final
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or temperature.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM 3.1.13 takeoff rate, n— in distillation, the volume of product
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. withdrawn from the reflux divider over a specified period.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
3.1.14 theoretical plate, n—the section of a column required
on www.astm.org.
4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on to achieve thermodynamic equilibrium between a liquid and its
www.astm.org. vapor.

2
 D2892 − 23
3.1.14.1 Discussion—The height equivalent to one theoreti- 6.1.1.1 The sidearm is used as a thermowell. It shall
cal plate (HETP) for packed columns is expressed in millime- terminate about 5 mm from the bottom of the flask to ensure its
tres. In the case of real plate columns, the efficiency is immersion at the end of the distillation. When a second sidearm
expressed as the percentage of one theoretical plate that is is present, it can be used for pressure drop detection with a
achieved on one real plate. nitrogen bleed or for mechanical stirring, or both.
6.1.1.2 If a magnetic stirrer is used with a spherical flask,
4. Summary of Test Method the flask shall have a slightly flattened or concave area at the
4.1 A weighed sample of 1 L to 30 L of stabilized crude bottom on which the magnetic stirrer can rotate without
petroleum is distilled to a maximum temperature of 400 °C grinding the glass. In this case, termination of the thermowell
AET in a fractionating column having an efficiency at total shall be off center 40 mm 6 5 mm to avoid the magnetic
reflux of at least 14, but not greater than 18, theoretical plates. stirring bar. Boiling chips can be used as an alternative to a
4.2 A reflux ratio of 5:1 is maintained at all operating stirrer.
pressures, except that at the lowest operating pressures be- 6.1.1.3 (Warning—While the advantage of visibility in
tween 0.674 kPa and 0.27 kPa (5 mm and 2 mm Hg), a reflux glass distillation flasks is desirable, flasks of glass may become
ratio of 2:1 is optional. In cooperative testing or in cases of hazardous the larger the charge they contain. For this reason,
dispute, the stages of low pressure, the reflux ratios, and the glass flasks of a volume greater than 10 L are not recom-
temperatures of cut points must be mutually agreed upon by the mended.)
interested parties prior to beginning the distillation. 6.1.2 Heating System—Heating of the flask shall be pro-
4.3 Observations of temperature, pressure, and other vari- vided in such a way that full boilup can be maintained at a
ables are recorded at intervals and at the end of each cut or steady rate at all pressure levels. An electric heating mantle
fraction. covering the lower half of the flask and having one third of the
heat in an element located in the bottom central area and the
4.4 The mass and density of each cut or fraction are remaining two thirds in the rest of the hemisphere is recom-
obtained. Distillation yields by mass are calculated from the mended. While proportioning controllers are preferred, heat
mass of all fractions, including liquefied gas cut and the
iTeh Standards
residue. Distillation yields by volume of all fractions and the
residue at 15 °C are calculated from mass and density.
input can be manually adjusted by use of a variable auto
transformer on each circuit, the smaller heater being automati-
cally controlled by an instrument sensing the pressure drop of
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
4.5 From these data the TBP curves in mass or volume
percent, or both, versus AET are drawn.
the column as registered in a differential pressure instrument or
alternatively by direct measurement of distillation rate.

5. Significance and Use Document Preview 6.1.2.1 Minimum wattage required to provide full boilup of
crude petroleum is approximately 0.125 W ⁄mL of charge.
5.1 This test method is one of a number of tests conducted Twice this amount is recommended for quick heat-up.
on a crude oil to determine its value. It provides an estimate of 6.1.2.2 The heat density in the flask heaters is approxi-
ASTM D2892-23
the yields of fractions of various boiling ranges and is therefore mately equal to 0.5 W ⁄cm2 to 0.6 W ⁄cm2. This requires the use
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
valuable in technical discussions of a commercial nature. of nickel-reinforced quartz fabric to ensure a reasonable
5.2 This test method corresponds to the standard laboratory service life.
distillation efficiency referred to as 15/5. The fractions pro- 6.1.2.3 Immersion heaters can be employed in a similar way
duced can be analyzed as produced or combined to produce and have the advantage of faster response, but they are more
samples for analytical studies, engineering, and product quality fragile and require a specially designed flask to ensure that the
evaluations. The preparation and evaluation of such blends is heating elements remain immersed at the end of the run. When
not part of this test method. used, their heat density should be approximately equal to
4 W ⁄cm2.
5.3 This test method can be used as an analytical tool for
examination of other petroleum mixtures with the exception of 6.1.2.4 The upper half of the flask shall be covered with a
LPG, very light naphthas, and mixtures with initial boiling mantle to avoid unnecessary heat losses from the upper surface
points above 400 °C. and shall have an electric heater supplying about 0.25 W ⁄cm2
at full-rated voltage.
6. Apparatus 6.1.3 Fractionating Column—The fractionating column
6.1 Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure—All components must contain either particulate packing or real plates similar to
must conform to the requirements specified as follows. Auto- those whose performance characteristics are summarized in
matic devices can be employed provided they meet the same Table 1 and meet the specifications stated in 6.1.3.1 through
requirements. A typical apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 1. 6.1.3.4. Table 2 lists current North American suppliers of
6.1.1 Distillation Flask—The distillation flask shall be of a suitable packings.
size that is at least 50 % larger than the volume of the charge. 6.1.3.1 The internal diameter shall be between 25 mm and
The size of the charge, between 1.0 L and 30 L, is determined 70 mm.
by the holdup characteristics of the fractionating column, as 6.1.3.2 The efficiency shall be between 14 and 18 theoreti-
shown in Table 1 and described in Annex A2. The distillation cal plates at total reflux when measured by the procedure
flask shall have at least one sidearm. described in Annex A1.

3
 D2892 − 23

iTeh Standards
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
Document Preview
ASTM D2892-23
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23

FIG. 1 Apparatus

6.1.3.3 The fractionating column shall be comprised of a at the bottom of the column.
integral glass column and reflux divider totally enclosed in a 6.1.3.4 The column shall be enclosed in a heat-insulating
highly reflective vacuum jacket having a permanent vacuum of
system, such as a glass-fabric mantle, capable of maintaining
less than 0.1 mPa (;10−6 mm Hg). It shall be essentially
the temperature of the outer wall of the glass vacuum jacket
adiabatic when tested in accordance with Annex A3.
equal to that of the internal vapor temperature. To verify this,
NOTE 2—In the case of an adiabatic column when distilling a pure the vacuum jacket shall have a temperature sensor, such as a
compound, the internal reflux is constant from top to bottom and is equal
thermocouple, soldered to about 6 cm2 of thin copper or brass
to the reflux at the reflux divider. When distilling crude petroleum, the
fractionation occurring in the dynamic holdup will cause a temperature sheet and fastened to the outer wall of the glass jacket at a level
gradient to be established with attendant greater amount of internal reflux just below the reflux divider.

4
 D2892 − 23
TABLE 1 Data for n-Heptane-Methylcyclohexane Test Mixture at 75 % of Maximum Boilup and 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
PropakA,B,C,D,E HelipakF,G,H Perforated PlatesE,I,J Wire MeshE,K
Column diameter, mm 25 50 70 25 50 25 50 25 50
Packing size, mm 4 6 6 No. 2917 No. 2918 NAL NAL NAL NAL
Boilup, mL/h × cm 2 650 670 675 300 350 640 660 810 1050
Dynamic holdup
% of packed volume 17 15.3 17.0 15 14.3 NAL NAL 8.0 10.0
mL/theoretical plate 3.2 16 39 1.6 8.7 2.8 12.3 2.0 12.9
Pressure drop
kPa/m 1.2 1.05 0.94 1.53 1.41 NAL NAL 0.97 0.75
mm Hg/m 9.0 7.9 7.1 11.5 10.6 NAL NAL 7.3 5.6
kPa/theoretical plate 0.045 0.056 0.06 0.03 0.045 0.15 0.16 0.05 0.05
mm Hg/theoretical plate 0.34 0.42 0.43 0.24 0.34 1.1 1.2 0.35 0.37
HETP, mm (% of real plates) 38 53 61 21 32 (60 %) (65 %) 48 66
For 15-plate Towers
Packed height, cm (plates) 57 80 91 31.5 48 (25) (23) 72 99
Packed volume, mL 280 1570 3460 155 917 NAL NAL 353 1940
Dynamic holdup, mL 47 240 590 23 131 42 184 28 194
Pressure drop
kPa 0.68 0.84 0.86 0.48 0.68 2.2 2.4 0.70 0.73
mm Hg 5.1 6.3 6.5 3.6 5.1 16.5 18.0 5.3 5.5
Charge volume, L
Min (4 % Holdup) 1.2 6.0 15 0.575 3.3 1.0 4.6 0.7 4.9
Max (1 % Holdup) 4.8 24.0 60 2.3 13.0 4.2 10.4 2.8 19.4
A
Cooke, G. M. and Jameson, B. G. Analytical Chemistry, Vol 27, 1955, p. 1798.
B
Struck, R. T. and Kinner, C. R. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 42, 1950, p. 77.
C
Cannon, M. R. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 41, No. 9, 1949, p. 1953.
D
Cannon Instrument Company, 2139 High Tech Rd., State College, PA 16803.
E
Cooke, G. M. Analytical Chemistry, Vol 39, 1967, p. 286.
F
Bulletin of Podbielniak Div. of Reliance Glass Works, P.O. Box 825, Bensenville, IL 60106.
G
Feldman, J., et al, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 45, January 1953, p. 214.
H
Helipak Performance Characteristics, Begemean, C. R. and Turkal, P. J. (Laboratory Report of Podbielniak Inc.), 1950.

iTeh Standards
I
Umholtz, C. L. and Van Winkle, M. Petroleum Refiner, Vol 34, 1955, p. 114 for NH:MCH. Pressure Drop Calculated from data obtained on o- and m-xylene binary.
J
Oldershaw, C. F. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 13, 1941, p. 265.
K
Bragg, L. B. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol 49, 1957, p. 1062.

(https://standards.iteh.ai)
L
NA = not applicable.

Document Preview
TABLE 2 North American Sources of Commercially Available
Packing Materials
takeoff line over an approximate range of rates from 10 % to
90 % of the maximum boil up rate of the column when
Name Size Source determined in accordance with Annex A7.
Propak 6 mm by 6 mm Cannon Instrument Company
2139 High Tech Rd. ASTM D2892-23 6.1.4 Condenser—The condenser shall have sufficient ca-
State College, PA 16803 pacity to condense essentially all the C4 and C5 vapors from the
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
Helipak 2.5 mm by 4 mm Reliance Glass Works Inc.
P.O. Box 825
crude at the specified rate, using a coolant temperature
Bensenville, IL 60106 of −20 °C.
Perforated plates 25 mm and 50 mm Reliance Glass Works Inc.
P.O. Box 825
6.1.5 Cold Traps—Two efficient traps of adequate capacity
Bensenville, IL 60106 cooled by dry ice and alcohol mixture shall be connected in
W.A. Sales Inc.
419 Harvester Ct.
series to the vent line of the condenser when light hydrocar-
Wheeling, IL 60090 bons are present, as at the beginning of the distillation. For
Knitted wire mesh- Pegasus Industrial Specialties Ltd. vacuum distillation, a Dewar-style trap also cooled by dry ice
Goodloe multiknit P.O. Box 319
Agincourt, Ontario MIS 3B9 Canada is used to protect the vacuum gauge from vapors.
Packed Column Co. 6.1.6 Gas Collector—If uncondensed gas is to be measured,
970 New Durham Rd.
Edison, NJ 08817 a gas meter can be connected to the outlet of the cold trap but
with a calcium chloride drying tube between them to keep
moisture from collecting in the traps. When analysis of the gas
NOTE 3—For certain types of columns there is no significant difference sample is required, the gas can be collected in an empty plastic
in yields and fraction qualities between an uncompensated and a heat- balloon of suitable size either in place of the meter or following
compensated column. In such a case, by mutual agreement between
parties concerned, the application of a heated insulating system can be it. The volume of its contents can be determined by calculation
omitted. from the rise in pressure after expanding the sample into an
6.1.3.5 The adjustable reflux divider shall be located about evacuated vessel of known volume.
one column diameter above the top of the packing or topmost 6.1.7 Fraction Collector—This part of the apparatus permits
plate. It must be capable of dividing the condensate with an the collection of the distillate without interruption during
accuracy of better than 90 % between the column and the withdrawal of product from the receiver under atmospheric or

5
 D2892 − 23
reduced pressure. It also permits removal of product from the 6.3.1.1 The vapor temperature sensor can be a platinum
vacuum system without disturbing conditions in the column. resistance thermometer, a Type J thermocouple with the
6.1.8 Product Receivers—The receivers shall be of suitable junction head fused to the lower tip of the thermowell, or any
size for the quantity of crude petroleum being distilled. The other device that meets the requirements in this paragraph and
recommended capacity is from 100 mL to 500 mL. They shall 6.3.1.2. The tip of the sensor shall be located above the top of
be calibrated and graduated to permit reading to the nearest the packing or the topmost glass plate and in close proximity to
1 %. the reflux divider but not in contact with the liquid reflux. The
6.2 Distillation Under Reduced Pressure—In addition to the location of the vapor temperature sensor shall be proved by the
apparatus listed in 6.1, the apparatus for distillation under test method described in Annex A4. The sensor shall have a
reduced pressure shall include the following: cooling time of not more than 175 s, as described in Annex A5.
6.2.1 Vacuum Pump—The vacuum system shall be capable 6.3.1.2 The vapor temperature measuring device shall have
of maintaining smooth pressure operation at all pressure levels. an accuracy of 0.5 °C or better and be measured with a
It shall have the capacity to draw down the pressure in the resolution of 0.1 °C or better. The liquid temperature measur-
receiver(s) from atmospheric to 0.25 kPa (2 mm Hg) in less ing device shall have an accuracy of 1.0 °C or better and be
than 30 s so as to avoid disturbance of the system during measured with a resolution of 0.5 °C or better. Temperatures
emptying of receivers under vacuum. Alternatively, a separate are recorded either manually or automatically.
pump can be employed for this purpose. 6.3.1.3 Temperature sensors shall be calibrated as described
6.2.2 Vacuum Gauge—The point of connection of the in Annex A6. Alternatively certified sensors may be used,
vacuum gauge to the system shall be as close as practical to the provided the calibration of the sensor and its associated
reflux dividing head. The connecting tubing shall be of recording instrument can be traced back to a primary tempera-
sufficient diameter to ensure that no measurable pressure drop ture standard. Temperature sensors are calibrated over the full
occurs in the line. In no case shall the vacuum gauge range of temperature (from 0 °C to 327.4 °C) at the time of first
connection be near the vacuum pump. use of the sensor in combination with its associated instrument.
6.2.2.1 All gauges shall be carefully protected from con- Recalibrate when either the sensor or the instrument is repaired
densable vapors, especially water vapor, by a cold trap main-
iTeh Standards
or serviced. Verification of the calibration of the temperature
tained at the temperature of dry ice. sensors is to be made on a regular basis. For vapor temperature
6.2.3 Pressure Regulator—The regulator shall maintain the sensors, verification at least once a month is recommended and
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
pressure in the system essentially constant at all operating
pressures. Automatic regulation can be achieved by a device
for liquid temperature sensors once every six months. Verifi-
cation of the calibration of the sensors can be accomplished

Document Preview
that regulates the demand on the vacuum source. A satisfactory potentiometrically by the use of standard precision resistance
device is a solenoid valve positioned between the vacuum or by distilling a pure compound with accurately known
source and a surge tank of at least 10 L capacity. Alternatively, boiling point.
a manual bleed valve can be maintained by a trained operator 6.3.2 Vacuum Gauge—Primary standards, such as the non-
with a minimum of attention. ASTM D2892-23 tilting McLeod gauge, mercury manometer, or other analogous
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
6.3 Sensing and Recording Apparatus: primary standard pressure devices can be used without calibra-
6.3.1 Temperature Sensors—Only temperature measure- tion when properly used and maintained. A mercury
ment systems meeting the requirements of 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2 manometer, however, will only be of satisfactory accuracy
shall be used. down to a pressure of about 1 kPa and then only when read

FIG. 2 Approximate Pressure Drop-Fractionators Using Propak

6
 D2892 − 23
with a good cathetometer (an instrument based on a telescope 7.4 The correctness of the AET is mainly, but not only,
mounted on a vernier scale to determine levels very accu- dependent on the accuracy of the (vapor) temperature and
rately). Alternatively, a tensimeter or certified electronic sen- (operating) pressure sensors (Annex A6). Other factors affect-
sors may be used, provided the calibration of the sensor and its ing the accuracy and precision of the boiling point curve are:
associated recording instrument can be traced back to a 7.4.1 The location of the temperature and pressure sensor
primary pressure standard. Sensors of the diaphragm type have (Annex A4).
been found satisfactory. Vacuum gauges based on hot wires,
7.4.2 The dynamic response of the sensors (Annex A5).
radiation, or electrical conductivity detectors are not recom-
mended. 7.4.3 The correct operation of the reflux divider (Annex
6.3.2.1 The gauge for measuring subatmospheric pressures A7).
shall have an accuracy at least equal to that stated as follows: 7.4.4 The heat loss from the column (Annex A3).
7.4.5 The efficiency of the column (Annex A1).
Distillation Pressure Accuracy 7.4.6 These factors are basically covered through the appro-
kpa mm Hg kPa mm Hg
100-13.3 760 to 100 0.13 1.0
priate annexes. However, it should be realized that this takes
13.3-1.33 99 to 10 0.013 0.1 care only of individual components and does not cover the
1.33-0.266 9 to 2 0.006 0.06 combined effect of small deviations. Moreover, the aforemen-
6.3.2.2 Noncertified gauges shall be calibrated from a pri- tioned tests are all done under more or less static conditions,
mary standard or a secondary electronic standard traceable to a not necessarily representative for the behavior of the system
primary standard. A basic calibration procedure is described in under actual dynamic conditions.
Annex A6. Recalibrate when either the sensor or the instrument
is repaired or serviced. Verification of the calibration of the 7.5 Cut quality is mainly defined by the efficiency of the
electronic pressure sensors is to be made on a regular basis. A column (Annex A1), but is also affected by:
frequency of at least once a month is recommended. Verifica- 7.5.1 The correct operation of the reflux divider (reflux
tion of the calibration of the sensors can be accomplished using ratio) (Annex A7).
the procedures described in Annex A6 or against a certified 7.5.2 The heat loss from the column, that is, internal reflux
reference system. iTeh Standards
6.3.3 Boilup Rate—The boilup rate is normally controlled
(Annex A3).
7.5.3 The dynamic hold up of the column (Annex A2).
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
by sensing the pressure drop in the column. The pressure drop
during operation is measured by means of a manometer or
7.5.4 Column efficiency is covered in this test method
through Table 1 and Annex A1. However, Table 1 only

Document Preview
pressure transducer connected between the flask and the
provides an assumption on efficiency and is not a guarantee.
condenser. Prevention of condensation in the connecting tube
Annex A1 only provides a check under static conditions,
can be accomplished by injecting a very small flow of nitrogen
3 infinite reflux ratio, rather low actual temperatures and a binary
(8 cm /s) between the pressure drop sensor manometer and the
component system. Hence, although there is some safeguard on
flask (see Fig. 1) or by placing a small water-cooledASTM D2892-23
condenser
standard performance, through conformance to Annex A1,
between the flask and the pressure drop sensor. Alternatively,
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
Annex A2, Annex A3, and Annex A7, again it remains
the boilup rate can be controlled from the measurement of take
questionable whether this is truly representative for columns
off rate.
under actual operating conditions.
7. Verification of Apparatus Performance
7.6 Theoretically, an overall performance check, like the
7.1 Test Method D2892 provides a standard framework for one described in Appendix X2, is capable of verifying the
the laboratory distillation of crude oils in order to produce cuts performance of a column and the correctness of the AET under
of defined quality (for further testing) and the concurrent actual operating conditions. Appendix X2, in principle, mea-
production of a boiling point curve. As the quantity require- sures the combined effect of all factors affecting the results of
ments and cut points might be widely different between Test Method D2892.
companies and application areas, this test method does not 7.6.1 The minimum tray number as defined in Appendix X2
standardize on equipment design but on equipment perfor- is a measure of overall cut quality, and the difference between
mance. nominal cut point (AET) and effective cut point (ECP as
7.2 The nature of the test method (the use of large sample defined in Appendix X2) provides a measure for the correct-
quantities and very time consuming) and the nature of the ness of the AET. However, insufficient data are available right
product being tested (highly volatile and unstable material), now to define the allowable tolerances in a rigid statistical way.
precludes the use of standard statistical control techniques. Moreover, the test method described is very labor intensive and
Moreover, this test method does not produce a single result, nor precludes its use on a regular, short time interval basis and,
is the series of results (the boiling point curve) derived under therefore, its use as a mandatory statistical control technique.
rigidly defined conditions (see 4.2). 7.6.2 Appendix X2, therefore, provides only recommended
7.3 Equipment performance in the context of Test Method guidelines for statistical control on column performance, in-
D2892 consists of two elements; the efficiency of the column, cluding both correctness of AET and column efficiency. It is the
defining cut quality, and the correctness of the cut point (AET), responsibility of the laboratory to provide for sufficient quality
defining the boiling point curve. controls to guarantee conformance to the test method.

7
 D2892 − 23
8. Sampling 10.2.2 Begin circulation of refrigerant at a temperature no
8.1 Obtain a sample for distillation in accordance with higher than −20 °C in the condenser, distillate cooler, and
instructions given in Practice D4057 or D4177. The sample receiver, if so equipped.
must be received in a sealed container and show no evidence of 10.2.3 Record the barometric pressure at the beginning and
leakage. periodically throughout the distillation.
10.2.4 Apply heat to the flask at such a rate that vapors
8.2 Cool the sample to between 0 °C and 5 °C by placing it reach the top of the column between 20 min and 50 min after
in a refrigerator for several hours (preferably overnight) before startup. Adjust heat input so as to achieve a pressure drop of
opening. less than 0.13 kPa ⁄m (1.0 mm Hg/m) in packed columns or less
8.3 If the sample appears waxy or too viscous, raise the than 0.065 kPa (0.5 mm Hg) in real plate columns. Program
temperature to 5 °C above its pour point. automated equipment in accordance with the preceding direc-
tions. Turn on the stirring device if used.
8.4 Agitate the sample by whatever means are appropriate 10.2.5 Allow the column to operate at total reflux until the
to its size to ensure that it is well mixed. vapor temperature reaches equilibrium but not longer than
8.5 Determine the water content of the sample by Test 15 min after the first drop of condensate appears in the reflux
Method D4006 or any other suitable method. If the water divider.
content exceeds 0.3 % volume, the sample shall be dehydrated 10.2.6 Record the vapor temperature as the initial vapor
prior to fractional distillation. A suitable practice for dehydra- temperature.
tion of wet crude oil samples is described in Appendix X1. 10.2.7 Stop the circulation of the refrigerant and observe the
vapor temperature. When the vapor temperature reaches 15 °C,
NOTE 4—Attempts to distill wet crude oil samples in glass columns
might result in breakage of the glassware, which poses a potential fire start the circulation of refrigerant again.
hazard. Moreover, the presence of water will affect the accuracy of 10.2.8 If the vapor temperature drops below 15 °C, continue
distillation yield in the naphtha region. These effects are more pronounced refluxing for at least 15 min. Repeat 10.2.7. If the vapor
for heavy crude oils, containing low amounts of hydrocarbons boiling temperature remains at 15 °C or rises, continue with the
below 100 °C, than for light crudes where there is usually sufficient
atmospheric distillation. (Warning—The following three steps
iTeh Standards
hydrocarbon vapor generated to form an azeotrope and drive the water
vapors through the column without problems. should not be done until after the first naphtha cut has been
removed to ensure that all the light gases have been recovered.)
9. Preparation of Apparatus
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
9.1 Clean and dry the distillation column and all the
10.2.9 Remove and weigh the dry ice traps containing light
hydrocarbon liquid after carefully wiping them dry.

Document Preview
10.2.10 Sample the contents of the first dry ice trap using a
ancillary glass apparatus before the distillation begins.
10 mL to 50 mL pressure vessel evacuated to no lower than
9.2 Ensure that the system is leak-free and all heaters, 26.6 kPa (200 mm Hg). Keep all containers at the temperature
control devices, and instruments are on and in working order. of dry ice to ensure no loss of volatiles. The first trap next to
A clock or other timing device should be ready forASTM use. D2892-23
the condenser should contain all of the sample. If condensate is
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
found in the second trap, sample both traps or combine the
10. Procedure contents before sampling.
10.2.11 Submit the trap sample and gas balloon, if used, for
10.1 Charging:
analysis by a suitable gas chromatographic test method to be
10.1.1 The charge size shall be such that the dynamic hold
reported on a fixed-gas free basis. Test Methods D6729,
up as determined in accordance with Annex A2 is between 1 %
D6730, and D6733, equipped with liquid or gas sampling
and 4 % of the charge when operating at 75 % of maximum
valves, or both, for sample introduction equipment have been
boilup (see Table 1). Chill the flask to a temperature not lower
used successfully for this analysis.
then 0 °C.
10.1.2 Insert the stirring device or place some pieces of 10.3 Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure:
glass or porcelain into the flask to control bumping. 10.3.1 Maintain a temperature below −20 °C in the lines of
10.1.3 Determine the density of the sample by Test Method the distillate cooler and receiver as well as in the condenser.
D941, D1217, or D1298. Turn on the column mantle heat controller and maintain the
10.1.4 Calculate to within 65 % the mass of crude petro- column jacket temperature 0 °C to 5 °C below the vapor
leum corresponding to the desired volume of the charge. Weigh temperature.
to the nearest 1 % this quantity of sample into the flask. 10.3.2 Regulate the heat input as necessary to establish and
10.1.5 Attach the flask to the column and connect the maintain a boilup rate approximately 75 % of maximum. Fig.
pressure drop measuring device. Install the heating system, 3 can be used as a guide for Propak. Rates for other sizes can
stirrer, and support device. (Warning—Poisonous H2S gas is be estimated by multiplying the boilup rate in Table 1 by the
frequently evolved from crude oil and precautions must be cross-sectional area of the column and dividing by the sum of
taken either to absorb the gas that passes through the cold trap the reflux ratio + 1.
or to vent it to a safe place.) NOTE 5—Boilup rate is expressed in millilitres of liquid per hour for a
given column or in millilitres per hour per square centimetre of cross-
10.2 Debutanization: sectional area for comparative purposes. In the latter case, it refers to the
10.2.1 For necessary apparatus refer to 6.1.5 and 6.1.6. test mixture of n-heptane and methylcyclohexane in the efficiency

8
 D2892 − 23
reflux, not to exceed 15 min, to restore operating conditions
before continuing takeoff. Do not make a cut within 5 °C of
startup.
10.3.7 Continue taking cuts until the desired maximum
vapor temperature is reached or until the charge shows signs of
cracking. Pronounced cracking is evidenced by a fog appearing
in the flask and later at the reflux divider. Do not allow the
vapor temperature to exceed 210 °C nor the temperature of the
boiling liquid to exceed 310 °C.
10.3.8 Shut off the reflux valve and the heating system.
Allow the contents to cool to such a temperature that the
distillation can be commenced at 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg)
without flooding. This temperature can be estimated by adding
the ∆T between the liquid and vapor temperatures found for the
column during atmospheric operation to the expected initial
vapor temperature at the reduced pressure, or by subtracting
the ∆T from the last recorded liquid temperature.
NOTE 7—Cooling of the liquid in the flask can be accelerated by
blowing a gentle stream of compressed air onto the flask after its heating
mantle has been removed. Avoid strong jets of cold air. Alternately, turn
on coolant in the quench coil of the flask, if used.
FIG. 3 Expected Takeoff Rates at 5:1 Reflux Ratio for Fraction- 10.3.9 Weigh all fractions and determine their densities.
ators Using Propak
10.3.10 Submit the first distillate fraction for analysis by gas
chromatography.

iTeh Standards 10.4 Distillation at 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg):

10.4.1 If further cuts at higher temperatures are required,
evaluation (see Annex A1) and is measured at the bottom of the column.
distillation can be continued at reduced pressures, subject to
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
The maximum boilup of the n-heptane-methylcyclohexane test mixture is
the maximum temperature that the boiling liquid will stand
that which the column can handle under stable conditions without
flooding. In routine adiabatic operation, the boilup rate can be estimated
without significant cracking. This is about 310 °C in most

Document
ratio of 5:1 and total Preview
roughly from the takeoff rate multiplied by the reflux ratio plus one.
cases. Notable exceptions are crude oils containing heat-
10.3.3 Commence takeoff at a reflux sensitive sulfur compounds. In any case, do not make a cut
cycle time of not over 36 s nor less than 24 s. within 5 °C of the temperature at startup because the column
will not be at equilibrium.
NOTE 6—The vapor reaching the top of the column is totally ASTM D2892-23
condensed
10.4.2 Connect a vacuum pumping and control system to
and the resulting liquid is divided into two parts. One part L (reflux), is
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
returned to the column and the other part, D (distillate), is withdrawn as the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.
product. The reflux ratio (R = L ⁄D) can vary from zero at total takeoff 10.4.3 Start the vacuum pump and adjust the pressure
(L = 0) to infinity at total reflux (D = 0). downward gradually to the value of 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg) or
10.3.4 Take off distillate in separate and consecutive frac- set the pressure regulator at this value. The temperature of the
tions of suitable size. The recommended size of fraction is that liquid in the flask must be below that at which it will boil at
corresponding to 5 °C or 10 °C in vapor temperature. Collect 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg). If the liquid boils before this pressure
fractions boiling below 65 °C in receivers cooled to 0 °C or is reached, increase the pressure and cool further until the
below. When the vapor temperature reaches 65 °C, refrigerant desired pressure can be achieved without boiling.
in the condenser and related coolers can be discontinued and 10.4.4 Apply heat to the boiler and reestablish reflux at any
water at ambient temperature substituted. moderate rate in the reflux divider for about 15 min to reheat
10.3.5 At the end of each fraction and at each cut point, the column to operating temperature. Momentarily stop heat
record the following observations: input and raise the pressure with N2 for 1 min to drop the
10.3.5.1 Time in hours and minutes, holdup into the distillation flask.
10.3.5.2 Volume in millilitres, 10.4.5 Reapply heat to the distillation flask and adjust the
10.3.5.3 Vapor temperature in °C to the nearest 0.5 °C, rate of heating to maintain a constant pressure drop equivalent
10.3.5.4 Temperature of the boiling liquid in °C to the to the boilup rate of approximately 75 % of the maximum rate
nearest 1 °C, for this pressure and begin takeoff without delay. The approxi-
10.3.5.5 Atmospheric pressure in kPa (mm Hg), and mate pressure drops required for this purpose are indicated in
10.3.5.6 Pressure drop in the column in kPa (mm Hg). Fig. 3. Maintain a column insulation temperature 0 °C to 5 °C
10.3.6 If signs of flooding are observed, reduce the heating below the vapor temperature throughout the operation.
rate while continuing takeoff until steady conditions are 10.4.6 Remove separately, cuts of suitable size as in 10.3.4.
restored. If a cut point is encountered during this period, stop 10.4.7 At the end of each distillate fraction and at each cut
the distillation, cool the charge, and recombine the off- point, record the following observations:
condition cuts. Restart the distillation with a period at total 10.4.7.1 Time in hours and minutes,

9
 D2892 − 23
10.4.7.2 Volume in millilitres observed at ambient 10.5.7 When the temperature of the residue in the flask has
temperature, fallen below 230 °C, shut off the vacuum pump. Vent the
10.4.7.3 Vapor temperature in °C to the nearest 0.5 °C with fractionating unit with nitrogen or other inert gas. Do not use
correction, if any, air. (Warning—Air is suspected of initiating explosions in
10.4.7.4 Temperature of the boiling liquid in °C to the fractionating units that are vented while too hot, such as at the
nearest 1 °C, end of a run.)
10.4.7.5 Pressure drop in the column in kPa (mm Hg), 10.5.8 Stop circulation of coolant in the condenser and
10.4.7.6 Operating pressure measured at the top of the ancillary equipment. Disconnect the flask. Recover the static
column in kPa (mm Hg) absolute with correction, if any, and holdup of the column (wettage) by distilling a small quantity of
10.4.7.7 AET using the equations given in Annex A8. solvent such as toluene in a separate flask to wash the column,
10.4.8 Continue taking cuts until the desired maximum condenser, and takeoff system. Evaporate the solvent from the
point is reached or until the charge shows signs of cracking. collected residue at 10 °C above the boiling point of the
Pronounced cracking is evidenced by the evolution of gases as solvent, using a small purge of nitrogen. For distillations not
indicated by rising pressure as well as a fog appearing in the involving disagreement, or by mutual consent, the holdup can
flask (see Note 7). Do not allow the temperature of the boiling be estimated using a graph similar to Fig. 4. The density of the
liquid to exceed 310 °C. (Warning—Automatic vacuum con- holdup is estimated by extrapolation of the density line for the
trollers could mask a slight rise in pressure due to cracking. preceding cuts. The static holdup can be treated as a separate
Vigilance is required to avoid this.) small cut or blended into the bottoms before inspections are
10.4.9 Shut off the reflux valve and the heating system. made. The latter must be done if other analyses besides density
Allow the contents to cool to such a temperature that the are to be performed on the residue.
distillation can be commenced at a lower pressure without 10.5.9 Weigh all fractions and the residue in the flask and
boiling. This temperature can be estimated by adding the ∆T determine their densities at 15 °C by Test Method D4052 or by
between the liquid and vapor temperatures found for the another suitable method. Convert the density to 15 °C, if
column during operation to the expected initial vapor tempera- necessary.
ture at the lower pressure, or by subtracting the ∆T from the
last recorded liquid temperature. iTeh Standards
10.4.10 Weigh all fractions and determine their densities at
NOTE 8—Heavier flasks, such as those for 50 mm and 70 mm diameter
columns, are not normally removed for weighing. In these cases the
residue can be discharged at a temperature not over 200 °C into a tared
15 °C.
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
10.5 Distillation at Lower Pressures:
container for weighing. Nitrogen pressure of approximately 6.7 kPa
(50 mm Hg) will be sufficient for this. Wettage in these cases will include
that of the column and the flask together.
Document
subject to the same Preview
10.5.1 If the final cut point has not been reached, distillation
can be continued at a lower pressure 11. Calculation
limitation as before (see 10.4.1). Only one pressure level
between 13.3 kPa (100 mm Hg) and 0.266 kPa (2 mm Hg) is 11.1 Calculate the mass % of each distillate fraction and the
permitted. Where the maximum cut point is 400 °C ASTM D2892-23
AET, the residue to the 0.1 % by mass, using Eq 1.
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
minimum pressure is recommended. mass % 5 100~ m/M ! (1)
10.5.2 Adjust the pressure to the desired level. If the liquid
boils before the pressure is reached, increase the pressure and where:
cool further until the desired pressure can be achieved without m = mass of fraction or residue, g, and
boiling. Follow the procedure in 10.4.4. M = mass of dry crude oil charged, g.
10.5.3 Circulate cooling water in the condenser and liquid 11.1.1 The first fraction is the gas fraction collected in the
cooler either at ambient temperature or warmed to a tempera- balloon. If this fraction is less than 0.1 % by mass, it can be
ture that will ensure that wax does not crystallize in the ignored.
condenser or takeoff lines. Alternatively, leave the cooling coils 11.1.2 The second fraction (or first, if no gas is collected) is
full of water but vented and not circulating, or else circulate a the condensate in the dry ice trap. With density at 15 °C
stream of air instead of water as a coolant. calculated from the gas chromatographic data on a fixed gas
10.5.4 Continue vacuum operation as in 10.4.5 through free basis, its volume can be computed.
10.4.8. During this operation, a reflux ratio of 2:1 is allowed if
11.1.3 The holdup is treated either as a separate cut or added
mutually agreed upon in advance and noted in the report.
to the residue fraction, in accordance with agreement. The
Correct observed and corrected vapor temperatures to AET
amount of holdup is determined by actual recovery by solvent
using the equations given in Annex A8.
washing, as directed in 10.5.8, or estimated from Fig. 4.
10.5.5 Check periodically that the condensate drips nor-
mally in the condenser and that the distillate flows smoothly 11.2 Calculate the percent loss to the nearest 0.1 % by mass,
into the takeoff line. If crystallization is observed, allow the using Eq 2.
coolant in the condenser to warm as in 10.5.3. Loss 5 100 2 ~ ( 100~ m/M ! ! (2)
10.5.6 When the final cut point has been reached, or when
limits of boiling liquid temperature and column pressure The weight loss as calculated above must not be greater than
prevent further distillation, turn off the reflux valve and heating 0.4 %, otherwise the distillation must be discarded. Losses less
system and allow to cool with the vacuum still applied. than this should be allocated two-thirds to the trap cut and

10
 D2892 − 23

iTeh Standards
(https://standards.iteh.ai)
Document Preview
ASTM D2892-23
https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/994dd453-5454-45f9-91bf-6412406a33af/astm-d2892-23
FIG. 4 Approximate Static Holdup for Average Crude Oil Using 4 mm Propak in a 25 mm ID × 570 mm Column

one-third to the first naphtha cut. Where there is no trap cut, the vol % 5 100~ v/V ! (5)
acceptable losses are to be normalized among all cuts. 11.6 Calculate the volume % gain or loss to the nearest
11.3 Calculate the volume of the sample of crude oil in 0.1 % by volume, using Eq 6.
millilitres at 15 °C, using Eq 3. Loss 5 100 2 ~ ( 100~ v/V ! ! (6)
V 5 ~ M/D ! (3)
Usually, the above expression is negative due to volume
where: expansion. Normalize any apparent expansion or contraction
D = density of charge at 15 °C, g/mL, among fractions boiling below 150 °C in proportion to their
M = mass of dry charge, g, and yields.
V = volume of charge, mL.
NOTE 9—In view of the foregoing rules for establishing yields, the ratio
11.4 Calculate the volume of each fraction and of the of mass to volume is not precise enough to be used to calculate the density
residue in millilitres at 15 °C, using Eq 4. of any distillate fractions or residue.

v 5 m/d (4)
12. Report
where: 12.1 A summary sheet for the run must include:
d = density of the fraction or residue at 15 °C, g/mL, 12.1.1 The mass of the dry sample charged, g,
m = mass of fraction or residue corrected for loss, g, and 12.1.2 The density of the sample at 15 °C, g/mL,
v = volume of fraction, mL. 12.1.3 The volume of the sample at 15 °C, mL,
11.5 Calculate the volume % of each distillate fraction to the 12.1.4 The gain or loss in mass and volume to the nearest
nearest 0.1 % by volume, using Eq 5. 0.1 %,

11