Notes of PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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e)

Notes of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Page 79
A.Multiple choice Type
1. b) Thylakoid
2. c) carbon dioxide is evolved
3. b) green
4. d) Photon
5. c) photolysis
6. d) thylakoid
7. b) methylated spirit
8. a) carbon dioxide
9. d) 35 degree centigrade
10. c) polymerization

B, very short answer type


Name the following
a. autotrophs
b. chloroplast
c. ATP
d. glucose
e. Co2 dissolved in water
f. Stroma

2. Groups of terms
a. iron
b. stroma
c. heterotrophs
d. oxygen
e. phloem
e)

C . short answer type


a. False.
Correct statement- Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs
simultaneously with light reaction.
b. True
c. False
correct statement -Green plants are producers
d. False
Respiration results in the loss of dry weight of the plants
e. False
correct statement -Photosynthesis stops at a temperature of
about 40 degree centigrade
f. True
g. True
h.True

2 Fill in the blanks


a. grana
b. iodine solution
c. chloroplast
d. Calvin cycle
e. Sucrose

3 a) The rate of photosynthesis continues to rise as long as the


intensity of light increases.
statement is false
Correct statement - Photosynthesis increases with the light intensity
up to a certain limit only and then it gets stabilized at point S ‘(0.02%
CO2)
e)

b) False
correct statement - The atmospheric temperature is an important
external factor affecting photosynthesis. With the rise in temperature,
the rate of photosynthesis rises. This rise occurs up to the optimum
temperature of 35°c ( maximum suitable temperature when the
photosynthesis occurs best) after which the rate falls and stops
above 40 degree centigrade

c) False
Ice cold water will hamper the process of photosynthesis in the
immersed leaf, even if there is sufficient sunshine because the
temperature is an important factor for the rate of photosynthesis.

d) False
For destarching, the potted plant can be kept in a dark room for 24
to 48 hours. During this period, all the starch will be removed from
the leaves and stored in the storage organs.

e) False
Correct statement- If a plant is kept in bright light all the 24 hours for
a few days, the dark reaction( the biosynthetic phase) will continue
to occur because the dark reaction is independent of light and it
occurs simultaneously with the light dependent reaction.
f) True
Question 4
Photons, grana, water molecules , hydrogen and hydroxyl ions,
oxygen

Question 5
e)

State the four differences between photosynthesis and respiration:

1. Photosynthesis utilizes carbon 1.Respiration uses Oxygen and


dioxide and water and the glucose to power activities of the
presence of light to produce cell.
glucose and oxygen.

2. Photosynthesis results in the 2. Respiration results in the loss


gain of dry weight of the plants. of dry weight of the plants .
3. The raw material for
3. The raw materials for respiration is glucose.
photosynthesis are water,
carbon dioxide and sunlight. 4. Respiration occurs in in all
living organisms
4. Photosynthesis occurs in
plants and some photosynthetic
bacteria

Question 6.
Complete the following food chains:
i) grass grasshoppers snake hawk
ii) corn mouse snake peacock

Question 7.
Name two examples.
a. Hydrilla , Elodea
b. Geranium , Croton
c. Carbon dioxide , water
d. Light, chlorophyll , carbon dioxide and water
e. Photochemical phase, Biosynthetic face
e)

Question 8

Chlorophyll traps solar energy


Methylated Spirit bleaches chlorophyll
Potassium Hydroxide removes (absorbs) CO2
Iodine solution tests presence of starch
water produces oxygen

Question 9
To test the leaf for starch, the leaf is boiled in water to (1) kill the
cells. It is next boiled in methylated Spirit to (2) remove chlorophyll.
The leaf is placed in warm water to soften it. It is then placed in a
dish and (3) Iodine solution is added. The region which contain
starch turns (4)blue black and the region which does not contain
starch turns (5) brown.

Question 10
Write the exact location of each.
(a) Chlorophyll - wall of thylakoid
(b) Chloroplast in the parts of a plant- Mesophyll cells of upper
and lower epidermis of leaves
(c) Stroma - chloroplast
(d) Guard cells - stomata
(e) Palisade cells - beneath epidermis
e)

Descriptive type
Question -1
Define
(a) Photosynthesis- Photosynthesis is the process by which
living plant cells containing chlorophyll produce food substances
like (glucose and starch) from carbon dioxide and water by
using light energy. Oxygen is released as a byproduct.

(b) Thylakoids- Closely packed flattened sacs arranged in


piles in the interior of chloroplasts are called Thylakoids.

(c) Chloroplast- Chloroplasts are minute oval bodies


bounded by a double membrane which contains thylakoids
arranged in piles called grana lying in a colourless ground
substance called stroma.

(d) Photolysis of water- Photolysis of water is defined as the


splitting of water molecules into hydrogen ions and oxygen in
the presence of sunlight.
(e) Polymerisation- Polymerisation is the process in which
several glucose molecules are transformed to produce one
molecule of starch.
Question 2.
(a) The objective of the given experiment is to show that
sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.
(b) The process shown here is photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which living plant cells
containing chlorophyll produce food substances (glucose and
starch) from carbon dioxide and water by using light energy and
releasing oxygen as a by- product.
e)

© We destarch the leaves before the experiment in order to


remove the starch from leaves so that occurrence of
photosynthesis can be detected

(d) To destarch the leaves, the plant is kept in the dark for 24
to 48 hours. This stops photosynthesis in the plant . During this
time, the starch already present in the leaves is translocated to
the storage organs of the plant from the leaves.

(e) When we pour iodine solution over the bleached


experimental leaf, the area where starch is present turns blue
black .

(f) The equation for photosynthesis is given below:

Question 3.

Give reason.

(a) A plant used for experiments on photosynthesis


should initially be placed in the dark for 24 to 48 hours to
destarch the leaves. During this period,all the starch will be
removed from the leaves and stored in the storage organs.
The leaves will not show the presence of starch .So the
various experiments on photosynthesis can be carried out
effectively.
e)

(b) If a green plant is kept in bright sunlight, it tends to use up


all the carbon dioxide produced during respiration for
photosynthesis. Thus, the release of carbon dioxide cannot be
demonstrated.Hence it is difficult to demonstrate respiration as
these two processes occur simultaneously.
(c) Due to more amount of chlorophyll on the upper surface,
more light is trapped. The chloroplasts are concentrated in the
upper layers of the leaf which helps cells to trap the sunlight
quickly. The upper surface is more green and shiny because it
has a waxy coating to prevent loss of water due to transpiration.

(d) During the starch test,


1. The leaf is boiled in water to kill the cells.

2. The leaf is boiled in methylated Spirit till it becomes


pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll. The leaf
now becomes hard and brittle.
Question 4.
Distinguish between the following.

Light reaction Dark reaction


1.ATP and NADPH are 1.Glucose is the main
end products of light product formed during
reaction. dark reaction.
2.The water molecule 2.No splitting of water
splits into hydrogen and takes place.
oxygen
e)

Producers Consumers
1. They are 1. They are
autotrophs. heterotrophs.

2. They can convert 2. They cannot convert


inorganic inorganic
substances into substances into
organic substances. organic substances.

3. It includes green 3. It includes


plants and herbivores and
photosynthetic carnivores.
microorganisms.

4. example green 4. example animals


plants

Grass Grasshopper
1.Green grass being a 1. Grasshopper is a
producer is capable of primary consumer
producing its own food (herbivore) that
by photosynthesis directly feeds on
producers like grass
e)

Stoma Stroma
1.A stoma is a microscopic pore 1. Stroma is is the colourless
surrounded by two specialised guard ground substance found in
cells found in the leaves and stems. It's the chloroplast. It is the site
of light independent
main function is gaseous exchange.
reactions of photosynthesis

Question 5.
1. Place some water plants (Elodea or Hydrilla) in a beaker
containing pond water and and cover them by a short- stemmed
funnel.

2.Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of the funnel. Ensure
that the level of water in the beaker is above the level of stem of
the inverted funnel .)

3.Place the apparatus in the sun for a few hours. Bubbles of gas will
collect in the test tube.

4. Test the gas in the test tube.A glowing splinter bursts into flame
which shows the presence of oxygen.

Question 6.
Light reaction
The light reaction occurs in two main steps:
Step-1- Activation of chlorophyll
e)

The chlorophyll on exposure to light energy becomes activated by


absorbing photons.

Step-2 —- Splitting of water


The absorbed energy is used in splitting the water molecule into its
two components (hydrogen and oxygen) and releasing electrons.

This reaction is known as Photolysis of water.

End results of the products of photolysis

The hydrogen ions (H+) are picked up by a compound NADP


(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate )to form NADPH.

The oxygen(O) component is given out as molecular oxygen (O2)

The electrons (e-) are used in converting ADP (Adenosine


diphosphate)into energy rich compound ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate) by adding one phosphate group P (inorganic
phosphate ).

This process is called photophosphorylation .

Dark reaction
The reactions in this phase do not require light energy and is not
dependent on light.It occurs simultaneously with the light reaction.
e)

The time gap between the light and dark reaction is less than 1000th
of a second. In the dark reaction , ATP and NADPH molecules
(produced during light reaction) are used to produce glucose from
carbon dioxide. Fixation and reduction of carbon dioxide occurs in
the stroma of the chloroplast through a series of reactions. The
glucose produced is either immediately used up by the cells or stored
in the form of starch.

Structure/ Application/ Skill Type

(a) 1—--- sunlight


2 —- Oxygen
3—-- Glucose
4—--- Xylem

(b) A—-- Transpiration


B—-- Translocation

Question 2

(a) Food chain


(b) Hawk, Eagle
(c) Photosynthesis
(d) Oxygen

Question 3
e)

(a) The above experiment is conducted to show that chlorophyll is


necessary for photosynthesis.

(b) The plant was placed in the dark before beginning the experiment to
destarch the leaves.

(c) Balanced chemical equation representing the process of


photosynthesis is given below:

(d) After the starch test on leaf A, only the green parts of the leaf
turn blue black showing the presence of starch.
e)

Question 4
(a) The objective is to prove that carbon dioxide is necessary
for photosynthesis.
(b) No, the experiment will not work satisfactorily because
the beaker contains lime water which does not absorb carbon
dioxide
(c) To obtain expected results , the lime water should be
replaced with potassium hydroxide because it absorbs carbon
dioxide.
(d) Before starting the experiment, it is necessary to destarch
the leaves of the plant by keeping the plant in complete
darkness for 48 hours . This is because if the plant is not
destarched, then the experiment will give false results because
starch stored previously may be detected in the leaf placed in
the beaker even if no starch is produced during the experiment .

(e) Below is the diagram of stomatal apparatus found in


epidermis of leaves with all the different parts labelled:
e)

Question 6

(a) The main aim of the experiment is to show that


oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
(b) Oxygen is released from water.
(c) The gas present in the test tube makes a glowing
splinter burst into flames. This shows presence of
oxygen .
(d) Sodium Bicarbonate

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