Three-Element Dc-Driven Series LRC Circuit: L Switch

MISN-0-152
THREE-ELEMENT DC-DRIVEN SERIES LRC CIRCUIT

THREE-ELEMENT DC-DRIVEN SERIES LRC CIRCUIT by K. Franklin, P. Signell, and J. Kovacs Michigan State University
switch L V0 R C
1. Introduction and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Study Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Project PHYSNET Physics Bldg. Michigan State University East Lansing, MI
ID Sheet: MISN-0-152 THIS IS A DEVELOPMENTAL-STAGE PUBLICATION OF PROJECT PHYSNET The goal of our project is to assist a network of educators and scientists in transferring physics from one person to another. We support manuscript processing and distribution, along with communication and information systems. We also work with employers to identify basic scientic skills as well as physics topics that are needed in science and technology. A number of our publications are aimed at assisting users in acquiring such skills. Our publications are designed: (i) to be updated quickly in response to eld tests and new scientic developments; (ii) to be used in both classroom and professional settings; (iii) to show the prerequisite dependencies existing among the various chunks of physics knowledge and skill, as a guide both to mental organization and to use of the materials; and (iv) to be adapted quickly to specic user needs ranging from single-skill instruction to complete custom textbooks. New authors, reviewers and eld testers are welcome. PROJECT STAFF Andrew Schnepp Eugene Kales Peter Signell Webmaster Graphics Project Director
Title: Three-Element DC-Driven Series LRC Circuit Author: K. Franklin and P. Signell and J. Kovacs, Michigan State University Version: 2/1/2000 Length: 1 hr; 12 pages Input Skills: 1. Skills from Two-Element D.C.-Driven LRC Circuits (MISN-0151). Output Skills (Knowledge): K1. Starting from the charge-current and voltage-current relations for the three types of passive circuit element: a. Derive the relation between the time rate of change of charge and the circuit parameters. b. Given a solution for the relation, evaluate as many constants as possible without using any information about the circuits initial state. c. Explain why two solution forms are necessary for the relation. Post-Options: 1. The Driven LRC Circuit: Resonances (MISN-0-154). Evaluation: Stage B0
ADVISORY COMMITTEE D. Alan Bromley E. Leonard Jossem A. A. Strassenburg Yale University The Ohio State University S. U. N. Y., Stony Brook
Views expressed in a module are those of the module author(s) and are not necessarily those of other project participants. c 2001, Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET, Physics-Astronomy Bldg., Mich. State Univ., E. Lansing, MI 48824; (517) 355-3784. For our liberal use policies see: http://www.physnet.org/home/modules/license.html.
MISN-0-152
MISN-0-152 where q0 , q1 , a, b and d are constants.
THREE-ELEMENT DC-DRIVEN SERIES LRC CIRCUIT by K. Franklin, P. Signell, and J. Kovacs Michigan State University 1. Introduction and Description
In this module we analyze the special case of the D.C.-driven series LRC circuit. By series LRC we mean there is an inductor, a resistor, and a capacitor connected in series. By D.C.-driven we mean that a direct-current voltage is applied for some period of time and there is no other source of EMF (see Fig. 1.). We examine the mathematics used to nd a complete solution for the time dependence of the circulating charge.
To prove that this is indeed a solution, we insert it and its rst and second derivatives into Eq. (1). Collecting terms, we get: V = q1 eat sin(bt + d) + (Rb 2Lab)q1 eat cos(bt + d) + where we have dened for convenience: La2 Lb2 Ra + 1 . C q0 , C (3)
Since Eq. (3) holds for all times t, we can evaluate the constants at any time we wish. To make our job easy we choose t such that eat = 0 (t ). We get: q0 V = , C so q0 = CV . (4) Putting this back into Eq. (3) and rearranging gives: V q1 eat sin(bt + d) = V + (Rb 2Lab)q1 eat cos(bt + d). Cancelling terms, sin(bt + d) = (Rb 2Lab) cos(bt + d). (6) (5)
2. Study Comments
The general method of attack on the D.C.-driven three-element circuit is the same as that used in the two-element case.1 The reason the 3-element circuit is treated separately is that there are two solutions. To see why, we work through the circuit shown in Fig. 1. Following the same procedure used for the 2-element circuit, we easily arrive at the fundamental equation for this circuit: V =L A solution of Eq. (1) is: q(t) = q0 + q1 eat sin(bt + d),
1 See
1 d2 q(t) dq(t) + q(t) +R dt2 dt C
(1)
We now choose to evaluate Eq. (6) at t = d/b so sin(bt + d) = 0 and cos(bt + d) = 1, resulting in: Rb 2Lab = 0,
(2)
so:
MISN-0-151.
switch L V0 C R
Figure 1. Switch open for t < 0, closed for t > 0.
R . (7) 2L After substituting this into (6), we pick t so that sin(bt + d) = 1 and cos(bt + d) = 0, giving: a= Lb2 Solving for b gives: b= 1 R2 . LC 4L2 (8) R2 R2 1 + = 0. 4L 2L C
MISN-0-152
MISN-0-152 Thus: b = which makes our second solution: q(t) = CV + q1 e(R/2L)t sinh R2 1 t+d 2 4L LC ; R L/C. 1 R2 , 2 4L LC
Here is what we have found: Eq. (2) is a solution to Eq. (1) providing q0 , a, and b are restricted to certain combinations of the circuit parameters. However, Eq. (2) is a solution to Eq. (1) no matter what the values of q1 and d, so these latter are the two adjustable constants required in a solution of a second order dierential equation. They must be set from the initial conditions for a particular problem you are wanting to solve. The solution we have developed has a problem if R2 /4L2 > 1/LC, for then the argument of the square root in Eq. (8) is negative! Then we must add a restriction to the solution we have found: q(t) = CV + q1 e(R/2L)t sin 1 R2 t+d ; R2 LC 4L2 L/C. (9)
The unevaluated constants in our two solutions, q1 and either d or d , cannot be determined without specic information about the circuits initial state.
Now what about cases that violate the restriction? For such cases we replace the circular functions, sine and cosine, with their hyperbolic counterparts: et et et + et sinh(t) cosh(t) . 2 2 Note that the derivative of (cosh) is (+ sinh), as opposed to the derivative of (cos) being ( sin) for the circular functions. We write this solution as: q(t) = q0 + q1 eat sinh(b t + d ), where q0 , q1 , a, b and d are constants. Substitution into Eq. (1) produces: V = q1 eat sinh(b t + d ) + (Rb 2Lab )q1 eat cosh(b t + d ) + where: 1 . C Substituting into Eq. (10) and cancelling yields: La2 + Lb 2 Ra + Lb 2 R2 1 R2 + 4L 2L C sinh(b t + d ) = 0. q0 . C (10)
Acknowledgments
Preparation of this module was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Division of Science Education Development and Research, through Grant #SED 74-20088 to Michigan State University.
Since this holds for any t, and sinh(b t + d ) is not always zero, the coefcient of sinh(b t + d ) must be zero: Lb 2 R2 1 R2 + = 0. 4L 2L C
MISN-0-152
ME-1
MODEL EXAM
q(t) = q0 + q1 eat sin(bt + d) q(t) = q0 + q1 eat sinh(b t + d ) 1. See Output Skill K1 in this modules ID Sheet.
Brief Answers: 1. See this modules text.
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MISN-0-152

THREE-ELEMENT DC-DRIVEN SERIES LRC CIRCUIT

1. Introduction and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Study Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Project PHYSNET Physics Bldg. Michigan State University East Lansing, MI

MISN-0-152 where q0 , q1 , a, b and d are constants.

1 d2 q(t) dq(t) + q(t) +R dt2 dt C

Brief Answers: 1. See this modules text.

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