Homework 5

IT 420 - Homework 4
1. Why is the UDP checksum separate from the IP checksum? Would you object to a protocol
that used a single checksum for the complete IP datagram including the UDP message?
Many possible answers would satisfy this question. The primary reason that they are
separate is that they evaluate the integrity of different data. The IP checksum only deals with
the integrity of the header, while the UDP checksum deals with the data area as well as the
header.
2. Lost TCP acknowledgements do not necessarily force retransmissions. Explain why.
TCP acknowledgements contain the sequence number of the next octet of data that is
expected to be received. If an acknowledgement is dropped in an increasing window size
environment, more data may be sent out before the timeout value is reached. In this instance,
the receiver sends an acknowledgement for the new data with an updated sequence number
that shows that the previous data was already received.
3. Assume TCP is sending segments using a maximum window size (64 Kbytes) on a channel
that has infinite bandwidth and an average roundtrip time of 20 milliseconds. What is the
maximum throughput? How does throughput change if the roundtrip time increases to 40
milliseconds (while bandwidth remains infinite)?
Round trip time = 20 ms

Window size = 64 Kbytes
Throughput = 65536 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 3,276,800 bytes/s
Throughput = 65536 bytes / 40 x 10-3 s = 1,638,400 bytes/s
4. Using your results from the previous problem, compute the throughput for the following
window sizes: 100, 1000, 10,000. Assuming perfect transmission/reception (no lost packets)
and only ACK packets for overhead.

Window size = 100 bytes, 1000 bytes, 10,000 bytes
Throughput = 100 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 5000 bytes/s

Throughput = 1000 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 50,000 bytes/s
Throughput = 10,000 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 500,000 bytes/s
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5. In broad terms, we could say that RIP distributes the local routing table, while BGP
distributes a table of networks and routers used to reach them (i.e., a router can send a BGP
advertisement that does not exactly match items in its own routing table). What are the
advantages of each approach?
Many possible answers are appropriate here. RIP is simple in its approach but doesn’t scale
well. As the listing of networks grows, more bandwidth is devoted to router update
information while less is available for actual traffic. More specifically, RIP routers are
responsible for a small geographic area while BGP routers cover routing amongst
autonomous systems. By advertising everything that it knows about, BGP routers are more
likely to propagate a complete routing picture, while a RIP routers advertisement will be a
small snapshot of a larger picture.
6. Many operating systems choose TCP buffer sizes to be multiples of 8K octets. If IP

fragments datagrams for an MTU of 9180 octets, what size fragments result from a datagram
that carries a TCP segment of 16K octets? Of 24K octets?
Buffer size = 8196 octets

MTU size = 9180 octets
Frames:
16 Kbytes = 16,386 bytes = 9180 octets, 7204 octets
24 Kbytes = 24576 bytes = 9180 octets, 9180 octets, 6216 octets
7. How many octets and bits can be present on a fiber that connects to an ATM switch if the
fiber is 3 meters long? 100 meters? 3000 meters? To find out, consider an ATM switch
transmitting data at 155 Mbps. Each bit is a pulse of light that lasts 1/(155x106) second.
Assume the pulse travels at the speed of light, calculate its length, and compare to the length
of the fiber.
Transmission rate = 155 x 106 bps

Time to send 1 bit = 1 / 155 x 106 bps = 6.45 x 10-9 seconds/bit
Size of a single bit = 6.45 x 10-9 seconds/bit x 3 x 108 m/s = 1.94 m/bit
Bits
3 m segment size = 3 m / 1.94 m/b = 1 bit
100 m segment size = 100 m / 1.94 m/b = 51 bits
3000 m segment size = 3000 m / 1.94 m/b = 1546 bits
Octets
Size of a single octet = 1.94 m/b * 8 = 15.52 m/octet
3 m segment size = 3 m / 15.52 m/octet = 0 octets
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IT 420 - Homework 4

2. Lost TCP acknowledgements do not necessarily force retransmissions. Explain why.

Round trip time = 20 ms

Throughput = 65536 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 3,276,800 bytes/s

Round trip time = 40 ms

Throughput = 65536 bytes / 40 x 10-3 s = 1,638,400 bytes/s

Round trip time = 20 ms

Throughput = 100 bytes / 20 x 10-3 s = 5000 bytes/s

6. Many operating systems choose TCP buffer sizes to be multiples of 8K octets. If IP

Buffer size = 8196 octets

Transmission rate = 155 x 106 bps

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