TRANSFORMATIONS

CPE Use of English: 1 - 5 units

Exercise 11 pages 10, 11:

 It's weeks since I last went to the countryside.
I haven't ... .
I haven't been to the countryside for weeks.
 Our school has never held a Christmas party before.
It's ... .
It's the first time our school has (ever) held a Christmas party.
 They began building the tunnel eighteen months ago.
They have ... .
They have been building the tunnel for eighteen months.
 When was the planet Pluto discovered?
How ... ?
How long is it since the planet Pluto was discovered?
How long ago was the planet Pluto discovered?
 He has never felt so embarrassed before.
It's ... .
It's the first time he has (ever) felt so embarrassed.
 They raided the fridge as soon as their mother had left.
They didn't ... .
They didn't raid the fridge until (the moment) their mother had left.
They didn't start raiding the fridge until their mother had left.
 I've never met such an immature person!
She's the ... !
She's the most immature person I've ever met!
 France hasn't won a gold medal in this sport for a long time.
It's a ... .
It's a long time since France won a gold medal in this sport.
 I started studying law two years ago.
I have ... .
I have been studying law for two years.
 How long ago did you realise the truth?
How long is it ... ?
How long is it since you realised the truth?
 The doctor didn't start the operation until the anaesthetic had taken effect.
The doctor waited ... .
The doctor waited until the anaesthetic had taken effect before starting the operation.
The doctor waited until the anaesthetic had taken effect before he started the operation.

 He realised his mistake when it was too late.

 He didn't ... .
He didn't realise his mistake until it was too late.
 It's the most ridiculous suggestion I've ever heard!
I've never ... !
I've never heard such a ridiculous suggestion!
 When did you last see Paul?
When was ... ?
When was the last time you saw Paul?
 After he had finished his homework, he went for a walk.
Having ... .
Having finished his homework, he went for a walk.

Exercise 13 page 11:

 I believe it's going to rain.
FEELING
I have a feeling it's going to rain.
 I haven't been to the cinema for weeks.
TIME
I haven't been to the cinema for a long time.
I haven't been to the cinema for quite some time.
The last time I went to the cinema was weeks ago.
 The contest takes place tomorrow.
HELD
The contest is being held tomorrow.
The contest will be held tomorrow.
The contest is going to be held tomorrow.
 She started cleaning as soon as the children had left.
UNTIL
Not until the children had left did she start cleaning.
She didn't start cleaning until the children had left.
It wasn't until the children had left that she started cleaning.
She waited until the children had left before she started cleaning.
 It's certain that they'll be late.
BOUND
They're bound to be late.
 Was her call answered by anyone?
ANSWER
Did anyone answer her call?
Was there any answer to her call?

Exercise 21 pages 14, 15:

 Photography interests me.
 FIND
I find photography interesting.
 I don't know how I can make it up to you for spoiling your plans.
AMENDS
I don't know how I can make amends for spoiling your plans.
 I don't mind staying in on a Saturday night if I have good company.
AVERSE
I'm not averse to staying in on a Saturday night if I have good company.
 The suspect could not explain why he had sand on his boots.
ACCOUNT
The suspect could not account for the sand on his boots.
The suspect could not account for the fact he had sand on his boots.
The suspect could not account for having sand on his boots.
 Miss Hayes will explain the day-to-day running of the office to you.
ACQUAINT
Miss Hayes will acquaint you with the day-to-day running of the office.
 What he told me made me very curious to hear the rest of the story.
APPETITE
What he told me whetted my appetite for the rest of the story.
 The burglar was caught while stealing the jewels.
ACT
The burglar was caught in the act of stealing the jewels.
 My father doesn't like people to smoke without asking first.
APPROVE
My father doesn't approve of people smoking without asking first.
 Those officials files cannot be seen by the public until the 21st century.
ACCESS
The public will not have access to those official files until the 21 st century.
 She is very precious to him.
APPLE
She is the apple of his eye.
 You should consider the fact that he hasn't spoken French for years.
ALLOWANCES
You should make allowances for the fact that he hasn't spoken French for years.
You should make allowances for his not speaking French for years.
You should make allowances for his not having spoken French for years.
 This is the first time I've been to the Bahamas.
NEVER
I've never been to the Bahamas before.

 Only Sheila came up with the solution to the problem.

SUCCEEDED
 Only Sheila succeeded in finding the solution to the problem.
Only Sheila succeeded in coming up with the solution to the problem.

Exercise 2 page 18:

 Her parents believe nothing she tells them.
Whatever ... .
Whatever she tells them, her parents don't believe her.
 Although John studied harder than anyone, he failed the exam.
In spite ... .
In spite of having studied harder than anyone, John failed.
In spite of the fact that John studied harder than anyone, he failed the exam.
 What a pleasure to see you here!
How ... !
How nice to see you here!
How lovely to see you here!
 It was only when I got home that I realised I had forgotten my keys.
Not until ... .
Not until I got home did I realise I had forgotten my keys.
 There has been a large increase in unemployment this year.
Unemployment ... .
Unemployment has risen dramatically this year.
Unemployment has increased greatly this year.
 This matter is no concern of yours.
This matter does not ... .
This matter does not concern you.
 Applications are accepted until June 3rd.
The final date ... .
The final date for the acceptance of applications is June 3rd.
 The only reason I am late is that the traffic was so heavy.
Had it not ... .
Had it not been for the heavy traffic, I wouldn't be so late.
Had it not been for the heavy traffic, I wouldn't have been so late.
 I certainly don't mean to do it before tomorrow.
I have ... .
I have no intention of doing it before tomorrow.

Exercise 4 page 19:

 Were they allowed to go?
 PERMISSION
Were they given permission to go?
 My boss says I can use his yacht whenever I want to.
DISPOSAL
My boss has put his yacht at my disposal.
My boss says his yacht is at my disposal.
 The news was a shock to us.
ABACK
We were taken aback by the news.
 James realised that he could never be an architect.
CUT
James realised that he wasn't cut out to be an architect.
 They chose not to drive because they thought there would be too much snow.
FEAR
They chose not to drive for fear that there would be too much snow.
They chose not to drive for fear that there might be too much snow.
 I'm sick of that programme; I've watched it too often.
OFF
I've gone off that programme.
 I never have enough time.
SHORT
I am always short of time.
 They tried very hard to finish by midnight.
BEST
They did their best to finish by midnight.
 The criminal got away through the back window.
ESCAPE
The criminal managed to escape through the back window.
The criminal made his escape through the back window.
The criminal effected his escape through the back window.

Exercise 31 pages 22, 23:

 You have to fill in a form before joining the club.
MUST
You must fill in a form before joining the club.
 It's not right that children are not allowed to play on the grass.
SHOULD
Children should be allowed to play on the grass.

 Please turn on the light!

COULD
Could you turn on the light, please?
 What are we going to do with them when they arrive?
SHALL
What shall we do with them when they arrive?
 Do you want to come to dinner with me?
WOULD
Would you like to come to dinner with me?
 It isn't necessary for you to stay any longer.
NEED
You don't need to stay any longer.
You needn't to stay any longer.
 Is there any possibility of the flight being cancelled?
LIKELY
Is it likely that the flight will be cancelled?
Is the flight likely to be cancelled?
 Is it necessary for me to speak to her in person?
HAVE
Do I have to speak to her in person?
 She's such a talented musician. She should have been a professional.
OUGHT
She's such a talented musician. She ought to have been a professional.
 Do you believe that he will pass the exam?
LIKELY
Is it likely that he will pass the exam?
Is he likely to pass the exam?
 I don't believe she's an actress; she looks so ordinary.
CAN'T
She can't be an actress; she looks so ordinary.
 It is necessary for governments to take action against tax evasion.
MUST
Governments must take action against tax evasion.
 It wasn't necessary for him to be quite so extravagant but he was.
NEED
He needn't have been quite so extravagant.
 It's important to brush your teeth regularly.
SHOULD
You should brush your teeth regularly.
 You can attend the meeting if you wish.
MAY
You may attend the meeting if you wish.
 Please, answer the door!
WILL
Will you answer the door, please?
 I don't believe he's dead. I saw him only yesterday.
CAN'T
He can't be dead. I saw him only yesterday.
 Please, sit down!
WOULD
Would you sit down, please?
 As a child he had the habit of biting his nails.
USED
He used to bite his nails as a child.
 I don't believe he's only twelve.
CAN'T
He can't be only twelve.
 Mozart was able to compose and play music before he was ten.
COULD
Mozart could compose and play music before he was ten.
 Give this message to Mrs Bates, please!
WILL
Will you give this message to Mrs Bates, please?
 Do you think that she will go away this weekend?
LIKELY
Is it likely that she'll go away this weekend?
Is she likely to go away this weekend?
 There's no need to do the ironing now.
HAVE
You don't have to do the ironing now.
 Do you know how to play the piano?
CAN
Can you play the piano?

Exercise 32 page 24:

 Perhaps he was feeling tired yesterday.
He ... .
He may have been feeling tired yesterday.
 I don't think he is revising for his test.
He ... .
He can't be revising for his test.
 I suppose you've already met Charlie.
You ... .
You must already have met Charlie.
 I'm sure the ferries leave once a day for that island.
The ferries ... .
The ferries must leave once a day for that island.
 Perhaps they decided not to come after all.
 They ... .
They may have decided not to come after all.
 I don't think the hostages have been released yet.
The hostages ... .
The hostages can't have been released yet.
 Perhaps you'll need some help with that.
You ... .
You may need some help with that.
 I don't think she was sleeping when you called her.
She ... .
She can't have been sleeping when you called her.
 I think she's going abroad.
She ... .
She must be going abroad.
 I suppose he's had a lot of experience in management.
He ... .
He must have had a lot of experience in management.

Exercise 35 pages 26, 27:

 Let's review what we've done so far.
Shall ... ?
Shall we review what we've done so far?
 I'm sure it wasn't his fault.
It ... .
It can't have been his fault.
 Shall I tell you my opinion?
Would ... ?
Would you like (me to tell you) my opinion?
 He is unlikely to be promoted.
There ... .
There is little likelihood of his being promoted.
There is little likelihood that he will be promoted.
 It is forbidden to enter that room without permission.
You ... .
You mustn't enter that room without permission.
You aren't allowed to enter that room without permission.

 Is it likely that he will return this afternoon?

Is he ... ?
Is he likely to return this afternoon?
 They couldn't understand the message because of the interference on the radio.
The interference ... .
 The interference on the radio prevented them from understanding the message.
 Perhaps she has forgotten about the meeting.
She ... .
She may have forgotten about the meeting.
 I suppose my mother left this message.
My mother ... .
My mother must have left this message.
 You should have signed this form at the bottom.
Why ... ?
Why didn't you sign this form at the bottom?
Why haven't you signed this form at the bottom?
 Did you need to spend so much money?
Was ... ?
Was it necessary (for you) to spend so much money?
 He is certain to have noticed our absence by now.
He ... .
He must have noticed our absence by now.
 You need to be more careful.
You ... .
You have to be more careful.
You ought to be more careful.
You had better be more careful.
You should be more careful.
 Could he have been telling the truth?
Is it ... ?
Is it possible that he was telling the truth?
 You mustn't play ball games inside the school.
It is ... .
It is against the rules to play ball games inside the school.
It is forbidden to play ball games inside the school.
 I suppose she has seen the newspaper today.
She ... .
She must have seen the newspaper today.
 It wasn't necessary for you to apologise. After all, it wasn't your fault.
You ... .
You needn't have apologised. After all, it wasn't your fault.

 Perhaps they have made alternative arrangements.

They ... .
They may have made alternative arrangements.
 How does Saturday suit you?
Would ... ?
 Would Saturday be convenient for you?
 How do you feel about going on an excursion?
Would ... ?
Would you be interested in going on an excursion?
 Was it necessary to invite so many people?
Did ... ?
Did you need to invite so many people?
Did you have to invite so many people?
 I don't think we're near the village yet.
We ... .
We can't be near the village yet.
 It is very possible that he'll pass his tests.
There is every ... .
There is every likelihood that he'll pass his tests.
There is every possibility that he'll pass his tests.
 You'd better consult the map.
You ... .
You ought to consult the map.
You should consult the map.
 Could we meet on Friday?
Would Friday ... ?
Would Friday be convenient for us to meet?
 It is certain that the ship will arrive at 7 o'clock.
The ship is ... .
The ship is certain to arrive at 7 o'clock.

Exercise 37 page 28:

 You needn't clean up now.
NECESSARY
It isn't necessary (for you) to clean up now.
 May I borrow your typewriter?
MIND
Do you mind if I borrow your typewriter?
Would you mind if I borrowed your typewriter?
Would you mind my borrowing your typewriter?

 You mustn't ride motorbikes in the park.

FORBIDDEN
It is forbidden to ride motorbikes in the park.
You are forbidden to ride motorbikes in the park.
Riding motorbikes in the park is forbidden.
 They couldn't go to the Middle East because of the war.
 PREVENTED
The war prevented them from going to the Middle East.
They were prevented from going to the Middle East by the war.
 Shall we eat now?
WHY
Why don't we eat now?
 You should be careful what you say to him.
ADVISABLE
It is advisable to be careful what you say to him.
It is advisable that you be careful what you say to him.
 Perhaps it wasn't John who rang.
MAY
It may have been John who rang.
 We don't have to go to the party.
OBLIGED
We are not obliged to go to the party.
 You ought to phone the manager tonight.
IDEA
It would be a good idea to phone the manager tonight.
It is a good idea to phone the manager tonight.
 Would you like to go out with us?
INTEREST
Would it interest you to go out with us?
 Why didn't you let me know you were coming?
SHOULD
You should have let me know you were coming.
 He must have heard the news by now.
CERTAIN
It is certain that he has heard the news by now.
He is certain to have heard the news by now.
 He may not be at home.
PERHAPS
Perhaps he isn't at home.

 They aren't likely to come with us.

WILL
It isn't likely that they will come with us.
I don't think they will come with us.
 You mustn't open your book once the test has started.
RULES
 It is against the rules to open your book once the test has started.

Exercise 46 pages 31, 32:

 His father was very angry with him when he heard he had damaged the car.
BLEW
His father blew up at him when he heard he had damaged the car.
 His speech was so confusing that nobody got anything out of it.
BAFFLED
Everyone was baffled by his speech.
 My best friend's birthday is on the longest day of the year.
COINCIDES
My best friend's birthday coincides with the longest day of the year.
 Some children treat their pets badly.
CRUEL
Some children are cruel to their pets.
 I bought a new jacket without having planned to.
SPUR
I bought a new jacket on the spur of the moment.
 His views on religion aren't the same as mine.
DIFFERENT
His views on religion are different from mine.
His views on religion are different to mine.
We have different views on religion.
 Winning the lottery has definitely had its good and bad points.
BLESSING
Winning the lottery has definitely been a mixed blessing.
 He's a pleasant man socially but he is a tough businessman.
BARGAIN
He's a pleasant man socially but he drives a hard bargain in business.
 He has an obsession about the dishonesty of lawyers.
BEE
He has a bee in his bonnet about the dishonesty of lawyers.
 The young actress was very nervous before the audition.
BUTTERFLIES
The young actress had butterflies in her stomach before the audition.

Exercise 2 page 35:

 As he gets richer, he spends less money.
The richer ... .
The richer he gets, the less money he spends.
 Jane didn't study, and this led to her failure.
Jane's failure ... .
Jane's failure was caused by her lack of study.
 Jane's failure was caused due to her lack of study.
 Whales are rarely seen at this time of year.
There are ... .
There are few whales seen at this time of year.
There are few sightings of whales at this time of year.
 It is open to question whether the candidate will succeed.
It is not ... .
It is not certain that the candidate will succeed.
 Everyone left as soon as she started singing.
No sooner ... .
No sooner did she start singing than everyone left.
No sooner had she started singing than everyone left.
 A car like that will cost us at least £20,000.
We won't be able ... .
We won't be able to buy a car like that for less than £20,000.
 My story has been rejected.
I have received ... .
I have received a rejection to my story.
 My teacher assured me that I would pass the exam.
According ... .
According to my teacher, I am sure to pass the exam.
According to my teacher, I was sure to pass the exam.

Exercise 4 page 36:

 I'm sure I was right to turn down the job.
REGRETS
I have no regrets about turning down the job.
 You'll probably hear from them before Friday.
LIKELY
You're likely to hear from them before Friday.
It's likely you'll hear from them before Friday.
 Joe thinks he is always right.
MISTAKES
Joe thinks he never makes mistakes.

 We have decided to go to Crete for the summer.

INTENTION
Our intention is to go to Crete for the summer.
 The meeting was held in the Town Hall.
TOOK
The meeting took place in the Town Hall.
 It was stupid of you to give up English.
IDIOT
 You were idiot to give up English.
 They managed to buy the house only because we lent them the money.
WITHOUT
Without our loan they wouldn't have managed to buy the house.
 The only reason I came was to see you.
SOLE
My sole reason for coming was to see you.

Exercise 63 page 44:

 Spending all your money was foolish.
It was foolish ... .
It was foolish of you to spend all your money.
 Keeping your eyes open when you sneeze is impossible.
It is impossible ... .
It is impossible to keep your eyes open when you sneeze.
 He is too poor to afford a house.
He isn't ... .
He isn't rich enough to afford a house.
 Jane isn't experienced enough to be considered for the post.
Jane is ... .
Jane is too inexperienced to be considered for the post.
 I can't remember having met him before.
I have no ... .
I have no recollection of having met him before.
 Do you intend to go out with us?
Are you ... ?
Are you thinking of going out with us?
Are you planning to go out with us?
 It took him three hours to correct the papers.
He spent ... .
He spent three hours correcting the papers.

 She has no intention of helping out.

She doesn't ... .
She doesn't mean to help out.
She doesn't intend to help out.
 Could you deliver this message for me?
Would you ... ?
Would you mind delivering this message for me?
 It's not worth going there just for a couple of hours.
It's a ... .
 It's a waste of time going there just for a couple of hours.
 It was difficult for us to get into the club.
We had ... .
We had difficulty getting into the club.
 We are looking forward to meeting again.
The prospect ... .
The prospect of meeting again fills us with pleasure.
 I'm not in the habit of exercising.
I'm not used ... .
I'm not used to exercising.
 He couldn't help noticing that she had bought a new car.
It didn't escape ... .
It didn't escape his notice that she had bought a new car.
 I don't intend to act according to his wishes.
I have ... .
I have no intention of acting according to his wishes.

Exercise 65 pages 45, 46:

 Do you remember seeing that play?
RECOLLECTION
Do you have any recollection of seeing that play?
 I couldn't help noticing that she had lost weight.
ESCAPE
It didn't escape my notice that she had lost weight.
It didn't escape me that she had lost weight.
 Fancy even suggesting that she lend him money!
QUESTION
It's out of the question that she should lend him money.
 He made us re-do the exercise.
FORCED
We were forced to re-do the exercise.
He forced us to re-do the exercise.

 There's no point in saying that now.

UNNECESSARY
It is unnecessary to say that now.
 I can hardly read her writing.
DIFFICULTY
I have (great) difficulty (in) reading her writing.
 It took us half the day to drive into town.
SPENT
We spent half the day driving into town.
 It wasn't worth trying to convince him.
 WASTE
It's a waste of time trying to convince him.
 She's looking forward to changing jobs.
FILLS
The prospect of changing jobs fills her with pleasure.
 Will you be coming to the meeting?
INTEND
Do you intend to come to the meeting?
Do you intend coming to the meeting?
 John proposed that we should go together in his car.
SUGGESTED
John suggested (our) going together in his car.
 Do you have to pay a membership fee at that gym?
NECESSARY
Is it necessary to pay a membership fee at that gym?
 We succeeded in getting the piano up the stairs.
MANAGED
We managed to get the piano up the stairs.
 I don't want to go to the cinema.
FANCY
I don't fancy going to the cinema.
 Do you think anyone will mind if I park here?
PARKING
Do you think anyone will object to me parking here?
Do you think anyone will object to my parking here?
 There's no point in asking him questions like that.
WORTH
It isn't worth asking him questions like that.
 Jenny got ill again because she went out in the cold.
CAUSED
Jenny's going out in the cold caused her to get ill again.

 I never buy that sort of spray-can.

AVOID
I avoid buying that sort of spray-can.
 It's too late for tears now.
USE
It's no use crying now.
 It's not fair that he should be punished like that.
DESERVE
He doesn't deserve to be punished like that.
 Joan says that she didn't dent the car.
 DENIES
Joan denies denting the car.
Joan denies having dented the car.
 It surprises me to hear that she makes so much money.
SURPRISED
I am surprised to hear that she makes so much money.
 Going on holiday now would mean that I'd miss the exams.
INVOLVE
Going on holiday now would involve (my) missing the exams.
 She thinks she might apply for a job in Spain.
CONSIDERING
She's considering applying for a job in Spain.
 My aim is to buy my own house one day.
INTEND
I intend to buy my own house one day.
 I object to the way she changes all my designs.
RESENT
I resent the way she changes all my designs.
I resent her changing all my designs.
 I tell him all the time that he should be more careful.
KEEP
I keep (on) telling him that he should be more careful.
 His lawyer told him that he should take the matter to court.
ADVISED
His lawyer advised him to take the matter to court.
 He finds it hard not to eat sweets when they're offered to him.
RESIST
He finds it hard to resist eating sweets when they're offered to him.

 She has difficulty in working out this kind of problem.

DIFFICULT
It is difficult for her to work out this kind of problem.
She finds it difficult to work out this kind of problem.
She finds it difficult working out this kind of problem.

Exercise 66 page 47:

 I advise you to make a quick decision.
I advise ... .
I advise (your) making a quick decision.
 I often imagine meeting the President.
 I often imagine ... .
I often imagine that I meet the President.
 Why don't you try this new washing powder?
Why don't you try ... ?
Why don't you try using the new washing powder?
 He remembered that he had received the letter.
He remembered ... .
He remembered having received the letter.
He remembered receiving the letter.
 She hopes that she will move house soon.
She hopes ... .
She hopes to move house soon.
 I found that it was difficult to persuade him to accept the offer.
I found ... .
I found persuading him to accept the offer difficult.
I found it difficult persuading him to accept the offer.
 She reminded me to feed the goldfish.
She reminded me ... .
She reminded me that I should feed the goldfish.
 The children started opening their presents.
The children started ... .
The children started to open their presents.
 He admitted that he had stolen the car.
He admitted ... .
He admitted (to) stealing the car.
He admitted (to) having stolen the car.
 The teacher encouraged them to study in the library.
The teacher encouraged ... .
The teacher encouraged studying in the library.

Exercise 67 page 47:

 The police decided not to search for more evidence.
The police decided ... .
The police decided against searching for more evidence.
The police decided that they would not search for more evidence.
 He explained why he had refused the offer.
He explained ... .
He explained the reason for his refusal of the offer.
 It's likely that she'll be late.
She's likely ... .
She's likely to be late.
 I heard them quarrel about whose fault it was.
 I heard them ... .
I heard them quarreling about whose fault it was.
 He pretends that he knows all about Buddhism, but he doesn't.
He pretends ... .
He pretends to know all about Buddhism, but he doesn't.
 I apologise for my thoughtlessness.
I apologise ... .
I apologise for being thoughtless.
 She described the process of changing a punctured tyre.
She described ... .
She described how to change a punctured tyre.
 She promised that she would return the money.
She promised ... .
She promised to return the money.
 Your hair needs to be cut.
Your hair needs ... .
Your hair needs cutting.
 They seem to have got lost on the way here.
It seems ... .
It seems that they have got lost on the way here.

Exercise 68 page 48:

 I told her that she should accept the job offer.
I told her ... .
I told her to accept the job offer.
 She showed us the different stages of making Christmas pudding.
She showed us ... .
She showed us how to make Christmas pudding.

 He demanded that the travel agent should give him a refund.

He demanded ... .
He demanded a refund from the travel agent.
He demanded to be given a refund by the travel agent.
 I fancy a cocktail.
I fancy ... .
I fancy having a cocktail.
 They won't allow you to smoke in the theatre.
They won't allow ... .
They won't allow smoking in the theatre.
 I recommend that you should attend the lecture.
I recommend ... .
I recommend attending the lecture.
 I recommend that you attend the lecture.
 She appears to have persuaded him to accept the offer.
It appears ... .
It appears that she has persuaded him to accept the offer.
 I insist on signing the contract before I leave.
I insist ... .
I insist that I sign the contract before I leave.
 The police suspected that he had deliberately destroyed the evidence.
The police suspected ... .
The police suspected him of deliberately destroying the evidence.
The police suspected him of having deliberately destroyed the evidence.
The police suspected him of deliberate destruction of the evidence.
 He wondered how he could explain what had happened.
He wondered ... .
He wondered how to explain what had happened.
 They love listening to their grandmother describe her childhood.
They love ... .
They love to listen to their grandmother describe her childhood.
 The soldiers helped to save the villagers after the flood.
The soldiers helped ... .
The soldiers helped in saving the villagers after the flood.

Exercise 69 page 48:

 The manager proposed to introduce stricter rules in the workplace.
The manager proposed ... .
The manager proposed introducing stricter rules in the workplace.
 The doctor loathes telling patients bad news.
The doctor loathes ... .
The doctor loathes to tell patients bad news.
 The moment the play ended, the audience began to clap.
The moment the play ended, the audience began ... .
The moment the play ended, the audience began clapping.
 I expect that I will receive some news fairly soon.
I expect ... .
I expect to receive some news fairly soon.
 I believe that one should always be punctual.
I believe ... .
I believe in always being punctual.
I believe in punctuality at all times.
 He couldn't understand her angry reaction.
He couldn't understand ... .
He couldn't understand why she reacted angrily.
He couldn't understand her reacting angrily.
 He denied that he had revealed the secret.
He denied ... .
He denied having revealed the secret.
He denied revealing the secret.
 As we approached the house, the dog ceased to bark.
As we approached the house, the dog ceased ... .
As we approached the house, the dog ceased barking.
 The doctor suggested that the man should eat less meat.
The doctor suggested ... .
The doctor suggested eating less meat.
 She prefers to eat vegetables.
She prefers ... .
She prefers eating vegetables.
 My mother always dreamed of returning to her old home.
My mother always dreamed ... .
My mother always dreamed that she would return to her old home.
 The customer asked to speak to the manager.
The customer asked ... .
The customer asked if he/she could speak to the manager.

Exercise 77 page 52:

 Have you ever thought of changing jobs?
CROSSED
Has it ever crossed your mind to change jobs?
 These two cars are not in the same class at all.
COMPARISON
There is no comparison between these two cars.

 He never stops criticising people.

LIMIT
There is no limit to his criticising people.
There is no limit to his criticism of people.
 It's not our habit to eat so early.
USED
We're not used to eating so early.
 Eventually the injured dog ceased to howl.
STOPPED
Eventually the injured dog stopped howling.
 How does his appearance strike you?
THINK
What do you think of his appearance?
 That man has no pity whatsoever!
DEVOID
 That man is entirely devoid of pity.
That man is completely devoid of pity.
 He is likely to be promoted.
CARDS
His promotion is on the cards.
It is on the cards that he will be promoted.
 I tried to speak to him but he ignored me.
DEAD
I tried to speak to him but he cut me dead.
 We were elated by the birth of our first grandchild.
MOON
We were over the moon when our first grandchild was born.

Exercise 2 page 56:

 I'd prefer you not to shout.
I'd rather ... .
I'd rather you didn't shout.
 So long as they see your badge they will let you in.
Provided you ... .
Provided you show your badge they will let you in.
 You should really be able to cook!
It's high time ... .
It's high time you learned (how) to cook.
 It is said that she stole the diamond herself.
She ... .
She is said to have stolen the diamond herself.

 John was painting the house.

The house ... .
The house was being painted by John.
 In spite of her accident she won the race.
Although ... .
Although she had had an accident she won the race.
Although she had an accident she won the race.
 The man only woke up after the fire was out.
Only after ... .
Only after the fire was out did the man wake up.
 It seems that Linda has left her new job.
Linda ... .
Linda seems to have left her new job.

Exercise 4 page 57:

 You will have to give up the house.
 OPTION
You have no option but to give up the house.
 The man's briefcase was stolen.
ROBBED
The man was robbed of his briefcase.
 Not many people came to the meeting.
TURNOUT
There was a poor turnout to the meeting.
There was a poor turnout for the meeting.
 There's an odour of burnt meat in the kitchen.
SMELLS
The kitchen smells of burnt meat.
It smells of burnt meat in the kitchen.
 They have definitely agreed to lend us the money.
COMMITTED
They are committed to lending us the money.
 Have you got to wear uniforms to school?
COMPULSORY
Is it compulsory (for you) to wear uniforms to school?
 Don't pay any attention when she complains.
NOTICE
Take no notice when she complains.
Don't take any notice when she complains.
 Which is your favourite pop group?
LIKE
Which pop group do you like best?
Exercise 90 page 64:
 It is said that she was the greatest singer of all time.
She is ... .
She is said to have been the greatest singer of all time.
 Who painted this picture?
Who was ... ?
Who was this picture painted by?
 He lets himself be taken advantage of.
He lets people ... .
He lets people take advantage of him.
 She locked the door so that nobody would disturb her.
She locked the door to ... .
She locked the door to avoid being disturbed.
 His claim that he was starving didn't deceive me.
I ... .
I wasn't deceived by his claim that he was starving.
 My aunt's car has been stolen.
Someone ... .
Someone has stolen my aunt's car.
 She was seen to enter the restaurant.
They ... .
They saw her enter the restaurant.
 Parking isn't allowed here.
They ... .
They don't allow parking here.
 No student can be expected to know every word in the book.
Nobody can ... .
Nobody can expect a student to know every word in the book.
 The agreement states that you are to pay once a month.
You are ... .
You are expected to pay once a month according to the agreement.
 There's nothing further to say about this.
Nothing ... .
Nothing further can be said about this.
 I hate people asking me personal questions.
I hate being ... .
I hate being asked personal questions.
 They couldn't understand him.
He couldn't ... .
He couldn't make himself understood.

 She allows people to distract her from her work.

She allows herself ... .
She allows herself to be distracted from her work.
 I'd love you to give me some time off.
I'd love to ... .
I'd love to be given some time off.

Exercise 92 page 65:

 She bribed the judge so that he wouldn't convict her.
AVOID
She bribed the judge to avoid being convicted.
 They say that this book was written by two people.
SAID
It is said that this book was written by two people.
This book is said to have been written by two people.
 She was robbed of all her money.
HAD
 She had all her money stolen.
 How could you be taken in by such a story?
DECEIVE
How could such a story deceive you?
 There's nothing we can do about it now.
DONE
Nothing can be done about it now.
There's nothing to be done about it now.
 You are expected to finish the book by next week.
EXPECT
They expect you to finish the book by next week.
 No professor can be expected to recognise every student.
NOBODY
Nobody can expect a professor to recognise every student.
 I'd hate them to leave me behind.
LEFT
I'd hate to be left behind.
 Who were the jewels stolen by?
STOLE
Who stole the jewels?
 Using notes is forbidden in this exam.
ALLOW
They don't allow you to use notes in this exam.
They don't allow one to use notes in this exam.

 She lets people criticise her.

HERSELF
She allows herself to be criticised.
She lets herself to be criticised.

Exercise 100 page 69:

 "That meal would have satisfied a king!" he exclaimed.
FIT
"That meal was fit for a king!" he exclaimed.
 You shouldn't take delight in other people's failures.
GLOAT
You shouldn't gloat over other people's failures.
You shouldn't gloat about other people's failures.
 My grandmother can hardly hear at all.
VIRTUALLY
My grandmother is virtually deaf.
 Take care not to spill the milk.
MIND
 Mind you don't spill the milk.
 The war has caused emigration to increase.
RESULTED
The war has resulted in an increase in emigration.
 The board met secretly to discuss changes in company policy.
DOORS
The board met behind closed doors to discuss changes in company policy.
The board met behind locked doors to discuss changes in company policy.
 I really want an ice-cream.
DYING
I'm dying for an ice-cream.
 Could someone answer my question?
THERE
Is there anyone who could answer my question?
 She is likely to come before the end of next month.
LIKELIHOOD
There is every likelihood she'll come before the end of next month.
In all likelihood she'll come before the end of next month.
 It is usual for young children to ask a lot of questions.
APT
Young children are apt to ask a lot of questions.

Exercise 2 page 73:

 He is proud of being such a good gardener.
He prides ... .
He prides himself on being such a good gardener.
 We only deliver after we have received the money.
Only after the money ... .
Only after the money has been received do we deliver.
 I'm sure he broke the vase by accident.
I'm sure he didn't ... .
I'm sure he didn't break the vase on purpose.
I'm sure he didn't mean to break the vase.
 He'll get used to it. Then his work will improve.
Once ... .
Once he gets used to it, his work will improve.
Once he's got used to it, his work will improve.
 Despite his huge muscles he is very gentle.
Although ... .
Although he has huge muscles, he is very gentle.
 My request was ignored.
 Nobody ... .
Nobody paid attention to my request.
 "Please don't kill me!" the woman begged her attacker.
The woman pleaded ... .
The woman pleaded with her attacker not to kill her.
 You pay £60 a month for a period of two years.
You pay in 24 successive ... .
You pay in 24 successive monthly instalments of £60.

Exercise 4 page 74:

 I find his books hard to understand.
DIFFICULTY
I have difficulty (in) understanding his books.
 Some people accept that life is full of problems.
RESIGNED
Some people are resigned to the fact that life is full of problems.
 He makes too many mistakes to suit me.
FREQUENT
His mistakes are too frequent to suit me.
 The jewel box was completely empty.
LEFT
There was nothing left in the jewel box.

 He will not be put off taking that trip.

DETER
Nothing will deter him from taking that trip.
 Neil frequently breaks his promises.
GOES
Neil frequently goes back on his promises.
 Virtue is of little value in a corrupt government.
COUNTS
Virtue counts for little in a corrupt government.
 Could you tell me where the lobby is?
DIRECT
Could you direct me to the lobby?

Exercise 121 page 87:

 He mentioned all the details to the chairman.
TOLD
He told the chairman all the details.
 "I disapprove of people who lie," he said.
DISAPPROVAL
He expressed his disapproval of people who lie.
 He expressed his disapproval of people who lied.
 She refused to go to bed until she had seen her favourite soap opera.
INSISTED
She insisted on seeing her favourite soap opera before she went to bed.
 He wondered where his friends had gone.
HIMSELF
He asked himself where his friends had gone.
 "I'm sorry that I kept you waiting," he said to me.
FOR
He apologised for keeping me waiting.
He apologised for having kept me waiting.
 "Don't forget to buy some more milk," he said.
REMINDED
He reminded me to buy some more milk.
 "No, I didn't kill him," he said.
DENIED
The man denied having killed him.
 "I am the one who broke the window," she said.
BEING
She admitted (to) being the one who had broken the window.

 "That's the way to install the light," the shopkeeper said to us.
EXPLAINED
The shopkeeper explained to us how to install the light.
 "Let's go to the zoo," he said.
GOING
He suggested going to the zoo.
 "The food is awful here," she said.
ABOUT
She complained about the food there.
 "Don't talk during the lesson!" the teacher said.
FORBADE
The teacher forbade them to talk during the lesson.

Exercise 129 page 91:

 Everyone was sleeping heavily when the fire broke out.
SOUND
Everyone was sound asleep when the fire broke out.
 She has no talent for art.
HOPELESS
She's hopeless at art.
 She doesn't know whether she should marry him or not.
 MINDS
She's in two minds about marrying him.
She's in two minds whether she should marry him.
 He answered immediately.
QUICK
He was quick to answer.
 She sued the shop as their claim had damaged her reputation.
INJURIOUS
She sued the shop as their claim had been injurious to her reputation.
 It has just crossed my mind that he's not been telling the truth.
OCCURRED
It has just occurred to me that he's not been telling the truth.
 She left school when she was sixteen.
AGE
She left school at the age of sixteen.
 He was dismissed for neglecting his work.
LED
Neglect of his work led to his dismissal.
His negligence of his work led to his dismissal.

 She looks exactly like her mother.

IMAGE
She's the (exact) image of her mother.
 His illness was serious but he managed to get over it.
SEVERITY
Despite the severity of his illness he managed to get over it.

Exercise 2 page 94:

 In spite of his absent-mindedness, he is a good teacher.
Although ... .
Although he is absent-minded, he is a good teacher.
 He was sentenced to two years in prison for drunken driving.
Drunken driving earned ... .
Drunken driving earned him two years in prison.
Drunken driving earned him a two-year prison sentence.
 Many people were doubtful about the new rules.
There was ... .
There was a lot of doubt about the new rules.
 There was no precedent for the chairman's dismissal.
Never ... .
Never before had a chairman been dismissed.
 It is a mystery what happened to the passengers.
 The fate ... .
The fate of the passengers is a mystery.
 John moved to Ireland a year ago.
It is ... .
It is a year since John moved to Ireland.
 The family was informed of the whereabouts of their son.
The whereabouts ... .
The whereabouts of their son were told to the family.
The whereabouts of their son was revealed to the family.
 For an athlete of his strength and speed, winning should be easy.
For such ... .
For such a quick and strong athlete winning should be easy.

Exercise 4 page 95:

 The director knows a lot about modern art.
WIDE
The director has a wide knowledge of modern art.
 His behaviour at the party was incomprehensible to us.
BEYOND
His behaviour at the party was beyond (our) comprehension.
 I consider him my worst enemy.
LOOK
I look on him as my worst enemy.
 That Mary will pass the exam is a foregone conclusion.
BOUND
Mary is bound to pass the exam.
 They may think you killed him.
SUSPECTED
You may be suspected of killing him.
 Len tried to do the exercise, but without success.
MATTER
No matter how hard Len tried, he couldn't do the exercise.
 Only Paul succeeded in reaching the goal.
FAILED
Everyone but Paul failed to reach the goal.
 They were educated very strictly.
THEIRS
Theirs was a very strict education.