Students Reviewer 1stquarter

KEY TO SUCCESS!
MELC 1: Transport of Nutrients in the Respiratory and Circulatory System

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM - The system in humans that takes up oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.
NASAL CAVITY – to humidify, warm, filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air, as well as protect the
respiratory tract through the use of the mucociliary system.
PHARYNX – Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
LARYNX – Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out. (voice
box)
TRACHEA – Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
LUNGS – Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
BRONCHIOLES – Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
BRONCHI – Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
ALVEOLI – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
DIAPHRAGM - Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - It works to transport oxygen and other nutrients to all the organs and tissues in your body.
THREE MAJOR ORGANS – HEART, BLOOD VESSEL, BLOOD
HEART - It pumps blood through the blood vessels to all parts of our body.
FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART: RIGHT ATRIUM, LEFT ATRIUM, RIGHT VENTRICLE AND LEFT VENTRICLE
FOUR VALVES: DIASTOLE - TRICUSPID VALVE, MITRAL VALVE
SYSTOLE – PULMONIC VALVE, AORTIC VALVE
BLOOD VESSEL - Carried throughout the body by a vast network of blood
vessels, just like a pipeline that delivers water to households.
TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:

ARTERY – It carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
VEIN – it carries deoxygenated blood toward the heat.
CAPILLARY - Connects arteries and veins; Site where exchange of gases takes
place
BLOOD - Also known as the “river of life”; It transports essential elements

throughout our body
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD:
• PLASMA – Pale yellowish liquid that is about ninety-two percent (92%)
water.
• RED BLOOD CELLS (erythrocytes) - They carry oxygen throughout our
body; They contain the red pigment “hemoglobin”, a special kind of protein-containing iron.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (leukocytes) – The main task is to protect the body from diseases, viruses and other foreign
substances.
• PLATELETS (thrombocytes) - Play a vital role in clotting of blood (blood clotting).
There are two distinct but linked circuits in the human circulation called the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Both circuits
transport blood and gases. The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers
carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and
returns relatively deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary circulation.
RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY DISEASES:

Chronic Disease – any illness that is prolonged in duration, does not often resolve suddenly, and is rarely treated
completely.
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium
and other substances found in the blood.
Bronchitis is an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and inflamed.
MELC 2: HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

To have a healthy lifestyle, we must be conscious of what we are doing, like monitoring the amount of sleep we have daily, how
we move in our position when doing something like working in front of the computer, eating the nutritious food and avoiding
what is not necessary in our body. Science can reveal that healthy body, eating correct food for our age and body and having
fitness routines can help prevent diseases like hypertension, stress, high cholesterol, diabetes, and even simple respiratory tract
diseases like cough, colds, asthma, sinusitis and allergies. Also, preventing the corona virus to enter our systems can be learned.
MELC 3: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
DNA - A nucleic acid – an essential biomolecules within all life forms.

- Deoxyribonucleic acid.
- Carrier of genetic information.
- Made up of repeating individual units of nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made up of three parts:
1. Deoxyribose Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
Nitrogenous Bases
 DNA contains four nitrogenous bases.
1. adenine (A)
2. guanine (G)
3. cytosine (C)
4. thymine (T)
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS
1. Incomplete dominance - Pattern of heredity in which one allele is not dominance completely dominant over another.
2. Codominance - Pattern of heredity in which both alleles are Simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote
3. Multiple alleles - A gene that is controlled by more than two alleles

Blood types - determined by the presence or absence of certain antigens –
substances that can trigger an immune response if they are foreign to the body.
Antigen - substance that causes your immune system to
produce antibodies against it.
Antibodies - a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful
substances, called antigens.
4. Sex-linked traits
 Sex-limited - Autosomal – genes are not carried on to the sex chromosome.
It is limited only to one sex due to anatomical differences.
Example:
Lactation or milk production in mammals
 Sex-influenced - Are also autosomal.
Different in ways the two genders express the genes.
Example: pattern baldness in human
 Sex-Linked – Genes located on the X-chromosomes are called X-linked genes. ; Genes located on the Y-chromosomes
are called Y-linked genes.
Male Chromosomes ( XY ) ; Female Chromosomes ( XX )
MELC 4: SPECIES EXTINCTION
TERMS:
1. Variety of life - BIODOVERSITY
2. group of living things within the same area that are all the same species - POPULATION
3. disappearance of a species when the last of its members die. – EXTINCT SPECIES
4. a particular species that decline so fast that it becomes endangered – THREATENED SPECIES
5. species population becomes too low that only few remains – ENDANGERED SPECIES
Environmental Issues that can contribute to Species Extinction
DEFORESTATION - One of the country’s environmental problems is the rapid rate at which trees are cut down.
 KAINGIN FARMING
 ILLEGAL LOGGING
 CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS TO HOUSING PROJECTS
 FOREST FIRES
 TYPHOON
WILDLIFE DEPLETION - Is the loss of wild animals through over hunting. Most often loss of their natural habitat due to human
expansion of urbanization.
WATER POLLUTON - The contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities.
Example: Eutrophication
AIR POLLUTION - Occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particles, and biological
molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
 SMOG - A kind of air pollution, originally named for the mixture of smoke and fog in the air.
DESTRUCTION OF COASTAL RESOURCES
Costal Resources - include islands, beaches, and coral reefs, as well as fish and wildlife and their respective habitats within
these areas.
IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL RESOURCES - Serves as breeding grounds and nurseries of marine fishes
DEFORESTATION, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND MINING ACTIVITIES

 Dynamite Fishing and muro-ami
 Coastal Areas conversion into beach resorts, residential areas
 Overharvesting
ACID PRECIPATATION - Commonly known as Acid Rain. Causes yellowing of leaves of trees and cause leaves to fall.
MELC 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Is a process of food making done by plants and other autotrophic
organisms.
CHLOROPLAST - Captures light energy in order to turn carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into
sugar, in the form of glucose (C6H12O6)
 chloroplasts also produce oxygen gas (O2), which sustains animal life
 Contains the pigment CHLOROPHYLL - chlorophyll pigments captures
light energy and use it to make energy-related molecules (ATP and
NADPH).
“BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE, PREPARATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS.”

- ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

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KEY TO SUCCESS!

MELC 1: Transport of Nutrients in the Respiratory and Circulatory System

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS:

BLOOD - Also known as the “river of life”; It transports essential elements

RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY DISEASES:

MELC 2: HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

MELC 3: Non-Mendelian Inheritance

DNA - A nucleic acid – an essential biomolecules within all life forms.

3. Multiple alleles - A gene that is controlled by more than two alleles

Environmental Issues that can contribute to Species Extinction

DEFORESTATION, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND MINING ACTIVITIES

MELC 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

“BEFORE ANYTHING ELSE, PREPARATION IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS.”

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