4.

1 Some definitions and properties of plane areas…

Y Definitions
Location of Centroid of area
x A
From Y axis From X axis
r y

 xδA 
X yδA
x = A
y = A

A A

Second moment of area

about X axis I xx =  y 2 A about Y axis I yy =  x 2 A

A A
Second moment of area for various cross sections
y Y Y
x x
y
X X d X X d
A=by A=dx

Y b Y b

about X axis about Y axis

d /2 b/2

 y 2by I yy =  bx
2
I xx = x
−d / 2 −b / 2

I xx = b[ y ] 3 d /2
−d / 2
I yy = b[ x 3 ]b−b/ 2/ 2

1 1
I xx = bd 3 I yy = db 3
12 12
 y
bh 3
Ix =
36
h
c x bh 3
h/3 I x' =
X’ 12
b/2 b/2

y
R 4
Ix =
4
x
5R 4
R
c
I x' =
X’
4

y
R 4
8R4
R 4
Ix = − I x' =
R
c 4R
x 8 9 8
3 X’ R 4
Iy =
8
Product of moment of area about OX and OY

I xy =  xyA
A

Product of moment of area about OZ

I zz =  r 2 A
A

I zz =  A =   +  A
2 2 2
r x A y
A A A

= I xx + I yy
The radius of gyration (rx) about x axis

I xx I yy
I xx = A   x =
2
x y =
A A

Parallel axis Theorem

x1

I xx = I x1x1 + Ay 2
y1

I yy = I y1 y1 + Ax 2

I xy = I x1 y1 + Ax y
 I xx =  ( y + y1 ) 2A
A

= y 2  A +  y12A + 2 y  y1A
A A A

Ay = (y +
A
y1 )A

=  y A +  y A
A A
1

  y1A = 0
A

I xx = Ay + I x1x1
2
Example 1
Example 2
Determine second moment of area of the I section
shown below about X axis (horizontal) and y-axis
(vertical) passing through the centroid of the section.
Example 3
Perpendicular axis Theorem
This states that the polar moment of inertia of an area about a
point is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the area
about two perpendicular axes through that point and lying in the
plane.
I zz = I xx + I yy
Transformation law
x1 = x cos + y sin 
y1 = y cos − x sin 
I x1 x1 =  y12A
A

=  ( y cos − x sin  )A

A
2
=  ( y cos  +  x 2 sin 2  + 2  xy sin  cos )A
2

A A

= I xx cos 2  + I yy sin 2  − I xy sin 2

 1 + cos 2   1 − cos 2 
I x1 x1 =  I xx +   I yy − (sin 2 ) I xy
 2   2 

 I xx + I yy   I xx − I yy 
I x1 x1 =   +   cos 2 − I xy sin 2 ------------- (A)
 2   2 
  I xx + I yy   I xx − I yy 
I y1 y1 =   −   cos 2 + I xy sin 2 ------- (B)
 2   2 

 I xx − I yy 
I x1 y1 =
 2  sin 2 + I xy cos 2
 -------- (C)
 

Principal axis

An axis about which product of moment of area is zero it is

called the principal axis
I x1 y1 = 0

2 I xy
tan 2 = −
I xx − I yy
= tan 
has two solutions between 0 and 2

2 =  1 or  1 + 

i.e.  =  1 
or 1 + 
2 2 2

There are two stets of principal axes perpendicular to each

other

Note:
Principal axis through centroid – centroidal principal axis
Any axis of symmetry must be a principal axis
Principal second moment of area

I x1x1 + I y1 y1 = I xx + I yy = constant (independent of )

 Ix1x1 is maximum when Iy1y1 is minimum

d
d ( I x1 x1 ) = 0 gives

 I xx − I yy  2 I xy
− 2  sin 2 − 2 I xy cos 2 = 0 tan 2 = −
 2  I xx − I yy
 2nd moment of area is a maximum or minimum along a
principal axis. Values along principal axes are called
“principal 2nd moments of area”

value of Imax given by

I xx + I yy  I xx − I yy 
I max = +  . cos 2 − I xy . sin 2
2  2 
2 I xy
where tan 2 = −
I xx − I yy
 I xx + I yy  I − I yy

  I max −  sec 2 = xx − I xy . tan 2
 2  2
I xx − I yy  − 2 I xy 
= − I xy . 
2 I −I 
 xx yy 
 I + I yy
 I max − xx
 (I − I yy ) + 4I xy
 sec 2 = xx
2 2

 2  2(I xx − I yy )
  (I xx − I yy ) + 4 I xy
2 2
 I xx + I yy ( I xx − I yy ) 2
 I max −  =
 2  2(I xx − I yy ) (I xx − I yy ) + 4 I xy
2 2

2
I xx + I yy  I xx − I yy 
 I max = +   + I xy 2
2  2 

Similarly,

2
I xx + I yy  I xx − I yy 
 I min = −   + I xy 2
2  2 
Multiple principal axes
Special case Ixy = 0, Ixx = Iyy = I0 (constant value)
0
Direction of principal axes, tan 2 = (indeterminate)
0
But, for all values of ,

i.e. whatever the direction

i.e. every axis is a principal axis and 2nd moment of area is equal
for every axis
Therefore, if a plane area has more than TWO principal axes
(plane of symmetry) through a point, then every axis through
the point must be a principal axis and 2nd moment of area is the
same for every axis
4.2 Introduction to Bending

Tension fibers Neutral surface

Compression fibers
Example 1
Example 2:

For the beams and loadings shown below, design the cross
section of the beams, knowing that the grade of timber used has
an allowable normal stress =12 MPa.

(a)

(b)
Example 3:
Example 4:
4.2.5 Common structural sections
Moment about y-axis is zero because there is no bending applied about y-axis
Example 5:
A cantilever of length 1.2 m with cross section as shown in figure carries a vertical load of
10 kN at outer end, the line of action being parallel with longer leg and action such that no
twisting of the section takes place. Find the maximum stresses in the cantilever at A & B.
Find also the inclination of the N.A.
Izz= 4x106 mm4 , Iyy= 1.08x106 mm4 , Iyz= 1.186x106 mm4
Example 6:
7

(d) Equation of neutral axis

5.4.3 Equivalent section concept
Example 1

The composite beam shown below is made of wood and reinforced

with a steel strap located on its bottom side. If the beam is
subjected to a bending moment of M = 2 kNm, determine the
normal stress at points B and C. Use Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200
GPa.
Example 2