MOBIRPL: ADAPTIVE, ROBUST, AND RSSI-BASED MOBILE

ROUTING IN LOW POWER AND LOSSY NETWORKS

by

Ruchi Raghu Bhatt

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING

Major Subject: Inter-networking

at

DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Month, 2022

© Copyright by your full name, year

 Dalhousie University

Faculty of Engineering
Internetworking

The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and award a pass in INWK 6111
for the seminar project entitled "MobiRPL: Adaptive, Robust, and RSSI-based
Mobile Routing in Low Power and Lossy Network" by Ruchi Raghu Bhatt in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering.

___________________________
Instructor’s name here under the line
 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY
INTERNETWORKING PROGRAM

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Title:
MobiRPL: Adaptive, Robust, and RSSI-based Mobile Routing in Low Power and
Lossy Network

The Internetworking Program may make available or authorise others to make

available individual photo/microfilm or soft copies of this report without restrictions
after 14th October,2022.

The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted
material appearing in this report (other than brief excerpts requiring only proper
acknowledgement in scholarly writing) and that all such use is clearly acknowledged.

Full Name of Author: Ruchi Raghu Bhatt

Signature of Author: _________________________

Date: _________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................................................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................
1.1 REFERENCE PAPER ...........................................................................................................................
1.2 MOBIRPL DESIGN..................................................................................................................

2 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................
2.1 Reference Paper one...............................................................................................
2.2 Reference Paper two.............................................................................................
7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................................................................
7.1 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................
7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my gratitude and respect to Prof. (Dr.) William (Bill)
Robertson and the Internetworking Department for believing in me and guiding me
along this task of research papers review.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The report is intended to provide the reader with a brief and broad overview of
research paper and both references.

The paper assigned to the author and two additional scientific papers of his choice
based on personal interest, I wrote the research paper at very start. The first chapter of
report consist of a summary of the assigned research paper on MobiRPL.

The second chapter handles the two reference selected by the author and

Third and final chapter is a creative space where the author share findings, proposals
and peer reviewed scientific papers.
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1 ASSIGNED RESEARCH PAPER

1.1 Research paper: MobiRPL: Adaptive, Robust and RSSI-

based Mobile Routing in Low power and Lossy Networks.

The report contain the problems and solution while using two main terminologies like
RPL and LOADng on Mobile network at low power and lossy network, where while
using RPL for first as it is reliable and more effective the researchers has preferred to
use it on top.

RPL was designed with multiple devices in mind. It is static and there is no real
mobile support mechanism devices.

Whereas it provides large connectivity also used for static devices, but after the
simulation the method does not work well as the RPL consists problems at hybrid
environment and attempt to alleviate the problems. RPL derives problems analysis
highlighted slow link quality update, rough link quality representation, lack of
connectivity management what makes hard for RPL to not support the improvement
of another router design.

MobiRPL Improves routing decision Accuracy and PDR, Shown in figure (a).
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Figure (a)

By above diagram consists PDR (Mobile node) also Accuracy, So after the
comparision of RPL and MobiRPL for both terms, MobiRPL performed accurate on
every seconds and the PDR improvement is approaching Real-time routing solution
which is basically implemented by MobiRPL. Where by figure its confirmed that
MobiRPL is best routing solution at 1 m/s speed, but while on 0.5 m/s accuracy
reduce slightly, where the keep on track the researchers has used Cooja-1 topology
parameter.

Where on parent connection from 0.5 m/s to 5m/s RPL seems to have slight
improvement as compare to PDR, where on MobiRPL seems that it performed
accurate on 1 m/s and 5 m/s but for 0.5 m/s and 2 m/s the speed of MobiRPL got slow.

Due to these circumstances the researched had planned to use different methodology
which named as LOADng which is the next generation routing protocol also light-
weight designed for ad-hoc network (MANETs).
 14

Although LOADng is intended for mobile network, researchers determined because

of its flooding based reactive nature, LOADng has low throughput as traffic
accumulates. In addition, knowledge, RPL has undertaken the most extensive study
and evaluation in Low power and Lossy Network research, they examined mobile
routing in the context of RPL and provide a good for network. Where while executing
LOADng the researcher has faced complications, after false simulation and problems
they have decided to go with RPL technology itself as in they found it efficient and
reliable.

At comparative performance of RPL and LOADng tested with 31 static nodes in

which the percentages vary as result LOADng cause more routing overhead while
compare to RPL. Also, if the network is huge then LOADng will not be able to resist
large energy consumption. Overall, the LOADng performs unappropriated with static
network. Whereas, they started working with RPL problems again with 14-nodes
topology and simulate it with 5 different scenarios which are thoroughly describe at
the research paper.

1.2 MOBIRPL DESIGN

This section describes the detailed design of MobiRPL to meet the aforementioned
five RPL requirements. Three new mechanisms are included in MobiRPL: Mobility
detection, connectivity management, and an RSSI and hop distance-based objective
function are listed in that order.
 14

MobiRPL was designed with three factors in mind:

(1) It should function in non-hybrid mobile LLNs, (2) It should function with few
assumptions and external mechanisms, and (3) It should function
proactively.Even at a speed of 2 m/s, MobiRPL outperforms RPL and
LOADng while satisfying these three criteria, and this is true even when duty
cycling is used.
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2 REFERENCES

[1] S.Jeong, E. Park, D. Woo, H.-S. Kim, J. Paek, and S. Bahk, “MAPLE:
Mobility support using asymmetric transmit power in low-power and lossy
networks,” J. Commun. Netw., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 414–424, 2018.

The first research paper chosen by author is handles by EIC and Divider and based
on low power loss network (LLNs), As per researchers which is mainly used for
wireless network at multi-hop for embedded devices also accurate for variety of
devices like Automated smart infrastructure (AMI), environment monitors, Wireless
networks, IOT and also with cyber physical system (CPS).

In the smart market app, mobile shopping carts are connected to LLNs used for real-
time promotions, cart location tracking, and virtual fencing. Market staff
may also have low power hand held terminals to report inventory/stock status and
market conditions. For more than a decade, the LLN research community has been
developing network layer protocols for energy efficiency and high reliability
in resource-constrained devices.

The researchers has mainly identified how LLN border and router connect with bi-
directional form also are this LLNs are reliable and enegy efficient or not.
 14

There are three contributions to this paper.

Proposal of ATP-based MAPLE system for stable and energy-efficient two-

way communication in mobile LLN. It provides single-hop downlinks and multi-hop
uplinks based on high-capacity gateways based on opportunistic routing based
on RSSI gradient fields.

The researchers has developed several mechanisms to support this

system architecture.NACK-based local downlink forwarding improves downlink
reliability without topology information. High-resolution multisampling makes
RSSI measurements reliable enough to be used as routing metrics. RSSI matching
solves the problem of local maxima of RSSI-based gradient fields.

MAPLE on real embedded devices and experimentally evaluate performance on a

real 32-node testbench using standard RPL, ORPL, and LOADng benchmarks. In
there evaluation, MAPLE provides significantly better packet
forwarding performance and path consistency against topology changes than RPL.
 14

[2] J. Yi, T. Clausen, and Y. Igarashi, “Evaluation of routing protocol for low
power and lossy networks: LOADng and RPL,” in Proc. IEEE ICWISE,
2013.

On this research paper the key element is Routing protocol at Low power and Lossy
Network for smart grids. As per researcher the protocol used for data transmission,
including data collection dissemination of information, etc. This article evaluates two
important points.

Where Routing protocol used for low power and lossy networks: RPL and
LOADng, understanding its strengths and limitations. Observations are provided
based on analysis of specifications. Hands-on experience with protocol routing
overhead, traffic patterns, resource requirements, fragmentation, and so on Additional
simulations are run for performance testing.Various traffic patterns, including inter-
sensor traffic;Traffic from sensor to root and bidirectional traffic from route to sensor.
Through. By evaluating these protocols, readers can better understand their
application and choose the right protocol. The protocol for the desired application.

The research has contain ample of terminologies like MANET protocol Development
which basically focused on defining IP routing protocol for advertising combined
Hoc network during development of protocols. Second is 6LowPAN and ROLL
protocol Development, LOADng.

This article evaluated RPL and LOADng, the routing protocols for LLN, for
applicability to AMI networks. We investigated the strengths and limitations
of both protocols based on specification analysis, experimental experience, and
simulation studies of common traffic patterns in AMI networks.
 14

3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The author has described several drawbacks for research paper one and also for two
references papers.

3.1 Conclusions

In this article, we looked at the routing issues associated with mobile LLNs. We
specifically created a routing protocol that works well in a duty-
cycle general purpose mobile LLN with both static and mobile nodes.

Through experiments with an indoor test bed and the Cooja simulator, we evaluated
the performance of two representative routing protocols: RPL and LOADng, in this
scenario. Due to its reactive nature, we found that LOADng experiences severe
performance degradation as the number of transmitting nodes increases. However,
due to its proactive properties, we found that RPL does not suffer from such a drop in
performance.

The results of experiments performed and the conclusions made for the work done in
this project.

We have demonstrated the reasons why RPL cannot support node mobility through
extensive experiments. To support the mobility of nodes in
mobile LLNs, while maintaining the proactive characteristics of RPL, we have
developed a more common routing protocol called MobiRPL. Three new mechanisms
are part of MobiRPL: RSSI and objective function based on jump
distance, connectivity management and mobility detection.
 14

We implemented MobiRPL on Contiki OS and evaluated its performance using test

bench simulation and analysis. Based on the evaluation results, we confirm that
MobiRPL outperforms RPL and LOADng in terms of reliability and
energy efficiency. Our MobiRPL is applicable to a wider range of mobile LLNs.

3.2 Recommendations

In the future, we want to explore how to determine the best MobiRPL

parameter values, given the environment.
Additionally, we plan to use the latest link layer protocol instead of the
ContikiMAC currently in use. We are considering using time slot channel hopping to
see how the TDMA link layer protocol affects MobiRPL performance.
Although resource allocation strategies for TSCH protocols have been proposed that
take mobility into account, more research is needed to successfully combine TSCH
with mobile routing protocols.
It would be difficult to maintain synchronization, but using the TDMA link layer
protocol would help reduce the struggle and improve the performance of MobiRPL.
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REFERENCES

1. M. Dohler, T. Watteyne, T. Winter, and D. Barthel, “Routing requirements for

urban low-power and lossy networks,” Internet Eng. Task Force, RFC 5548, May
2009

2. O. Gnawali, “The minimum rank with hysteresis objective function,” Internet Eng.
Task Force, RFC 6719, Sep. 2012

3. A. Brandt, J. Buron, and G. Porcu, “Home automation routing requirements in low-

power and lossy networks,” Internet Eng. Task Force, RFC 5826, Apr. 2010

4. C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, “Highly dynamic destination-sequenced distance-

vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers,” ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun.
Review, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 234–244, 1994

5. M. Barcelo, A. Correa, J. L. Vicario, A. Morell, and X. Vilajosana, “Addressing

mobility in RPL with position assisted metrics,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 16, no. 7, pp.
2151–2161, 2015.

6. J. Yi, T. Clausen, and Y. Igarashi, “Evaluation of routing protocol for low power
and lossy networks: LOADng and RPL,” in Proc. IEEE ICWISE, 2013.