EES101 Lec3

EES 101:
Earth Materials
and Processes
Dr. Vinee Srivastava

[email protected]
1
Syllabus
An introduction to Earth Sciences:
Disciplines of Earth Science and Geology; Earth System
Science and its role in global environmental
management and sustainability.
Concept of Time in Earth and Environmental Systems:

Early history of the Universe; Geologic time; Relative
versus absolute age; Spatio-Temporal scales in Earth and
Environmental Sciences.
GEOPUZZLE
https://www.slideshare.net/anasasif792/the-universe-31760850
https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/space/AQA_Unit3.htm
Origin of the Universe
Did it begin with a Big Bang?
• Inthe Big Bang

theory, the universe
began
13.75 ± 0.11 billion
years ago.
• An extremely dense,
From The Changing Earth 5th edition, Figure 1.6, page 13
hot body of matter
expanded and
Georges Lemaître : 1920
cooled
Edwin Hubble - 1920
The universe began about
13.75 billion years ago
The Big Bang Theory states
that, in the beginning, the
universe was all in one
place
All of its matter and energy
were squished into an
infinitely small point, a
singularity
Then it exploded
Did it begin with a Big Bang?
How do we know?
•EVIDENCE for the Big Bang:
➢The universe is
expanding from a
central point.
➢The entire universe has
a pervasive and
constant background
radiation, thought to be
the faint afterglow of the
Big Bang.
From The Changing Earth 5th edition, Figure 1.6, page 13 (Cosmic Microwave
American cosmologist Ralph Apher first predicted Background: Remnant of the
the CMB in 1948, Big Bang)
The galaxies in an expanding universe are just like the red dots on
the surface of the balloon. When the balloon is inflated, the
receding speed between two galaxies is proportional to the distance
between them.
http://www.hk-phy.org/articles/univexpand/univexpand_e.html
The tremendous
amount of material
blown out by the
explosion
eventually formed
the stars and
galaxies
After about 10
billion years, our
solar system began
to form
Birth of the Solar System
We know how the Earth and Solar System are today and
this allows us to work backwards and determine how the
Earth and Solar System were formed
Plus we can look out into the universe for clues on how
stars and planets are currently being formed
The Nebular Hypothesis
In cosmogony, the Nebular Hypothesis is the
currently accepted argument about how a Solar
System can form
The formation of our
solar system from a
nebula cloud made
from a collection of
dust and gas. It is
believed that the sun,
planets, moons, and
asteroids were formed
around the same time
around 4.5 billion
years ago from a
nebula
The Nebular Hypothesis
A large rotating gas cloud (nebula) begins to condense
Most of the mass is in the center, there is turbulence in the
outer parts
Protostar
The Sun
After sufficient mass and density was achieved in
the Sun, the temperature rose to one million °C,
Birth of the Solar
System
Protoplanets
Gravitational forces allow the inner planets to accrue and
compact solid matter (including light and heavy atoms)
Solar radiation blew gases (primarily hydrogen, helium)
away from inner planets
These gases were collected and condensed into the gas
giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Beyond Neptune, ice and frozen gases form Pluto, Sedna
and the Kuiper Belt Objects
Left-over debris form comets and asteroids
Birth of
the
Solar
System
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec23.html
Our Solar System
Differences between inner and
outer planets:
DENSITY
The rocky inner
planets
= densities of 3
g/cm3 more
The gaseous outer

Planets=densities
of 1.6 g/cm3 or less
Other Solar Systems
We have now discovered over two hundred
planets orbiting other stars
The processes that created our solar system
have also created an uncountable number of
other solar systems
What do the terrestrial planets
look like on the surface?
Planets (inc. Moon) to scale, with typical surface

features
During coalescence: Rub your hands together.
Motion (“kinetic”) energy
Particles assemble is converted to heat.
due to gravity – Planetesimals
1_7
heat up strike growing
Earth
Iron melts and

begins to sink
Lighter materials
The moon formed after a
concentrate Mars-sized planet hit
closer to surface earth, about 4.6 bya
Crust and We got most of the core
mantle material in the exchange
Liquid
core
Atmosphere
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
The Age of the Earth
Earth is ~ 4,570,000,000 years old
Meteorites give us access to debris left over from the
formation of the solar system
The oldest particles in a meteorite, calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions from

carbonaceous chondrites, have been dated at 4.56 billion years old.
Meteorites that originate from asteroids are all ~4.5 billion years old.
https://www.infogrades.com/science-infographics/the-universe-through-time/
Syllabus
Concept of Time in Earth and Environmental Systems:
Early history of the Universe; Geologic time; Relative
versus absolute age; Spatio-Temporal scales in Earth and
Environmental Sciences.

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EES 101:

Dr. Vinee Srivastava

Concept of Time in Earth and Environmental Systems:

• Inthe Big Bang

The gaseous outer

Planets (inc. Moon) to scale, with typical surface

Iron melts and

The oldest particles in a meteorite, calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions from

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