Methodology of Soc Res

H I
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
Xya{ejU H|$Ð
gÌ-3 : nona H«$_m§H$ SOC 06

gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr
(Methodology of Social Research - with Practical)
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)
K J
© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)
àW_md¥Îmr : 2015
{ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr : 2016
V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr : 2017
gwYm[aV Mm¡Wr Amd¥Îmr : 2021
E_. E. ^mJ 2 (gÌ 3 : gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr) H$[aVm
gd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm òUma
Zmhr.
àVr : 500
àH$meH$
S>m°. ìhr. EZ. qeXo
à^mar Hw$bg{Md,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,
H$moëhmnya : 416 004
_wÐH$
lr. ~r. nr. nmQ>rc
AYrjH$,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,
H$moëhmnya : 416 004
ISBN-978-81-8486-590-5
H Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)
(ii)
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
n gëcmJma g{_Vr n
àm. (S>m°.) S>r. Q>r. {eH}$ àm. (S>m°.) Eg. Eg. _hmOZ
Hw$cJwê$, à^mar A{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` d ì`dñWmnZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) nr. Eg. nmQ>rc àmMm`© (S>m°.) Ama. Or. H$wcH$Uu
à-Hw$cJwê$, à^mar A{YîR>mVm, _mZd{dkmZ {dÚmemIm,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) E_. E_. gmiw§Io àmMm`m© (S>m°.) lr_Vr E_. ìhr. JwidUr
_mOr Hw$cJwê$, à^mar A{YîR>mVm, Am§Va-{dÚmemIr` Aä`mg {dÚmemIm
èd§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zm{eH$ {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm S>m°. ìhr. EZ. qeXo
_mOr Hw$cJwê$, à^mar Hw$cg{Md,
åh¡gya {dÚmnrR>, åh¡gya {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. nr. àH$me lr. Or. Ama. nigo
A{V[aŠV g{Md-II à^mar g§MmcH$, narjm d _yë`_mnZ _§S>i,
{dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJ, Zdr {Xëcr {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. (S>m°.) gr_m òdco lr. E. ~r. Mm¡Jwco
JrV-JmoqdX, âc°Q> Z§. 2, à^mar {dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,
1139 gmB©Šg EŠñQ>|eZ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
H$moëhmnya-416001
àm. (S>m°.) S>r. Ho$. _moao (gXñ` g{Md)
àm. (S>m°.) Ama. Ho$. H$m_V g§MmcH$, Xya{ejU H|$Ð,
à^mar A{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ {dÚmemIm, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
(iii)
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
ng_mOemñÌ Aä`mg_§S>i n
AÜ`j - S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o
gm¡. _§JcmVmB© am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`, C§~«O, {O. gmVmam
l S>m°. AéU {dÇ>c nm¡S>_c l S>m°. g§O` qhXþamd qeXo (gZXo)
èd§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO (Ho$.E_.gr.) gaXma ~m~mgmho~ _mZo H$m°coO,
H$moëhmnya a{h_Vnya, {O. gmVmam
l àm. S>m°. Oo. EM. H$amS>o l S>m°. a_oe qhXþamd nmQ>rc

g_mOemñÌ A{Y{d^mJ, lr_Vr Ho$.Ama.nr. H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya CéU-Bñcm_nya, {O. gm§Jcr.
l S>m°. lr_Vr à{V_m ehmOramd ndma l S>m°. gVre gO}amd XogmB©

g_mOemñÌ A{Y{d^mJ, Eg. E_. S>m°. ~mnyOr gmiw§Io H$m°coO,
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya {_aO, {O. gm§Jcr
(iv)
àñVmdZm
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m Xya{ejU {d^mJm§VJ©V nXì`wÎma Aä`mgH«$_mgmR>r g_mOemñÌ {df`mMr
{ZdS> Ho$coë`m gd© {dÚmÏ`mªMo hm{X©H$ ñdmJV. `m Aä`mgH«$_mV Vwåhr g_mOemñÌmMo gÌ
nÕVrZwgma EHy$U AmR> nong© Aä`mgUma AmhmV. Ë`mn¡H$s gÌ 3 gmR>r nona H«$. SOC 06
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr Agm Amho. `m nona_Üò EHy$U Mma AÜ``Z KQ>H$ g_m{dîQ> AgyZ Ë`m§Mo
coIZ AË`§V gwc^nUo d nÕVeranUo Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m_wio Vwåhm {dÚmÏ`mªZm gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ
nÕVrMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoB©c `mMr _cm ImÌr Amho.
`m nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mMo _m. Hw$cJwê$ àm. S>m°. S>r. Q>r. {eH}$, à-
Hw$cJwê$ _m. S>m°. nr. Eg. nmQ>rc, g_mOemñÌ Aä`mg _§S>imMo AÜ`j àm. S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o d
Aä`mg _§S>imMo gd© gXñ`, `m nonagmR>r coIZ H$aUmao gd© ghH$mar àmÜ`mnH$ Am{U Xÿa{ejU
{d^mJmVrc gd© àemgH$s` godH$m§Mo _mocmMo ghH$m`© {_imco. Ë`m~Ôc darc gdmªMo _r _Znyd©H$
Am^ma _mZVmo.
n g§nmXH n
S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o

gm¡. _§JcmVmB© am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`,
C§~«O, {O. gmVmam
(v)
Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr
{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
H$moëhmnya
Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$
gÌ-3
coIZ gh^mJ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$
àm. AM©Zm OJVH$a 1
Ý`y H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya
àm. S>m°. E_. Eg. qeXo 2

N>ÌnVr {edmOr H$m°coO, gmVmam
lr. ~~Z nmQ>moio 2
ghmæ`H$ àmÜ`mnH$, Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya
àm. S>m°. gm¡. e¡cOm H$m. _mZo 3

AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g© H$m°coO, ZmJR>mUo
àm. X`mdVr nmS>iH$a 4

~`m~mB© lrnVamd H$X_ H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmc`, H$S>oJm§d
n g§nmXH n
S>m°. _pÀN>¨Ð gH$Q>o

gm¡. _§JcmVmB© am_M§Ð OJVmn _{hcm _hm{dÚmc`,
C§~«O, {O. gmVmam
(vi)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr
E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ
AZwH«$_{UH$m
KQ>H$
KQ>H$mMo erf©H$ nmZ H«$_m§H$
H«$_m§H$
1. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ 1
2. gm_m{OH$ d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ 15
3. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m 68
4. Z_wZm nÕVr 92
(vii)
n {dÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm
àËòH$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV C{ÔîQ>m§Zr hmoB©c. C{ÔîQ>o {XemXe©H$ Am{U nwT>rc

~m~r ñnîQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.
1. KQ>H$m_Üò H$m` {Xcoco Amho.
2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.
3. {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hmoÊ`mMr

Anojm Amho.
ñd`§ _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV

Amcocr AmhoV. Ë`m_wio KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `mo½` {XeoZo hmoB©c. Vw_Mr CÎmao
{chÿZ Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd`§ AÜ``Z gm{hË`m_Üò {Xcocr CÎmao nmhm. hr Vw_Mr
CÎmao (qH$dm ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>o _yë`_mnZmgmR>r nmR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr
`mo½` {XeoZo Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎmao "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool)
åhUyZ Cn`wŠV R>aVrc.
{à` {dÚmWu,
ho ñd`§AÜ``Z gm{hË` `m nonagmR>r EH$ nyaH$ Aä`mggm{hË` åhUyZ
Amho. Ago gy{MV H$aÊ`mV òVo H$s, {dÚmÏ`mªZr 2018-19 nmgyZ V`ma
Ho$cocm ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$_ nmhÿZ Ë`mà_mUo `m nonaÀ`m gImoc Aä`mgmgmR>r
g§X^©nwñVHo$ d BVa gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$amdm.
(viii)
gÌ-3 : KQ>H$ 1
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ
(Scientific Research)
1.0 KQ>H$ g§aMZm

1.1 C{X²XîQ>ço
1.2 àñVmdZm
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén Am{U àH$ma
ñd`§ - AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 1
1.3.2 d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr Am{U nÜXVremñÌmVrb \$aH$
ñd`§ - AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2
1.3.3 Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌkmVrb X¥ï>rH$moUmVrb \$aH$
ñd`§ - AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3>
1.4 gmam§e
1.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao
1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
1.1 C{Ôï>ò : (Objectives)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ Aä`mgV AgVmZm Ë`m_Üò d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo g§emoYZ H$aUo AË`§V _hËdmMo
AgVo. d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo g§emoYZ ho nÜXVeranUo Ho$bo OmVo. gË`mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r AI§S>nUo g§emoYH$
à`ËZerb AgVmo. `m KQ>H$m_Üò d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV OmUyZ KoV AgVmZm
A) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMm AW©, d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMo {d{dY Q>ßno `m§Mo ñdén g{dñVanUo Aä`mgVm
òB©b. VgoM ewÜX g§emoYZ Am{U ì`mdhm[aH$ g§emoYZmMm AW©hr OmUyZ KoVm òB©b. Ë`mMn«_mUo
g§»`mË_H$ d JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén Aä`mgVm òB©b Ë`mM~amo~a VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z g{dñVanUo
H$aVm òB©b.
1
~) d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMo ñdén Aä`mgë`mZ§Va d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV Am{U nÜXVremñÌmMo AÜ``Z H$aVm òB©b
VgoM d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV Am{U nÜXVremñÌmVrb \$aH$mMm Aä`mg H$aVm òB©b.
H$) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén OmUyZ KoVmZm gm_m{OH$ emñÌk Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌkm§À`m g§emoYZ
{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVrb \$aH$mMohr AÜ``Z H$aVm òB©b.
1.2 àñVmdZm :
""H$moUË`mhr {df`mMm nÜXVera Aä`mg H$aUo åhUOo emñÌ hmo`.'' Aer emñÌmMr gd©gmYmaU
ì`m»`m Ho$br OmVo. emñÌmMo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ JQ>mV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌo Am{U gm_m{OH$
emñÌo. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌm_Üò {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>H$mMm d dñVyMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©,
^m¡{VH$emñÌ, agm`ZemñÌ, OrdemñÌ, IJmobemñÌ Va gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMm
{d{dY ÑïrH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©, g_mOemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, amÁèmñÌ, _mZgemñÌ,
B{Vhmg, VËdkmZ B. Mm g_mdoe `m{R>H$mUr hmoV AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr {df`mbm emñÌ åhUyZ Or _mÝ`Vm
àmßV hmoVo Vr _mÝ`Vm {df`m_Üò Aä`mgmMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo `mda Vmo Adb§~yZ ZgVo Va Vo Aä`mgmMo KQ>H$
AmnU Á`m {d{eï> Aä`mgnÜXVrZo åhUOoM emñÌr` Aä`mg nÜXVrZo hmVmiËmmo. Voìhm Ë`m {df`mbm
emñÌr` ñdén àmßV hmoVo. EHy$UM H$moUË`mhr {df`mbm emñÌ åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {_idÊ`mgmR>r emñÌr`
Aä`mgnÜXVrMm dmna hm H$amdmM bmJVmo. emñÌ H$moUVohr Agmo gmd©{ÌH$ gË`mMm emoY KoUo hm Ë`mMm
à_wI hoVy d C{ÔîR>ço AmhoV. ""emñÌ åhUOo Xwgao {Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ gË`mMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r AI§S>nUo
Mmby AgUmam Vmo EH$ àXrK© àdmg Amho.''
H$moUË`mhr _mZdr g_mOmV gË`mMm emoY KoVmZm Ë`mg§~§Yr ì`mdhm[aH$ gË` Am{U emñÌr` gË` `m
Xmohm|À`m_Yrb {^ÝZVm bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. nma§nm[aH$ gË` ho àm_w»`mZo bmoH$éT>r d na§nam
`mMà_mUo Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmVrb d`mod¥ÜX d ~wÜXr_mZ ì`ŠVr `m§À`mH$Sy>Z àñWm{nV Pmbobo AgVo.
nma§nm[aH$ gË`mMm gm_mÝ` _mUyg H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo àíZ, e§H$m CnpñWV Z H$aVm {ñdH$ma H$aVmo. Aem
àH$maMo gË` ho lÜXoer {ZJS>rV AgVo. Va `m CbQ> emñÌr` gË` ho H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z pñdH$mabo
OmV AgVmZm Ë`mMr H$miOrnyd©H$ Mm¡H$er Ho$br OmVo, Vo VnmgyZ KoVbo OmVo, Ë`mMo narjU Ho$bo OmVo d
Ë`m-Ë`m {R>H$mUr à`moJ d {ZarjUmMm dmna H$éZ àË`j AZw^d KoVbm OmVmo. {deof åhUOo
Am§YionUmZo H$moUË`mhr Jmoï>tMm pñdH$ma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.
emñÌr` gË` åhUOo KQ>Zm-KQ>Zm§À`m nañnag§~§Ym~m~V AZw^dOÝ` Aem àH$maMo R>m_nUmZo Ho$bobo
gmd©O{ZH$ ñdénmMo Vo {dYmZ AgVo. Aem àH$maMo {dYmZ H$aUo åhUOoM gm_mÝ`rH$aU hmo`, Am{U
{gÜXm§VmMr _m§S>Ur H$aUo hmo`. åhUyZM emñÌ åhUOo Xwgao-{Vgao H$mhr ZgyZ {d{dY {gÜXm§VmÀ`m AmYmao
Ë` {d{eï> KQ>H$m§~m~V kmZmMo Ho$bobo gmam§erH$aU AgVo. emñÌmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r _mZdmMr AZw^dOÝ`
B§{Ðò _mZdmÀ`m {R>H$mUMr {Okmgm, gdmªÀ`m _Vo EH$_V hmoUo ho VrZ KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AgVmV.
2
_mZdmÀ`m B{VhmgmBVH$mM _mZdmMm kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ OwZm Amho. H$maU kmZ g§nmXZ H$aUo
hr _mZdmMr ñd^mdàd¥ËVrM Agë`m_wio àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZM kmZ àmßVrgmR>r {d{dY gmYZm§Mm dmna
H$éZ kmZ {_i{dÊ`mMm Vmo gmVË`mZo à`ËZ H$arV Amho. hm Aä`mg gm_mÝ` {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao H$éZ
Ë`mZo {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Urhr Ho$br d `m {Z`_m§À`m AmYmao Vmo Amnbo dV©_mZH$mbrZ d ^{dî`H$mbrZ OrdZ
gwgø H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$é bmJbm.> AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb emoYm_mJo EH$ àH$maMr emñÌmoŠV àd¥ËVr
Agbobr {XgyZ òVo. {dkmZmÀ`m àJVrMo _yi ho `mM àd¥ËVrV Amho `m emñÌr` d¥ËVrVyZM AmO gd©Xya
à{gÜX AgUmar d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr ApñVËdmV Ambr Amho. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZm_wwio EImÚm gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zog§X^m©Vrb H$maU_r_m§gm ñnîQ>nUo XmI{dVm òVo. emñÌr`-g§emoYZ nÜXVrÀ`m _mJo Or VmH$s©H$
gwg§JVr Amho Vr gwÜXm Q>ßß`mZo {dH${gV Pmbr Amho.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén H$m` Amho VgoM Ë`mMo {d{dY àH$mao H$moUVo AmhoV `m
g§X^m©Vbo AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmUma Amho. VgoM d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr Am{U nÜXVremñÌmVrb \$aH$mMm hr Aä`mg
Ho$bm OmUma Amho. `m{edm` `m àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$m_Üò Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌk Am{U gm_m{OH$
emñÌkmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mV òUma Amho. `mMohr AÜ``Z `m KQ>H$mV AmnU
H$aUma AmhmoV.
1.3.1 d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén :
EHy$UM emñÌr` gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mbm {d{eï> Aä`mgnÜXVrMm dmna H$amdm
bmJVmo. `m {d{eï> Aä`mg nÜXVrbmM d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÜXV åhUVmV. H$mb©{nAg©Z `m§Zr `mg§X^m©V
nwT>rb AWm©Mo {dYmZ Ho$bo Amho.
""emñÌmbm gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÜXVr BVH$m Xygam H$moUVmhr OdiMm _mJ©
Zmhr.''
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m Am{U Ë`mg§X^m©V H$mhr _hËdmÀ`m ~m~r darb _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao
g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMo {d{dY Q>ßno gm§{JVbo OmVmV, Vo Imbrb à_mUo.
1) Am°JñV H$m°_ :
{df`mMr {ZdS>
{ZarjUmVyZ VÏ`mMo g§H$bZ
VÏ`mMo dJuH$aU
VÏ`mMr nS>VmiUr
3
{gÜXm§VmMo à{VnmXZ
2) Oo. E. Wm°_gZ `m§Zr "Introduction to Science' `m J«§WmV d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ghm Q>ßno
gm§{JVbo AmhoV.
1. {ZarjUmVyZ _m{hVr g§H$bZ
2. gm_J«rMo _mnZ
3. dJuH$aU d gmaUrH$aU
4. {díbofU
5. J¥hrVH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
6. gm_mÝ` {Z`_mMo à{VnmXZ
bwÊS>~J© `m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo Mma Q>ßno "Social Research' `m nwñVH$mV dU©Z Ho$bo AmhoV
g§emoYZmMo Q>ßno :
1. J¥hrVH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr
2. VÏ`m§Mo {ZarjU d boIZ
3. VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU
4. gm_mÝ`rH$aU
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m Q>ßß`m§À`m g§X^m©V {dMma doJdoJio AgVrb Var `mVrb à_wI Q>ßno H$_rV
H$_r Mma AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmV gm_mÝ`V: {H$Vr Q>ßno Agmd`mg hdo `m g§X^m©V
Social Science Research Council, New York gëbmJma g{_VrZo H$mhr A{Zdm`©Vm ñnï> Ho$ë`m
AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rb à_mUo,
1) g_ñòMr VH©$g§JV ì`m»`m Ho$bobr Agmdr.
2) eãX, {dMma, g§H$ënZm VgoM gmYZo `m§Mr ñnï> Ag§{X½Y ì`m»`m {díbofU {Xbobo Agmdo.
3) gm_J«rMo g§H$bZ d dJuH$aU `mo½` nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm Omdm.
4) {ZpíMV ñnï> eãXmV {ZîH$fm©Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Omdr.
5) g§nyU© g§emoYZ ho dñVw{Zð>, njnmV {da{hV Agmdr.
darb ~m~r§Mm g§emoYZm§VJ©V Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.
d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmV Imbrb g§emoYZmÀ`m Q>ßß`m§Mm dmna Amdí`H$ Zmhr Va A{Zdm`© R>aVmo.
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1) g_ñ`mgyÌU :
d¡km{ZH Aä`mgnÜXVr_Yrb g_ñ`m gyÌrH$aU hr n{hbr nmàr AgVo. `m_Üò Aä`mgH$ Amnë`m
g_moa Cä`m AgUmè`m g_ñòMo EH$m {d{eð> nÜXVrZo _m§S>Ur H$aV AgVmo. d¡km{ZH$ g_ñòMo gyÌU H$aUo
hr d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``ZmMr AmYma{ebm Amho d d¡km{ZH$ g_ñòÀ`m gyÌUm§H$[aVm d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``ZmMr
Amdí`H$Vm Amho. H$moUË`mhr g§emoYZmV g§emoYZ g_ñòMr {ZdS> hr _hËdmMr R>aVo H$maU g§emoYZ
g_ñòÀ`m {ZpíMVr daM nwT>rb g§emoYZ Adb§~Zy AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r `mo½` Aem g_ñòMr {ZpíMVr H$aUo
JaOoMo AgVo.
g_ñ`m gyÌrH$aUm_Üò nwT>rb Jmoï>r _hËdmÀ`m R>aVmV.
1) Aä`mgH$mZo hmVr KoVboë`m g_ñò_Yrb {d{dY g§H$ënZm Am{U eãX `m§Mo AW© {ZpíMV H$aUo.
2) g_ñòVrb g§H$ënZoÀ`m AZwamoYmZo Amnë`m g§emoYZ {df`mMr ñnï> eãXm_Üò _m§S>Ur H$aUo.
3) Amnë`m g§emoYZ {df`mMr ì`mßVr Am{U H$mbmdYr {ZpíMV H$aUo.
4) g§emoYZ {df`mbm hì`m AgUmè`m VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$moUË`m nÜXVrZo H$am`Mo ho {Z{íMV H$aUo.
àm_w»`mZo {ZarjU V§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo g§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo Am{U {ZarjU V§Ìmbm _wbmIV,
àíZmdbr, Z_wZm {ZdS> BË`mXrMm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo.
5) g§H${bV VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU H$aVmZm Aä`mgmÀ`m H$moUË`m nÜXVr Cn`moJmV AmUmd`mÀ`m AmhoV
`mg§~§Yr {ZU©` AmYrM ¿`mdo bmJVmV.
WmoS>Š`mV g§emoYH$mbm g_ñ`mgyÌrH$aU H$aVmZm darb gd© Jmoï>r {dMmamV KoD$Z g_ñòMr _m§S>Ur
H$amdr bmJVo. g§emoYH$mZo Amnë`m {df`mMr {ZdS> A{Ve` H$miOrnyd©H$ Ho$br nm{hOo. {df`mMr qH$dm
Ë`mÀ`m {dd{jV n¡by§Mr {ZdS> åhUOo g_ñ`mgyÌU hmo`.
2) J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr :
g§emoYH$ AmnU hmVr KoVboë`m g§emoYZ g_ñòMo EH$ g§^mì` CËVa V`ma H$aVmo. `m CËVambmM
qH$dm g§^mì` Aem {dYmZmbmM J¥hrV H¥$Ë` Ago åhUVmV. J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmbm {Xem {_iVo.
g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m nyd©kmZ Am{U _m[hVr `m§À`m AmYmao J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§_wio
g§emoYH$mbm Amnë`m AÜ``Z {df`mda bj H|$ÐrV H$aÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.
J¥hrVH¥$Ë` ho g¡ÜXm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm gmono, ñnï>, {d{eï>, g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m g§X^m©V AZwHy$b Am{U
{ZarjUj_ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br
nm{hOo. J¥hrVH¥$Ë` ho g§^mì` CËVa Agbo Var Vo IaoM R>aob Ago Zmhr. H$mhr doim Vo ImoQ>o R>aÊ`mMrhr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo J¥hrVH¥$Ë` Iao R>a{dÊ`mMm AmJ«h YaÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. JwS> Am{U h°Q>
`m§Zr Amnë`m "Methods in Social Research' `m à{gÜX J«§WmV J¥hrVVËdm§Mo dU©Z nwT>rb à_mUo
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Ho$bo Amho. "J¥hrVVËd åhUOo g§emoYH$mZo Ho$boobo Aem àH$maMo {dYmZ H$s Á`m {dYmZm§Mm Iao-ImoQ>onUm
VnmgyZ ¿`md`mMm AgVmo.' J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m_wio g§emoYZ à{H«$`m EH$m {d{eï> {XeoZo d A{YH$ doJmZo nwT>o OmD$
eH$Vo. g§emoYH$mZo Oa Aä`wnJ_mMr / J¥{hVH¥$Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br Zmhr Va Ë`mMr AdñWm EImÚm
A§Ymè`m ImobrV EImÚm Am§Yù`m ì`ŠVrZo YS>nS>V amhmÊ`mgmaIr hmoB©b. åhUyZ `mo½` J¥{hVH$mMr
_m§S>Ur H$aUo ho g§emoYZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hËdmMo AgVo.
3) g§emoYZ AmamIS>m :
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§À`m _m§S>UrZ§Va g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo. doi, n¡gm, l_
`m§Mm Anì`` Z H$aVm H$_rV H$_r IM©, doi Am{U l_mV g§emoYZ à{H«$`m `mo½` {XeoZo nyU© H$amd`mMr
AgVo. VÏ`g§H$bZ, Z_wZm {ZdS>, {ZarjU, g§»`memñÌr` `moOZm B. ~m~V òUmè`m H$m`©nÜXVr~m~VÀ`m
{ZU©`m§Mm A§V^m©d H$éZ ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambobr `moOZm åhUOo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hmo`.
4) Z_wZm {ZdS> :
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm Amnë`m g§emoYZ {df`mMo g_J« {ZpíMV H$éZ Ë`m g_J«mVrb àm{V{Z{YH$ Z_wZm
{ZdS>mdm bmJVmo. Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aVmZm g§^mì`Vm Am{U Ag§^mì`Vm Aem XmoZ nÜXVr AmhoV. H$moUË`m
Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm dmna H$amd`mMm `mMm {ZU©` g§emoYH$mbm ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Z_wZm hm `mo½` Am{U
àm{V{ZYrH$ ñdénmMm AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU Aem Z_wÝ`mÀ`m AmYmamda H$mT>bb o o {ZîH$f© ho
g_J« g_mOmbm bmJw nS>Umao AgVmV.
5) VÏ` g§H$bZ Am{U VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU> :
VÏ`m§Mo àmW{_H$ Am{U pìXVr`H$ Ago XmoZ ñÌmoV AmhoV. g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo g§emoYZH$Vm©
àmW{_H$ qH$dm pìXVr`H$ ñÌmoVm§ìXmao VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo H$maU g§H${bV Ho$bobr
VÏò _m[hVr d AmH$S>odmar hr AñVmì`ñV Am{U {dIwabobr AgVo åhUyZ VÏ`m§Zm ì`dpñWV H$aUo
_hËdmMo AgVo. dJuH$aUm_wio {dñH$irV VÏ`m§Zm {eñV bmJVo. VgoM KQ>Zm KQ>Zm§À`m H$m`©H$maU
g§~§Ym~m~V Aä`mgH$mbm H$mhr ñnï>rH$aU gwMy bmJVo d Aä`mgH$mMr dmQ>Mmb {ZîH$fm©À`m {XeoZo hmodw
bmJVo. WmoS>Š`mV VÏ` g§H$bZ d dJuH$aU H$aUo g§emoYH$mgmR>r _hËdmMo AgVo.
6) VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU> d {ZîH$f© :
{díbofU hr EH$ AË`§V ì`mnH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho g§emoYZ à{H«$òV VÏ`m§À`m g§H$bZmZ§Va
VÏ`{díbofU H$aUo _hËdmMo AgVo g§H${bV Ho$boë`m VÏ`m§Mo narjU, dJuH$aU, g§Ho$VrH$aU, H$moï>Ho$
V`ma g§»`memñÌr` {ZîH$fm©Mo à{VnmXZ H$aUo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {díbofUmZ§Va Ë`m {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V
{ZîH$f© _m§S>bo OmVmV.
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7) {ZîH$fm©Mo {Zd©MZ Am{U Ahdmb boIZ :
g§emoYZmVyZ _m§S>boë`m {ZîH$fmªÀ`m ì`mnH$ AWm©Mm emoY KoUo åhUOoM {Zd©MZ hmo`. `mZ§Va
g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m g§emoYZmMm Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Ahdmbmgmo~V Amdí`H$ AgUmar n[a{eï>ohr OmoS>br nm{hOoV.
`m gd© Q>ßß`m§Mm dmna Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§emoYZ à{H«$`m nyU© hmoVo.
g§emoYZ à{H«$òÀ`m {d{dY Q>ßß`m§À`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va g§emoYZmÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg _hËdmMm
R>aVmo. g§emoYZmMo {d{dY àH$ma Imbrb _wÔ`m§À`m AmYmao _m§S>Vm òVrb.
g§emoYZmMo àH$ma :
1) ewÜX/_wb^yV g§emoYZ : (Pure Research)
H$moUË`mhr emñÌmV ewÜX/_wb^yV g§emoYZ ho Zoh_rM Ho$bo OmV AgVo. qH$~hþZm `mM àH$maMo
g§emoYZ àË`j emñÌmV AmH$mambm òV AgVo. ewÜX g§emoYZmV g§emoYH$mbm gVV KS>Umè`m EImÚm
àíZmMo/g_ñòMo CËVa emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`m_Üò gd©M àH$maMm AmZ§X àmßV hmoV AgVmo. Ho$di kmZàmßVr
H$aUo hmM `m g§emoYZmMo H$m`© kmZmgmR>r kmZ ømM CÔoemVyZ d¡km{ZH$ emoY KoUo hoM AgyZ Á`mVyZ
_mZdmÀ`m ~m¡ÜXrH$ àíZm§Mo, e§H$m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$éZ nma§nm[aH$ {gÜXm§Vmbm ewÜX ñdén XoUo hm CÔoe
AgVmo. `mH$[aVm g§emoYZmV
dñVw{Zð>Vm d VQ>ñWVVoda â {Xbm OmVmo. `m g§emoYZmVyZ Oo {ZîH$f© nwT>o òVrb Ë`mMm àË`j ì`dhmamV
H$moUVm Cn`moJ hmoB©b `mg§~§Yr Vmo H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr qMVm H$aV Zmhr.
ewÜX g§emoYZmMo g_W©Z AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mn¡H$r hŠgbo `m {dMmad§VmZo `m
g§emoYZmMo OmoaXma g_W©Z Ho$bo Amho. ewÜX g§emoYZ ho g§emoYH$mbm gdm}ÀM AmZ§X XoUmao AgVo. ho
g§emoYZ gmVË`mZo ZdrZ kmZ àmßV H$aVo. OwZo {gÜXm§V àM{bV n[apñWVr `mo½` AmhoV qH$dm ZmhrV `mMm
doY KoD$Z Ë`mV gwYmaUm Ho$br OmVo.
_wb^yV g§emoYZmV EImÚm g_ñ`m§Mo _yi H$maU emoYyZ H$mT>bo OmVo. na§Vw g_ñòÀ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r
Cnm` gwM{dbo OmV ZmhrV. `mdéZ hr nÜXVr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ ñdénmMr Amho Ago åhUVm òVo.
JwS> Am{U h°Q> `m§Zr _wb^yV g§emoYZmMr H$mhr C{ÔîQ>ço gm§{JVbr AmhoV. Ë`mV Aä`mgmMr {Xem
{ZYm©[aV H$aUo, VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo, g§{jßVrH$aU H$aUo, kmZmO©ZmMr V¥ßVr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV _wb^yV qH$dm ewÜX g§emoYZ ho Ho$di ewÜX kmZ àmßVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bo OmVo.
2) Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZ : (Applied Research)
am°~Q>© Eg. qbS> `m§Zr Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZ nÜXVrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ooìhm VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ
CÚmoJ qH$dm àemgZ `m§À`m g§X^m©V Cn`moJrVm dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM Á`mMr ZrVr _yëò
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{Z_m©Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Voìhm Aem g§emoYZmg Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m
g§emoYZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_i{dboë`m kmZmMm g_mO OrdZmÀ`m gm¡»`mgmR>r Cn`moJ H$aUo ho `m nÜXVrMo
C{Ôï> Amho. `m g§emoYZmV kmZmMo _yë`_mnZ g¡ÜXm§{VH$ VËdmda Z H$aVm gd©gmYmaUV: ho _yë`_mnZ
ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`wŠVVoda AmYm[aV AgVo.
Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZmV gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§da Cnm``moOZm gyM{dUo `m ~m~r§da â {Xbm OmVmo.
CXmhaUmW©, _hmamï´>mV EM Am` ìhr ~m{YV bmoH$ {H$Vr AmhoV? hr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVo Cnm`
H$aVm òD$ eH$VmV. `m~m~VrV {dMma H$aVm òVmo. Cnm`mo{OV g§emoYZmV Ë`mìXmao {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r
gm§{»`H$sMm Cn`moJhr Ho$bm OmVmo. gÜ`mÀ`m pñWVrV g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r d {Z`moOZmË_H$ ~m~tÀ`m
g§X^m©V AZoH$ `moOZm§Mr AmIUr H$aÊ`mV òV AgVo. `m g§X^m©V _mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo gwM{dÊ`mMo H$m`©
Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo.
3) JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr : (Qualitative Research Method)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm _wb^yV CÔoe hm gm_m{OH$ {díd Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo AmH$bZ
H$aUo hm Amho. g§»`mË_H$ Am{U JwUmË_H$ nÜXVr ho gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.
Ë`mn¡H$s àW_ AmnU JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV. JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZmV
AZoH$ nÜXVr emñÌr` Ñï>rH$moZ AmhoV. VgoM Ë`m§Mr g¡ÜXm§{VH$ VËdoXI
o rb {Za{Zamir AmhoV. `m_Üò
gm_m{OH$ dmñVdVoMo dU©Z CËVaXmË`m§À`m AZw^dmda AmYm[aV AgyZ gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m AÝdofUmMm
hm CÔoe A- g§»`mË_H$ AgyZ Ë`m_Üò VÏ`g§H$bZmÀ`m nÜXVtMm A§V^m©d Ho$bm OmVmo.
JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZm~m~VrV Ago åhUVm òVo H$s g§emoYH$ Am§Va{H«$`m Am{U AÝd`mWm©_m\©$V
dmñVdVoMm AZw^d òVmo Ë`m_wio `m g§emoYZmV dñVw{Zð>Vm eŠ` AgV Zmhr.
JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZm g§X^m©V ~maQ>Z Am{U nm°b bmPmañ\o$S> `m§Zr VrZ ~m~r Z_yX Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
`m_Üò 1) JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ ho AÝdofUmbm _XV H$arV AgyZ g§emoYZmMr C{ÔîQ>ço, {ZX}eH$m§Mr {ZpíMVr
Am{U dJuH$aU H$aVo.
2) JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ ho gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVrb {ZpíMV KQ>H$m~m~V Mb, VwbZm, {ZîH$fm©_Yrb
g§~§YmMm emoY KoVo.
3) JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ ho EH$m{Ë_H$ aMZoMr nyd© _mÝ`Vm Am{U J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mbm narjUjoÌ ~Z{dVo.
JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr_Üò gm_m{OH$ {dídmg§X^m©Vrb _m{hVr CËVaXmË`m§Mm AZw^d d Ë`m§Mm
Ñï>rH$moZ Omo dmñVdmV Amho Vo Ë`mbm àmßV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM g§»òZo H$_r CËVaXmË`m§Mm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Üò g§»`mË_H$ {díbfU Ho$bo OmV Zmhr Va {dñV¥V d g{dñVa empãXH$ VÏ` d
nyU© ñdénmMr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. CËVaXmË`m§Zr ñdV: {Xbobm AW© d
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AZw^{dH$ Ñï>rH$moZmda â {Xbm OmVmo. VgoM X¡Z§{XZ _mZdr gm_m{OH$ {H«$òMm AW© àmßV H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
H$maU H$Vm© d BVa bmoH$ ñdV:M KQ>Zobm AW© XoVmV Am{U AW©nyU© _mZdr {H«$`m H$aVmV.
JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr hr AZoH$ AWm©Zo bd{MH$ Amho. VgoM Vr EH$ Iwbr nÜXVr Amho, H$s
Á`mV Aä`mg{df`, g§emoYZ pñWVr, g§emoYZ nÜXVrÀ`m ~m~VrV AZoH$ A§JmZo AZw^d KoÊ`mg _wŠV
Aem ñdénmMr AgVo. JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ ho àËòH$ àVrH$mMm dm KQ>ZoMm AW© g§X^m©VyZ AmH$bZ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. ì`ŠVrJV g§nH$m©VyZ AmH$bZ H$aÊ`mMr VQ>ñWVm VgoM gImob AmH$bZ åhUyZ
Iwbo _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo. g§{_l ì`dñWm åhUyZ EH$m ^mJmMm Aä`mg Z H$aVm g_ï>r KQ>Zobm AmH$bZ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. g_mO EH$ J{Verb ì`dñWm åhUyZ, J{Verb Ñï>rH$moZmMm Adb§~
bd{MH$nUo Ho$bm OmVmo.
EHy$UM hr nÜXVr CËVaXmË`mda AmYm[aV gd© A§JmZo _wŠV d bd{MH$ X¥ï>rH$moZ, qgÜXm§V ~m§YUrMm
CÔoe, g¡ÜXm§{VH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm Adb§~ `m_Üò Ho$bm OmVmo.
JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMr V§Ìo Imbrb à_mUo {deX H$aVm òVrb.
1) gh^mJr {ZarjU :
{ZarjU hr V§Ì nÜXVr Amho. Á`mV g§emoYH$ g_yhmV gh^mJr hmoD$Z g_whmMm Am§V[aH gXñ`
hmoD$Z OmVmo. gh^mJr {ZarjU `m JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMo _yi ho na§namJV g§ñH¥${VdU©Z g§emoYZmV
Amho. Am§V[aH$ ^y{_Ho$VyZ g§emoYH$ gm_m{OH$ {dídmbm dm g_wXm`mbm AmH$bZ H$aVmo. gh^mJr
{ZarjUmÀ`m Mma ^y{_H$m AmhoV. Ë`m JQ>mÀ`m H$m`m©V nyU©nUo gh^mJr {ZarjH$ åhUyZ gh^mJr ,
gh^mJr åhUyZ {ZarjU Am{U nyU©nUo {ZarjU Aem AmhoV. gh^mJr {ZarjUmV doi, ñWmZ, gm_m{OH$
pñWVr, ^mfm Am{U gm_m{OH$ OmUrd `m VËdm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
2) g§ñH¥${VdU©Z :
g§ñH¥${VdU©Z `m eãXmMm eãXe: AW© hm OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVr~m~V {b[hUo hmo`. `m g§emoYZmV
g§emoYZ à{H«$òV _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMo XmoZ ñÌmoV g§emoYH$mbm VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.
àmW{_H$ d Xwæ`_ ñÌmoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. àíZmdbr, _wbmIV, AZwgyMr, {ZarjU `mìXmao
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm {df`mer g§~§{YV Ago gm{hË` dmMyZ Ë`mMo qMVZ, _ZZ H$amdo bmJVo. gImob kmZ
{_idmdo bmJVmo. Amnë`mnojm Ooð> d AZw^dr ì`ŠVtZm {dMmam§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ H$éZ _m{hVr ¿`mdr
bmJVo. `m XodmU-KodmUrVyZ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm Amnë`mH$S>rb ÌwQ>r, Xmof H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z Xmof{da{hV g§emoYZ
~Z{dVm òVo. H$Yr-H$Yr EH$mnojm A{YH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$éZ g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo.
VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aUo d Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrÀ`m
AmYmao VŠVo, AmboI V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. dJuH$aU H$éZ VŠVo V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. {dIwaboë`m VÏ`m§Zm
EH${ÌV H$aUo. Amdí`H$ Ë`m VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$éZ Ë`mVyZ gmå` d ôX Xe©{dUo ho H$amdo bmJVo.
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Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmV VÏ` g§H$bZ H$éZ Ë`m§Mo `Wm`mo½` dJuH$aU H$éZ CËV_ g§emoYZ H$aUo d `mo½`
{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo ho g§emoYH$mMo H$m_M AgVo. ñdm^m{dH$ pñWVrVyZ X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamMo {ZarjU qH$dm
gh^mJr hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ JQ>mÀ`m ApñVËdmMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. `m nÜXVrV Am¡nMm[aH$
_wbmIV, H|${ÐV JQ>, X¡Z§{XZr Aä`mg, AZm¡nMm[aH$ _wbmIV, H$_©Mmar _yë`m§H$Z {ZarjU, emgZ gôMo
{ZarjU, H$mJXnÌo {díbofU B. ñÌmoV A§V^y©V AmhoV. g§ñH¥${VdU©Z nÜXVrZo g§ñH¥$Vrbm AmH$bZ Ho$bo
OmVo. g_ï>rdmXr AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. gImob Aä`mg nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) nm`m^yV {gÜXm§V :
dV©ZmË_H$ {dkmZmgmR>r gm_mÝ` g§emoYZnÜXVr {dH${gV Ho$br AgyZ nm°b bmPmañ\o$ëS> `m§À`mH$Sy>Z
à{ejU KoVbobo ½boga ~r, Am[U h~©Q© ãbw_a `m§Mo {dÚmWu ñQ´>m°g `m§Zr JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZmMm hm Ñï>rH$moZ
{dH${gV Ho$bm. JwUmË_H$ VÏ`{díbofUmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. g§H$ënZmË_H$ {dMmamda AmYm[aV
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo hm EH$ CÔoe Amho.
4) ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÜXVr :
ì`ï>r AÜ``Z åhUOo H$mhr gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZoÀ`m EH$m ì`ï>rMo gImob narjU H$aUo CXmhaUmW©, EH$
ì`ŠVr, EH$ Hw$Qw>§~, EH$ Jmd. dU©ZmË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. gm_m{OH$ ì`ï>rMo gImob
A§VX©¥ï>rZo AÝdofU H$aÊ`mda ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV â {Xbm OmVmo.
5) Ame` {díbofU :
`m nÜXVrV H$mJXmonÌr Zm|X Agboë`m _mZdr g§àofUmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. g§àofU _mÜ`_mÀ`m
Ame`mbm emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ame` {díbofUmVyZ dV©Z AmH¥${V~§YmMo ñdén àñVwV H$aÊ`mbm
_XV hmoVo. {d{dY {df`m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo.
darb à_mUo JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ ñnï> H$aVm òB©b. `mZ§Va g§»`mË_H$ g§emoYZmg§X^m©V {ddoMZ H$aVm
òB©b.
4) g§»`mË_H$ g§emoYZ : (Quantitative Research)
gXa g§emoYZm_Üò AmH$S>odmar qH$dm gm§p»`H$s` {dahrV {díbofU AgVo. `WmW© qH$dm dmñVd
Jmoï>tMo dU©Z Oo EImÚm g_yhmZo g_wXm`mZo qH$dm d¡`{ŠVH$ ì`ŠVrZo AZw^dbobo AgVo. CXmhaUmW©, q^Vr
{dahrV Vwé§JmMr g§aMZm d g§KQ>Zm (H$_r gwa{jVVm VwéJ§ ) hr H|$Ðr` qH$dm {Oëhm {Zhm` Vwé§Jmer
(gwa{jV Vwé§J) Ho$br OmVo. d H¡$ÚmMr H$em àH$mao gwYmaUm d g_mOrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo `m§Mm Aä`mg `m
g§emoYZmìXmao Ho$bm OmVmo. VgoM _{hbm AmajU g§X^m©V {dYmZg^m Am{U bmoH$g^m_Üò amOH$s` njm§Mm
nmqR>~m Aä`mgUo BË`mXr.
10
5) VwbZmË_H$ g§emoYZ : (Comparative Research)
\$aH$ Am{U gmå` `m§Mr VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r øm g§emoYZmMm dmna hmoVmo. XmoZ KQ>H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$
qH$dm gm_m{OH$ g_yhmMm Aä`mg VwbZmË_H$ nÜXVrZo H$aVm òVmo. CXmhaUmW©, [h§Xy Am{U _wñbr_
`m§À`mVrb {ddmh nÜXVrMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg, H$bm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr, XmoZ OmVr qH$dm O_mVr, ehar
Am{U J«m_rU bmoH$mVrb éT>r, Mmbr[aVr, Aem AZoH$ {df`m§Mr VwbZm H$éZ g§emoYZ H$aVm òVo.
6) AZwb§~ g§emoYZ : (Longitudinal Research)
EImÚm {d{eï> H$mbmdYrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZwb§~ g§emoYZmMm dmna H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©,
1979-1989 Am{U 1999 gmbmVrb ^maVr` ñÌr-nwéfmVrb ES²>gMo bjU.
`m g§emoYZmV EH$ R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYr Aä`mgbm OmVmo. `m_Üò g§^mì` Am{U Ag§^mì`
g§emoYZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
darb nÜXVrZo g§emoYZmMo {d{dY àH$ma Aä`mgVm òVrb.
`mZ§VaÀ`m ^mJmV AmnU d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr Am{U nÜXVr emñÌ `mVrb \$aH$mMm Aä`mg H$aUma
AmhmoV.
1.3.2 d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV Am{U nÜXVremñÌ `mVrb \$aH$ :
g§emoYZ hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m Amho. "d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV' Am{U "nÜXVremñÌ' `mVrb \$aH$ Aä`mgUo
AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. g§emoYZmer g§~§{YV _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m gmYZm§Mm qH$dm V§ÌmMm dmna
Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mbm "nÜXV' Ago åhUVmV. kmZ {_idÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Oo emñÌr` {ZarjUmda Am{U
VmH$s©H$Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo Ë`mbm nÜXV Ago åhUVmV. VmH$s©H$ Am{U d¡km{ZH$ AZwerbZ åhUOo
"nÜXVr' hmo`. dU©Z, ñnï>rH$aU Am{U dJuH$aU åhUOo nÜXVr hmo`. CXmhaUmW©, g_Om EImÚm
gm_m{OH$ emñÌmMm qH$dm g_mOemñÌmÀ`m nÜXVr{df`r Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mbm AZoH$
g_mOemñÌkm§Zr _m§S>boë`m "nÜXVr' Mm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. CXmhaUmW©, gd}jU nÜXV, àm`mo{JH$
nÜXV, gm§»`{H$` nÜXV, ì`pŠVJV nÜXV B. EImÚm {dkmZ emIoÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm
OmVmo. OZ_V gd}jU V§Ì, _wbmIV V§Ì, {ZarjU V§Ì B. AZoH$ V§ÌmMm dmna H$éZ {dkmZmMm CbJS>m
H$aVm òVmo. V§Ì Am{U nÜXVr `m_Üò ghg§~§Y AmT>iVmo. g§emoYZmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$
nÜXVrMm dmna H$aVmV. AZw^dOÝ` KQ>Zm AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mgmR>r nÜXVrMm dmna hmoVmo. nÜXVr åhUOo
d¡km{ZH$ AZwerbZ à{H«$`m hmo`. kmZmMr H$jm dmT>{dUo, VÏ`mMr OwidmOwid, ñnï>rH$aU Am{U
{díbofU øm Jmoï>r d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrV òVmV.
darb nÜXVrZo d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV Am{U nÜXVremñÌmVrb \$aH$ {deX H$aVm òB©b.
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`m Z§VaÀ`m ^mJmV AmnU Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌk Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌkm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$
Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
1.3.3 Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌkmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$ :
gm_m{OH$ emñÌk Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌk `m§Mm Ñï>rH$moZ hm Zoh_rM {^ÝZ AgVmo. {ZgJ© emñÌk
1) AZw^dOÝ` Aä`mg qH$dm KQ>Zm `m_Üò gh^mJr hmoV Zmhr.
2) KQ>H$m§Mr _wbmIV KoV ZmhrV.
3) à`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`moJemioMm dmna H$aVmo.
4) àm`mo{JH$ gmYZo d agm`Zm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
5) Mbm§da nyU©nUo {Z`§ÌU AgVo.
CbQ>njr
gm_m{OH$ emñÌk :
1) AZw^dOÝ` KQ>Zm, àg§J `m_Üò gh^mJ AgVmo.
2) _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r _wbmIV V§ÌmMm dmna H$aVmo.
3) à`moJemim ZgVo.
4) n[apñWVrda {Z`§ÌU R>odUo eŠ` ZgVo.
XmoZ d¡km{ZH$m§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb ~Xb hr "nÜXVr' hmo`. `mbm "nÜXV' bmJy nS>V Zmhr. "nÜXVr' hr
g§emoYZmda Adb§~yZ Agboë`m VËdkmZmer {ZJS>rV AgVo. Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌmV d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna
hm Ho$bmM OmVmo.
gm_m{OH$ emñÌmnojm ^m¡{VH$ emñÌm_Üò g§emoYZ V§ÌmMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmda Ho$bm OmVmo. gd©M
emñÌmV d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna H$aVmV nU ho Ë`m emñÌmer {ZJS>rV AgVo. gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV
d¡km{ZH$Vm H$_r à_mUmV AgVo. H$maU Vr ^m¡{VH$ V§ÌmMm dmna H$aV ZmhrV.
darb _wÚm§À`m AmYmao Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌkm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$ bjmV òVmo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ : 1
àíZ - [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.
1) emñÌmbm gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r ............. nÜXVr BVH$m OdiMm _mJ© Zmhr.
2) b§wS>~J© `m§Zr d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ........... BVHo$ Q>ßno dU©Z Ho$bo AmhoV.
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3) ............ hr d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÜXVrVrb n{hbr nmàr Amho.
4) ............ åhUOo g§emoYZ g_ñòMo g§^mì` CËVa hmo`.
5) ............ _wio {dñH$irV VÏ`m§Zm {eñV bmJVo.
àíZ - EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao {bhm.
1) g§emoYZmVrb d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV åhUOo H$m`?
2) "nÜXVremñÌ' åhUOo H$m`?
3) d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna H$m Ho$bm OmVmo?
4) g_mOemñÌkm§Zr _m§S>boë`m nÜXVr H$moUH$moUË`m AmhoV?
1.4 gmam§e :
H$moUË`mhr {df`mMm nÜXVera Aä`mg H$aUo åhUOo emñÌ hmo`. Aer emñÌmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br
OmVo. emñÌmbm gË` emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÜXVrMm Cn`moJ H$amdm bmJVmo. d¡km{ZH$
g§emoYZm_Üò {df`mMr {ZdS>, {ZarjU, VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ, VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU nS>VmiUr, {gÜXm§VmMo
à{VnmXZ H$aUo Aem Q>ßß`mVyZ g§emoYZmMm àdmg hmoVmo. Va g_ñ`m gyÌU, J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr,
CX²Xoem§Mr _m§S>Ur, g§emoYZ AmamIS>m, Z_wZm {ZdS>, VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ, dJuH$aU, {díbofU Am{U {ZîH$f©
H$mT>Uo B. AZoH$ Q>ßß`mVyZ g§emoYZmMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$amdr bmJVo. `m Z§VaÀ`m ^mJmV AmnU ewÜX,
ì`mdhm[aH$, JwUmË_H$, g§»`mË_H$, VwbZmË_H$ Am{U AZwb~§ Ago g§emoYZmMo {d{dY àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg
Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m ^mJm_Üò d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV Am{U nÜXVr emñÌ `mVrb \$aH$ Aä`mgbm Amho
Am{U eodQ>À`m ^mJm_Üò gm_m{OH$ emñÌk Am{U Z¡g{J©H$ emñÌkm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$mMm Aä`mg
Ho$bm Amho.
1.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao :
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 1 Mr CËVao
1) d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr
2) Mma Q>ßno
3) g_ñ`mgyÌU
4) J¥hrVH¥$Ëò
5) dJuH$aU
13
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ - 2 Mr CËVao
1) g§emoYZmer g§~§{YV _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m gmYZm§Mm qH$dm V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo Ë`mbm
"nÜXV' Ago åhUVmV.
2) VmH$s©H$ Am{U d¡km{ZH$ AZwerbZ H$aUo VgoM dU©Z, ñnï>rH$aU Am{U dJuH$aU åhUOo nÜXVr
hmo`.
3) g§emoYZmbm MmbZm XoÊ`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) gd}jU, àm`mo{JH$, gm§p»`H$s`, d¡`pŠVH$ `m {d{dY nÜXVr.
1.6 gamdmgmR>rMo àíZ :
Q>rnm {bhm
1) ewÜX g§emoYZ
2) Cn`mo{OV g§emoYZ
3) JwUmË_H$ g§emoYZ
4) g§»`mË_H$ g§emoYZ
5) VwbZmË_H$ g§emoYZ
6) AZwb§~ g§emoYZ
Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMo ñdén {deX H$am.
2) "d¡km{ZH$ nÜXV' Am{U "nÜXVremñÌ' `mVrb \$aH$ {deX H$am.
3) Z¡g{J©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emñÌkmÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmVrb \$aH$ {deX H$am.
1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) ^m§S>maH$a nw. b. ""gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr'' _hmamï´> {dÚmnrR> J«§W{Z{_©Vr _§S>i, ZmJnya
2) S>m°. {Xbrn I¡aZma, àJV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr d gm§p»`H$s.
3) àm. KmQ>moio am. Zm. g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZ VËdo d nÜXVr, _§Je
o àH$meZ ZmJnya.
4) S>m°. JwéZmW ZmS>Jm|S>o, "gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr', \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ H$moëhmnya.

14
gÌ-3 : KQ>H$ 2
gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ g§emoYZ
(Social Science Research)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
2.0 C{Ôï>o
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.2.1 gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ à{V_mZ
2.2.2 à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va {H«$`mdmX, àKQ>Z emñÌ, g§aMZmË_ H$m`m©Ë_dmX, g§aMZm
2.2.3 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb nm`è`m / Q>ßno
2.3 gmam§e
2.4 gamdmgmR>r àíZ
2.5 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
2.0 C{Ôï>ò :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg,
* gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ à{V_mZ g_OyZ KoVm òB©c.
* à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmZ, àKQ>ZemñÌ, g§aMZmË_H$ H$m`m©Ë_dmX, g§aMZm g_OyZ KoVm òBc
© .
* gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb nm`è`m / Q>ßno g_OyZ KoVm òVrb.
2.1 àñVmdZm :
_mZd Am{U _mZdoVa àmUr `m_Üò ôX Amho. _mZdmOdi ~wÜXr Agë`m_wio Ë`mZo {ZgJm©Vrb
KQ>Zm§Mm AW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho d `m ~wÜXrÀ`m OmoamdaM Ë`mZo AmH$memVrb J«hJmobm§Mo H$moS>o
CbJS>Ê`mMm n«`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. _mZdmOdi Agboë`m {Okmgyd¥Îmr d kmZgmYZo_wio XoIrb Ë`mZo
{ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mm AW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. {Okmgyd¥Îmr_wioM _mZdmbm kmZmMr àmßVr Pmbr
Amho. nU _mZdmMr Iar àJVr hmoÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`mMo KQ>ZoH$S>o emñÌr` [H§$dm {M{H$ËgH$ Ñï>rZo
nmhUo hmo`.
15
_mZdmÀ`m ~wÜXrMm / kmZmMm {dH$mg hm Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo Pmbm. gwadmVrÀ`m H$mbI§S>m_Üò
{ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm KS>Ê`m_mJo B©ídar eŠVr, Abm¡{bH$ eŠVr Amho Ago Vmo _mZV Ago. nydu _mZd hm
Ë`mÀ`mOdi Agboë`m gm_mÝ` kmZmÀ`m AmYmamda åhUOoM, lÜXm {dídmg d àM{bV kmZmda
{ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mm Jw§Vm gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV Ago. `m_Yrb _`m©Xm _mZdmÀ`m bjmV Amë`mZ§Va
kmZmMr n«JVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {M{H$ËgoMr, gyú_ {dMmamMr, {dídgZr` {dMmamMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo `mMr
_mZdmbm à{MVr Ambr. Ho$di {dídmg, lÜXm, àM{bV ì`dhmakmZ `mÀ`mAmYmao kmZmÀ`m H$jm éXmdV
ZmhrV Va Ë`mgmR>r H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMr emñÌr` {M{H$Ëgm H$aÊ`mMr JaO AgVo. KQ>Zm KS>Ê`m_mJo H$mhr
{Z`_, H$maUo AgVmV `mMm Ooìhm _mZdmbm gmjmËH$ma Pmbm Voìhm _mZdmbm d¡km{ZH$ àJVr gmYUo
eŠ` Pmbo.
emñÌr` g§emoYZmVyZ kmZmMm emoY KoVë`mg, Iè`m AWm©Zo Vo kmZ dñVw{ZîR> amhrb. emñÌr`
g§emoYZmMr XmoZ Amdí`H$ VËdo AmhoV. `m_Üò n{hbo VËd åhUOo {ZarjU hmo`. {ZarjUmìXmao àË`j
{ZarjU H$éZ AmnU {d{eï> {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V kmZ àmßV H$é eH$Vmo. Am{U Xwgao VËd åhUOo
H$m`©H$maU ^md hmo`. H$m`©H$maU^mdm_wio `m VÏ`mMm AW©, Ë`m§Mm nmañnm[aH$ g§~§Y Am{U {dÚ_mZ
d¡km{ZH$ kmZmer Ë`mMm g§~§Y {ZpíMV Ho$bm OmVmo. emñÌr` g§emoYZmMr hr XmoZ Amdí`H$ VËdo Oa
gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§À`m g§~§{YV g§emoYZmV AgVrb Am{U d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrÀ`m AmYmao ho g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV
Ambo Agob Va Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ åhQ>bo OmVo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr kmZàmßVrMr Aer EH$
nÜXVr Amho H$s, Or {ZarjU dJuH$aU, à`moJ Am{U {ZîH$fm©À`m gm_mÝ` emñÌr` nÜXVrda AmYm[aV
AgVo Am{U `m nÜXVrìXmam AkmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm emoY KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo kmV gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zm§Mo {ddoMZ Am{U {díbofU XoIrb Ho$bo OmVo. Aem àH$mao gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr gm_m{OH$
OrdZmÀ`m g§~§Ym_Üò gË`mMm emoY KoUmar EH$ emñÌr` nÜXVr Amho.
2.2 {df` - {ddoMZ :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU {dkmZ Am{U gm_mÝ` kmZ `mVrb \$aH$ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. `mZ§Va
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr Üòò OmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV VgoM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb nm`è`m / Q>ßno H$moUVo
AmhoV ho Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
2.2.1 gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ Z_wZm/à{V_mZ (Social Science Paradigm)
g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr _Üò g_mOmVrc KQ>Zm§Mo
VQ>ñW {dícofU Ho$co OmVo. ho {dícofU dñVw{ZîR> _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Ho$co OmVo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho
nyU©nUo Vm{H©$H$ _m{hVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo emoY KoVbm OmVmo.
åhUyZ g_mOmVrb KQ>UmMo g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo H$m` gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aVo. ""emñÌmbm gË`
emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mg nÕVr BVH$m Xþgam OdiMm _mJ© Zmhr.''
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gm_m{OH$ d¡km{ZH$ qH$dm {dkmZ Z_wZm hm EH$ ÑîQ>rH$moU Amho. åhUOoM AmnU Á`m ZOaoUo
g_mOmVrb KQ>UmMo {ddoMZ H$aVmo Ë`mM nÕVrZo Vem KQ>Zm {XgVmV. CXm. EImÚm g§emoYH$mZo
PmonS>nÅrVrb `wdH$mMo {ZarjU Ho$bo Amho. VQ>ñW ZOaoZo Z nmhVm dadaMo nmhÿZ \$ŠV
ì`gZmYrZVm, ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐç `m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU PmonS>nÅr_wio hçm g_ñ`m CËnÞ hmoVmV. Va ho
Ë`mMo ì`ŠVrJV _V Pmbo. WmoS>Š`mV à{V_mZ / Z_wZm AmnU Á`m ZOaoZo EImXr KQ>Zm nmhVmo
Ë`mM nÕVrZo Ë`mMo {díbofU H$aVmo åhUyZ Z_wZm EH$ ÑîQ>rH$moU Amho.
· ~¥hV qH$dm {XK©bjr d gyú_bjr {gÕm§V (Macro and Micro Theory)
Aä`mg {df`mMm ì`márda d ÑpîQ>H$moUmda (Macro) ~¥hV d gyú_bjr (Micro) {gÕm§VmMo

ñdén AmYmabobo Amho. gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>tMm Ame` `WmW© ~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemVyZ ~¥hV d gyú_
{gÕm§V `m§Mm gd©Ì gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV AmOH$mb Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Amho.
~¥hV qH$dm {XK©bjr {gÕm§V (Macro Theory)
g_mOemñÌmV ~¥hV (Macro) {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$ma B_mB©b S>aIr_ `m§Zr Ho$bobm Amho. `mM
~¥hV {gÕm§Vmbm H$mhr g_mOemñÌkmZr g{_îQ>dmXr (Moral Theory) {gÕm§V Aerhr g§km
dmnabobr Amho. `m {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg {df`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU AË`§V ì`mnH$ d {demb
ñdénmMm AgVmo. g_J« g_mOmMo AÜ``Z H$éZ g_J« g_mOmbm bmJy nS>Umè`m {Z`_m§Mr _m§S>Ur
`m {gÕm§VmV Ho$br OmVo. na§namdmXr g_mOemñÌkm§Mo Aä`mg{df` g§nyU© g_mO ì`dñWoer {ZJS>rV
AgV. _mZd g_mO, g§ñH¥$Vr, gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm B. gd©ñneu {df`m~m~VMo {gÕm§V ~¥hV
(Macro) [¨H§$dm g[_îQ>dmXr (Moral) [gÕm§VmV A§V^y©V hmoVmV. EImXr ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_mOmVrb
EImXm KQ>H$ hm ~¥hV {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg {df` R>aV Zmhr. `mCbQ> gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>rMm
gm_m{OH$ ñVamda H$moUVm n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMo `m {gÕm§VmV {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmVo. g§nyU© g_mO hm
~¥hV {gÕm§VmMm à_wI {df` _mZbm OmV Agë`mZo `m {gÕm§VmMo ñdén ì`mnH$ d gm_mÝ`
ñdénmMo R>aVmV. nañnamdb§~r ñdénmÀ`m KQ>H$m§VyZ KS>Umè`m KS>m_moS>tMo ñWmZ AË`§V OQ>rb
Agë`mZo ~¥hV {gÕm§V ñWyb ñdénmMo AgVmV. g_mOmVrb bhmZ bhmZ KQ>H$m§Mo AÜ``Z
H$aÊ`mH$S>o ~¥hV {gÕm§V â XoV ZmhrV. gm_mÝ` g_mOemñÌmMo {ZîH$f© ho ~¥hV {gÕm§Vmer {ZJS>rV
AgVmV. na§Vw AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {d{eîQ> g_mOemñÌ `m ZmË`mZo OgOgo {dH${gV nmdy bmJbo
VgVgo ~¥hV {gÕm§VmMo ñdén H$_r hmoD$ bmJbo.
Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmagÝg `m§Mm gm_mÝ` ì`dñWo{df`H$ {gÕm§V (General System Theory) ho
~¥hV {gÕm§VmMo CXmhaU åhUyZ gm§JVm òB©b. g_mOemñÌr` {gÕm§VmMm {dH$mg hm ~¥hV
{gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmamda hmoD$ bmJbm, Ago H$mhr g_mOemñÌkm§Mo _V Amho. EImÚm àmXo{eH$
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g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZ nÕVrMm ~¥hV {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmamda AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr {dH$mg
Ho$bobm Amho. na§Vw `m ~¥hV {gÕm§Vmg g_bjr {gÕm§V `m g§koZo Ë`m§Zr g§~mo{Ybobo Amho.
gyú_bjr qH$dm ì`pîQ>dmXr {gÕm§V (Micro Theory or Molecular Theory)
g_mOemñÌmV gyú_bjr {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$ma Om°O© {g_ob d _°Šg do~a `m§Zr Ho$bobm Amho.
bhmZmVë`m bhmZ KQ>H$mMo A{Vgyú_nUo AÜ``Z H$éZ Á`m {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo Ë`mg
gyú_ qH$dm ì`{îQ>dmXr {gÕm§V (Micro Theory or Molecular Theory) Aer g§km dmnabr
OmVo. Oar AÜ``ZmMo H$m`©joÌ AË`§V _`m©{XV Agbo Var gyú_ AÜ``Zmda {deof â {Xbm
OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òVrb AWdm g_mO ì`dñWoVrb AUyMo AÜ``Z H$éZ gyú_ {gÕm§VmMr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. EImÚm KQ>ZoMo AWdm g_ñòMo {M{H$ËgH$ nÕVrZo AÜ``Z H$amd`mMo
Pmë`mg gyú_{gÕm§V Cn`moJr nS>VmV. ì`ŠVr AWdm ì`ŠVrg_yhmMo dV©Z, àd¥Îmr, ÑpîQ>H$moU B.
Mm gm_m{OH$ OrdZ nÕVrVrb à^md nS>VmiyZ nhmd`mMo Pmë`mg gyú_ {gÕm§VmMm Adb§~
H$amdm bmJVmo. g_mOemñÌ ho {d{eîQ> emñÌ åhUyZ OgOgo {dH${gV nmdy bmJbo VgVem
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m AZoH$ emIm CX`mg òD$ bmJë`m. gm_mÝ` {ZîH$fm©nojm {d{eîQ> {ZîH$fm©_wio
gm_m{OH$ dmñVdVm A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoV AgVo. g§YmoYZmË_H$ AÜ``Z V§ÌmV A_ybmJ« ñdénmMm
OgOgm ~Xb hmoD$ bmJbm VgVgo gyú_bjr {gÕm§VmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mH$S>o g_mOemñÌkm§Mo bj
{deof AmH${f©H$ hmoD$ bmJbo. {gÕm§VmMm Zo_Ho$nUm gyú_bjr AÜ``ZmV {OVH$m OmñV àX{e©V
hmoVmo {VVH$m {XK©bjr {gÕm§VmV AmT>iyZ òV Zmhr. CXm. CÚmoJ / H$maImZo EH$ g_mO ì`dñWoMm
KQ>H$ `m ZmË`mZo àñWm{nV Pmbobo {gÕm§V ho {XK©bjr qH$dm g_bjr qH$dm g_pîQ>dmXr ñdénmMo
AgVmV. Va `mCbQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWmnZmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo dV©Z, Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m, Ë`m§À`m _Zmda
nS>bobo VUmd `m~m~VMo {gÕm§V gyú_bjr, ì`pîQ>dmXr ñdénmMo AgVmV. g§aMZmË_H$ H$m`©dmXr
ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmMm d KS>m_moS>tMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmD$ bmJë`mZo gyú_bjr
{gÕmVm§À`m AmYmamda g_J« gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>tMm dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoUo AË`§V H$R>rU OmVo.
H$maU gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>rbm H$maUr^yV AgUmè`m AZoH$ KQ>H$m§n¡H$s EH$ KQ>H$ doJim H$éZ Ë`mMo
{deof d gd©gmH$ë`mZo Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg gyú_bjr {gÕm§V {Zén`moJr R>aVmo.
Om°O© hmo_mÝg `m§Mm {d{Z_` {gÕm§V (Exchange Theory) ho gyú_bjr {gÕm§VmMo CXmhaU
XoVm òB©b.
am°~Q>© _Q>©Z `m§Zr Social Theory and Social Structure `m J«§WmV ~¥hV (Macro) d
gyú_bjr (Micro) {gÕm§VmV g_Ýd` gmYUmam _Ü`ñVar` {gÕm§V (Middle Range Theory)
_m§S>bm. _Ü`ñVar` {gÕm§VmMm A{YH$ dmna AZw^dm{YpîR>V g§emoYZmË_H$ AÜ``ZmV hmoD$
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eH$Vmo. EH$m ~mOybm {d{eîQ> ñVamdarb g_m{OH$ dV©Z, gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Z d gm_m{OH$ n[adV©Z
B. g§~§{YV KQ>H$m§~Ôb {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mMm d Xþgè`m ~mOybm Agm_mÝ`rH¥$V KQ>Zm§Mo H«$_dma
{ddoMZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ _Ü`ñVar` {gÕm§VmV Ho$bm OmVmo. gmÜ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ {d{eîQ> g§H$ënZm
AWdm {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$òV AZw^dm{YpîR>V {Z[ajUmg àmYmÝ` {Xbo OmVo.
~¥hV {gÕm§V (Macro Theory) d gyú_bjr {gÕm§V (Micro Theory) `mVrb \$aH$
~¥hV {gÕm§V Macro Theory) gyú_ {gÕm§V (Micro Theory)
1 `m {gÕm§VmMr ì`már {demb AgVo. `m {gÕm§VmMr ì`már _`m©{XV AgVo.
2 `mMo AÜ``Z joÌ ì`mnH$ AgVo. `mMo AÜ``Z joÌ bhmZ AgVo.
3 `m {gÕm§VmMo ñdén gm_mÝ` (General) `m {gÕm§VmMo ñdén {d{eîR> (Specific)
AgVo. AgVo.
4 {demb g_mO ho `m {gÕm§VmMo AÜ``Z g_mOmVrb bhmZmVbm bhmZ KQ>H$ qH$dm
joÌ AgVo. AUy ho `m {gÕm§VmMo AÜ``Z joÌ AgVo.
5 hm {gÕm§V g_mOaMZoda â XoV Zmhr. hm {gÕm§V g_mOaMZoda d Am§V[aH$
g§~Ymda â XoVmo.
6 gm_mÝ` emñÌr` nÕVrMm nwañH$ma `m {M{H$ËgH$ emñÌr` AÜ``Z nÕVrMm
{gÕm§VmV Ho$bm OmVmo. nwañH$ma `m {gÕm§VmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
7 `m {gÕm§Vm_wio g§nyU© g_mO ì`dñWoMo `m {gÕm§Vm_wio EImÚm KQ>ZoMr emñÌr`
{díbofU H$aVmo òVo. _r_m§gm H$aVm òVo.
8 `m {gÕm§VmV nyd©H$Wm§Mr j_Vm AË`§V `m {gÕm§VmV nyd© H$WZmMr j_Vm gdm©{YH$
H$_r AgVo. AgVo.
9 B_mB©b S>aIr_ `m§Zr `m {gÕm§VmMm Om°O© {g_ob d _°Šgdo~a `m§Zr `m {gÕm§VmMm
nwañH$ma Ho$bm. nwañH$ma Ho$bm.
10 CXm. nmg©ÝgMm gm_mÝ` g_mO CXm. Om©O© hmo_mÝgMm gm_m{OH$ {d{Z_`
ì`dñWo{df`H$Mm {gÕm§V. {gÕm§V.
11 CXm. H$maImZm ho g_mO ì`dñWoMo A§J CXm. H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_Jm§amÀ`m dV©ZmMo,
åhUyZ `m {gÕm§VmÛmao AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. _hËdH$mjoMo, Ë`mÀ`m _Zmda nS>boë`m
VUmdm§Mo gyú_ AÜ``Z `m {gÕm§VmÛmao Ho$bo
OmVo.
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àma§{^H$ {dkmZdmX / àË`jdmX Early Positivism
Am°JñV H$m°åVZo Oo AZoH$ g_mOemñÌr` {dMma _m§S>bo Ë`m_Üò Ë`mMr {dkmZdmX AWdm
àË`jdmX hr g§H$ënZm gdm©V _hËdmMr {dMmagaUr g_Obr OmVo. H$m°åVZo `m {dMmagaUrH$S>o
_mZdr ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmVrb eodQ>Mr AdñWm åhUyZ nm{hbo.
g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Zm g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Zm d¡km{ZH$ ñdén àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`m_Üò AZoH$
{dMmad§Vm§Mm hmV^ma bmJbm Ë`m_Üò Am°JñV H$m°åV `m \o«§$M {dMmad§Vm§Mo `moJXmZ \$ma _hËdmMo
Amho. H$m°åVZo àW_ Sociology hm eãX à`moJ ApñVËdmV AmUbm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm
g_mOemñÌmMm OZH$ (Father of Sociology) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. H$m°åVZo B.g. 1939 _Üò
EH$ gm_{OH$ {dkmZ åhUyZ g_mOemñÌmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. B§J«Or _Yrb Sociology hm eãX
c°Q>rZ ^mfoVrb Socius Am{U J«rH$ ^mfoVrb Logos `m XmoZ eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmbm. Sociology
`m eãXmMm AW© "g_mO' Am{U Logos `m eãXmMm AW© "emñÌ' AWdm {dkmZ Agm AmT>iVmo.
`mdéZ g_mOmMm gdm©UnyU© Aä`mg H$aUmao Oo emñÌ Vo g_mOemñÌ hmo` Aer YmaUm H$m°åVZo
ñnîQ> Ho$br.
J«§Wg§nXm
1) H$m°åVZo 1822 "A plan for scientific world necessary to re-organize society" _Üò
ho Amnbo n{hbo nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$bo.
2) 1826 _Üò "Consideration on spiritual power" ho nwñVH$ à{gÕ Ho$bo.
3) 1830 _Üò "Course of positive philosophy" `m _hËdnyU© J«§WmÀ`m {bImUmg gwédmV
Ho$br. `m nwñVH$mMo EHy$U ghm I§S> AgyZ àW_ I§S> hm 1830 _Üò à{gÕ Pmbm Va
ghmdm I§S> 1842 _Üò à{gÕ Pmbm.
4) 1852 _Üò "The catechism of positive Religion" hm H$m°åVMm eodQ>Mm J«§W à{gÕ
Pmbm.
darb J«§Wm{edm` 1844 _Üò Positive Society Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br.
g_mOemñÌ EH$ ZdrZ {dkmZ (g_mOemñÌ - EH$ g§H$ënZm) (Concept of Sociology)
H$m°åVZo Oo {d{dY g_mOemñÌr` {dMma à{VnmXZ Ho$bo Ë`m_Üò g_mOemñÌ EH$ ZdrZ {dkmZ
hm A{Ve` _hËdnyU© {dMma _mZbm OmVmo. ""g_mOemñÌ ho gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm d àJVr `m§Mo
emñÌ Amho.'' Sociology is a science of social order and progress Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo. 18
ì`m eVH$mn`©V g_mOm{df`r _m§S>bo OmUmao {dMma H$mën{ZH$ VgoM Y_m©À`m AmYmao _m§S>bo OmV
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AgV. H$m°åV hm {dkmZdmXr Agë`mZo Ë`mbm darb {dMmagaUr _mÝ` ZìhVr. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo,
g_mOmMm dñVw{ZîR> d gdm©JnyU© Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Agob Va Vmo H$mën{ZH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Z
H$aVm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo H$amdm. g_mOemñÌ ho EH$ gm_mÝ` gm_m{OH$ emñÌ (General Social
Science) AWdm EH$ ZdrZ {dkmZ Agë`mZo Aem Aä`mgm_Üò d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm dmna H$éZ
{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Am°JñV H$m°åVMm {dkmZdmX qH$dm àË`jdmX (Comte's Positivism)
Am°JñV H$m°åVZo Oo AZoH$ g_mOemñÌr` {dMma _m§S>bo Ë`m_Üò Ë`mMr {dkmZdmX AWdm
àË`jdmX hr g§H$ënZm gdm©V _hËdmMr _mZbr OmVo. H$m°åVZo `m {dMmagaUrH$S>o "_mZdr ~m¡{ÕH$
{dH$mgmVrb eodQ>Mr AdñWm' åhUyZ nm{hbo. `mMm AW© {dkmZdmXmbm emñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moU Agohr
g§~moYbo OmVo. H$m°åVZo {dkmZm~ÔbMo Amnbo _V nwT>rbà_mUo ì`ŠV Ho$bo. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo, ""OJmVrb
gd© KS>m_moS>r Z¡g{J©H$ {Z`_mZwgma KSy>Z òV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ho {Z`_ g_OmdyZ KoVmZm H$mën{ZH$
AWdm VmpËdH$ {dMmam§Mm Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr Va Ë`mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm nm{hOo.
OmJ{VH$ KQ>Zm AWdm KS>m_moS>rH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm hm ÑpîQ>H$moU Am{U Ë`mVyZ {_iUmao kmZ `mbmM
{dkmZdmX åhUmdo'' Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo.
H$m°åVMm {dkmZdmXmMr (àË`jdmX) d¡{eîQ>o (Characteristics of Comte's Positivism)
H$m°åVMm {dkmZdmX hm Ym{_©H$ {dMmamnmgyZ doJim AgyZ Vmo A{YH$ `WmW© d dmñVddmXr
Agë`mZo Ë`mMr R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>o nwT>rbà_mUo-
1) {dkmZdmXm_Üò KQ>Zm§Mm H$m`©H$maUg§~§Y OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) AZw^d{ZîR>Vm ho {dkmZdmXmMo à_wI A§J Agë`mZo gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r
AmnUmg {Z[ajU, n[ajU, dJuH$aU, g¡Õm§{VH$Vm B. Mm Adb§~ H$aUo JaOoMo R>aVo.
3) {dkmZdmXm_Üò Ym{_©H$ d VmpËdH$ {dMmam§Zm _hËd Z XoVm ^yVH$mbrZ AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao
dV©_mZH$mbrZ KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmV Agë`mZo Ë`mMm {dkmZdmX AmXe©dmXmer
g§~§{YV ZgyZ Vmo dmñVdVoer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo {XgyZ òVo.
4) AmYw{ZH$ OJm_Üò {dkmZdmXmbm {damoY Ho$bm OmV Zgë`mZo Vmo gd©g_mdoeH$ g_Obm
OmVmo.
5) Á`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm, H$moUmÀ`mhr BÀN>m AnojoZwgma KS>V ZmhrV Va Ë`m Z¡g{J©H$
~Xbmà_mUo ñdm^m{dH$ AgVmV. Ë`mà_mUo {dkmZdmX H$moUË`mhr A_`m©X AWdm A{Z©~§Y
{dMmamMm ñdrH$ma H$arV Zmhr.
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6) {dkmZdmX hm AZmdí`H$ kmZmer g§~§Y R>odV Zmhr, åhUOoM AZmdí`H$ kmZ d¡km{ZH$
_mJm©Zo {_idÊ`mer Vmo {ZJS>rV Amho.
7) gm_m{OH$ nwZa«MZoMo EH$ à^mdr gmYZ åhUyZ {dkmZdmX A{Ve` Cn`wŠVVmdmXr _mZbm
OmVmo.
H$m°åVÀ`m {dkmZdmXmÀ`m darb d¡{eîQ>çmdéZ Ago ñnîQ> hmoVo H$r, {dkmZdmXmZo gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZmgmR>r _mZdr {dMmam§Zm Ym{_©H$ d VmpËdH$ Adí`m§nmgyZ ~mOybm H$ê$Z d¡km{ZH$ ñVamda
AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgm{edm` gm_m{OH$ àJVr AeŠ` AgVo. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r
KQ>Zm§Mo dmñVd qH$dm àË`j kmZ AgUo JaOoMo AgVo.
H$m°åVMm {dkmZdmX Am{U gm_m{OH$ nwZa©MZm (Positivistic Plan of Social Reconstruction)
\o«§$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr hmoD$Z Joë`mda Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMo {d{dY n[aUm_ {Xgy bmJbo. àM{bV
g_mOì`dñWm {dñH$irV hmoD$Z ZdrZ g_mOì`dñWoMm CX` hmoD$ bmJbm hmoVm. ga§Om_emhrMr
OmJm ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWoZo KoVbr. ^m§S>dbXmam§er H$m_Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$ H$ê$Z g§nÎmrMo
H|$ÐrH$aU H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWo_Yrb hr \$ma qMVoMr ~m~ hmoVr.
Aemdoir g_mOmV _yb^yV ~Xb Pmbo nm{hOoV `m ÑpîQ>Zo H$m°åVÀ`m g_mOmÀ`m nwZ©aMZoMr `moOZm
V`ma Ho$br.
{dkmZdmX Am{U gm_m{OH$ nwZ©aMZm `mg§X^m©V H$m°åVZo Ago {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV H$s,
g_mOmV ZdrZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ _yë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amd`mMm Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m {Z{V_ÎmoV
~Xb hmoU Amdí`H$ Amho. CXm. ^m§S>dbXmam§Zr Amnë`m hmVm_Üò AgUmar g§nÎmr hr Ho$di
ñdV…À`m _mbH$sMr Amho Ago Z _mZVm Vr nyU©nUo g_mOmMr Amho. VgoM {VMm {d{Z`moJ
g_mOmÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Ho$bm nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd R>odZy dV©Z Ho$bo Va ^m§S>dbemhrVrb Xmof Xÿa
hmoVrb d EH$ ZdrZ g_mO {Z_m©U hmoB©b.
{dkmZdmX EH$ Y_© (Positivism as a Religion)
Am°JñV H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, {dkmZdmXmVyZ Oo kmZ {_iVo Vo dmñVd AgVo. Aem kmZmÀ`m AmYmao
g§nyU© _mZdVm EH$Ì AmUUo eŠ` hmoVo. {dkmZdmX (àË`jdmX) ho Ho$di EH$ {dkmZ Zmhr Va Vo
_mZdVoMm EH$ Y_© Amho.
{dkmZdmX EH$ Y_© åhUyZ {ddoMZ H$aVmZm, H$m°åVZo {dkmZdmXmMo ImbrbàH$mao {d^mOZ
Ho$bo Amho.
A) d¡km{ZH$ VËdkmZ
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~) d¡km{ZH$ Y_© d {ZVremñÌ
H$) àË`j amOH$maU
A) d¡km{ZH$ VËdkmZ (Philosophy of the science)
g_mOmVrb àËòH$ _Zwî`mMm Amnë`m à`ËZmda ÑE {dídmg Agbm nm{hOo. Ë`mZo Amnbm
gdm©{JU {dH$mg gmYÊ`mgmR>r ñdV…Mo à`ËZ _hËdmMo _mZbo nm{hOoV. Ë`mÀ`m d¡km{ZH$
VËdkmZmMo Ago gm§{JVbo H$s, _mZdmZo ñdV…Mr àJVr ñd-~imVyZ KS>dyZ AmUmdr. J{UV,
IJmobemñÌ, nXmW©{dkmZ, agm`ZemñÌ, gm_mOemñÌ, {ZVremñÌ `mgma»`m {dkmZdmXr
VËdkmZmVyZ Vo eŠ` Amho Ago H$m°åVbm dmQ>Vo.
~) d¡km{ZH$ Y_© d {Z{VemñÌ (Scientific Religion and Ethics)
ñdV…Mo gm_Ï`© BVam§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r dmnamdo AWdm "Xþgè`mgmR>r OJm' Ago {dkmZdmXmMo
{Z{VemñÌ Amho. H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo Y_m©Mm g§~§Y àË`jnUo H$moUË`mhr Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrer AgV Zmhr
Va {dkmZdmX hm ñdV…M AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmMm Y_© Amho.
H$) àË`j amOH$maU (Positive Politics)
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, d¡km{ZH$ AdñWoVrb g_mOmV amOH$maU ho `wÕ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Agmdo. VgoM
`wamo{n`Z Xoem§gmR>r EH$ amîQ´>Hy$b ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmdoV.
"{dkmZ Am{U Y_©' `m§À`m Z¡{VH$ EH${ÌH$aUmVyZ _mZd OmVrMo ^bo Amho `mda Ë`mMm ÑT>
{dídmg hmoVm. _mZdOmVrÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r Y_© d {dkmZ `m§Mo gm_Oñ` A{YH$ JaOoMo AgVo.
VrZ AdñWmMm {Z`_ (Law of Three Stages)
\o«§$M {dMmad§V Am°JñV H$m°åV `m§Zr 1822 _Üò "VrZ AdñWm§Mm {Z`_ AWdm' "_mZdr
~m¡{ÕH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm' hm _hËdnyU© {Z`_ à{VnmXZ Ho$bm. Ë`m VrZ AdñWm åhUOo-
1) H$mën{ZH$ qH$dm Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm
2) AmÜ`mpË_H$ qH$dm VmpËdH$ AdñWm
3) d¡km{ZH$ qH$dm àË`j AdñWm
1) H$mën{ZH$ qH$dm Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm (Theological or Theological Stage)
Y_©emñÌr` AdñWm åhUyZ `m AdñWoMm CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo. `m àW_ AdñWoV ì`ŠVr
àËòH$ JmoîQ>rMm {dMma Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVrÀ`m g§X^m©V åhUOoM B©ída àUrV eŠVrer H$arV AgVo.
23
Aem {dMmamZ§Va _mZdàmUr BVa {dídmVrb àmÊ`m§nojm doJim ~Zbm. `m AdñWoV _mZd {ZgJm©V
KS>Umè`m CXm. nmD$g, dmam, dmXi, XþîH$mi `mgma»`m KQ>Zm§Mr H$maUo ñdV…À`m ~w{ÕZwgma ñnîQ>
H$aVmo. ho gd© X¡dr eŠVr_wio KS>VmV Ago _mZbo OmD$ bmJbo. `mMmM AW© {dídmVrb àËòH$
KQ>Zm d hmbMmb B©ídaàUrV AgVo Ago _mZbo Jobo.
2) AÜ`mpË_H$ qH$dm VmpËdH$ AdñWm (Metaphysical Stage)
H$m°åVZo _mZdr {dMmam§À`m CËH«$m§Vr_Yrb hr Xþgar _hËdmMr AdñWm nwT>rbà_mUo ñnîQ>

Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo, H$moUË`mhr KQ>Zo_mJo B©ídar g§Ho$V AgVmo ho Iao Zmhr Va A_yV© Aem eŠVrMo
ApñVËd _mÌ AgVo. Aem A_yV© eŠVr_yioM {dídm_Üò AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m KS>m_moS>r KSy>Z òVmV.
AÜ`mpË_H$ AdñWoV _mZdmZo "na_oída' hr g§H$ënZm _hËdmMr Z _mZVm Ë`mEodOr EH$ "A_yV©
eŠVr' g§H$ënZm J«mhç _mZbr. Ë`mdê$Z _mZdr {dMmam§Mm AWdm _mZdr ~m¡{ÕH$ àJVrMm {dH$mg
A_yV© eŠVr_wioM Pmbm hoM H$m°åVbm gy{MV H$amd`mMo Amho. WmoS>Š`mV, H$mën{ZH$ AdñWoV,
_mZdmZo B©ídamMm emoY bmdbm Va AÜ`mpË_H$ AWdm VmpËdH$ AdñWo_Üò B©ída Z _mZVm EH$m
A_yV© qH$dm JyT> eŠVrbm B©ídamÀ`m OmJr _mZbo.
3) d¡km{ZH$ AWdm àË`j AdñWm (Scientific or Positivistic Stage)
H$m°åVÀ`m _Vo, _mZdr {dMmam§Mr AmYy{ZH$ AdñWm åhUyZ d¡km{ZH$ qH$dm àË`j AdñWoH$S>o
nm{hbo OmVo. `m AdñWoV H$m`©H$maU g§~§YmZm A{YH$ _hËd AgyZ g_mOmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Zr
H$maUo emoYÊ`mnojm {Z`_ emoYÊ`mda A{YH$ â XoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mgmR>r KQ>Zm§Mo {Z[ajU,
n[ajU, {díbofU Am{U VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$ê$Z {Z`_ _m§S>bo OmD$ bmJbo.
WmoS>Š`mV `m AdñWoV Oo dmñVd AWdm àË`jmV Amho Ë`mMmM {dMma hmoV Agë`mZo _mZdr
~w{Õ_VoÀ`m {dH$mgmVrb hr AIoaMrM AdñWm g_Obr OmVo.
gm_m{OH$ S>m{d©ZdmX (Social Darvinism)
S>m{d©Zbm O¡d {dH$mgdmXmMm OZH$ _mZbo OmVo. S>m{d©ZÀ`m {gÕm§Vmbm Z¡g{J©H$ dU©dmX Ago
hr _mZbo OmVo. S>m{d©ZZo Ë`mMm {gÕm§V 1859 _Üò Ë`mÀ`m Origine of Species `m J«§WmV
_m§S>bm. EH§$XarV S>m{d©ZdmX gOrdmÀ`m ApñVËdmMm g§Kf© Strugle for Existence {XgVmo.
gOrdm_Üò àOmoËnmXZmMr j_Vm (Reproduction Capabilities among organism)
àËòH$ gOrdm_Üò ñdV…Mo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r àOmoËnmXZmMr ânya j_Vm AgVo. `m
àOmoËnmXZmV àËòH$ gOrdmMr àOmoËnmXZmMr _`m©Xm R>abobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio n¥Ïdrda Ë`mMo
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ApñVËd g§VwbrV amhVo. H$mhr gOrd d`ñH$a hmoB©n`ªV ZîQ> hmoVmV. Oa àOmoËnmXZmbm _`m©Xm
ZgVr Va n¥Ïdrda A{V[aŠV gOrdmMr g§»`m Pmbr AgVr.
OrdZ g§Kf© (Life Strugle)
gd© gOrd ñdV…À`m ApñVËdmgmR>r g§Kf© H$aV AgVmV. AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `mMm g_mdoe
hmoVmo Ë`mM ~amo~a `mo½` dmVmdaU `mMo{h g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. gOrdmÀ`m ApñVËdmÀ`m g§Kfm©V
H$mhr Ord Amnbo AmpñVËd {Q>H$dVmV Va H$mhr ZîQ> hmoVmV. H$maU g¥îQ>r _Üò XmoZ Ord g_mZ
AmgV ZmhrV Ë`mÀò_Üò Agm_mÝ`Vm Agy eH$Vo. Aem {d{^Þ OrdmÀ`m EH$ÌrH$aUmVyZ g§Kf©
hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$ AgVo. åhUyZ ñnoÝga Survival of the Fittest åhUVmV.
{d{^ÞVm Am{U d§e (Raceand Varieties)
S>m{d©ZÀ`m _Vo Owio gmoSy>Z EH$mM OmoS>r nmgyZ CËnÞ àOmVrMo gXñ` g_mZ ZgVmV.
Ë`m§À`mV {^ÞVm AmdñW AgVo. hr {^ÞVm bm^H$mar, ~oH$ma qH$dm hm{ZH$maH$ Agy eH$Vo.
bm^H$mar gOrd OrdZ g§Kfm©V èñdr hmoVmV. bm^Xm`H$ {d{^Þ àOmVr_Üò dm§{eH$ gH$mamË_H$
JwU òD$ eH$VmV.
`mo½` O~m~Xmar qH$dm Z¡g{J©H$ {ZdS> (Survival of the fittest and natural selection)
H$mhr Ord èñdr OrdZ ì`VrV H$aVmV. Ë`mM ~amo~a ñdV…Mo d§e gmVË` {Q>H$dVmV Vo
`mo½` AmhoV. Ago S>m{d©Z åhUVmo. S>m{d©Z Aem `moJ` OrdmMr {ZdS> H$aVmV.
dmVmdaUmV gmVË`mZo n[adV©Z (Everchanging Environment)
gOrd Zoh_r dmVmdaUmV à^mdr amhVmV. H$maU gOrdmV AgUmar {^ÞVm hmo`.
dmVmdaUm_wio gOrd Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVr_Üò AZwHy$bZ H$aV AgVmV. Oo dmVmdaUmer g_m`moOZ
H$aV ZmhrV Vo gOrd ZîQ> hmoVmV.
Zì`m gOrdmMr {Z{_©Vr (Creation of New Organism)
gOrdmÀ`m gd©OmVr Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m CËnÞ Pmë`m AmhoV. H$moUË`mhr Ord OmVr_Üò nrT>r Xa
nrT>r n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo ho n[adV©Z Ë`m§À`m nyd©Omnojm {^Þ Agy eH$Vo Ago S>m{d©Z åhUVmo. EH$
doi Aer òVo Ooìhm Vmo gOrd nyd©OmnmgyZ Amg_mZ hmoVmo. Aem gOrd nyÝhm Zì`m gOrdmMo
ñWmZ àmá H$aVmo.
WmoS>Š`mV- S>m{d©ZdmX O¡d {dH$mgmVbm à{gÕ {gÕm§V Amho `m {gÕm§Vm Zwgma àËòH$mbm qH$dm
àËòH$ gOrdmbm Amnë`m AmpñVËdmgmR>r g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mM ~amo~a EH$ gOrd Xþgè`m
25
gOrdmer {^Þ AgVmo. {^ÞVoÀ`m g§Kfm©V H$_Omoa ZîQ> hmoVmV. Va gj_ èñdr hmoVmV. JwUdÎmm
{h nrT>r Xa nrT>r EH$m g_whmVyZ qH$dm EH$ gOrdmVyZ Xþgè`m gOrdmV _mJ© H«$_Z H$arV AgVo.
EImXr nrT>r Ë`mÀ`m nyd©Omnojm hr {^Þ Agy eH$Vo dmVmdaUmZwgma gOrdm_Üò AZwHy$bZmMr
à{H«$`m gwê$ AgVo. gOrdmÀ`m {^ÞVo_wio nañna g§Kfm©VyZ Zdr nrT>r OÝ_mg òVo.
g§Kf© à{V_mZ (Z_wZm) (Conflict Paradigm)
Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZo g_mOmV ^m§S>dbXmar CËnmXZ nÕVrMm nm`m KmVbm. `m nÕVrZo l{_H$ d
Y{ZH$ Ago XmoZ dJ© CX`mg Ambo. Y{ZH$ dJm©H$Sy>Z l{_H$m§Mo A{YH$ à_mUmV Am{W©H$ emofU
Ho$bo Omdy bmJbo. AWm©VM, ^m§S>dbemhr_wio g_mOmV AÝ`m`H$maH$ dmVmdaÊm {Z_m©U Pmbo. Aem
`m ^m§S>dbemhr {déÕ Á`m AZooH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr g§K{Q>V AmdmO CR>{dbm Ë`m_Üò O_©Z {dMmad§V
H$mb© _mŠg©Mm AJ«H«$_ bmJVmo.
H$mb© _mŠgMr J«§Wg§nXm
1) 1841 _Üò "On the difference between the Natural Philosophy of Deonocritus
and Epicurus" hm Ph.d Mm à~§Y {bhbm.
2) 1845 _Üò _mŠg© d E§Oëg `m§À`m g§`wŠV à`ËZmVyZ 'Holy Family' hm J«§W àH$m{eV
Pmbm.
3) 1848 _Üò E§OëgÀ`m ghmæ`mZo 'Communitst Menifesto' (gmå`dmXr Om{haZm_m) à{gÕ
Ho$bm.
4) 1847 _Üò "The Poverty of Philosophy" hm J«§W {b{hbm.
5) 1859 _Üò "A Critique of Political Economy" hm J«§W {b{hbm.
6) 1867 _Üò "Xmg H°${nQ>b' (Das Capitas) `m J«§WmMm n{hbm I§S> àH$m{eV Pmbm.
7) 1875 _Üò "The Critique of Gotha Programme" hm _mŠg©Mm g_rjUdOm J«§W
àH$m{eV Pmbm.
8) Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, The German idealogy ho J«§W _mŠg©À`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
_mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V (Class Conflict Theory of Marx)
H$mb© _mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kfm©Mm {gÕm§V åhUOo Ë`mÀ`m A{dlm§V n[al_mMm XmIbm Amho.
_mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V hm CËnmXZ nÕVrer AWdm ì`dñWoer {ZJS>rV AgyZ \«$mÝgMr
26
amÁ`H«$m§Vr Am{U dJ©g§Kf© `m§Mm g§~§Y OmoSy>Z Ë`mZo Amnbr dJ©g§Kfm©Mr ^y{_H$m ñnîQ> Ho$br.
_mZdr B{Vhmg hm g§Kf©énr Amho. Am{W©H$ H$maUmZwgma _mZd g_mOmV _mbH$ Jwbm_, ga§Om_Xma,
eoV_Oya Am{U ^m§S>dbXma H$m_Jma ho àËòH$ dJ© EH$_oH$m§{déÕ g§Kfm©Mr ^y{_H$m pñdH$maVmV. `m
àËòH$ dJm©V Zoh_r g§Kf© AgVmo. AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV g§nÎmrÀ`m Omoamda dJ©aMZm AmYm[aV AgVo.
`mVyZ Y{ZH$ d l{_H$ Ago XmoZ dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbo. `mbmM _mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dbXma d H$m_Jma Ago
Zmd {Xbo. `mVrb ^m§S>dbXma dJm©À`m hmVm_Üò g§nyU© CËnmXZmMr gmYZo H|$[ÐV Pmbobr AgVmV.
Ë`m_wio hm dJ© Xþgè`m dJm©Mo Am{W©H$ emofU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Xþgam dJ© åhUOo H$m_Jma
dJ© hm dJ© àË`jmV dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmo. na§Vw, Ë`mMr CËnm{XV _mbmda _mbH$s ZgVo.
l_ hmM Ho$di Ë`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. `mMm J§^ra n[aUm_ åhUOo `m emo{fV dJm©_Üò Ag§Vmof
{Z_m©U hmoD$Z VmoM nwT>o dJ©g§Kfm©À`m énmZo àH$Q> hmoVmo. Aem `m dJ© g§Kfm©V YZmÀ`m énmZo
^m§S>db hoM l{_H$m§Mo emofU H$aVo Am{U emofUm_wioM dJ©g§Kfm©_Üò dmT> hmoVo.
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, ^m§S>dbemhr g_mOmV CËnmXZ Am{U {dVaUmV EH$ àH$maMr "~ir Vmo H$mZ
{nir' Aer _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U hmoVo. `mVyZM dJ© OmUrd (Class Consciousness) CX`mg òVo.
A{YH$m{YH$ _Oya AWdm H$m_Jma EH$Ì òVmV Am{U Amnë`mda OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m
AÝ`m`m{déÕ bT>m XoÊ`mg gÁO hmoVmV. ^m§S>dbemhr ì`dñWmM Aem dJ©g§Kfm©À`m {Z{_©VrMo
Am{U ñdV…À`m {dZmemMo gmYZ AgVo. eodQ>r `m dJ©g§Kfm©Mr n[a{UVr H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©ZmV hmoV
AgVo. _mŠg©bm n[adV©ZmgmR>r H«$m§VrM Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. Aem H«$m§Vr_YyZ emofH$ dJm©Mm {dZme
hmoVmo Am{U emo{fV dJm©Mr hþHw$_emhr àñWm{nV hmoVo. Omon`©V ^m§S>dbemhr g_mOì`dñWm
ApñVËdmV am{hb Vmon`©V dJ©g§Kf© amhUmaM.
_mŠg©À`m dJ©g§Kfm©Vrb _hËdnyU© ~m~r…
1) H$m_Jma dJm©Mm CX` (Emergence of Workers Class)
^m§S>dbemhrV AZoH$ ì`ŠVrZm EH$m {R>H$mUr H$m_Jma åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio
Ë`m§Zm nañnam§À`m n[apñWVrMr OmUrd hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mV EH$monm Am{U g§K{Q>VnUmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U
hmoVo. `mVyZM H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmV dJ©-OmUrd {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ^m§S>dbemhr {déÕ g§Kf© H$aÊ`mMr
^mdZm dmT>V OmVo.
2) g§nÎmrMo _hËd (Importance of Capital)
^m§S>dbemhr g_mOì`dñWoV ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho {VÀ`m g§nÎmrer Agboë`m g§~§YmdéZ R>aVo.
Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr H$moUVm ì`dgm` H$aVo hr ~m~ _hËdmMr ZgyZ CËnmXZ gmYZm§À`m g§X^m©Vrb {VMo
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ñWmZ _hËdmMo AgVo. dJ© OmUrdoMr dmT> Am{U CËnmXZ gm§YZ _mbH$s `mVrb {df_Vm `m_wio
^m§S>dbXma d H$m_Jma `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
3) Xm[aÐçmV dmT> (Increase poverty)
^m§S>dbemhr g_mOì`dñWoV ^m§S>dbXmamH$Sy>Z H$m_Jmam§Mr Or Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Ho$br
OmVo, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m Xm[aÐçmV gVV dmT> hmoV OmVo.
4) Xþamdm qH$dm AbJVm (Alinatior or Estrangment)
Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ Am{U H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMr A`mo½` n[apñWVr B. _wio H$m_Jmambm Ë`mMo
H$m_, {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m dñVy Am{U Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar `m{df`r dmQ>Umar AmnybH$s H$_r hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm
EHy$UM CËnmXZ à{H«$ò{df`r AmpË_`Vm dmQ>V Zmhr. `mCbQ> H$m_mMr OmJm, Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar Am{U
g_mO `m§À`m{df`r Xþamdm AWdm AbJVoMr ^mdZm dmT>V OmVo.
5) Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` gÎmm Am{U A{YH$ma `m§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU (Centralization of economic
athority and right)
Á`m§À`m hmVmV Am{W©H$ gÎmm AgVo Ë`m§Zm amOH$s` gÎmm {_i{dUo AdKS> ZgVo.
^m§S>dbXmam§H$Sy>Z amOH$s` gÎmoMm dmna ñdV…Mo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odUo, H$m_Jma dJm©da gÎmm
JmO{dUo AWdm Ë`m§Mr {nidUyH$ H$aUo `mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. ^m§S>dbemhrV Ho$di ^m§S>dbXma
dJm©H$S>oM Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` gÎmm Am{U A{YH$ma `m§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU Pmbobo AgVo. Aem A{YH$ma
d gÎmonmgyZ H$m_Jma dJ© d§{MV hmoVmo. n[aUm_V… H$m_Jma dJm©_Üò ^m§S>dbXma dJm©{déÕ dJ©g§Kf©
^mdZm dmT>rg bmJVo.
6) H«$m§Vr (Revolution)
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZ à{H«$òV ^m§S>dbXma Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Üò dma§dma
CX²^dUmè`m g§Kfm©Mr n[aUVr hr eodQ>r H«$m§VrV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dbemhr aMZm ZîQ> hmoVo.
7) gmå`dmXmMm CX` (Rise of Communilaism)
_mŠg©À`m _Vo, Ooìhm CËnmXZ à{H«$òV H$m_Jmam§Mr gÎmm àñWm{nV hmoB©b Voìhm _mb_Îmm hr
g_mOmÀ`m _mbH$sMr hmoB©b. g§nÎmrÀ`m ImOJr _mbH$s hŠH$mVrb {df_Vo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmar
dJ©ì`dñWm ZîQ> hmoB©b Am{U dJ©hrZ AWdm g§Kf©a{hV g_mO CX`mg òB©b. `mbmM _mŠg©Zo
g_mOdmX Ago Zmd {Xbo.
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_mŠg©À`m dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§VmMo _yë`_mnZ (Evaluation of Marxian Theory of Class
Conflict)
H$mb© _mŠg©Zo Amnbm Omo CËnmXZ à{H«$òer {ZJS>rV dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Ë`mMo gImob
{ddoMZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ago {ZXe©Zmg òVo H$s, Ë`mMm hm {gÕm§V ñVarH$aUmMm {gÕm§V ZgyZ Vmo
gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm EH$ ì`mnH$ {gÕm§V Amho. VgoM hm {gÕm§V åhUOo g_J« n[adV©ZmMo EH$
gmYZ Amho. _mŠg©Mm dJ©g§Kf© {gÕm§V hm dñVwpñWVr {ZXe©H$ hmoVm.
A{VàMrZ g_mOmnmgyZ Vo AmOÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ `wJmn`©V Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, g_mOmV XmoZ
nañna{damoYr dJ© ApñVËdmV AgVmV. `mVrb EH$m dJm©H$S>o n¡gm, gÎmm AWdm _mb_ÎmoMm _mbH$s
hŠH$ AgVmo. Va Xþgam dJ© `m gdm©nmgyZ d§{MV AgVmo. n{hbm dJ© (^m§S>dbXma) Xþgè`m dJm©Mo
(H$m_Jma) emofU H$aVmo. Ooìhm emofU {H«$òMm A{VaoH$ hmoVmo Voìhm l{_H$ dJ© Y{ZH$ dJm©{déÕ
H«§$mVr {ZemU C^maVmo. hr H«$m§Vr åhUOoM dJ©g§Kf© hmo`. Ooìhm g_mOmVyZ Y{ZH$ dJ© Zm{hgm hmoVmo
Voìhm dJ©{da{hV AWdm g§Kf©a{hV g_mO CX`mg òVmo. Aem g_mOmbm _mŠg©Zo gmå`dmX ho Zmd
{Xbo.
2.2.2 à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm gm§Ho${VH$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmX (Symbolic Interactionalism)
AZoH$dmXr dV©Z g§àXm`d gm_m{OH$ {H«$`mdmXr g§àXm` `m XmoZ _mZgemñÌr` _yë`mda
AmYmaboë`m g§àXm`mÀ`m ì`{V[aŠV à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm gm§Ho${VH$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXr {dMmad§Vm§Zr
_mZdr dV©Z ì`dhmamMo, gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo d gm_m{OH$ OrdZ nÕVrMo {ddoMZ gm_m{OH$
_mZgemñÌmÀ`m AmYmamda H$aÊ`mMm {deof à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. Or. EM. _rS> `m§Mm à{VH$mË_H$
Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMm OZH$ åhUyZ CëboI Ho$bm OmVmo. gr. EM². Hy$bo, Om°Z S>çyB©, {dë`_ OoÝg, Oo.
~r. ~mëS>drZ d S>ãë`y. Am`. Wm°_g `m g_mOemñÌkm§Zr à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMo AZoH$ n°by
{deX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. ^maVr` g_mOemñÌk S>m°. amYm H$b_ _yIOuMo `moJXmZ `m
joÌmV CëboIZr` Amho.
{eH$mJmo {dÚmnrR>mV lr.Or.EM._rS> `m§Zr à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V g§emoYZmË_H$
AÜ``Zmg àma§^ Ho$bm d Ë`m§Zr "naËdmÀ`m gm_mÝ`rH$aUmMm' qH$dm "gm_mÝ`rH¥$V AÝ`' {gÕm§V
_m§S>bm. _rS> `m§Mm naËdmMm {gÕm§V hm gr. EM². Hy$bo `m§À`m à{Vq~{~V ñdËdmÀ`m (Looking
Glass Self) g§H$ënZoer OwiUmam Amho. _rS> `m§Zm Amnë`m hçmVrV à{VH$mË_H$
Am§Va{H«$ò~m~VMo {dMma J«§W énmVyZ àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mMo ^m½` bm^bo Zgbo Var Ë`m§À`m
{dÚmÏ`m©Zm Ë`m§Zr {bhbobo AZoH$ boI EH${ÌV H$éZ 1934 gmbr 'Mind, Self and Society'
ZmdmMm J«§W Ë`m§À`m Zmdo àH$m{eV Ho$bm.
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Am§Va{H«$òMr à{H«$`m hr \$ŠV _mZd g_mOmVM AmT>iVo Ago Zmhr, Va Vr gd© g_mOerb
àmÊ`m§Vhr AmT>iVo. _mZd d _mZdoÎma àmUr `mVrb \$aH$ g_mOerbVoda AWdm \$ŠV e[aa
aMZoda AmYmabobm ZgyZ Vmo àm_w»`mZo g§ñH¥${V{ebVoda AmYmabobm Amho. àËòH$ gOrd àmÊ`mMm
AmdmO d¡{eîQ>çnyU© d doJim Amho. AmdmOmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmnAmnë`m àmUrdJm©Vrb àmÊ`m§Zm
EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mMm gX¡d à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV. _mÌ {d{eîQ> àg§Jr AWdm {d{eîR> n[apñWVrV
àmÊ`mZo H$mT>boë`m {d{eîR> AmdmOmbm Img AW© AgVmo.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMm Ame` d AW© (Meaning of Symbolic Interactionalism)
Ooìhm Am§Va{H«$òMr à{H«$`m hr à{VH$m§À`mda AmYmabobr AgVo, Aem Am§Va{H«$òbm

à{VH$mË_H$ qH$dm gm§Ho${VH$ Am§Va{H«$`m Aer g§km dmnabr OmVo. EH$_oH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m, AmMma-
{dMma, _yëò AWdm lÕm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmN>r g_mO ì`dñWoV à{VH$mË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mV
òV AgVmo. {dMma, _yëò _yV© ñdénmVyZ àH$Q> H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m
à{VH$m§Zm gm§ñH¥${VH$ _hËd àmá Pmbobo Agë`mZo g§Xoe ì`dhmamMo gmYZ åhUyZ à{VH$m§Mm
(Symbols) Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. {dMmam§Mo qH$dm g§XoemMo AmXmZ-àXmZ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mOmMo
^md{ZH$ EoŠ` H$m`_ {Q>H${dÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV à{VH$m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Agë`mZo gm_m{OH$
Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òV `m à{VH$m§Zm {deof _hËd àmá Pmbobo AgVo. _mÌ à{VHo$ (Symbols) d
{MÝh (Sign) ho g_mZmWu ñdénmV dmnabo OmV ZmhrV.
gm_m[OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ _hËd (Social and cultural importance)
1) à{VHo$ hr g_mO_mÝ` AgVmV (Symbols are Socially Sanctioned)
g_mO ì`dñWoMo {ZYm©aU H$aVodir g_mO _yë`m§Mo nmbZ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z ìhmdo Aer Anojm
g_mO ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmo. OrdZmH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm ì`ŠVrMm ÑpîQ>H$moU H$moUVm Agmdm `m~m~V
g_mO H$mhr AmXe©dmXr _yë`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. {deofV… ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho
gm_m{OH$ _yë` ì`dñWobm nmofH$ R>aUmao Agmdo bmJVo. _mÌ Ooìhm ì`ŠVr `m _yë` ì`dñWoMo
Cëb§KZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo Voìhm Vr g_mO ì`dñWm ApñWaVoH$S>o qH$dm Aem§VVoH$S>o dmQ>Mmb
gwé H$aVo. _mZdmÀ`m A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V ñdénmÀ`m dV©Z ì`dhmamda {Z`§ÌU Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m CÔoemVyZ
Á`m à{VH$mË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm dmna gm_y{hH$ ñdénmVyZ g_mO Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Ë`m
à{VH$m§À`m~Ôb nm{dÍ`mMr ^mdZm Ë`m g_mOmV {nT>çmZ {nT>çm {Z_m©U Pmbobr AgVo. åhUyZ
à{VH$m§Zm ì`mnH$ ñVamda Omon`©V gm_m{OH$ _mÝ`Vm àmá hmoV Zmhr Vmon`©V Vr à{VHo$ \$ŠV
ì`ŠVrnyaVr _`m©{XV R>aVmV.
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2) à{VHo$ hr _mZd{Z{_©V AgVmV (Symbols are man made)
à{VH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d¡Mm[aH$ d _yë`mË_H$ XodmU-KodmUmMr à{H«$`m hr \$ŠV _mZd
g_mOmV AmT>iVo. lÕm qH$dm ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$m§Mm dmna H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm hr
\$ŠV _mZd àmÊ`mV AmT>iVo. g_mO OrdZmÀ`m doJdoJùçm joÌmV doJdoJùçm à{VH$m§Mm dmna
_mZdmH$Sy>Z Pmbobm Amho. CXm. {¼íçZ Y_m©Mm OrdZ{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ H«y$g (+) `m à{VH$mÛmao
ñnîQ> hmoVmo. Va (+) ho à{VH$ J{UVremñÌmV ~oaOoMo {MÝh åhUyZ dmnabo OmVo. EImÚm {MÝhmbm
Ooìhm {d{eîQ> Ame` àmá hmoVmo VoìhmM Ë`mMm à{VH$mV A§V^m©d hmoVmo. _mZdoÎma àmÊ`mVhr ^mdZm
AWdm lÕm AmT>iyZ òV Agë`m Var Ë`m àmÊ`mV ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$mË_H$
KQ>H$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. åhUyZ à{VHo$ hr _mZd {Z{_©V AgVmV.
3) à{VHo$ gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aVmV (Symbols creat social harmaony)
AmnAmnë`m Ym{_©H$, ^m{fH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§V ^md{ZH$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$m§Mm Img H$éZ Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. g_mOmMo g§KQ>Z ho ^md{ZH$ EoŠ`mda
Adb§~bobo Agë`mZo g§~§{YV g_mOmZo gm_y{hH$ ñdénmVyZ Oo à{VH$ n{dÌ _mZbobo Amho Ë`mMm
gm_m{OH$ EoŠ`mgmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. àËòH$ amîQ´>mMm amîQ´>ÜdO, amîQ´>JrV, amîQ´>^mfm hr amîQ´>r`
EH$mË_VoMr à{VHo$ åhUyZM A§{JH$mabr OmVmV. ^md{ZH$ EoŠ` ho g_mOmMo d amîQ´>mMo Z¡{VH$
gm_Ï`© åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. Amnmnë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m§À`mV
^md{ZH$ EoŠ` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d n{dÌ ~m~tMo nm{dÍ` {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$m§Mm dmna Zho_rM
Ho$bm OmVmo. g_wXm` ^mdZm dmT>rg bmdUo, H$V©ì` VËnaVoMr OmUrd bmoH$m§Zm H$éZ XoUo d
gm_y{hH$ O~m~XmarMr OmUrd H$éZ XoUo `m CXma hoVyVyZ à{VH$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) à{VHo$ hr g§Xoe ì`dhmamMr gmYZo AgVmV (Symbols are means of communication)
gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d amîQ´>r` OrdZmVrb _yë`m§Mo {Z`_H$m§Mo, VËdàUmbrMo d
OrdZV{df`H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZmMo àH$Q> ñdén à{VH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$bo OmVo. OrdZ{df`H$
_yë`m§Mm àMma d àgma H$aVodir à{VH$m§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_mMo EH$ gmYZ
åhUyZ à{VHo$ hr _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m d dR>{dVmV {d{eîQ> joÌmV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m à{VH$m§Zm
AW©nyU©Vm àmá Pmbobr Agë`mZo Ë`m à{VH$m§Mm Ame` H$moUVm Amho, Ë`mMo OrdZmV H$moUVo
_hËd Amho ho bmoH$m§Zm nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à{VH$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. doJdoJùçm g§ñWm d g§KQ>Zm
~moY dmŠ`m§bm AZwgê$Z H$mhr à{VH$m§Mm dmna H$aVmV. CXm. qhXÿ g_mOmV ›, _ypñb_ g_mOmV
"786' B. Aer CXmhaUo XoVm òVrb. hr OrdZ_yëò d¡`pŠVH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d amîQ´>r`
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OrdZmV _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m dT>drV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm àMma, àgma d ñdrH$ma àËòH$ ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z
ìhmdm `m OmUrdoVyZ à{VH$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
5) à{VH$m§Mm CX` gm_m{OH$ _ZmVyZ hmoV AgVmo (Symbols arise in ones social mind)
à{VH$m§Mr hmoUmar {Z{_©Vr hr Oar gm_m{OH$ ñdénmMr Agbr Var Ë`m à{VH$m~Ôb dmQ>Umam
AmXa^md d nm{dÍ`^md hm g§ñH$mamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dH${gV hmoV AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW
gm_m{OH$ g§ajU d g_mO {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òV àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMm gh^mJ AgUo
OéarMo AgVo. g_m{OH$aU hr ì`ŠVr_ËdmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr Oar à{H«$`m Agbr Var Vr EH$
g§ñH$amMr d _mZdrH$aUmMr gm_m{OH$ à{H«$`m Amho. g_mO ì`dñWoZo Á`m ~m~r {Z{eÕ _mZboë`m
AmhoV Ë`mMm ì`ŠVrZo nwañH$ma H$é Zò, Aem nÕVrZo g§ñH$ma gm_m{OH$ _Zmda H$amdo bmJVmV.
g_mOmZo gm_y{hH$ ñdénmVyZ gm_m{OH$ ñdmñWmgmR>r Or _yëò ñdrH$mabobr AmhoV Ë`mMm AmXa d
nm{dÍ` {Q>H${dÊ`mMr j_Vm g§ñH$mamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr g_mOmVrb
àËòH$ g§ñWoda d g§KQ>Zoda nS>bobr AgVo. AmXa`wŠV à{VH$m§Mo nm{dÍ` ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$
_ZmVyZ {dH${gV hmoV AgVo.
Om°O© h~©Q> _rS> (George Herbert Mead)
Om°O© _rS> `m§Zm à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMm OZH$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. à{VH$mË_H$
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V A_o[aHo$Vrb {eH$mJmo {dÚmnrR>mV àm`mo{JH$ ÑîQ>çm 1930 `m
gw_mamg AÜ``Z H$arV AgVmVZm Ë`m§Zr AÜ``ZmV doJdoJùçm {df`mda g§emoYZ H$éZ emoY
{Z~§Y {bhÿZ R>odbo. na§Vw, XþX©odmZo Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m h`mVrV J«§WénmVyZ Vo {Z~§Y àH$m{eV H$aVm
Ambo ZmhrV. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m {dÚmÏ`m©Zr Vo emoY {Z~§Y EH$Ì H$éZ Ë`m§Mr nÕVera _m§S>Ur H$éZ
_rS> `m§À`m Zmdo, 1932 'Philosophy of the present;' gmbr 1934 gmbr Mind, Self and
Society; 1936 gmbr Movements of thought in the 19th Century Am{U 1938 gmbr
'The Philosophy of the Act' B. nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Ho$br. à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb
Ë`m§Mo _hËdmMo nwñVH$ åhUOo 'Mind, Self and Society' hmo`.
Om°O© _rS> `m§À`m à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXr {dMmagaUrda gr. EM². Hy$bo `m§À`m
à{Vq~{~V ñdËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMm (Concept of looking glass self) {deof à^md nS>bobm {XgyZ
òVmo. ~mhç gm_m{OH$ {dídmMm _mZdr _Zmda gmVË`mZo à^md nS>V Agë`mZo ì`ŠVr d g_mO
qH$dm "ñd' Am{U "na' ho XmoÝhr EH$_oH$m§er BVHo$ H${Q>~Õ Pmbobo AgVmV H$s Vo EH$_oH$mnmgyZ
AbJ H$aVm òV ZmhrV. ì`pŠVJV {Z[ajU d AZw^d `m§À`mÛmao "ñd' Am{U "na' `m g§H$ënZm
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CX`mg òV Agë`mZo _mZdmÀ`m A§VJ©V d ~{hJ©V dV©Z nÕVrMo AÜ``Z g_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌr`
_yë`mda H$aÊ`mMm _rS> `m§Zr AQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`m (Symbolic Interaction)
Am§Va{H«$`m hm g_mO OrdZmMm _yb^yV nm`m _mZyZ Ë`mMo _mZgemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm {ddoMZ
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ _rS> `m§Zr Ho$bm. {ZgJm©Vrb àËòH$ àmÊ`m§À`mV {H«$`m d à{V{H«$`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y
AmT>iyZ òVmV. EH$m àmÊ`mMr H¥$Vr Xþgè`m àmÊ`mbm {d{eîQ> H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. na§Vw,
{H«$`m d à{V{H«$`m `m emar[aH$ hmd^mdmdê$Z ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ _mZdÎmoa àmÊ`mV {XgyZ òVmo.
Va _mZd g_mOmV em[aarH$ hmd^mdmì`{V[aŠV doJdoJùçm à{VH$m§Mm, gmYZm§Mm, eãXm§Mm dmna
H$aÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îmr _mZd g_mOmV AmT>iVo. {d{eîQ> emar[aH$ hmd^md AWdm à{VH$m§g {d{eîR>
AW© qH$dm Ame` àmá Pmbobm AgVmo. åhUyZ H$moUVrhr Am§Va{H«$`m AW©nyU© qH$dm Ame` àYmZ
ñdénmMr AgVo Ago _V _rS> `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$bobo Amho. à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMr à{H«$`m hr
hiyhiy _mZdr g_mOmV {dH${gV hmody bmJbr. EdT>oM Zìho Va Vr à{H«$`m gm_m{OH$ H$m¡eë`mMo
KmVH$ _mZbo OmVo Ago _rS>Mo _V Amho.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òV ^mfoMo ñWmZ ho d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. ^mfoMm CX` hr EH$
à_wI gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Agbr Var _mZdmÀ`m amZQ>r AdñWoV ^mfoMm CX` Pmbobm ZìhVm.
emar[aH$ hmd^mdmdê$Z EH$_oH$m§À`mV d¡Mm[aH$ AmXmZ-àXmZ hmoV Ago. àËòH$ emar[aH$
ñdénmÀ`m Bemè`mbm {d{eîQ> AW© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mrM nÕV àmMrZ H$mimV ApñVËdmV hmoVr.
Ag§ñH¥$V g_mO ì`dñWoH$Sy>Z gwg§ñH¥$V g_mO ì`dñWoH$S>o _mZd g_mOmMr àJVr OgOer hmoD$
bmJbr VgVgo {d{eîQ> emar[aH$ ñdénmÀ`m Bemè`mbm {d{eîQ> eãXmZo CƒQ>bo OmD$ bmJbo d
Ë`mVyZM ^mfoMm hiyhiy {dH$mg hmody bmJbm. gwgwñH¥$V g_mO ì`dñWoV ^mfm ho EH$ {d{Z_`mMo
à_wI åhUyZ AmoiIbo Omyd bmJbo. na§Vw, _rS> `m§Zr ^mfmemñÌmÀ`m CX`mMm B{Vhmg ñnîQ>
H$aVodir à{VH$mË_H$ ñdénmMr emar[aH$ hmbMmb, Ame`àYmZ Agë`m_wio àËòH$ ì`ŠVrMr
{H«$`m d à{V{H«$`m emar[aH$ hmd^mdmdê$Z ì`ŠV Ho$br OmV Ago d Ë`m Ame` àYmZ {H«$`m-
à{VH$mË_H$ (Symbolic) ñdénmÀ`m AgVmV Ago _V ñnîQ> Ho$bo.
_rS> `m§À`m_Vo, _mZd hm ~w{ÕOrdr, {dMmaH$Sy>Z H¥$Vr H$aUmam, d {Okmgyd¥Îmr YmaU H$aUmam
MVwa àmUr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a _mZdmg H$ënZmeŠVrhr àmá Pmbobr Amho. ì`ŠVr hm g_mOmVbm
bhmZ AUy Oar Agbm Var g_mOmnmgyZ A{bá amhÿZ Vmo ñdV…Mm gdm©{JU {dH$mg gmÜ` H$ê$
eH$V Zmhr.
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H$m°{bÝg d _°H$moñH$s `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr 'The Discovery of Society' `m J«§WmV Ago åhQ>bo
Amho [H$ àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV "ñdËdmMr' (Self) g§H$ënZm ~më`mdñWonmgyZ AñVrËdmV
AgVo. _yb g_mO ì`dñWoV amhÿZ bhmZmMo _moR>o ~ZV OmVo VgVgo ñdËdmMr g§H$ënZm ñdËdmer
Va "Vy, Vwbm, VwPo' `m g§H$ënZm naËdmer {ZJS>rV AgVmV. _mÌ ñdËd d naËd `m g§H$ënZm
{dH${gV hmoÊ`mg ì`ŠVr d g_mO {H$VnV H$maUr^yV AmhoV `mMo _mZgemñÌr` ÑîQ>çm {ddoMZ
Ho$ë`m_wioM {gÕ hmoUma Amho Ago _V H$m°{bÝg d _°H$moñH$s `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. _rS> `m§Zr
ñdËdmMr d naËdmMr g§H$ënZm ~w{Õ àm_mÊ`VoÀ`m VËdmda ñdrH$mabobr ZgyZ Vr H$ënZmVrV
ñdénmVyZ ñdrH$mabobr Amho. ì`ŠVr{ZîR> d dñVw{ZîR> ñdénmÀ`m Am§Va{H«$òVyZ ñdËdmMr d
naËdmMr g§H$ënZm {dH${gV hmoV AgVo. à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMr g§H$ënZm {deX H$aVodoir _rS>
`m§Zr g§b½Z {gÕm§VmMr (Coherent Theory) _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.
_rS> `m§Mm g§b½Z{gÕm§V (Mead's Coherent Theory)
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMo {ddoMZ H$aVodoir _rS> `m§Zr _Z (Mind) ñdËd (Self) d
g_mO (Society) `m VrZ AmYma^yV KQ>H$mVrb nañna g§~§YmMm gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌr`ÑîQçm
Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho. "{H«$`merb _Zm' Mo {díbofU H$aVodir {dë`_ Ooåg, gr. EM². Hy$bo d
Ooåg ~mëS>{dZ `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm à^md _rS> `m§À`m {díbofUmda nS>bobm {XgyZ òVmo.
_Z, ñdËd Am{U g_mO `m VrZ KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmamda H$moUË`mhr _mZdmMr Iar Amoi»m hmoV
AgVo, Ago _rS> `m§Mo _V Amho. `mn¡H$s d¡`pŠVH$ (Individual Mind) _Z d¡`ŠVrH$ ñdËdmMr
(Individual Self) d gm_m{OH$ _Z gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVo. eara d _Z `m§Mo ñdén
AZwH«$_o _yV© d A_yV© Oar Agbo Var Vo EH$_oH$m§er H${Q>~Õ AgVmV H$s Vo EH$_oH$mnmgyZ doJio
H$aVm òV ZmhrV. ì`ŠVr_Ëdmda _mZdr _ZmMm gmVË`mZo à^md nS>V AgVmo. _mZdr _Z, ñdËd
Am{U g_mO `m VrZ g§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmamda à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMo ñdén _rS> `m§Zr Amnë`m
g§b½Z {gÕm§VmV {deX Ho$bobo Amho.
_Z (Mind)
_rS>Zo Amnë`m {ÌgyÌr g§b½Z {gÕm§VmV n{hbo ñWmZ _mZdr _Zmg {Xbobo Amho. _mZdr
_ZmMr KS>U hr emar[aH$ {dH$mgm~amo~aM hmoV Agë`mZo ~mbH$ ñdV…hÿZ Hw$Qw>§~mV AWdm Amnë`m
AdVr^modVr dmdaÊ`mMm OgOgo à`ËZ H$aVo VgVgo ^mfoÀ`m CƒmamVyZ Amnë`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb àm¡T> ì`ŠVr H$em dmJVmV `mMo ~maH$mB©Zo {Z[ajU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mr
àg§Jr ZŠH$b H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ bhmZ _ybo H$aVmV. OgOgo {H$emoamdñWoH$Sy>Z ~mbH$mMm {dH$mg
hmoV OmVmo, VgVgo ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma H$aÊ`mg, ñdV§ÌnUo H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg d ñdV§ÌnUo {ZU©` KoÊ`mg
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Vo ~mbH$ V`ma hmoVo. _rS> `m§Zr _mZdr {dH$mgmMo Q>ßno nmS>VmZm nwT>rb VrZ AdñWm _hËdmÀ`m
_mZboë`m AmhoV. 1) emar[aH$ hmd^mdmÛmao Amnbm à{VgmX ì`ŠV H$aUo. 2) AZwH$aUmÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ BVam§Mr ^y{_H$m dmT>{dUo. 3) ~m¡{ÕH$ àJVmdñWoVyZ H$ënZmeŠVrbm COmim XoUo.
emar[aH$ hmd^mdmdê$Z Amnbm à{VgmX ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ ~mbH$ ~më`mdñWoV H$arV
Agbo Var {H$emoamdñWoV d Hw$_mamdñWoV Vo ~mbH$ ^mfoÀ`m, CƒmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ d H¥$VrÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ Amnbr à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV H$aVo. EdT>oM Zìho Va H$mhr à{VH$m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m
à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo d Ë`m à{VH$m§Mm {ZpíMV Ame` OmUy KoÊ`mMr j_Vm
_ybm§À`mV {dH${gV hmoV OmVo. _ZmMr àm¡T>mdñWm hr emar[aH$ àm¡T>mdñWo~amo~aM {dH${gV hmoVo.
ñdV§Ì {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr j_Vm _ybm§À`mV OgOer {dH${gV hmoV OmVo VgVer H$ënZmeŠVr
{dH${gV hmoÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo.
2) ñdËd (Self)
Ooìhm ñdV…~ÔbMr OmUrd ~mbH$mg hmoV OmVo Voìhm ñdËd d namËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm Ë`m
~mbH$mV {Z_m©U hmoVmV. _rS> `m§Zr _mZdr _Z hm g_mOmMmM A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ Amho Ago g§~moYbo
Amho. g_mO OrdZmVrb AZoH$ ~ao-dmB©Q> AZw^d KodyZ _mZdr _ZmMr OS>U-KS>U hmoV AgVo.
_mZdr _Z ho gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMo à{VH$mË_H$ én _mZyZ Ë`mMm Aä`mg g_mO
_mZgemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm _rS> `m§Zr Ho$bm.
_mZd g_mOmV dmnabr OmUmar à{VHo$ hr g§Xoe ì`dhmamMr gmYZo åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVmV.
à{VH$m§Zm gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm {deof _hËd àmá Pmbobo AgVo. _mZd g_mOmV àM{bV
AgUmar à{VHo$ hr \$ŠV _mZd {Z{_©V ñdénmMr H¥$Vr ZgyZ Vr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMr
à{VH$mË_H$ gmYZo AmhoV.
ñdV…~ÔbMr OmUrd bhmZ _ybm§À`mV Ooìhm {dH${gV hmoVo Voìhm nmgyZ "_r, _bm d _mPo'
`m~m~VÀ`m g§H$ënZm CX`mg òVmV. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a "Vw, Vwbm d VwPo' `m naËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZmhr
{dH${gV hmoV OmVmV. Xþgè`mnojm ñdV…Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m àd¥ÎmrVyZ ñdËdmMr g§H$ënZm _mZdr
_ZmV CX`mg òV OmVo. Ë`m_wio ñdËd hr EH$ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Amho.
àm¡T>mdñWoV AZwH$aUm{à` dV©Z ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmMm d Ë`mÀ`m ñd^mdmMm EH$ A{d^mÁ`
KQ>H$ Amoijbm OmVmo. _Z, ~wÕr, eara `m§Mm g§nyU© {dH$mg Pmbobm Agë`mZo AZwH$aUm{à`Vm
H$_r Pmbobr AgVo.
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ñdVËdmMr g§H$ënZm {deX H$aVmZm _rS> `m§Zr d¡`ŠVrH$ d gm_m{OH$ _ZmMo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo
Amho. d¡`pŠVH$ _ZmV ñdV…~ÔbMr à{V_m, ñdËdmMr OmUrd, ñdm{^_mZ, AmË_qH$ÐrVnUm B.
g§H$ënZmMm CX` hmoVmo. Va gm_m{OH$ _ZmV BVam§À`m ÑpîQ>Zo Amnbo dV©Z, Amnbr ^y{_H$m,
Amnbr H¥$Vr, Amnbm XOm© d Amnbr O~m~Xmar B. A§V^m©d hmoVmo. d¡`pŠVH$ _Z ñdËdmÀ`m
OmUrdobm Va gm_m{OH$ _Z gm_m{OH$ OmUrdobm àoaUmXm`r R>aVo.
3) g_mO (Society)
Amnë`m g§b½Z {gÕm§Vmn¡H$s {Vgam _hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUyZ _rS> `m§Zr _mZdr g_mOmg {deof
ñWmZ {Xbo Amho. _rS> `m§À`m_Vo ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ _ZmVyZ d gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmVyZ `m g§ñWm§Mm
d g§KQ>Zm§Mm CX` Pmbobm Amho. `m g§ñWm§À`m d g§KQ>Zm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO ì`dñWm CX`mg
Ambobr Amho. g_mO ì`dñWoVrb AZoH$ g§ñWmer ì`ŠVrMm g§nH©$ òVmo. {d{dY bmoH$m§À`m
gm{ZÜ`mV amhÿZ ì`ŠVrbm OrdZ H$mT>mdo bmJVo. VoìhmM g_m{OH$ Am§Vaa{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òV àË`j
d AàË`jnUo Zoh_rM gh^mJr hmoV AgVo. gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrZwgma Amnbo dV©Z, ñd^md
AmMma d {dMma H$go AmhoV BVam§À`mH$Sy>Z OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm d Amdí`H$VoZwgma dV©ZmV ~Ôb
H$aÊ`mMm ì`ŠVr AQ>moH$mQ> à`ËZ H$arV AgVo.
ì`ŠVrMo d¡`pŠVH$ _Z ho d¡`ŠVrH$ ñdËdmbm, d¡`ŠVrH$ ñdËd ho ñd{hVmbm d ñd{hV ho
d¡`ŠVrH$ Om{Udobm Oer MmbZm XoVo Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo gm_{OH$ _Z gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmbm,
gm_m{OH$ ñdËd ho g_mO {hVmbm d g_mO{hV ho gm_m{OH$ Om{Udobm àoaUm XoV AgVo. _ZmÀ`m
`m XmoZ n`m©`mn¡H$s H$moUVm n`m©` {ZdS>mdm `m~m~V ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV {ÛYm n[apñWVr {Z_m©U
Pmbobr AgVo. BVam§À`m _ZmV Amnë`m {df`r Mm§Jbr à{V_m {Z_m©U H$amd`mMr Pmë`mg
gm_m{OH$ _VmZwgma dmJÊ`mMm à`ËZ ì`ŠVr H$aVo. Aem dV©Z ì`dhmam_wio ñd{hVmÀ`m
g§H$ënZoda, AmMma-{dMmamda d Amnë`m dV©Z nÕVrda _`m©Xm Q>mHy$Z g_mO{hV, gm_m{OH$
g§ajU gmÜ` H$aÊ`mH$S>o ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$aVo. åhUOoM g_mO{hVmÀ`m Om{UdoVyZ d¡`pŠVH$
{hVmÀ`m g§H$ënZmMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mH$S>o Ë`mMo _Zmod¥Îmr {dH${gV hmoV OmVo.
Amnë`m {ÌgyÌr g§b½Z {gÕm§VmV _rS> `m§Zr _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dídmMo
g_mOemñÌr`ÑîQ>çm AÜ``Z H$aVodoir dV©ZmË_H$ _mZgemñÌmMm AmYma KoVbobm Amho. _mZdr
Am§Va{H«$`m hr XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm Am{YH$ ì`ŠVr_Yrb EH$àH$maMo XiUdiU hmo`. `m
XiUdiUmVyZM g_mO AmH$ma KoV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo ñdén Zoh_rM J{V_mZ AgVo. _mZdr
dV©ZmVrb {^ÞVm, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrH$S>o Ë`mMm nmhÊ`mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ _mZdmV àM{bV Agboë`m
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OmUrd `m§À`m AmYmamdaM gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMm Ame` {dfX H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© à{VH$mË_H$
Am§Va{H«$`mdmX H$arV AgVo.
lr. gr. EM². Hw$bo `m§Mr à{Vq~{~V ñdËdmMr g§H$ënZm (C.H.Cooley's concept of Looking
Glass Self)
à{VH$mË_H$ gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V lr. gr. EM². Hw$bo `m§Zr à{Vq~{~V ñdËdmÀ`m
g§H$ënZoMo {ddoMZ 'Human Nature and the social order' `m J«§WmV Ho$bobo Amho. `m
J«§Wmì`{V[aŠV 'Social Process', Social Organisation', Sociological Theory and Social
Research, d 'Life and the Student' `m AZoH$ J«§WmVyZ g_mOemñÌr` {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr
Amho.
Hy$bo `m§À`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmamda ñnoÝga `m§À`m gm_m{OH$ CËH«$m§VrdmXmMm à^md nS>bobm
Amho. _mZdr g_mOmMo AÜ``Z H$aUo åhUOo _mZdmÀ`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUo hmo`.
g_mOmnmgyZ H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrbm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ àmá hmoV Zmhr. _mZdr g_mO hm gOrd KQ>H$m§Zr
{_iyZ ~Zbobm Agë`mZo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m Om{Udm, ^mdZm, lÕm, _yëò d AmMma-{dMma B.Zr
{_iyZ g_mO ~ZV AgVmo. XmoZ qH$dm XmoZ nojm A{YH$ ì`ŠVr_Yrb nañna g§~§YmV àËòH$
ì`ŠVtÀ`m ^mdZm§Mm, _yë`m§Mm d AmMma-{dMmam§Mm EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y òV AgVmo. {H«$`m d
à{V{H«$`m§Mm, _mZdmÀ`m ñd^mdm§Mm EH$_oH$mda AmKmV hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$
Am§Va{H«$`m, gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y, _mZdmMo gm_m{OH$dV©Z, dV©Z ì`dhmamMr nÕV, _mZdr dV©Zmda
nS>Umar ~§YZo, dV©ZmV hmoUmao ~Xb B. AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm` g_mOmMo Am§V[aH$
ñdén ñnîQ> hmoV Zmhr.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V Hy$bo `m§Zr _m§S>bobr à{Vq~{~V ñdËdmMr g§H$ënZm hr
Om©O© _rS> `m§À`m {ÌgyÌr g§b½Z {gÕm§Vmer d naËdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoer OwiUmar Amho.
g_mOmVrb àËòH$ ì`ŠVr hm g_mOmMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ `m ZmË`mZo Amnbo d¡`pŠVH$ d
gm_m{OH$ OrdZ H§${R>V AgVmo, AZoH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_m{OH$ dV©Z ì`dhmamVyZ gm_m{OH$
Am§Va{H«$òMm CX` hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m Am§Va{H«$òV ì`ŠVrMm ñd^md. AmMma{dMma d Ë`mMr _yëò
`m§Mm {deof à^md nS>V AgVmo.
ì`ŠVr_ËdmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV _mZdr _ZmÀ`m {dH$mgmda {deof â {Xbm OmVmo.
Hw$boÀ`m _Vo _mZdr _ZmMr OS>U-KS>U hr AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWmÀ`mÛmao gmÜ` hmoV AgVo.
g_mOmVrb {d{dY g§ñWm _mZdr JaOoVyZ d g_mOmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ _ZmVyZ CX`mg Amboë`m
AgVmV. _mZdr dV©ZmMm g§~§Y hm Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmoì`mnmamer {ZJS>rV AgVmo. d `m _mZdr
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_ZmVrb gdm©V _hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOoM Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo ñdËd hmo`. ñdV…Mr Amoi»m ì`ŠVrbm
ñdËdmÀ`m Om{UdoVyZ hmoV AgVo. na§Vw, hr ñdËdmMr OmUrd BVam§À`m g§nH$m©VyZ CX`mg òV
AgVo. Hy$boÀ`m _Vo, "_r H$gm Amho' ho R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ì`ŠVrbm ZgyZ g§nH$m©V òUè`m BVa
bmoH$m§Zm àmá Pmbobm AgVmo. BVam§Mo _Z qH$dm ZOa hr _mÂ`m ÑîQ>rZo _mPo à{Vq~~ nmhÊ`mMm
EH$ H$mën{ZH$ Amagm Amho, Aer Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr YmaUm Pmbobr AgVo. g§nH$m©V òUmè`m AZoH$
bmoH$m§À`m ZOam EImÚm ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmH$S>o, ñd^mdmH$S>o, {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`mH$S>o {^S>boë`m
AgVmV. d Ë`mÀ`m AmYmamda g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr~Ôb EH$ {d{eîQ> _V ~ZV AgVo. gm_m{OH$
Am§Va{H«$òV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m à{V{H«$òVyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmMm {dH$mg gmÜ`
hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZ ñdËd hr d¡`pŠVH$ ~m~ ZgyZ Vr EH$ gm_m{OH$ ~m~ Amho.
ñd-AZw^dmVyZ gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òV
gh^mJr Pmboë`m {^Þ _Zmod¥ÎmrÀ`m bmoH$m§er g§nH©$ òV Agë`mZo àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm AZoH$ ~ao-
dmB©Q> AZw^d òV AgVmV. d Ë`m AZw^dmÀ`m AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ {dídm~ÔbMr EH$ {d{eîQ>
_ZmoYmaUm ì`ŠrÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmbobr AgVo. hr _ZmoYmaUm ì`ŠVrbm {d{eîQ> dV©Z R>odÊ`g
^mJ nmS>Vo d Ë`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ ñdËdmMr OS>UKS>U hmoV AgVo. g_mOmnmgyZ ñdËd doJio H$aUo
ho AË`§V H$R>rU Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV gm_m{OH$ Om{Udm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg gm_m{OH$
n[apñWVr~è`mM A§er H$maUr^yV AgVo.
h~©Q> ãby_a (Herbert Blumer)
Om°O© _rS> `m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr {eH$mJmo {dÚmnrR>mV {ejU KoVë`mZ§Va 1952 gmbr
~H©$bo òWrb H°${b\$mo{Z©`m {dÚmnrR>mV AÜ``ZmMo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Amnbo g_mOemñÌr` {dMma
Ë`m§Zr 'Human Behavious and Social Process' `m J«§WmV _m§S>bo. `m ì`{V[aŠV ãby_a `m§Mo
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mg§~§YrMo {dMma g§nm{XV ñdénmVyZ A°aZm°ëS> amoO `m§Zr 'Society as
Symbolic Interaction' `m J«§WmV {deX Ho$boo AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌmÀ`m AmYmamda
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mg§~§Yr ãby_a `m§Zr nwañH$maboë`m d¡Mm[aH$ g§àXm`mbm {eH$mJmo g§àXm`
(Chicago School) `m g§koZo AmoiIbo OmVo.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m g§X^m©V ãb_a `m§Zr à_wI VrZ KQ>H$mda {deof â {Xbobm Amho.
1) _mZd g_mO ñdËd Agboë`m AZoH$ ì`ŠVrVyZ ~Zbobm AgyZ Ë`m ñdËdmÀ`m OmUrdVoVyZ
ì`ŠVr n[apñWVr, dñVy, KQ>Zm, {H«$`m, à{V{H«$`m B. Mm Ame` OmUyZ KoD$Z Amnbr dV©Z
{H«$`m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. EImXr ì`ŠVr Amnë`m~amo~a H$er dmJVo
H$moUË`m àH$maMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVo Ë`mZwgma Amnbo dV©Z AWdm H¥$Vr {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mMm
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àËòH$ ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$arV AgVo. åhUyZ EImÚmMr H¥$Vr hr Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrMr à{V{H«$`m
AgVo.
2) H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrMr H¥$Vr Q>ß`mQ>ß`mZo {dH${gV hmoV AgVo. ñdËdmÀ`m Om{UdoVyZ
n[apñWVrMm Ame` bjmV KoD$Z d n[apñWVrMm A§XmO KoD$Z {d{eîQ> àH$maMr Ano{jV
H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ ì`ŠVr H$arV AgVo.
3) EImÚm gm_y{hH$ H¥$VrV g§~§{YV ì`ŠVrMr H¥$Vr A§V^yV Pmbobr AgVo. na§Vw Aem gm_y{hH$
H¥$VrV g_m{dîQ> Pmboë`m Xþgè`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m H¥$VrMm hoVy bjmV KoD$Z qH$dm Ë`m H¥$VrMm
Ame` bjmV KodyZ Amnbr dV©ZmË_H$ ^y{_H$m ñdrH$maÊ`mMm ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$arV AgVo.
åhUOoM Amnbr H¥$Vr BVam§À`m ÑpîQ>Zo H$er Agmdr `mMo {ZYm©aU H$ê$Z Vr H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mMm
ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$aVo.
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$`m hr AZoH$ ì`ŠVtÀ`m {H«$`m d à{V{H«$`m `m§À`mVyZ Oar CX`mg òV
Agbr Var Ë`m _mJMr {d{eîQ> g§H$ënZm bjmV ¿`mdr bmJVo. gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMm Ame`
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r JwUmË_H$ nÕVremñÌmMm nwañH$ma H$aÊ`mda ãby_a `m§Zr â {Xbobm Amho.
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$ò_Yrb dmñVdVm hr Ame` ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òda Adb§~bobr Amho
Ago ãby_a `m§Mo _V Amho.
_°Z\$moS>© Hw$hZ (Manford Kuhn)
Hw$hZ d Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr Am`modm {dÚmnrR>mV à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmÀ`m g§X^m©V Oo
AÜ``Z Ho$bo Ë`mg Am`modm g§àXm` (Lowa School) `m g§koZo AmoiIbo OmVo. {eH$mJmo
g§àXm`mV ãb_ya `m§Zr Á`m JwUmË_H$ nÕVr emñÌmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Vr nÕV Hw$hZ `m§Zm _mÝ`
ZìhVr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr {eH$mJmo g§àXm`mda àIa {Q>H$m Ho$br. à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMr dmñVdVm
OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r emñÌr` CnH$aUm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMr {dídgZr`Vm A{YH$ C§Mmdy eHo$b
Ago _V Hw$hZ `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$br.
ñdËd, gm_m{OH$ H¥$Vr, d naËdmMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU `m à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òVrb
KQ>H$m§Mo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§a{MV àíZmdbr V§ÌmMm d gmYZmMm Hw$hZ `m§Zr nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Hw$hZ
`m§Zr à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òVrb _yb^yV g§H$ënZm§Mr, {deofV… ñdËdmMr {dídgZr`Vm nS>VmiyZ
nmhÊ`mgmR>r drg {dYmZmMr MmMUr (Twenty Statment Test) n{ÌH$m V`ma Ho$br. `m MmMUr
n{ÌHo$V "_r H$moU Amho?' `m g§X^m©V drg dñVw{ZîR> àíZm§Mr `mXr V`ma H$ê$Z CÎmaXmË`mH$Sy>Z Vr
àíZmdbr drg {dYmZmVyZ ^ê$Z KoVbr d Ë`m CÎmam§À`m AmYmamda ñdËdm g§~§YrMo Amnbo {dMma
Hw$hZ `m§Zr _m§S>bo.
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ñdËdmMr g§H$ënZm hm _mZdmÀ`m A{^d¥ÎmrMm A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AgyZ Vmo EH$ AWm©Mm g§M
Amho Aer à{V{H«$`m Hw$hZZr ì`ŠV Ho$bobr Amho. _mZdmÀ`m dV©ZmV gmVË` d g§^mì`Vm AmT>iyZ
òV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo ì`ŠVr_Ëd g§a{MV d VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm pñWa ñdénmMo AgVo. _mZdmMr H¥$Vr
hr àm_w»`mZo gm_y{hH$ H¥$VrÀ`m àrmmdmImbr Oar Agbr Var {VMo ñdê$n _wŠV AgVo. _mZdmÀ`m
ñdËdmda {Z`§ÌU Q>mH$Ê`mMr j_Vm gm_[OH$ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m aMZmË_H$ KQ>H$m§Zm àmá Pmbobr
Agë`mZo Jm{W©V gË` ho pñWa AgVo, Aer Hw$hZZo à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV Ho$bobr Amho.
BaqdJ Jm°\$_Z (Erving Golfman)
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMo {ddoMZ A{^`mË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ {deX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ BaqdJ
Jm°\$_Z `m§Zr Ho$bm. 'The presentation of self in everyday life (1959), Ayylums (1961),
Interaction Rital (1967), Frame Analysis An essay on the organization of experience
(1974)' B. AZoH$ J«§WmVyZ Jm°\$_Z `m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.
Jm°\$_ZÀ`m _Vo, g§nyU© g_mO qH$dm g_mOì`dñWm hr àËòH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ÑpîQ>Zo ZmQ>H$mMr
EH$ a§J^y_r AgyZ ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m A{^Z`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mOê$nr àojH$m§À`mV {d{eîQ>
N>mn qH$dm {d{eîQ> à{V_m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm bmJVmo. `m à`ËZmV a§J^yfm, g§dmX,
hmd^md AmdmOmVrb MT>-CVma, g§JrV, nohamd, Ho$e^yfm B. ~m~VrV gw`mo½` nÕVrZo
H$bmH$mambm Ogm ~Xb H$amdm bmJVmo Ë`mMà_mUo g_mO ì`dñWoV Amnë`m dV©Z nÕVrV
gmoB©ñH$anUo ~Xb H$ê$Z g_mOmH$Sy>Z dmhdm {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm bmJVmo. åhUyZ Jm°\$_Z
`m§Zr gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òbm Zmæ`rH$aUmMr qH$dm A{^Z`mMr Cn_m {Xbobr Amho.
gm_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMr à{V{H«$`m hr gm_m{OH$ XOm© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV à{H«$`m
R>aUmar à{H«$`m åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. {_imbobm qH$dm {_i{dbobm gm_m{OH$ XOm© hm Ë`m
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ^y{_Ho$da Img H$ê$Z Adb§{~bobm AgVmo. Amnë`m dV©Z {H«$òV AZwHy$b ñdê$nmMm
~Xb H$aVodoir nydm©Zw^dmH$S>o bjH|$ÐrV H$amdo bmJVo.
Ano{jV dV©_mË_H$ ~Xb ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z ìhmd`mMm Agob Va g_mO ì`dñWobm ~{hJ©V
MoVH$mMr ^y{_H$m dmT>{dUo OéarMo Amho. d Ë`mgmR>r g_mO ì`dñWoV, gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmV,
gm_m{OH$ _yë`mV gm_y{hH$ ñdénmVyZ ~Xb H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Ë`m§Zr {deX Ho$bobr Amho.
g_mO ì`dñWm d _mZdmMo {d{eîQ> dV©Z `mVrb nañna g§~§Y {deX H$aVodoir Jm°\$_Z `m§Zr
Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s g_mO ì`dñWm hr ñd`§ g§H«${_V ZgVo. g_mO ì`dñWoVrb _mZdmÀ`m
{d{eîQ> dV©ZmMm Ame` OmUyZ KoVë`m{edm` g_m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$òMo ñdén ñnîQ> hmoV ZgVo. H$maU
Ë`m {d{eîQ> dV©Zmbm Ë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$ {deof _hËd àmá H$ê$Z XoVmV. åhUyZ g_mO ì`dñWm
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hr a§J^y_r AgyZ _mZdmMo dV©Z hm EH$ A{^Z`mMm àH$ma Amho Am{U Amnë`m dV©Z{H«$òMm
H$m¡eë`mVyZ Am§Va{H«$òbm ZmQ>çrH$aUmMo én XoÊ`mMm ì`ŠVr à`ËZ H$aVo.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òMo _hËd (Importance of Symbolic Interaction)
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXr {dMmagUr_wio g_mOemñÌmÀ`m àJVrbm {deof MmbZm {_imbr.
g_mO emñÌ d _mZgemñÌ `m§À`mVrb K{ZîR> g§~§Y {deX H$aÊ`mV à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmZo
_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m dR>dbobr Amho. gm_m{OH$ _mZgemñÌ hr ZdrZ emIm {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg
Am§Va{H«$`mdmXm_wio ~arM _XV Pmbr. _mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMm Aä`mg hm \$ŠV
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m _yb^yV Mm¡H$Q>rV Z ~g{dVm Ë`mbm _mZgemñÌmMr OmoS> XoÊ`mg Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMo
ñWmZ _hËdmMo _mZbo OmVo.
g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òV à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmMo ñWmZ gdm©V _hËdmMo Amho. H$maU
ì`ŠVr_ËdmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$òV _Z, ñdËdd Om{Udm `m§Mo _yë`_mnZ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm {deX
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ gr. EM². Hy$bo, d Om°O© _rS> `m§Zr Ho$bobm Amho.
`mM g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$òVrb g§ñH$ma d g§ñH¥$Vr `m _yb^yV KQ>H$m§À`m AÝ``mW© {deX
H$aÊ`mV à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmX Cn`wŠV R>aUmam {gÕm§V åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. _mZdmÀ`m
g^modVmbÀ`m gm_m{OH$ {dídmV Á`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>Zm gmVË`mZo KS>V AgVmV. Ë`mMm Ame`
OmUyZ KoÊ`mH$S>o Am§Va{H«$`mdmXmZo â {Xbobm Amho.
à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$òÀ`m à{H«$òV {dMmad§Vm§Zr à{VH$mË_H$ KQ>H$mda Omo {deof â {Xbobm
Amho. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMo ApñVËd H$m`_ {Q>H${dÊ`mg _XV hmoUma Amho. H$maU à{VH$m§À`m~Ôb Or
AmË_r`Vm d nm{dÍ` g_mOmV {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVo Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ EoŠ` ÑT>^yb hmoÊ`mg _XV
hmoVo.
bmoH$mÝd` nÕV (Ethnomethdology)
gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>r_Yrb dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r g_mOemñÌmV AZoH$ nma§nm[aH$
Aä`mg nÕVrMm Adb§~ {d{dY g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$bobm Amho. Zì`m Aä`mg nÕVrMr JaO
bjmV KoD$Z hoam°ëS> JmZ© q\$Ho$b `m A_o[aH$Z g_mOemñÌkmZo EH$ Zdr Aä`mg nÕV emoYyZ
H$mT>br. Ë`mbmM Ë`m§Zr Ethnomethdology Aer g§km dmnabr.
òb {dÚmnrR>rV gm_mÝ` bmoH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§H$amMm Aä`mg H$arV 'Ethnomethdology'
AgVmZm hm eãX àW_V…JmZ© q\$Ho$b `m§Zr dmnabm. 'Ethno' `m eãXmMm AW© åhUOo ì`ŠVrbm
Amnë`m g_mO{df`r àmá Pmbobo ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZ hmo` d 'Methdology' hm eãX bmoH$ (Folk)
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Aä`mgmÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ nÕVr (Commonsense Method) `m g§X^m©V JmZ© q\$Ho$b `m§Zr
dmnabobm Amho. `m ì`wËnÎmrdê$Z ì`mdhm[aH$ Aä`mg nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z ì`mdhm[aH$ kmZmÀ`m
AmYmao gm_m{OH$ dmñVdVm (Social Reality) emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMr Or nÕV Ë`mbmM bmoH$mÝd`
nÕV (Ethnomethdology) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
bmoH$mÝd` nÕVrMo ñdén (Nature of Ethnomethdology)
kmZmË_H$ g_mOemñÌmMm OgOgm {dH$mg hmoD$ bmJbm VgVgm KQ>ZmàYmZ g_mOemñÌ d
bmoH$mÝd` nÕV `m ZdrZ emI§Mm g_mOemñÌmV CX` hmoD$ bmJbm. KQ>ZmàYmZ g_mOemñÌmMo
OZH$Ëd ES>_§S> hgaob `m§À`mH$S>o Va bmoH$mÝd` nÕVrMo OZH$Ëd hoam°ëS> JmZ© q\$Ho$b `m§Zm OmVo.
g_mOemñÌmÀ`m ì`márÀ`m AZwf§JmZo H$mhr _yb^yV àíZ kmZmË` g_mOemñÌmZo (Sociology
of Knowledge) CnpñWV Ho$bobo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s gdm©V _hËdmMm àíZ åhUOo H$moUË`m
AmYmamda g_mOemñÌk Ago J¥{hV YaVmV H$s, gm_m{OH$ {díd hr EH$ dmñVd AZw^yVr Amho.
Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌmVë`m nma§nm[aH$ {dMma àUmbrZm AmìhmZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ bmoH$mÝd` nÕVrZo
Ho$bobm Amho. g_mOemñÌmV Û§ÛmË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moU, g_Ýd`mË_H$ ÑpîQ>H$moZ, g§aMZmË_H$ H$m`©dmXr
ÑpîQ>H$moU B. Adb§~ H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ gË` emoYÊ`mMm AZoH$ g_mOemñÌkm§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bobm
Amho. na§Vw, `m àËòH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmÀ`m Aem H$mhr {d{eîQ> _`m©Xm AmhoV H$s, Ë`m _`m©Xm§Zm N>oX
XoD$Z gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>rVrb dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ bmoH$mÝd` nÕV H$arV Amho.
bmoH$mÝd` nÕVrV AZw^dm{YpîR>V {díbofUmÀ`m AmYmamda {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
OmV Agbm Var gyú_bjr (Micro) d {XK©bjr (Macro) Aä`mgm~m~V AÝd` nÕVrV {^ÞVm
AmT>iVo. ñWyb_mZmZo bmoH$mÝd` nÕV Ago J¥{hV YaVo H$s, gyú_ Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo`rgmR>r bhmZ
g_yh hm A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aV AgVmo. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Am§Va{H«$ò_Yrb ì`dhma{YpîR>V
dmñVdVm OmUyZ ¿`md`mMr Pmë`mg bmoH$mÝd` nÕV hr A{YH$ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. g§aMZmË_H$
H$m`©dmXr {dMmad§VmÀ`m g_mOemñÌr` {dMmamda Omo nJS>m {XgyZ òV hmoVm Ë`mÀ`m à{V{H«$òVyZ
KQ>ZmàYmZ g_mOemñÌ d bmoH$mÝd`nÕV `m§Mm CX` Pmbm.
bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrMo ‘ybmYma / g§H$ënZm (Basic Concept of the Ethnomethodology)
gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r AÝd¶dmXr {dMmad§V àm‘w»¶mZo nmM VËdm§Mm Adb§~
H$aVmV. EImÚm gm‘m{OH$ KQ>ZoMo ñdén H$go Amho, Vr Ho$ìhm d H$er KS>br ¶mMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ
AÝd¶ nÕVrV Ho$bo OmV ZgyZ ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z CnbãY Pmboë¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao Ë¶m KQ>ZoMm
AÝd¶mW© {deX H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ AÝd¶ nÕVrV Ho$bm OmVmo. EH$mM KQ>ZoH$S>o àË¶oH$ ì¶³VrMm
nmhÊ¶mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ {^Þ-{^Z Agë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMm AÝd¶mW© ì¶³VrZwgma ~XbV OmV AgVmo.
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ì¶dhm[aH$ kmZmÀ¶m AmYmamda AÝdmWm©V Or ‘V{^ÞVm AmT>iyZ ¶oVo, VmoM g§X^© J¥hrV Yê$Z
gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV Ho$bm OmVmo.
1) {ZX©oem§H$Vm (Indexicality)
EImÚm gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>r‘Yrb gm‘m{OH$ dmñdVm OmUyZ ¿¶md¶mMr Pmë¶mg ^mfoMo
‘mÜ¶‘ ho Zoh‘rM Adb§~mdo bmJVo. gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm AÝd¶mW© hm ^mfoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZM
àH$Q> hmoV AgVmo. EdT>oM Zìho Va gm‘m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$¶oMo Omio ^mfo‘wioM {dñVmarV hmoV AgVo.
åhUyZ ^mfoMr dm³¶aMZm, Ë¶mV dmnabo OmUmao eãX à¶moJ ¶m§Mo Omon¶ªV AmH$bZ hmoV Zmhr
Vmon¶©V XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ ì¶³Vr‘Yrb g§dm§XmMm AÝd¶mW© {deX H$aUo AË¶§V H$R>rU
Amho. åhUyZ gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVm hr ^mfo{edm¶ Oer g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oV Zmhr VerM Vr ì¶³Vhr
H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. JmZ© q’$Ho$b ¶m§Zm bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVr emñÌmMo OZH$ åhUVmV.
JmZ© q’$Ho$b ¶m§Zr bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV ^m{fH$ d ì¶mdhm[aH$ g§X^m©da {deof â {Xbobm Amho.
{d{eîQ> g§X^m©er {ZJ{S>V AgUmè¶m {d{eîQ> KQ>Zm§Mm AÝd¶mW© {deX Ho$ë¶m{edm¶ KQ>Zo‘Yrb
dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoVm ¶oV Zmhr. d Ë¶mgmR>r ^mfoMo AmH$bZ hmoUo AË¶§V OéarMo Amho. KQ>ZoH$S>o
nmhÊ¶mMm ì¶³VrMm ÑpîQ>H$moU Oar {^Þ Agbm Var {d{eîQ> eãX AWdm dm³¶ à¶moJm§Mm Adb§~
H$éZ {d{eîQ> AW© ^mfoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àH$Q> hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZ bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV ^mfoMo g§nyU©
kmZ ‘m{hV AgUo OéarMo Amho.
^mfoÀ¶m g§X^m©~amo~aM ì¶mdhm[aH$ g§X^©hr Aä¶mgH$mbm OmUyZ ¿¶mdo bmJVo. {d{eîQ> ñWb,
H$mb d àXoemZwgma KQ>ZoMm g§X^© ~XbV OmV AgVmo. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmbm d Ë¶m g‘mOmVrb
X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhma nÕVrbm g‘OyZ KoUo ho Amdí¶H$ AgVo. EImXr {H$aH$moi ñdénmMr KQ>Zm XoIrb
ì¶mnH$én YmaU H$ê$ eH$Vo. ì¶mdhm[aH$ kmZmÀ¶m AmYmamda J§^ma AWdm {H$aH$moi ñdénmÀ¶m
KQ>ZoMm AÝd¶mW© OgOgm ñnîQ> Ho$bm OmVmo, VgVgo kmZmMr H$m¶©joÌo {dH${gV hmoV OmVmV.
2) ì¶mdhm[aH$ VH©$g§JVVm (Practical Reasoning)
JmZ© q’$Ho$b ¶m§Zr bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrMm Xÿgam ‘ybmYma åhUyZ ì¶mdhm[aH$ VH©$g§JVVm ‘mZbobr
Amho. ¶m J«§WmV JmZ© q’$Ho$b åhUVmV H$s, g‘mOmVrb àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr hr g‘mOemñÌk AgVo.
gm‘m{OH$ n[apñWVrMo AmH$bZ X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV ì¶³Vrbm {OVHo$ hmoV AgVo Ë¶m n[apñWVrbm
AZwgê$Z ì¶mdhm[aH$ kmZmÀ¶m AmYmamda n[apñWVrer g‘mOmoOZ H$aÊ¶mMm àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr à¶ËZ
H$arV AgVo. ì¶³VrMo ì¶dhm[aH$ kmZ ho nwñVH$ ñdénmMo ZgyZ Vo X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVë¶m AZw^dmda
AmYmabobo AgVo.
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JmZ© q’$Ho$b ¶m§À¶m‘Vo, g‘mOemñÌmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶Z nÕVrV ì¶mdhm[aH$ VH©$g§JVVobm H$moUVoM
ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z {Xbobo Zgë¶mZo gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>r‘Yrb dmñVdVm OmUyZ KoÊ¶mg AS>Wim
{Z‘m©U hmoVmV. g§emoYZmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Z nÕVrÀ¶m {d{eîQ> MmH$mo[aV amhÿZ H$m¶©H$maU{df¶H$ g§~§Y
OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm g‘mOemñÌmV {deof à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw g‘mOmVrb H$mhr KQ>Zm Aem H$mhr
nÕVrZo KS>V OmVmV H$s OoWo g§emoYZmË‘H$ AÜ¶¶Z nÕV bmJy nS>V Zmhr. Aem n[apñWVrV
AZw^-àm‘mÊ¶Voda AmYmaboë¶m ì¶mdhm[aH$ kmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z gm‘m{OH$ gË¶ emoYÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ
H$aUo C{MV R>aVo. åhUyZ bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕV ì¶mdhm[aH$ kmZmda {deof â XodyZ gË¶mMm emoY
KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVo.
3) ì¶mdhm[aH$ eãX g§J«hmbm AÝd¶mW© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMr nÕV (Glossing Practices)
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m ì¶mdhm[aH$ eãX à¶moJm§Zm {d{eîQ> AW© àmá hmoV
Agë¶mZo ì¶mdhm[aH$ eãX à¶moJm§Mm g§J«h AÝd¶mWm©gh J«§WrV H$aÊ¶mda AÝd¶ nÕV â XoVo.
d¡¶p³VH$ d gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dhmamV AZoH$ åhUtMm d dm³¶àMmam§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Agë¶mZo
Ë¶m§Zm EH$ {d{eîQ> Jm{^©VmW© àmá Pmbobm AgVmo. åhUr d dm³¶àMma ho X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhmamVyZ
CX¶mg ¶oV Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§Zm {d{eîQ> g§X^© àmá Pmbobo AgVmV. g§{já ñdénmVyZ Q>rH$mË‘H$
AWdm {dS>§~ZmË‘H$ ñdénmVyZ gm‘m{OH$ gË¶mMm ‘{VVmW©, åhUr, dmH²$àMma, ì¶mdhm[aH$ eãX
à¶moJmV g‘m{dîQ> Pmbobm AgVmo. {deofV… nma§nm[aH$ g‘mO ì¶dñWoV ¶m eãX à¶moJm§Mm X¡Z§{XZ
OrdZmV Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dhmamV dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m eãX à¶moJm§À¶m g§H$bZmda
bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV â {Xbm OmVmo.
4) nwZ{M§©VZ (Reflexivity)
bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>r~m~V AWdm n[apñWVr~m~V H$moUVmhr {b{IV nwamdm
Ano{jV Yabm OmV Zmhr. na§Vw, KQ>Zo~m~V gmVË¶mZo nwZ{MªVZ AWdm nwZ©{dMma H$aÊ¶mda â
{Xbm OmVmo. n[apñWVrMr OmUrd ì¶³Vrbm {OVH$s A{YH$m{YH$ hmoV OmVo {VV³¶m A{YH$m{YH$
à‘mUmV Ë¶m n[apñWVrMo AË¶§V ~maH$mB©Zo Vmo ‘ZZ qH$dm qMVZ H$arV amhVmo. d Ë¶mVyZ ì¶³VrMr
{Q>H$mË‘H$ n[ajU H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm dmT>V OmVo. AÝd¶ nÕVrV d¡Mm[aH$ nwZ{MªVZmg Oo {deof
ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo Ë¶mVyZ Zì¶m {dMmam§Mr OmUrd hmoD$ eH$Vo. nma§nm[aH$ g‘mOemñÌk
nwZ{M©VZmda ’$magm â XoV ZmhrV. EImXr KQ>Zm KQ>Zm nm{hë¶mZo, H$mhr ‘m{hVr EoH$ë¶mZo ‘mZdr
‘ZmV Ë¶m KQ>Zo~m~V {dMma‘§WZ gwé hmoVo d Ë¶mVyZ H$mhr ZdrZ {dMmam§Mr XodmU-KodmU gwé hmoV
OmVo. g‘mOemñÌ ho qMVZerb ‘mZì¶emñÌ Agë¶m‘wio ~XbË¶m H$mimZwgma, n[apñWVrZwgma
KS>Umè¶m KS>m‘moS>rMo qMVZ, ‘ZZ H$ê$Z gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm emoY KoÊ¶mMm gVV à¶ËZ H$arV
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AgVo. gm‘m{OH$ ¶Wm§W©Vm hr nwZ{M©VZmVyZ ñnîQ> hmoV Agë¶mZo bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV nwZqMVZmbm
AJ«H«$‘ {Xbm OmVmo.
5) {ddoH$erb O~m~XmarËd (Rational Accountability)
Omon¶©V gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rMo d¡km{ZH$ ‘yë¶m§À¶m AmYmamda H«$‘~ÕnUo {díbofU Ho$bo OmV
Zmhr Vmon¶ªV g‘m{OH$ gË¶mMm emoY KoUo AË¶§V H$R>rU OmVo. gd© gm‘{OH$ emñÌo ‘mZd {Z{‘©V
ñdénmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rer {ZJS>rV Agë¶mZo d Aem KQ>Zm§V àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr àË¶j AWdm
AàË¶j gh^mJr hmoV Agë¶mZo Amnë¶m {ddoH$erbVoVyZ Ë¶m KQ>Zm§Mm AÝd¶mW© {d{eîQ>
eãXà¶moJm§Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Amnë¶m ^mfoVyZ àH$Q> H$arV AgVo. {ddoH$erbVm ho ‘mZdmMo à‘wI
bjU Agë¶mZo Vmo AË¶§V O~m~XmarZo KQ>ZoÀ¶m g§X^m©V ^mfoÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ Amnbo ‘V àH$Q>
H$arV AgVmo. KQ>ZoH$S>o ì¶³VrMm nmhÊ¶mMm ÑpîQ>H$moZ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© d doJim Agë¶m‘wio {d{eîQ>
AW© àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ ‘mZdmH$Sy>ZM KS>V AgVmo. åhUyZ bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV bmoH$m§À¶m
O~m~Xma d {ddoH$erb {dYmZm§Zm {deof ‘hËd àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho.
bmoH$mÝd¶nÕVrMr d¡{eîQ>o (Characterstics of Ethnomethodology)
bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrMr d¡{eîQ>o ñWyb‘mZmZo nwT>rbà‘mUo {deX H$aVm ¶oVrb.
1) AÝd¶ nÕV gyú‘bjr AÜ¶¶Zmda â XoVo. EImÚm KQ>ZoMr gË¶Vm AmO‘mdVo doir
AÜ¶¶ZmMo H$m¶©joÌ bhmZ R>odÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV KS>Umè¶m gm‘mÝ¶ AWdm Agm‘mÝ¶, {H$aH$moi AWdm J§^ra ñdénmÀ¶m
KQ>Zm§Mo AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mH$S>o AÝd¶ nÕVrV â {Xbm OmVmo.
3) gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVm n[adV©Zerb ñdénmMr AgVo. H$maU gm‘m{OH$ dmñdVoMm Ame¶ ‘mZd
{Z{‘©V ñdénmMm AgVmo.
4) {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tMm n[aUm‘ gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶mda, gm‘m{OH$ AmXem©dma d
g‘mO aMZoda gmVË¶mZo hmoV AgVmo. Aem gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tMm Aä¶mg Ë¶mM g‘mOmVrb
ì¶³VrZr AWdm g§ñWmZr H$amdm Aer Anojm AÝd¶ nÕV ì¶³V H$aVo.
5) bmoH$mÝd¶dmXr {dMmad§Vm§Mm â gm‘m{OH$ J{VerbVoda A{YH$ {XgyZ ¶oVmo. J{VerbVm hm
{ZgJm©MmM {Z¶‘ Agë¶mZo gm‘m{OH$ àJVrÀ¶m AWdm g‘mO {dH$mgmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm
J{Verb KQ>H$ hoM {deof H$maUr^yV R>aV AgVmV.
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6) gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tMo AÝd¶ nÕVrZo AÜ¶¶Z H$aVodoir ñWb, H$mb, n[apñWVr ^mfm B.
KQ>H$m§À¶mH$S>o {deof â {Xbm OmVmo. Ë¶m‘wio g§X^m©g{hV Amdí¶H$ AgUmar ‘m{hVr Jmoim
H$aÊ¶mda bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV â {Xbm OmVmo.
7) Aä¶mgH$mMm gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rH$S>o nmhÊ¶mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU H$moUVm Amho, Ë¶mMm AÜ¶¶ZmMm
hoVy H$moUVm Amho ¶mda AÝd¶ nÕV â XooVo. åhUyZ ÑpîQ>H$moU d hoVy ¶m§Zm àmYmÝ¶ XoD$Z
gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tMo AÜ¶¶Z bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV Ho$bo OmVo.
8) ^m[fH$ d emãXrH$ ñdénmVyZ X¡Z§{XZ ‘mZdr ì¶dhma KS>V Agë¶mZo bmoH$m§Mo gm‘mÝ¶ kmZ
Am{U ì¶mdhm[aH$ ehmUnU ¶m§À¶m AmYmamda gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm emoY KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ
bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV Ho$bm OmVmo.
9) bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕV hr H$mhr J¥{hVm§da AmYmabobr Amho. d Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo ì¶³VrZo
dV©Z{df¶H$ Om{Udm§~ÔbMr J¥{hV g§H$ënZm ¶m§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.
10) ì¶p³V{ZîR> dmñVdVm åhUOo ì¶³VrZo ñdrH$maboë¶m lÕm, {Vbm Ambobo AZw^d, {VÀ¶m
AmH$m§jm ‘YyZ V¶ma Pmboë¶m g§H$ënZm§Mm AV^m©d hmoVmo. åhUyZ ñdmZw^d hrM ì¶p³V{ZîR>
dmñVdVoMr Iar H$gmoQ>r Amho.
11) bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV {ZJ‘dmË‘H$ V§ÌmMm {deof Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. ‘mÌ d¡km{ZH$ H$gmoQ>çm
‘mZd g‘yhmÀ¶m Aä¶mgmbm, ‘mZdmÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ dV©Z à{H«$¶obm bmJy H$aVm ¶oUo AË¶§V
H$R>rU Amho. VargwÕm {dkmZ d VËdkmZ ¶m§À¶mOdi AmYw{ZH$ g‘mOemñÌmbm ZoÊ¶mMm
à¶ËZ AÝd¶dmXr g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr Ho$bobm Amho.
g§aMZmË‘H$- H$m¶©dmX (Structural Functionalism)
doJdoJùçm H$mimVrb g‘mO OrdZmMo, gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rMo d gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mo
d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mMo H$m¶©joÌ g‘mOemñÌkmZo {ZdS>bobo Amho. na§Vw Ë¶mgmR>r
Aä¶mgH$ AZoH$ Aä¶mg nÕVrMm d AÜ¶¶Z V§Ìm§Mm gw¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo Adb§~ H$ê$Z gm‘m{OH$
dmñVdVoMm emoY KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV. ¶m AZoH$ Aä¶mg nÕVrn¡H$s g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©nÕV hr
EH$ ‘hËdmMr AÜ¶¶Z nÕV åhUyZ g‘mO emñÌmV AmoiIbr OmVo.
g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV àm‘w»¶mZo XmoZ ‘yb^yV g§H$ënZm A§V^y©V Pmboë¶m AmhoV.
¶mn¡H$s g§aMZmË‘H$ KQ>H$m§V EImÚm KS>m‘moS>rbm O~m~Xma AgUmè¶m KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KodyZ Ë¶mVrb
nañna g§~§Y OmUyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Va H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ KQ>H$mV g§~§{YV KQ>H$mMo ApñVËd
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H$m¶‘ {Q>H$dyZ nañnamVrb Am§Va{H«$¶oMm {H«$¶mË‘H$ ñdénmVyZ Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. aMZm d H$m¶©
¶m XmoZ ‘yb^yV g§H$ënZm nañnamdb§~r ñnénmMm AmhoV.
‘mZd g‘mOmMo AÜ¶¶Z H$aVodoir H$mhr g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr ’$³V g§aMZmË‘H$ (Structural
approach) ÑpîQ>H$moUmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm. Va H$mhr g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr ’$³V H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmMm
(Functional approach) nwañH$ma Ho$bm. na§Vw, ¶m gd© g‘mOemñÌkm§Zm Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo H$s,
gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rMm d g‘mO ì¶dñWoMm Aä¶mg ’$³V aMZmË‘H$ AWdm ’$³V H$m¶m©Ë‘H$
ñdénmVyZ H$aÊ¶mEodOr aMZmË‘H$ d H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ Aem XmoÝhr ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Ho$ë¶mg g‘mO
ì¶dñWoMo Am§V[aH$ ñdén ñnîQ> hmoÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoB©b ¶m ÑpîQ>Zo g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMm
g§¶w³V[aË¶m g‘mOemñÌm§V nwañH$ma H$aÊ¶mH$S>o g‘mOemñÌkm§Mr àd¥Îmr {dH${gV hmoD$ bmJbr.
Ë¶mV àm‘w»¶mZo B‘mB©b S>aIr‘, ‘°{bZmoñH$s, a°S>³br’$ ~«mD$Z B. Zr g‘mOemñÌmV d gm‘m{OH$
‘mZdemñÌmV g§aZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV am°~Q>© ‘Q>©Z d Q>m°bH$m°Q>
nmagÝg ¶m g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMm {deof Adb§~ Ho$bm.
g§aMZmË‘H$- H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmMm AW© (Meaning of structural functional perspective)
g‘mO ì¶dñWoVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$ AÝ¶ KQ>H$m§er {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$arV Agë¶mZo
gwÑT> g‘mO ì¶dñWoMm CX¶ hmoV AgVmo. g‘mO hr EH$ EH$mË‘ d gmd¶dr Aer gyú‘ d ì¶mnH$
ñdénr ì¶dñWm Amho. g‘mOmÀ¶m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m g‘mOmVrb KQ>H$ Zoh‘rM H$m¶©erb
AgVmV. Á¶mà‘mUo ñnoÝgaZr Amnë¶m g|{Ð¶ {gÕm§V earaaMZoVrb àË¶oH$ Add¶ AWdm B§{Ð¶ hm
earaaMZoMm A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ AgVmo d Ë¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$m§Mm AÝ¶ KQ>H$m§er {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y
AgVmo. ¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$m§Zm eara aMZoÀ¶m AñVrËdmgmR>r {d{eîQ> àH$maMr H$m¶©o gmVË¶mZo H$amdr
bmJVmV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo g‘mOénr earamMo AñVrËd {Q>H${dÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶m g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm
nañnam§À¶m g§~§YmVyZ R>am{dH$ H$m¶©o H$amdr bmJVmV.
na§Vw, g§aMZm d H$m¶©o ¶mMr {ZpíMV ì¶m»¶m H$aUo ’$ma H$R>rU Amho. ñWyb‘mZmZo AZoH$
KQ>H$m§À¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ g§aMZm V¶ma hmoV AgVo. ¶m g§aMZoV àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mbm {d{eîQ> ñWmZ àmá
Pmbobo AgVo. Ë¶m§À¶mV {d{eîQ> ghg§~§Y d {Z‘m©U hmoV AgVmV. àË¶oH$ KQ>H$ {d{eîQ> àH$maMr
H$m¶©o H$arV Agë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶mV {H«$¶mË‘H$ ñdénmMo g§~§Y ho Ë¶m g§aMZoMo A{d^mÁ¶ A§J åhUyZ
g§~moYbo OmVo. ¶mdéZ g§aMZoMm ‘yb^yV AW© {d{^Þ nañnamdb§~r KQ>H$mVrb {H«$¶merb
ghg§~§Ymer {ZJS>rV AgVmo. ¶m {H«$¶merb g§~§Ym‘wio Vr g§aMZm {XK©H$mi {Q>H$V AgVo.
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g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmMr d¡¡{eîQ>o (Characterstics of Structural functional
perspective)
1) g‘mOmÀ¶m A§VJ©V KQ>H$m§Mo qH$dm g‘mO ì¶dñWoMo gyú‘ÑîQ>çm AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ ¶m
ÑpîQ>H$moUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. Ogo EImÚm {ZH$m‘r gwQ>çm ^mJmMm g§nyU© ¶§ÌmMm H$m¶©nÕVrda
A{ZîQ> n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. Ë¶mMà‘mUo gm‘m{OH$ g§VwbZ KS>{dUmè¶m ¶§Ìénr EImXm gm‘m{OH$
gwQ>m ^mJ emoYyZ H$mT>Ê¶mMm à¶ËZ g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU {Za§Va MmbUmè¶m gm‘m{OH$ à{H«$¶oMo AÜ¶¶Z H$arV
AgVmo. g‘mOì¶dñWoVrb {d{^Þ KQ>H$mV {H$Vrhr n[adV©Z hmoV Agbr Var gm‘m{OH$
à{H«$¶m hr A{daVnUo Mmby AgVo.
3) g‘mO ì¶dñWoÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m KQ>H$m§À¶m‘Ü¶o g‘VmobËd AgUo OéarMo
AgVo. g‘mOì¶dñWoV hmoUmam {~KmS> Ag‘mZ KQ>H$m‘wio hmoV AgVmo. d Ë¶mMm A{ZîQ>
n[aUm‘ g§nyU© g‘mO ì¶dñWobm ^moJmdm bmJV Agë¶mZo g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU
gm‘m{OH$ g‘VmobËd àñWm{nV H$aÊ¶mH$S>o {deof â XoVmo.
4) g§aMZmË‘H$ -H$m¶©dmXr A‘W©H$m§À¶m ‘Vo, g‘mO aMZoMr Mm¡H$Q> pñWa d H$m¶‘ ñdénmMr
Oar Agbr Var Ë¶m g‘mO ì¶dñWoMr H$m¶©o J{Verb ñdénmMr AgVmV. g‘mO aMZoMr
Mm¡H$Q> H$m¶‘ {Q>H$dyZ H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ñdénmMm nmofH$ ~Xb Ë¶m g‘mO aMZoMr Mm¡H$Q> H$m¶‘
{Q>H$dyZ H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ñdénmMm nmofH$ ~Xb Ë¶m g‘mO ì¶dñWobm Zoh‘rM H$amdm bmJVmo. ‘mÌ
H$mhr {dMmad§Vm§À¶m ‘Vo, H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ñdénmÀ¶m ~Xbm‘wio g§aMZmË‘H$ d g§aMZmË‘H$
ñdénmÀ¶m ~Xbm‘wio H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ ñdénmMm ~Xb gmVË¶mZo hmoV Agë¶mZo g‘mO aMZoMr
Mm¡H$Q> {H$VnV pñWa d H$m¶‘ amhÿ eH$Vo ¶m~Ôb Vo gme§H$ AmhoV.
5) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmX hm àH$m¶m©nojm g§aMbobm AJ«H«$‘ XoVmo, gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZm H$m¶‘
{Q>H${dUmè¶m gj‘ KQ>H$m§À¶m AÜ¶¶ZmH$S>o hm ÑpîQ>H$moU {deof â XoVmo.
6) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV bKwñVar¶ d ~¥hVñVar¶ Aem XmoÝhr ñVamda gm‘m{OH$
KS>m‘moS>rMo AÜ¶¶Z Ho$bo.
7) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr g‘W©H$m§À¶m ‘Vo, gm‘{OH$ g§aMZm hr pñWa Agë¶m‘wio gm‘m{OH$
dmñVdVm XoIrb pñWa ñdénmMr AgVo. gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm Ame¶ pñWa ñdénmÀ¶m
g§amMZoVyZ {deX H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr g‘W©H$ H$arV AgVmV.
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8) gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rÀ¶m n[aU¶m§Mr {dembVm d Vrd«Vm bjmV KoVë¶mg ~¥hV AÜ¶¶ZmMr
nÕV (Macro Study) hrM Cn¶w³V R>aVo. na§Vw, H$moUVr hr gm‘m{OH$ KQ>Zm g‘mO aMZm,
gm‘m{OH$ Am§Va{H«$¶m, gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y, ì¶³VrMo gm‘m{OH$ dV©Z B. AZoH$ KQ>H$m§À¶m
nañna g§~§YmVyZ KS>V Agë¶mZo bKwñVar¶ nmVirda AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm
g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXmVyZ ì¶³V hmoVo. åhUyZ g§aMZoMm Aä¶mg bKwñVamda d àH$m¶m©Mm
Aä¶mg ~¥hVñVamda H$aÊ¶mMm ¶m ÑpîQ>H$moUmV â {Xbm OmVmo.
9) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU n[adV©Zmnojm ñW¡¶m©bm {deof ‘hËd XoVmo. g§aMZoÀ¶m
Mm¡H$Q>r‘wioM ì¶³VrÀ¶m ~{hJ©V dV©Zmda {Z¶§ÌU nS>V Agë¶mZo gm‘m{OH$ pñWaVm àmá
hmoVo. d ¶m ñW¡¶m©‘wioM gm‘m{OH$ g§KQ>Zobm ~iH$Q>r ¶oVo.
10) ì¶³Vrnojm g‘mOmÀ¶m g§aMZoMo {deof AÜ¶¶Z ¶m ÑpîQ>H$moUmV Ho$bo OmVo. ì¶³Vr hm Oar
g‘mOmMm A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Agbm Var ì¶³Vrbm Jm¡U ñWmZ XoD$Z g‘mO aMZobm AJ«H«$‘
XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
11) g‘mO aMZm hrM g‘mOmMr {H«$¶merb ì¶dñWm Amho, Ago ‘mZyZ gm‘m{OH$ dmñVdVoMm emoY
aMZmË‘H$ d H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ Aem XmoÝhr ñdénmVyZ KoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXmZo
Ho$bobm Amho.
12) g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr nÕV hr dñVw{ZîR> AÜ¶¶ZmMr nÕV åhUyZ ‘mÝ¶Vm nmdbobr Amho.
bKw d ~¥hV ñVamda AÜ¶¶Z V§ÌmMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmV Amho. àemgZ, ZmoH$aemhr,
OrdemñÌ, nXmW©{dkmZ B. AZoH$ joÌmV aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmD$
bmJë¶mZo Ë¶mMo H$m¶©joÌ ì¶mnH$ ~ZV Mmbobo Amho.
darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ ¶oVo H$s g§aMZm (Structural) d àH$m¶© (Function) ¶m
XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm Oar doJùçm Agë¶m Var Ë¶m nañnamdb§~r d nañnanyaH$ AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va
g§aMZm hr EH$ {H«$¶merb ì¶dñWm Agë¶mZo gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>tMm d gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mm
Aä¶mg aMZmË‘H$ d H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ Aem XmoÝhr ñdénmVyZ g§¶w³V[aË¶m H$aÊ¶mda g§aMZmË‘H$
H$m¶©dmXr g‘W©H$m§Zr â {Xbobm Amho.
ga§MZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmÚm§Mo ¶moJXmZ (Contribution of Structural Functionalists)
g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmMr g§H$ënZm hr AmYy{ZH$ H$mimV {dH${gV Pmbobr ZgyZ
g‘mOemñÌmMm d¡kmZrH$ nÕVrZo Aä¶mg H$aÊ¶mg Ooìhm gwYmaUm Pmbr VoìhmnmgyZ aMZmË‘H$
49
H$m¶©dmXmg§~§YrMo {d{dMoZ AZoH$ g‘mOemñÌkm§Zr AmnAmnë¶m g‘mOemñÌr¶ {ddmamV Ho$bobo
Amho.
Mmb©g S>m{d©Z - ¶m§Zr OrdemñÌmMm {dH$mg {deX H$aVodoir EH$noerM àmÊ¶mnmgyZ ~hþnoerM
àmÊ¶m§Mm d gñVZ àmÊ¶mnmgyZ ‘mZd àmÊ¶mn¶©VMm {dH$mg aMZmË‘H$ d H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ nÕVrVyZ
Ho$bobm Amho. CËH«$m§VrMr ‘yb^yV g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$aVodoir OÝ‘, dmT>, nwZéËnmXZ d ‘aU hr
O¡{dH$ à{H«$¶m H$moUË¶mhr g|Ðr¶ KQ>H$mbm gmd©{ÌH$ ñdénmVyZ bmJy nS>Vo, Ago S>m{d©Z ¶m§Mo ‘V
Amho. EdT>oM Zìho Va ¶m g|[Ð¶ KQ>H$m§Mm {dH$mg gmÜ¶mH$Sy>Z p³bîQ>VoH$S>o hmoV Jobobm Amho.
OrdZemñÌr¶ CËH«$m§VrÀ¶m AmYmamda h~©Q>© ñnoÝgaZr gm‘m{OH$ CËH«$m§VrMr H$ënZm {deX
Ho$br. OrdZ d g‘mO ¶m§À¶mVrb ’$aH$ d gmå¶ bjmV KodyZ Ë¶m§Zr g|Ðr¶ {gÕm§V {deX Ho$bm.
‘mZd g‘mOmMm {dH$mg hm XoIrb gmÜ¶mH$Sy>Z p³bîQ>VoH$S>o hmoV Mmbbm Amho. Aem ¶m g‘mOénr
àmÊ¶mbm Amnbo ApñVËd d gmVË¶ {Q>H${dÊ¶mgmR>r {d{dY B§{Ð¶m§Zm nmofH$ ñdénmMr H$m¶©o H$amdr
bmJVmV. ‘mZd g‘mOmÀ¶m aMZoV d H$m¶©nÕVrV hmoV OmUmè¶m ~Xbm§Mm Aä¶mg ñnoÝgaZr
Ho$ë¶m‘wio g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmbm àUoVm åhUyZ ñnoÝga ¶m§Mr JUZm hmoD$ bmJbr.
Am°JñV H$m°åV - ¶m§Zr (Positive Philosophy) ¶m J«§WmV g‘mOemñÌmMm Aä¶mg {deX
H$aVodir gm‘m{OH$ pñWVremñÌmda d gmm‘{OH$ J§{VemñÌmda â {Xbobm Amho. gm‘m{OH$
J[VemñÌmV g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m AÜ¶¶Zmda â XoVo. gm‘m{OH$ J{VemñÌmV g‘mO {dH$mgmMm d
gm‘{OH$ àJVrMm A§V^m©d Ho$bobm Amho. g‘mOaMZoV pñWa KQ>H$m~amo~a H$mhr ApñWa KQ>H$hr
AñVrËdmV AgVmV. n[apñWVr d H$mimZwgma hmoUmam ~Xb hm g‘mOaMZoÀ¶m ApñWa KQ>H$mV hmoV
AgVmo. na§Vw, Ë¶m‘wio g§nyU© g‘mO aMZm CbWyZ nS>V Zmhr. H$maU gm§ñH¥${VH$, ‘yë¶mË‘H$ d
H$mhr AmXe©dmXr ‘yë¶mda g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m pñWa KQ>H$mMr C^maUr Pmbobr Agë¶mZoM gm‘m{OH$
ñW¡¶© àñWm{nV hmoÊ¶mg pñWa KQ>H$mMr g‘mOì¶dñWobm JaO AgVo.
H$mb© ‘m³g©Mm gm‘m{OH$ ñVa aMZoH$S>o nmhÊ¶mMm ÑpîQ>H$moU dJu¶ {hVg§~§Ymda AmYmabobm
hmoVm. {nidUwH$snmgyZ H${ZîR>m§Zr ñdV…Mo g§ajU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmpË‘H$ ~b g§K{Q>V H$ê$Z CKS>
g§Kf© H$aÊ¶mMo AmdmhZ ‘m³g©Zr Ho$bobo Amho. d Ë¶m g§Kfm©VyZ dJ©{dhrZ g‘mO ì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U
H$aÊ¶mMo ñdßZ Ë¶m§Zr {ZpíMV Ho$bo. l‘m{edm¶ H$moUË¶mhr dñVy§Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoV Zmhr ho gm‘m{OH$
gË¶‘m³g©Zr {deX Ho$bo. na§Vw Am{W©H$ pñWVrda AmYmaboë¶m g‘mOaMZoV l‘mbm ¶mo½¶ Vr
Am[W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ à{VîR>m àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ darîR> dJ© H$ê$Z XoV Zmhr d Ë¶m‘wio
Am{W©H$ ñdénmMo g§Kf© g‘mO ì¶dñWoV Zoh‘rM KS>V OmVmV. g‘VmdmXr g‘mO ì¶dñWm {Z‘m©U
H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m ‘hËdH$m§joVyZ g‘mOemñÌr¶ {dMmam§Mr ‘m§S>Ur ‘m³g©Zr Ho$br.
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g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr {dMmagaUrV ‘mobmMr â B©‘mBb CaIr‘ ¶m {dMmad§VmZo Ho$br.
Amnë¶m l‘{d^mOZmÀ¶m {gÕm§VmV àmMrZ H$mimV b¡{JH$ KQ>H$mÀ¶m AmYmamda JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, ñÌr-nwéfm§À¶mV H$m‘mMr dmQ>Ur Ho$br OmV Ago. na§Vw, g‘mOmMr àJVr p³bîQ>VoH$S>o
OgOer hmoD$ bmJbr VgVgo l‘{d^mOZmÀ¶m VËdm~amo~aM l‘mÀ¶m {deofrH$aUmbm MmbZm {‘iy
bmJbr. H$maU dmT>Ë¶m bmoH$g§»¶o‘wio g‘mOmÀ¶m JaOm dmTy> bmJë¶mZo AZoH$ ì¶mdgm{¶H$ JQ>
{deofrH$aUmVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. àË¶oH$ JQ>mMo {hVg§~§Y AÝ¶ JQ>mÀ¶m {hVg§~§YmMm AmS> ¶oD$
bmJë¶mZo Am{U ñnYm©Ë‘H$ g§~§Y {dH${gV hmoD$ bmJë¶mZo Ë¶m§À¶mV gm‘m{OH$ H$bh {Z‘m©U hmoD$
bmJbo. ¶mMm n[aUm‘ gm‘m{OH$ Eo³¶mda d gm‘m{OH$ g§KQ>Zoda hmoD$ bmJbm.
l‘{d^mOZmMo VËd ho gm‘m{OH$ Eo³¶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ AgVo, l‘{d^mOZmMo ñdén {deX
H$aVmZm S>aIr‘Zo Ago ‘V ì¶³V Ho$bo Amho H$s, ¶m§{ÌH$ EH$Ë‘VoH$Sy>Z (Machanical
Solidarity) O¡{dH$ EH$mË‘Vm (Organic Solidarity) {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMo ‘yb^yV C[ÔîQ> ho
l‘{d^mOZmMo AgVo. ¶m§{ÌH$ EH$mË‘Vm hr g‘mOmÀ¶m g‘m ‘yë¶mda AmYmabobr AgVo. ì¶³VrMo
ì¶³Vr‘Ëd ho g‘mOmÀ¶m gm‘y{hH$ ì¶³Vr‘ËdmV g‘m{dîQ> Pmbobo Agë¶mZo ì¶³Vrbm ñdV§Ì
ì¶³Vr‘Ëd àmá hmoV Zmhr. g‘mZ ^mfm, g‘mZ Y‘©, g‘mZ d§e, g‘mZ ‘yë¶o d g‘mOmMr gm‘y{hH$
BÀN>m hr ¶m§{ÌH$ EH$mË‘VoMr d¡{eîQ>o Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bb
o r AmhoV. ¶mCbQ> O¡{dH$ EH$mË‘Vm hr
{d{dYVoVyZ EH$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m VËdmer {ZJS>rV Amho. g‘mZ ñdénmMm d§e AWdm ^mfm,
AWdm Y‘© ho H$moUË¶mM amîQ´>mV AmT>iV ZmhrV. OgOgm g‘mOmMm {dñVma dmTy> bmJbm,
ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m {deofrH$aUmbm OgOer MmbZm {‘iy bmJbr. VgVer ^m{fH$, dm§{eH$, Ym{‘©H$
Am{U ì¶mdgm{¶H$ d¡{dÜ¶Vm àË¶oH$ g‘mOmV AmT>iyZ ¶oD$ bmJbr. d Aem {d{dYVoVyZ EH$g§K
g‘mO {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m g‘mO ì¶dñWobm S>aIr‘ ¶m§Zr O¡{dH$ EH$mË‘Vm Aer g§km dmnabr Amho.
åhUyZ g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV S>aIr‘Mm l‘{d^mOZmMm {gÕm§V ‘hËdmMm ‘mZbm
OmVmo.
gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMm d àH$m¶©dmXmMm Aä¶mg H$aVodoir gm‘m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶ZmH$S>o
Mmb©g Hy$ZoZr {deof â {Xbobm Amho. àmW{‘H$ d Xþæ¶‘ ñdénmÀ¶m g§~§Ymda Hy$boZr {deof â
{Xbobm Amho. àmW{‘H$ d Xþæ¶‘ ñdénmMo g‘yh g‘mO ì¶dñWoV AñVrËdmV AgVmV. àmW{‘H$
ñdénm§À¶m JaOm§À¶m nyV©VogmR>r K{ZîR> ñdénmMo àmW{‘H$ g§~§Y Amdí¶H$ AmhoV.
ì¶³Vr‘ËdmÀ¶m gdm©JrU {dH$mgmgmR>r Xþæ¶‘ ñdénmÀ¶m g‘yhm§Mr hr Hy$boZr Amdí¶H$Vm
ñnîQ> Ho$bobr Amho. ho g‘yh AmH$mamZo ‘moR>o d Am¡nMmarH$ Xþæ¶‘ g§~§Y AgVmV. JaOm§Mr
d¡{dÜ¶Vm bjmV KodyZ Xþæ¶‘ ñdénmMo g‘yh Amdí¶H$ ^mgV AgVmV. Ago Xþæ¶‘ g‘yh AmYw{ZH$
H$mimV {Xdgo{Xdg dmT>V Mmbbo AmhoV. g‘mOmMr g§aMZm AZoH$ g‘yhmZr {‘iyZ ~Zbobr
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Agë¶mZo ¶m àË¶oH$ g‘yhmg H$V©ì¶naËdoÀ¶m Om{UdoVyZ {d{dY àH$maMr g‘mOn¶moJr ñdénmMr
H$m¶©o H$amdr bmJVmV.
gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMo {ddoMZ H$aVodir {dë’«o$S>mo n°aoQ>moZr Am§Va{H«$¶oMo d loîQ>
{gÕm§VmMo {deof AÜ¶¶Z Ho$bobo Amho. XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm A{YH$ ì¶³Vr‘Yrb dV©Z{df¶H$
ì¶dhmam§À¶m à{H«$¶oVyZ Am§Va{H«$¶oMm CX¶ hmoV Agë¶mZo ‘mZdr dV©Zm‘mJrb àoaUm§Mo AÜ¶¶Z
H$aÊ¶mda n°aoQ>moZr â {Xbobm Amho. VH©$g§JV d VH©${dg§JV Aem XmoZ àH$maÀ¶m ‘mZdr dV©ZmMo
{ddoMZ n°aoQ>moZr Ho$bobr Amho. ¶mo½¶ gmYZm§Mm {d{eîQ> hoVyÀ¶m nyV©VogmR>r dmna H$aUo ho VH©$g§JV
{H«$¶oMo d¡{eîQ> Amho. ¶mCbQ> VH©${dg§JV {H«$¶m ‘mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$, {dH¥$V qH$dm AY©{dH¥$V
ñdénmÀ¶m Agë¶mZo Ë¶mMm Aä¶mg ‘mZgemñÌr¶ÑîQ>çm H$aVm ¶oVmo. g§aMZoMm Aä¶mg åhUOo
VH©$g§JV d VH©${dg§JV Aem XmoÝhr nÕVrÀ¶m {H«$¶oVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m gm‘m{OH$ g§~§YmMm
Aä¶mg hmo¶.
H$moUVrhr g‘mOaMZm hr loîR>-H${ZîR>VoÀ¶m VËdmda {d^mJbobr AgVo. loîR> loUrVrb
bmoH$m§Mo H${ZîR> loUrVrb bmoH$m§da Zoh‘rM dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmbobo AgVo. ‘mÌ hr loUr aMZm
‘w³V d ~§{XñV Aem XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo. n¡H$s Am[W©H$ KQ>H$m§da AmYmabobr loUr aMZm ‘w³V
ñdénmMr AgVo. H$maU XOm©Ë‘H$ ñdénmMm ~Xb hm Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm Pmë¶mZ§Va
gmÜ¶ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ñdH$V¥Ëdmda H${ZîR> ñVamVrb ì¶³VrZo Amnbm Am{W©H$ XOm© gwYmabm H$s
Ë¶mMm A§V^m©d d[aîR> loUrV qH$dm d[aîR> loUrVrb ì¶³VrMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr H$‘Hw$dV Pmbr
H$s Ë¶mMm A§V^m©d H${ZîR> loUrV hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ¶mbmM n°aoQ>moZr XOm©Ë‘H$ J{VerbVm Aer g§km
dmnabr Amho.
g‘mO Oar ‘w³V AWdm ~§{XñV Agbm Var dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$aUmam loîR> bmoH$m§Mm dJ©
àË¶oH$ g‘mO ì¶dñWoV Zoh‘rM AmT>iVmo. d Ë¶mg gÎmm, g§nÎmr, A{YH$ma d Om{V{ZîR>VoÀ¶m
g§H$ënZm ¶m ~è¶mM A§er H$maUr^yV AmhoV. gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMm Aä¶mg H$aVodoir gm‘m{OH$
g§~§Ymda à^md Q>mH$Umè¶m gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶m§À¶m AÜ¶¶ZmH$S>o {deof â XoÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm Ë¶m§Zr
{deX Ho$br. ~§{XñV ñdénmÀ¶m g‘mO aMZonojm ‘w³V g‘mO aMZoVrb gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y J{Verb
d A{YH$ H$m¶m©{^‘yI AgVmV. åhUyZ g‘mOmMm aMZmË‘H$ d H$m¶m©Ë‘H$ÑîQ>çm Aä¶mg H$aVodoir
gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶oVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Ymda â XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ n°aoQ>moZr Ho$bobm Amho.
gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶oÀ¶m g§H$ënZoda ‘°³g do~aZrhr â {Xbobm Amho. ~XbË¶m gm‘m{OH$ d
Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[apñWVrV ‘mZdr dV©ZmV H$moUH$moUË¶m àH$maMo ~Xb hmoVmV d Vo H$m hmoVmV ¶mMm
Aä¶mg g‘mOemñÌmg Zoh‘rM H$amdm bmJVmo. gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶m hrM gm‘m{OH$ KS>m‘moS>rbm {deof
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H$maUr^yV Agë¶mZo Ë¶mMm Ame¶ OmUyZ KoUo OéarMo AgVo. ‘mÌ Ë¶mgmR>r d¡km{ZH$ ‘yë¶mda
AmYmaboë¶m AmXe© àménm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$ë¶mg gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶oMr d KQ>ZoMr dmñVdVm emoYyZ
H$mT>Vm ¶oVo. Amnë¶m gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶oÀ¶m {gÕm§VmV do~aZr Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo Amho H$s, AZoH$
ì¶³Vr EH$‘oH$m§À¶m g§nH$m©V Ooìhm ¶oVmV Voìhm Ë¶m§À¶m dV©ZmV H$mhr ~Xb hmoVmV. ¶m dV©ZmË‘H$
ñdénmÀ¶m ~XbmVyZ Or {H«$¶m AWdm à{V{H«$¶m KSy>Z ¶oVo Ë¶mg gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶m Aer g§km
do~aZr dmnabr Amho. àË¶oH$ gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶o‘mJo {d{eîQ> hoVy AgVmo. Vmo hoVy gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
àË¶oH$ àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr gm‘m{OH$ g§~§YmV àË¶j qH$dm AàË¶jnUo gh^mJr hmoV AgVo. Vm{H©$H$,
‘yë¶m{YîR>rV, ^mdZmË‘H$ d nma§nm[aH$ Aem doJdoJùçm gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶m g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV
amhÿZ gmVË¶mZo ‘mZdr dV©ZmVyZ KS>V AgVmV. na§Vw g‘mO aMZoMr Mm¡H$Q> {df¶Voda AmYmabobr
Agë¶mZo gÎmm qH$dm A{YH$ma g§nmXZ H$aUmam dJ© ‘mZdr dV©Zmda, gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶oda, gm‘m{OH$
g§~§Ymda Amnbo dM©ñd àñWm{nV H$ê$Z Vo {Z¶§{ÌV H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVmV. åhUyZ ‘°³g do~aZr
gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMm Aä¶mg H$aVodoir ’$³V gm‘m{OH$ {H«$¶m qH$dm gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y ¶m§À¶m
AÜ¶¶Zmnojm Ë¶mda à^md Q>mH$Umè¶m Ag§Vw{bV KQ>H$m§À¶m à^mdm§À¶m AÜ¶¶ZmH$S>o {deof â
XoÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ Ho$bobm Amho.
Q>m°bH$m°Q> nmagÝg ¶m§Zr g‘mO aMZoVrb KQ>H$ ho g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m AñVrËdmgmR>r H$go
Amdí¶H$ AmhoV ¶mMo {ddoMZ 'The Social System' ¶m J«§WmV {deX Ho$bobo AmhoV. XOm© d
^y{‘H$m ¶m§À¶mVrb nañna g§~§Ymda gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZm ApñVËdmV ¶oV AgVo. gmd©{ÌH$ gm‘m{OH$
‘yë¶, {d{eîQ> gm‘m{OH$ Ý¶m¶, A{n©V gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶ d A{O©V gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶ ¶m§À¶m
à{V‘mZmVyZ gm‘{OH$ g§aMZoMm CX¶ hmoV AgVmo. ì¶³Vr, ‘yë¶o, {Z¶‘ZmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm,
doJdoJùçm g§ñWm, g§ñH¥$Vr B. KQ>H$ ho gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMo KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVmV. Aem
¶m g§aMZmË‘H$ Mm¡H$Q>rV àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vrbm {d{eîQ> XOm© àmá Pmbobm Agë¶mZo {d{eîQ> dV©ZmMr
AWdm H¥$VrMr Anojm AgVo. ¶m gm‘m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mo g^mgXËd ñdrH$mê$Z Amnë¶m H¥$Vrerb
^y{‘Ho$Ûmao Amnbo d AàË¶jnUo Ë¶m g§ñWoMo C[ÔîQ> gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr H$aV
AgVo. ¶m {H«$¶merb ^y{‘Ho$‘yioM g‘mOmMr g§aMZm H$m¶‘ {Q>H$V AgVo. ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z hmoUmar
{H«$¶m hr gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMmM A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Amho. åhUyZ ‘mZdr {H«$¶oMr EH$ {d{eîQ> ì¶dñWm
åhUOoM gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZm Aer g§km nmagÝgZr dmnabr Amho. OmñVrV OmñV bmoH$m§À¶m OmñVrV
OmñV JaOm n[anyU© H$aUo ho g‘mOaMZoMo C[ÔîQ> Agë¶mZo gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZm, hr g‘mOmg EH$
Amdí¶H$ ~m~ åhUyZ nmagÝg ¶m§Zr g§~mo{Ybobr Amho. na§Vw, Oa hr g‘mO ì¶dñWm g‘mOmÀ¶m
{H$‘mZ JaOm n[anyU© H$aÊ¶mV An¶er R>aë¶mg {damoYr, {dKQ>ZH$mar d {dÜd§gH$ ñdénmMr àd¥Îmr
bmoH$m§À¶mV {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgVo. Aer ApñWa d {dKQ>ZH$mar àd¥Îmr {Z‘m©U hmoD$ Z
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XoUo ho XoIrb g‘mO aMZoMo ‘yb^yV H$m¶© Amho. d Ë¶mgmR>r {Z¶§ÌU Q>mH$Umè¶m {Z¶‘ZmË‘H$
g§ñWm§Mr, ‘yë¶m§Mo ajU H$aÊ¶mè¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§ñWm§Mr d XOm©bm AZwgê$Z {d{eîQ> ^y{‘H$m nma
nmSy>Z KoUmè¶m g§~§YmË‘H$ g§ñWm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm nmagÝgZr ì¶³V Ho$bobr Amho.
am°~Q>© ‘Q>©Z hm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMm nwañH$Vm© åhÊmyZ AmoiIbm
OmVmo. (Social Theory and Social Structure) ¶m J«§WmV g§aMZmË‘H$ H$m¶©dmXmMo g{dñVa
{ddoMZ ‘Q>©Z ¶m§Zr Ho$bobo Amho. g‘mO aMZm d à‘mUH$ eyÝ¶Vm (anomic) ¶m§À¶m AmYmamda
Ë¶m§Zr Amnë¶m {dMmam§Mr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho. ‘Q>©ZZo g‘mOmg g§o{Ð¶ KQ>H$ ‘mZbobm Amho.
g‘mOmVrb nañnanyaH$ d nañnamdb§~r ñdénmÀ¶m KQ>H$mVyZ g‘mOaMZm ApñVËdmV ¶oV Agë¶mZo
Ë¶m àË¶oH$ KQ>H$mbm aMZmË‘H$ Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ {d{eîQ> àH$maMr H$m¶©o gmVË¶mZo H$amdr bmJVmV.
Ano{jV ñdénmMo H$m¶© AWdm dV©Z ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z gmÜ¶ hmoV Zmhr Voìhm g‘mO g§‘V ‘mJm©{damoYr
dV©Z AWdm H¥$Vr H$aÊ¶mMm ì¶³Vr à¶ËZ H$aVo d Ë¶mVyZ gm‘{OH$ {dKQ>ZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm àma§^
hmoVmo.
gm‘m{OH$ {dKQ>ZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oda à{V~§Y H$aÊ¶mgmR>r d ‘mZdr dV©Z {Z¶§{ÌV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r
‘Q>©ZZo gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘ZmMr Amdí¶H$Vm ñnîQ> Ho$br. gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘Z ho àË¶oH$ g‘mO aMZoMo
A§J^yV d¡{eîQ> AgVo. XOm© d ^y{‘H$m ¶m§À¶mVrb nañna g§~§Ymda g‘mO aMZoMr C^maUr Pmbobr
Agë¶mZo XOm©bm AZwén R>aob Aer {H«$¶mË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>Ê¶mgmR>r gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘Zo
OéarMr AgVmV. gm‘m{OH$ {Z¶‘Zm§Mo Oa ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z nmbZ hmoV Zgob Va Vr g‘mO ì¶dñWm
g§nyU©V… H$mob‘S>br OmVo. Ooìhm ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z A{ZîR> àH$maMo dV©Z KS>Vo Voìhm Ë¶mMm A{ZîR>
n[aUm‘ g§nyU© g‘mO ì¶dñWoda hmoV OmVmo.
gm‘m{OH$ àH$m¶©dmXmMo ñdén {deX H$aVodoir ‘Q>©ZZo Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo Amho H$s, àË¶oH$
g‘mO ì¶dñWm {ZYm©[aV ñdénmMr hmoH$mamË‘H$ H$m¶©o Amnë¶m KQ>H$m§À¶mH$Sy>Z H$adyZ KoVo. na§Vw
AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV hmoH$mamË‘H$ H$m¶m©nojm ZH$mamË‘H$ H$m¶m©Mo à‘mU dmT>V Mmbë¶m‘wio gm‘m{OH$
Aem§VVm, ApñWaVm, {dKQ>ZmË‘H$Vm ¶mgma»¶m g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
Amnë¶m àH$m¶©dmXr {gÕm§VmV ‘Q>©ZZr H$m¶©, AH$m¶© àH$Q> H$m¶© d AàH$Q> H$m¶© Ago H$m¶m©Mo
àH$ma nmS>bobo AmhoV. H$m¶© d AH$m¶© ¶m XmoZ àH$maÀ¶m H$m¶m©nojm àH$Q> d AàH$Q> H$m¶© Ago Oo
XmoZ àH$ma ‘Q>©ZZr nmS>bobo AmhoV Ë¶mMm g§~§Y H$m¶m©À¶m {ZpíMV C[ÔîQ>m§er {ZJ{S>V Amho. ghoVyH$
nÕVrZo g‘mO ‘mÝ¶ ñdénmÀ¶m H¥$VrV ‘Q>©ZZr àH$Q> H$m¶© (Manifest Function) Aer g§km
{Xbr. Aem àH$Q> H$m¶m©Mo Ñí¶ n[aUm‘ g‘mOmV {XgyZ ¶oV Agë¶mZo Ë¶m H$m¶m©bm àH$Q> H$m¶©
Ago g§~omYbobo Amho. {d{eîQ> C[ÔîQ>m§À¶m nyV©VogmR>r àH$Q> H$m¶m©Mr g‘mO ì¶dñWobm Zoh‘rM
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Amdí¶H$Vm ^mgV AgVo. ¶mCbQ> AàH$Q> H$m¶© (Latent Function) ho {d{eîQ> C[ÔîQ>nyVuer
{ZJS>rV AgVoM Ago Zmhr, VgoM Aem AàH$Q> H$m¶mªZm gOmOmMr ‘mÝ¶Vm àmá Pmbobr AgVo,
Ago Zmhr. ‘mÌ AàH$Q> ñdénmMo H$m¶© g‘mOmÀ¶m ÑpîQ>Zo àH$Q> qH$dm Ñí¶ ñdénmMo AgVo.
Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mÀ¶m n[aUm‘m§Mr OmUrd g‘mOmbm {OVH$s hmoVo {VVH$s g§~§{YV ì¶³Vrbm hmoV Zmhr.
am°~Q>© ‘Q>©Z ¶m§Zr XOm© d ^y{‘H$m ¶m§À¶m AmYmamda gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMo ñdén {deX Ho$bobo Agbo
Var gm‘m{OH$ ñW¡¶m©gmR>r d EH$g§K g‘mO OrdZmgmR>r XOm©Zwgma {H«$¶merb ñdénmMr ^y{‘H$m
g^mgX ì¶³VrZo nma nmS>mdr ¶mgmR>r {Z¶‘ZmË‘H$ ñdénmVyZ g‘mO aMZm ‘mZdr dV©Zmda {Z¶§ÌU
Q>mH$V AgVo. na§Vw Ooìhm g‘mO {hV d d¡¶³VrH$ {hV ¶m§À¶mV g§Kfm©g àma§^ hmoVmo qH$dm
d¡¶³VrH$ {hVmÀ¶m AmS> Ooìhm gm‘m{OH$ {hVmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm ¶oV AgVmV Voìhm g‘mO‘mÝ¶
ñdénmÀ¶m ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ Z H$aVm A{ZîR> ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ¶mMm ì¶³Vr à¶ËZ H$aVo. åhUyZ
AH$m¶© d AàH$Q> H$m¶© g‘mOmV OgOgo dmT>V OmVo VgVímr g‘mOaMZm T>mgiV OmVo. Ë¶m‘wio
gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMo ñdén g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À¶m {H«$¶m{ebVoda Adb§~bobo AgVo.
a°S>p³b’$ ~«mD$Z ¶m {~«{Q>e ‘mZdemñÌkmZo g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXmMo {ddoMZ H$aVmZm, g‘mO
aMZoVrb àË¶oH$ KQ>H$ aMZmË‘H$ Eo³¶ àñWm{nV H$aVodir {d{eîQ> àH$maMr H$m¶©o gmVË¶mZo H$arV
AgVmo. aMZmË‘H$ KQ>H$m§nojm Ë¶m KQ>H$m§À¶m {H«$¶m{ebVoda ~«mD$Z ¶m§Zr {deof â {Xbm Amho.
H$moUË¶mhr g‘mOmMr aMZm hr AZoH$ ì¶³VtÀ¶m nañna g§~§YmVyZ {Z‘m©U Pmbobr AgVo. ‘mZdr
g§~§YmMo ñdén ‘mZdmÀ¶m dV©Z{H«$¶oda AmYmabobo Agë¶mZo aMZmË‘H$ KQ>H$m{edm¶ H$moUË¶mhr
àH$maÀ¶m H$m¶m©bm MmbZm {‘iV Zmhr. àË¶oH$ g‘mOmMr aMZm gd© H$mimV, gd© n[apñWVrV d
gd© g‘mOmV H$YrM gmaIr AgV Zmhr. H$maU ‘mZdr g§~§YmV OgOgo ~Xb hmoV OmVmV VgVgo
Ë¶m g‘mOmMr g§ñH¥${Vhr ~XbV OmVo. d gm§ñH¥${VH$ joÌmV Pmbobm ~Xb hm g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m
~Xbmg H$maUr^yV R>aVmo.
g‘mOmÀ¶m A§VJ©V ì¶dñWoMm Aä¶mg åhUOo gm‘m{OH$ g§~§YmMo ñdén OmUyZ KoUo hmo¶.
g‘mO ì¶dñWoVrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§À¶m nmañnm[aH$ g§~§YmVyZ gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Y CX¶mg ¶oVmV. Ë¶m‘wio
g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU Aem g§~§YmÀ¶m AÜ¶¶Zmg Cn¶w³V R>aV AgVmo. aMZmË‘H$
KQ>H$m§À¶m ñW¡¶m©da gm‘m{OH$ pñWaVm Adb§~bobr Agë¶mZo g‘mO aMZoMo AÜ¶¶Z H$aÊ¶mH$S>o
g‘mOemñÌ â XoV AgVo. àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr hm aMZoMm A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Agë¶mZo g‘mO ì¶dñWoMm
àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vrda ¶mo½¶ AWdm A¶mo½¶ Ago Xþhoar n[aUm‘ Zoh‘rM hmoV AgVmV. ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio
ì¶³VrH$Sy>Z Ano{jV qH$dm AZno{jV ñdénmMr H$m¶©o gmVË¶mZo ‘mZdmH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVrb Va
g‘mOmMo {dKQ>Z hmoÊ¶mg gwédmV hmoVo. åhUyZ g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ Ano{jV ñdénmMo
H$m¶© AWdm dV©Z ‘mZdmH$Sy>Z ìhmdo Aer g‘mOmMr YmaUm AgVo. d Ë¶mÑpîQ>Zo g‘mO ì¶dñWm
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{Z¶§ÌUmË‘H$ ì¶dñWm Am¡nMm[aH$ ñdénmVyZ am~{dÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$aVo. g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr
ÑpîQ>H$moU hm gyú‘ AÜ¶¶Zmda {deof â XoVmo, Ago ‘V a°S>p³b’$ ~«mD$Z 'Structure and
Function in Primitive Society' ¶m J«§WmV ì¶³V Ho$bobo Amho.
‘°{bZm°ñH$s ¶m§Zr g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmMm nwañH$ma VÏ¶m§À¶m AmYmamda Ho$bobm

Amho. 'Crime and Customs in Savage Society' ¶m J«§WmV ‘°{bZmoñH$sZr gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$mda
g‘mO aMZoMr C^maUr Ho$bobr Agë¶mZo ì¶³Vrbm ñdV§Ì ì¶p³V‘Ëd àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mÀ¶m
à{H«$¶oV g‘mO aMZoVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV AgVmV. g‘mOmVrb àË¶oH$ g§ñWm g§nyU©
g‘mO d ì¶³VrÀ¶m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ¶mH$S>o H$m¶©erb AgVmV. na§Vw ^m¡{VH$ JaOm§À¶mnojm
gm§ñH¥${VH$ JaOm gmÜ¶ H$aÊ¶mMm g‘mO à¶ËZ H$arV Agob Va Vmo g‘mO A{YH$ g§K{Q>V d pñWa
~Zy eH$Vmo Agm Xmdm ‘°{bZm°ñH$s H$aVmV. gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ hm g‘mO OrdZmMmM A{d^mÁ¶
KQ>H$ Agë¶mZo gm§ñH¥${VH$ bjUmda Ë¶m g‘mOmMr d¡{eîQ>o {ZYm©[aV hmoV AgVmV. åhUyZ g§ñH¥$Vr
hr gm‘m{OH$ g§aMZoMm A{d^mÁ¶ KQ>H$ Agbr Var g§ñH¥$Vrbm {d{dY àH$maMr H$m¶©o gmVË¶mZo
H$amdr bmJVmV. na§Vw, EH$m gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$mMo ñdV§ÌnUo g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmXmVyZ AÜ¶¶Z
H$aUo AË¶§V H$R>rU Amho. H$maU g‘J« g‘mO OrdZmÀ¶m g§X^m©V gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg
Ho$ë¶m‘wioM ¶m KQ>H$mVrb nañnag§~§Y H$iy eH$VmV. åhUyZ {H«$¶merb ñdê$nmÀ¶m gm§ñH¥${VH$
KQ>H$m§Mo AÜ¶¶Z g‘mO aMZoÀ¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ ‘°{bZm°ñH$sZr g§aMZmË‘H$
àH$m¶©dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moUmV Ho$bobm Amho.
ñÌrdmXr à{V‘mZ (Z‘wZm) (Feminist Paradigm)
ñÌrdmX g§H$ënZm d {gÕm§V
Feminism (’o${‘{ZP‘) hm ‘yi eãX b°{Q>Z ^mfoVrb Amho. Femina ¶m eãXmMm AW©
Woman Agm Amho. 'Having a quality of females' AWm©V pñÌ¶m§Mo JwU. 1890 À¶m XeH$mV
Womanism À¶m EodOr Feminism hm eãX n{hë¶m§Xm dmnabm Jobm. Woman hm B§J«Or eãX
Wifman ¶m eãXmnmgyZ ~Zbm Amho. ¶mMm AW© "ñÌr ì¶³Vr' Agm Amho. Womanism hm eãX
'Theory of sexual equality and the movement for women's right' åhUOoM b¡{JH$
g‘mZVoMm {gÕm§V Am{U pñÌ¶m§Mr h³H$mMr Midi ¶m AWm©Zo dmnabm Omdy bmJbm.
E{bg am°gr (Alice Rossi) {hZo 27 E{àb 1895 bm 'The Athenaeum' ¶m
{Z¶VH$m{bH$mV J«§Wn[ajU {bhrVmZm àW‘ hm eãX dmnabm d Z§Va Vmo gJirH$S>o àgmarV Pmbm.
"qbJôX Z ‘mZVm ñÌr-nwéf g‘mZVoda {dídmg R>odUmam' Aem AWm©Zo hm eãX dmnabm OmD$
bmJbm.
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O°H$s ñQ>ogr (Jackie Stacey) ¶m§Zr "BÝQ´>moS>çyqgJ dy‘oZ ñQ>S>rO' ‘Ü¶o AZQ>°JqbJ ’o${‘{ZñQ>
WoAar ZmdmMm boI {bhbm. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o ""{deof AZw^dm§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z pñÌ¶m§Mo Xþ¶‘Ëd
g‘OmdyZ KoD$Z Vo ~XbÊ¶mMr {Xem XmI{dUmao, qbJôXmVyZ {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m {df‘Vobm N>oX XoD$Z
Ë¶mbm amOH$s¶ ÑîQ>çm g§H«${‘V H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUVr ì¶yhaMZm Agmdr ¶m{df¶r ‘mJ© gyM{dUo,
OrdZmÀ¶m gd© joÌmV hmoUmao pñÌ¶m§Mo emofU Am{U Xwæ¶‘Ëd ZîQ> H$aUo ¶mgmR>r à¶ËZ H$aUo åhUOo
ñÌrdmX hmo¶.'' hr EH$ {dÚmmemIm Amho.
"Ý¶y EZgm¶³bmo{n{S>¶m Am°’$ {~«Q>m{ZH$m' ‘Ü¶o ñÌr MidirMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rbà‘mUo Ho$br
Amho. ""AZoH$ N>Q>m AgUmè¶m ~hþ{dY g§KQ>Zm, ì¶³Vr, H$ënZm ¶m‘YyZ ì¶³V hmoUmè¶m pñÌ¶m§À¶m
~XbË¶m ^y{‘H$m§er {ZJS>rV AgUmar gm‘m{OH$ Midi hmo¶.''
Ruth Brandwin – Feminism is a perspective, a thought structure, a value belief
system that is an alternative way of viewing the world.
¶mMm AW©, "d¡Mm[aH$ aMZm d ‘yë¶mYmarV {dídmgmMr nÕV AgUmam OJmH$S>o nmhÊ¶mMm
n¶m©¶r ÑpîQ>H$moU åhUOo ñÌrdmX hmo¶.'
B{VhmgH$ma qbS>m Jm°S>©Z (Linda Garden) ¶m§À¶m‘Vo ""pñÌ¶m§Mo Xþæ¶‘Ëd Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r
H$amì¶m bmJUmè¶m g§Kfm©Mo {díbofU åhUOo ñÌrdmX hmo¶.''
{dëgZ (Wilson) ¶m§À¶m‘Vo ""hr Ho$di pñÌ¶m§Mo Xþæ¶‘Ëd ZîQ> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r Ambobr OmJ¥Vr
ZgyZ Ë¶m§À¶m Iè¶mIwè¶m lo¶mn¶©V OmÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© gwH$a H$aUmar amOH$s¶ ~m§YrbH$s Amho.''
~m°Q>‘ya Am{U BVa {S>³eZar Am°’$ ‘m³g©{gñQ> Wm°Q> (~yH$dob npãbeg©, Am°³g’$S>© 1983)
‘Ü¶o ñÌrdmXmMm AW© d ‘hËd nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbo Amho.
""ñÌrdmX hm dmXJ«ñV {df¶ Amho. H«$m§{VH$mar ‘m³g©dmX Am{U CXma‘VdmX ¶m‘wio ñÌrdmX hm
ñÌr-nwéf g‘mZVoMm {df¶ Amho. Agm ¶wp³VdmX EH$m ~mOyZo H$aVm ¶oVmo Va Xþgè¶m ~mOyZo
pñÌ¶m§Mo emofU Am{U {nidUyH$ ¶m§Mm Zme Ho$ë¶mIoarO ‘mZdr ‘w³Vr e³¶ Zmhr.'' na§Vw, ho gd©
’$³V g‘mOdmXr H«$m§VrVyZM àñWm{nV hmoD$ eHo$b Agm {dMmahr ‘m§S>bm.
ñÌr-‘wp³VdmX
A‘o[aH$m, OnmZ, d ¶wamon‘Ü¶o AZoH$ Xoem§‘Ü¶o 1960 Z§Va AmYy{ZH$ H$mimVrb ñÌr-
àíZmg§~§Yr MMm© d Midi gwé Pmbr. ¶m {dMmam§Zm ñÌr ‘w³VrdmXr {dMma Ago ‘mZbo Omdy
bmJbo. pñÌ¶m§Zm nwéfmà‘mUoM ì¶³VrñdmV§Í¶, ñdV…Mo Am¶wî¶ ñdm¶ÎmnUo KS>{dÊ¶mMm Am{YH$ma
Amho. hm {dMma g‘mOmVrb g‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§aMZm§Zm AmìhmZ XoVmo.
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ñÌr-‘w³Vr {dMmam§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU
1) CËnmXZ ì¶dñWoVrb pñÌ¶m§Mo H$m¶©
2) nwZéËnmXZ (‘mZdd§e d l‘e³VrMo CËnmXZ)
3) ñÌr-nwéf ôX KS>{dUmar gm‘m{OH$ g§ñH$ma à{H«$¶m
4) b¡[JH$Vm d pñÌ¶m§Mo àíZ ({ddmh, ~bmËH$ma, b¡qJH$ emofU)
1975 Z§Va ^maVmV ñÌrdmXr Midi gwé Pmbr. Ë¶mg ZdrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midi Ago Zmd
{Xbo. hçm Midir ~Ôb AZoH$ g‘O-J¡ag‘O {Z‘m©U Pmbo. Zdr ñÌrdmXr ^maVr¶ Midi
nmíMmË¶m§Mo AZwH$aU H$aUmar, ì¶p³VdmXr {dMmam§Zm àmYmÝ¶ XoUmar VgoM {ddmh d Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm
¶m§Zm CÕdñV H$aUmar Amho Ago Amamon ¶m Midirda Ho$bo Jobo.
ñÌrdmXr {gÕm§VmMm AmT>mdm
ñÌrdmXr g¡Õm§{VH$sH$aU ho gÎmaÀ¶m XeH$mV gwê$ Pmbo. ñÌrdmXr {gÕm§VmMm gmYmaU AW©
Agm H$s, pñÌ¶m§Mo Xþæ¶‘ËdmMo {M{H$ËgH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUmar kmZemIm hmo¶. CXma‘VdmXr,
OhmbdmXr, ‘m³g©dmXr Am{U g‘mOdmXr, CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr ho ñÌrdmXr {gÕm§VmMo gd©gm‘mÝ¶
dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
CXma‘VdmXr ñÌrdmX (Liberal Feminism)
CXma‘VdmXÚm§Zr ^m¡{VH$ ~m~rnojm h³H$m§Zm AJ«H«$‘ {Xbm. 18 ì¶m 19 ì¶m eVH$mVrb
CXma‘VdmXr ñÌrdmÚm§Zr ‘w»¶V… pñÌ¶m§Zm {ejU Am{U g‘mZ g§Yr ho ‘wÔo hmVmibo.
1) ‘oar dwëñQ>moZ H«$mâQ (Mary Wolstone Craft)
> ¶m ’|«$M ñÌrbm ñÌr ‘w³Vr MidirMr AmÚàdV©H$ ‘mZbo OmVo. d¶mÀ¶m 30 ì¶m dfu
1792 ‘Ü¶o pñÌ¶m§À¶m h³H$m§Mo g‘W©Z (The Vendication of Rights for Women) ho nwñVH$
{bhbo. ’|«$M amÁ¶H«$m§VrZo ñdmV§Í¶, g‘Vm Am{U ~§YwVm ¶m KmofUm H$ê$Z "h³H$' hm eãX gd©‘mÝ¶
Ho$bm. nU ho h³H$ nwéfm§~Ôb hmoVo. ‘ar H«$mâQ> hr ~§S>Imoa d¥ÎmrMr hmoVr. {VZo ¶m nwñVH$mV
g§nÞVoMm ~wÂdm© (‘Ü¶‘dJu¶) pñÌ¶m§da hmoUmam ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ {deX Ho$bm.
ñÌr hr ‘mZd AgyZ BVam§à‘mUo ñdV…Mm {dH$mg H$ê$Z KoÊ¶mMm {Vbm h³H$ Amho. {ejU,
amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, g‘mOH$maU, {ddmhg§ñWm Aem gd© JmoîQ>rV Am{U joÌmV {Vbm g‘mZ h³H$
Agbo nm{hOoV. Ago {dMma H«$mâQ> Zo ‘m§S>bo. ‘oar H«$mâQ> Zo noabobo ñÌrdmXr {dMma AmO OJâ
nagao AmhoV. Ë¶m‘wioM {Vbm ¶m MidirMr AmÚàdV©H$ ‘mZbo OmVo.
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2) Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b (John Stuart Mill) (1806 Vo 1873)
ñÌr dmÚm§À¶m B{VhmgmV pñÌ¶m§À¶m h³H$m{df¶r "pñÌ¶m§Mr namYrVVm' (The Subjection of
women (1869) ho nwñVH$ {bhbo. VgoM nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü¶o {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r pñÌ¶m§Zm ~amo~arMo
à{V{Z{YËd {‘imdo ¶m ‘wÔçmda {ZdS>UyH$ H$m¶©H«$‘ ‘m§S>bm. pñÌ¶m§Zm nmb©‘|Q>‘Ü¶o g‘mZ
à{V{Z{YËd {‘imbo nm{hOo ‘mZUmam Vmo n{hbm B§J«O R>abm.
1832 ‘Ü¶o Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b d h°[aAQ> Q>oba {‘b ¶m§Zr "Abu EgoO Am°Z ‘°aoO A°ÝS>
{S>ìhm}g' {ddmh Am{U KQ>ñ’$moQ> ¶mg§~§YrMo {Z~§Y hr boIZ‘mbm à{gÕ Ho$br. Ë¶mV Ago åhQ>bo
Amho H$s, éT>r‘yio pñÌ¶m KamV ~§{XñV AmhoV. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, pñÌ¶m§Zm g‘mZ {ejU, Am{W©H$,
d¡Ym{ZH$ Am{U àemgH$s¶ ~m~VrV g‘mZ gh^mJ {‘imbm Va pñÌ¶mhr nwéemà‘mUoM {ddoH${ZîR>
Am{U gj‘ hmoVrb.
3) {g‘m° {X ~w (Simone de Beau)
{g‘m° {X ~w ¶m§Zr 1949 ‘Ü¶o 'The Second Sex' åhUOoM "Xþæ¶‘ b¡{J³Vm' hm J«§W {bhbm.
1960 Vo 1980 ¶m H$mbI§S>mV AmYy{ZH$ ñÌrdmXr {dMmaàdmh ‘m§S>bo Jobo. ~w ¶m§Zr pñÌ¶m§À¶m
Xþæ¶‘ËdmMr H$maUo Ë¶m§Zr ‘m§S>br. nwéfm§Mr godm H$aVmZm pñÌ¶m EH$ dñVy ~Zë¶m. nwéfm§Zr ñdV…
"ñd' d pñÌ¶m§Zm "BVa' Kmo{fV Ho$bo. ñdV…‘y³V amhÊ¶mgmR>r BVam§da Xþæ¶‘Ëd bmXbo. Ë¶m§À¶m‘Vo,
pñÌ¶m§Mr XS>dUyH$ XmoZ H$maUm‘wio d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho.
1) nwéfmnojm ñÌr hr H$m¶‘M Xþæ¶‘ Amho. hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dñVwpñWVr Ho$di ¶moJm¶moJ Zmhr nU
Vgo ‘mZbo OmVo.
2) pñÌ¶m§Mr Aer ‘mZ{gH$ YmaUm Ho$br Jobr H$s, nwéf ho Amdí¶H$ d pñÌ¶m AZmdí¶H$
AgVmV. åhUyZ pñÌ¶m Amnë¶m Xþæ¶‘ËdmMo Am§VarH$aU åhUOoM g‘W©Z H$ê$ bmJVmV.
~w ¶m§À¶m‘Vo, pñÌ¶m§À¶m nËZr d ‘mVm ¶m ^y{‘H$m§‘wio ñd{dH$mg Iw§Q>Vmo. pñÌ¶m§Mo dñVwV
énm§Va hmoVo, ñÌr åhUOo ñd¶§nmH$ H$aUmar, Ë¶mJ H$aUmar, ñdÀN>Vm R>odUmar ¶§Ìo ~Zbr.
20 ì¶m eVH$mVrb AmYw{ZH$ CXma‘VdmXr ñÌrdmXr {bImUmÀ¶m bmQ>oda 19 ì¶m eVH$mVrb
{bImZmMm n[aUm‘ OmUdVmo. ~oQ>r ’«$mB©S>Z (Betty Frieden) ¶m§Zr "ñÌrdmXmMo JyT>' 'The
Feminine Mistique 1968' ho nwñVH$ {bhbo. ~oQ>r ’«$mB©S>Zo A‘o[aHo$Vrb ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo Agboë¶m
J¥{hUtÀ¶m àíZm§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo. KamV gd© gwI gmoB© AgyZhr pñÌ¶m§Zm KamV Vwé§JdmgmMm àË¶¶
¶oV hmoVm. åhUyZM {VZo gyMdbo H$s, Kam~mhoa ¶oD$Z pñÌ¶m§Zr "gwnady‘Z' ~ZÊ¶mgmR>r H$m‘ Ho$bo
nm{hOo.
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1980 À¶m XeH$mV "goH§$S> go³g' hm J«§W {b{hbm. Ë¶mV Ë¶m åhUVmV, ""b¡{JH$VoÀ¶m
amOH$maUmZo pñÌ¶m ñÌrdmXr JyT>mÀ¶m ~ir R>aë¶m AmhoV. Voìhm ñÌrdmXr MidirZo ’$³V
H$arAaÀ¶m nmR>r‘mJo Z bmJVm ào‘ d g§JmonZ ¶mH$S>ohr bj Úmdo.''
CXma‘VdmXr ñÌrdmXmdarb Q>rH$m (Criticism of Liberal Feminism)
CXma‘VdmXr ñÌrdmXmda {Q>H$m H$aVmZm B‘oëS>m ìhobhZ "‘m°S>Z© ’o${‘{ZñQ> Wm°Q> ’«$m°‘ goH§$S>
doìh Qy> nmoñQ> ’o${‘{ZP‘' ‘Ü¶o A°{bgZ ¶mJa ¶m§Mo ‘V XoD$Z åhUVmV, ""~m¡ÕrH$ ~m~tZm emar[aH$
~m~tnojm A{YH$ ‘hËd {‘imbo.'' ¶mVyZ AZoH$ àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. ñdV…À¶m JaOm Am{U
{hVg§~§Y OnUmar àË¶oH$ ì¶³Vr hr Xþgè¶m ì¶³VrnmgyZ AbJ AgVo. ¶mda amOH$s¶ A{bámda
{deg R>odVmo. ‘mZdr gwImMm {dMma H$aUmao amOH$s¶ VËdkmZmVrb ‘yb^yV àíZ Am{U ho gmÜ¶
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AgUmar gmYZo Ë¶m§Zm H$moUVohr CÎma AgV Zmhr Ago amOH$s¶ nbm¶ZdmX ‘mZVmo.
‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmXr (Marxist Feminism)
ñÌrdmXmÀ¶m {d{dY {dMmaàdmhmV ‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmX ‘hËdmMm ‘mZbm OmVmo. hm {dMma
àm‘w»¶mZo pñÌ¶m§Mo emofU, AË¶mMma ¶mda Amnbo bj H|$ÐrV H$aVmo. ¶mV ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m
CX¶m~amo~a ñÌrMo Ad‘yë¶Z hmoV Jobo. ‘m³g©dmÚm§Zm ^m§S>dbr g‘mOaMZoVrb gdm©Mo emofU ZîQ>
H$amd¶mMo Agë¶mZo ñÌrdmX Ë¶mH$S>o AmH${f©H$ Pmbm.
‘m³g©dmÚm§Zr pñÌ¶m§Mo H$m‘, XOm© Am{U doVZ ¶mg§~§Yr ‘m§S>bobo {dMma
1) ^m§S>dbemhr Hw$Qw>§~ì¶dñWo‘Ü¶o pñÌ¶m§Zm KaH$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm {‘iV Zmhr. KaH$m‘mbm nyaH$
AgoM H$m‘ Ë¶m§Zm {Xbo OmVo.
2) KamVrb H$m‘mMr ~mOmamV {dH«$s hmoV Zmhr. åhUOo ho l‘ AZwËnmXH$ AgVmV Ago Zmhr.
Omon¶ªV KaH$m‘mMo g‘mOrH$aU hmoV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV pñÌ¶m§À¶m l‘mÀ¶m ~mOmanoR>m§Vrb àdoe
åhUOo ñÌr‘w³VrÀ¶m g§X^m©V ‘mJo Q>mH$bobo nmD$b hmo¶.
3) Ë¶m‘wioM "S>obm H$moñQ>m (Dalla Costa) d goë‘m Ooåg (Selma James)' ¶m§Zr KaH$m‘mbm
doVZ {‘imdo Ago gwMdbo.
4) ‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmÚm§Zr nwéfm§À¶m H$m‘mgmR>r Ë¶m§Zm {‘iUmao doVZ d pñÌ¶m§Zm Ë¶mM H$m‘mgmR>r
{‘iUmao doVZ ¶mVrb V’$mdV XmIdyZ {Xbr.
5) ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì¶dñWoV pñÌ¶m§À¶m l‘mMr JaO bmJVo. ^m§S>dbemhrV CƒdUu¶ pñÌ¶m
KaH$m‘ H$aVrb d Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Mm XOm© VmoM amhrb. ‘mÌ l{‘H$ dJm©Vrb pñÌ¶m§Zm gÝ‘mZ d
Mm§Jbm XOm© àmá hmoB©b.
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pñÌ¶m§À¶m KaH$m‘mbm ‘mob ZgVo d Vo ^m§S>dbemhrÀ¶m nÏ¶mda nS>Vo åhUyZ gmd©O{ZH$
CÚmoJY§ÚmV nwéfm§~amo~a g‘mZ nmVirda pñÌ¶m§Zm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVm Ambo nm{hOo Agm AmJ«h
‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmX H$aVmo.
WmoS>³¶mV, ‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmX pñÌ¶m§Mo H$m‘, doVZ d Ë¶m§Mr qbJôX AmYmarV aMZm ¶mda
â XoVmo. Ë¶m§À¶m {bImUmV pñÌ¶m§Mo nwaéËnmXH$, l‘ d hmoUmam N>i ¶m§Zm ZJÊ¶ ñWmZ hmoVo. nU
ho H$arV AgVmZm pñÌ¶m§Zr Ho$bobo KaH$m‘ H$go Xþb©{jV Ho$bo OmVo d aQ>midmUo H$m‘ Ë¶m§Zm {Xbo
OmVo. Hw$Qw>§~ì¶dñWm ^m§S>dbemhr ì¶dñWoer H$er {ZJS>rV hmoVr ¶mMmhr CbJS>m Ë¶m§À¶m
{bImUmVyZ Pmbm.
‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmXmdarb Q>rH$m
1) A°{bgZ ¶mJa ¶m§À¶m‘Vo ""‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmÚm§Zr dJu¶ emofUmbm ‘hËd XoD$Z qbJôXmH$S>o
dJu¶ {df‘VoMo àVrH$ åhUyZ nm{hbo. Ë¶m‘wio qbJôXm‘wio hmoUmè¶m emofUmH$S>o H$YrM
‘hËdmMm ‘wÔm åhUyZ nm{hbo Zmhr.''
2) nwZéËnmXZ (d§egmVË¶), pñÌ¶m§{déÕ AË¶mMma ¶m g§~§{YV {df¶m§H$S>o ‘m³g©dmXr ñÌrdmX
Xþb©j H$aVmo.
3) ãb°H$~Z© d ñQw>AS>© ¶m§À¶m‘Vo, àñWm{nV g‘mOì¶dñWoV OmñVrV OmñV pñÌ¶m AWm©O©Z H$ê$
bmJë¶m‘wio ñÌr-nwéf g‘mZVm {Z‘m©U Z hmoVm Ë¶m§À¶m XOm© Amho VgmM am{hbm. ñÌr
H$m‘Jmam§Mr g§»¶m dmT>br. na§Vw pñÌ¶mH$m‘Jma g§KQ>ZoV gh^mJr Z Pmë¶mZo ^m§S>dbXmam§Mm
’$m¶Xm Pmbm.
4) ZmoH$ar H$aUmè¶m pñÌ¶m§Mr AmB© d J¥{hUr ¶m ^y{‘H$m ~Xbë¶m ZmhrV. Ë¶m‘wio ZmoH$ar~amo~a
na§namJV H$m‘o Ë¶m§Zm H$amdrM bmJVmV.
5) pñÌ¶m d nwéf g‘mZ nmVirda H$m‘ H$é bmJbr Var A§{V‘ {ZU©¶m§Mo Am{YH$ma nwéfmH$S>oM
am{hbo. Ë¶m‘wio pñÌ¶m§Zm g‘mZ A{YH$ma {‘imbmM Zmhr.
g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmX (Socialist Feminism)
ñÌr-nwéf Owby‘ {gÕm§Vm‘Yrb g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmX hm ‘hËdmMm {dMma ‘m§S>bm OmVmo.
pñÌ¶m§À¶m Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$ pñW{Vbm "dJ©dmX' O~m~Xma Amho Ago ‘m³g©dmXr ‘mZVmV Va
g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmÚm§Zr qbJôX d dJ©dmX ¶m Xmohm§oH$S>o g‘mZ[aË¶m ge³V AgUmè¶m emofUm§À¶m
¶§ÌUm åhUyZ nm{hbo d qbJôX Am{U nwZéËnmXZ ¶mda àH$me Q>mH$bm.
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g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmXmZo pñÌ¶m§À¶m emofUmMo ñdén d¡pídH$ H$aVm ¶mdo åhUyZ PJS>m {Xbm. d
nwéfemhr ¶m g§koVyZ Üd{ZV hmoUmè¶m A‘yV© AZ¡{Vhm{gH$ AWm©da hëbm MT>{dbm. g‘mOdmXr
{dMmaàdmhmZo, ‘m³g©dmXr {gÕm§V ñÌràíZm§Mo {díbofU H$aVmZm Anyam nS>Vmo d g‘mOdmXr H«$m§Vr
‘m§S>Ur ñÌr-‘y³Vr AmnmoAmn KS>ob ho J¥{hV YaVmo. g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmXmMr ‘m§S>Ur H$aÊ¶mMo à¶ËZ
AZoH$ ñÌr-{dMmad§Vm§Zr Ho$bo. AmOda Pmbobr ñÌr-nwéfm§Mr doJir OS>UKS>U hr Z¡g{J©H$ ZgyZ
ho nwéfemhr ì¶dñWoMo H$S>dQ> ’$i Amho. Ë¶m‘wio nwT>rb H$mimV ‘wbo Am{U ‘wbr dmT>VmZm ñÌr
Am{U nwéf Aer Xþ^§Jbobr ì¶³Vr‘Ëdo V¶ma Z H$aVm Ë¶m§À¶mda ‘mUyg åhUyZ g§ñH$ma Pmbo
nm{hOoV ¶mda â {Xbm. Ë¶m‘wioM ñÌr Am{U nwéf ¶m§Mm CËnmXZ ì¶dñWoVrb gh^mJ ‘mUyg ¶m
ZmË¶mZo Agbm nm{hOo. dJ©ì¶dñWm ZîQ> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§VrMr Va nwéfemhr ZîQ>
hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ‘mZ{gH$ H«$m§VrMr JaO Amho Ago {‘Mob ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bo.
g‘mOdmXr ñÌrdmXmZo ñÌr-nwéf g‘mZVogmR>r gwM{dbobo Cnm¶
1) pñÌ¶m§Zr EH$mM doir ^m§S>dbemhr d nwéfgÎmmH$ nÕVr{déÕ AmdmO CR>dmdm.
2) pñÌ¶m§À¶m {d{dY àíZm§da ñdV§Ì Midir {Z‘m©U ìhmì¶mV. Ë¶m‘Ü¶o KmVH$àWm, na§nam,
A{YH$ma, h³H$m§Mr OmUrd ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Agmdm.
3) {nV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVr ZîQ> H$amdr.
WmoS>³¶mV g‘mOdmXr pñÌdmÚm§Zr pñÌ¶m§darb Owby‘ H$‘r H$éZ ñÌr-nwéf g‘mZVogmR>r
{d{dY Cnm¶ gwM{dbo. ^m§S>dbemhr d {nV¥gÎmmH$ nÕVr pñÌ¶m§Mo X‘Z d emofU H$aVo ho
Wm§~dÊ¶mgmR>r pñÌ¶m§Zr nwéf dJm©{déÕ CR>md H$ê$Z ñdV§Ì Midir C^mamì¶mV Ago ‘V ‘m§S>bo.
Ohmb ñÌrdmX (Radical Feminism)
gmR>À¶m XeH$mnmgyZ gÎmaÀ¶m ‘Ü¶mn¶©V pñÌ¶m§Mr Midi "AmVbo' Am{U "~mhoaMo' Aem
JQ>mV {d^mJbr Jobr. AmVë¶m JQ>mV ‘dmim§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm Va ~mhoaÀ¶m JQ>mV Ohmb ñÌrdmXr
¶m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. 1980 À¶m XeH$mÀ¶m CÎmamYm©V Ohmb ñÌrdmXr nwT>o Ambo.
Ohmb ñÌrdmXr VËdo
Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm pñÌ¶m§Mo emofU ho gdm©V àW‘ Pmbo Am{U gdm©V OmñV ì¶már AgUmao
emofU åhUyZ Ë¶mH$S>o nmhVm ¶oVo. ho emofU BVa emofUmbm Mm¡H$Q> nya{dVo. Aem emofUmbm pñÌ¶m
~ir nS>VmV. nU ñdV…‘mÌ Ë¶m ¶m emofUm~m~V AZ{^k AgVmV. nwéfm§À¶m ‘ZmV pñÌ¶m§{df¶r
AgUmar dM©ñdmMr, ñdm{‘ËdmMr, H«$m¡¶m©Mr ^mdZm, b¡{JH$ {dH¥$VrZo âboë¶m ‘mZ{gH$VoVyZ d
Ë¶m§À¶m ^mfoVyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo. Ohmb ñÌrdmÚm§À¶m ‘Vo, ""gd©Ì pñÌ¶m§Mm EH${ÌV XS>nbobm dJ©
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AgVmo. H$moUË¶mhr dJm©Vrb pñÌ¶m§Zm Am{W©H$, gm‘m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s¶ ñVamda
nwéfm§ì¶{V[a³V ñWmZ ZgVo.''
O‘}Z {JAa {hZo "X {d‘oZ ¶wZH$' ¶m nwñVH$mV pñÌ¶m§Mr b¡{JH$Vm Iè¶m AWm©Zo H$er
ZmH$mabr Jobr Amho ¶mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. N>moQ>çm d {d^³V Hw$Qw>~m§V pñÌ¶m§Mr A{YH$M H$m|S>r
d XS>nUyH$ hmoVo. åhUyZM {d^³V Hw$Qw>§~mEodOr gm‘y{hH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMr g§H$ënZm {VZo ‘m§S>br Amho.
¶mgmR>r Ohmb ñÌrdmÚm§Zr b¡{JH$ H«$m§VrMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo, Ooìhm ñÌrdmXr H«$m§Vr hmoBb
©
Voìhm-
1) pñÌ¶m ‘mV¥ËdmÀ¶m O~m~XmarVyZ ‘moH$ùçm hmoD$Z AnË¶ g§JmonZmMo H$m‘ gm‘y{hH$[aË¶m
g‘mOm‘m’©$V hmoB©b.
2) g§nÎmrMr g‘mZ dmQ>Ur Pmë¶mZo pñÌ¶m§À¶m ‘ybm§À¶m AmË‘{dîH$mambm d ì¶mnH$
g‘mO~m§YUrbm nyU© dmd {‘iob.
3) b¡{JH$VoMm ì¶dhma gmMo~§XnUmVyZ ‘w³V hmoB©b. ¶mgmR>r {nV¥gÎmmH$ g‘mOì¶dñWm CbWyZ
Q>mH$br nm{hOo. àË¶oH$ ñÌrZo g~bm åhUyZ ñdV…Mr ñdV§Ì ‘mZ{gH$ OS>UKS>U Ho$br nm{hOo.
4) Ohmb ñÌrdmÚm§Mo ñÌrdmXmbm gdm©V ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ åhUOo Ë¶m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$bobr d A§‘bmV
AmUbobr OmUrdOmJ¥VrMr g§H$ënZm hmo¶. Ë¶m§Mm CÔoe Ho$di pñÌ¶m§À¶m g‘mOmVrb Xþæ¶‘
^y{‘Ho$‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoUmè¶m {df‘Vo{déÕ Ë¶m§À¶mV OmJéH$Vm {Z‘m©U H$aUo EdT>mM ZìhVm Va
Ë¶m‘wio pñÌ¶m§Zm ñdV…À¶m ImOJr d ^md{ZH$ OrdZmMo nwZ‘y©ë¶m§H$Z H$aUmar Ë¶m§À¶m
Hw$Qw>§~mer AgUmao, H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUr AgUmao g§~§Y VnmgÊ¶mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo. Amnbo
emofU hmoV Amho ¶mMr OmUrd OmJ¥Vr hmoD$Z Ë¶m{déÕ Ag§Vmof ì¶³V H$aUo e³¶ Pmbo.
Ohmb ñÌrdmXmdarb Q>rH$m
Ohmb ñÌrdmX AZ¡{VH$ Amho. Ë¶mbm B{VhmgmMr OmUrd Zmhr. VgoM pñÌ¶m ¶m nwéfmnojm
loîR> AmhoV ho J¥{hV YéZM Ohmb ñÌrdmÚm§Zr Amnë¶m {gÕm§VmMr aMZm Ho$br. d Ë¶mg AZwgéZ
ñÌr-nwaf ôX ñnîQ> Ho$bm. Ë¶m‘wio Ohmb ñÌrdmX EH$m§Jr {dMma ‘m§S>Umam Amho. d nwéfm§Zr hm
{dMma Xþæ¶‘ R>a{dVmo Aer {Q>H$m ¶m {dMmaàdmhmda Pmbr.
CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr ñÌrdmX (Post Modernist Feminism)
CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmX åhUOo AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb àñWm{nV éT>r Am{U OrdZ‘mJ© ¶m§Zm {Xbobo
AmìhmZ hmo¶. 1970 À¶m XeH$mV CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmX hr g§km àMmamV Ambr.
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ñÌrdmXr g§H$ënZm
CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXmV d§e, dJ©, qbJ, ampîQ´>¶Ëd, {^Þ d§{e¶Vm BË¶mXtMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
CÎma AmYy{ZH$dmXr pñÌdmÚm§Zr na§namJV nwéfgÎmmH$ nÕVrÀ¶m gÎmmgmYZmbm åhUOoM Y‘©emñÌo d
{ZgJ© ¶m§Zm {damoY Ho$bm. VgoM Ë¶m§Zr AZw^dmÀ¶m gmd©^m¡‘Ëdmbm ñÌrkmZ{df¶H$ {gÕm§VmVyZ
{damoY H$éZ Oo Oo ImOJr AgVo Vo Vo amOH$s¶ ‘mZbo.
g‘mOmÀ¶m ñÌr{df¶H$ {d{eîQ> YmaUm, Ë¶m‘mJrb hoVy, Ë¶m YmaUm§Mr {dMmaUm d nyd© ‘m§S>Ur
H$aUo, pñÌ¶m§Zm ‘w»¶ àdmhmnmgyZ Xÿa R>ody nmhUmè¶m ì¶yhm‘YyZ pñÌ¶m§Zm gmoS>{dUo ho ñÌr‘y³Vr
MidirMo d CÎma AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr ñÌr{df¶H$ B{Vhmg boIZmMo ‘yi C[ÔîQ> Amho.
ñÌr hr EH$ ì¶³Vr Amho ñdV…Mo {dMma, ^mdZm ì¶³V H$é eH$Umao Vo EH$ AñVrËd Amho.
OJmÀ¶m aMZoV d {VÀ¶mda gmon{dÊ¶mV Amboë¶m H$m¶m©V Vr gh^mJr AgVo. "ñÌr' hm eãX H$mhr
gm‘m{OH$, amOH$s¶ d OrdemñÌr¶ VÏ¶m§er {ZJS>rV Amho. {~«{Q>e H$mbI§S>mVrb A{YH$mè¶m§H$Sy>Z
Am{e¶mB© pñÌ¶m§Zm {‘iUmar dmJUyH$ qH$dm BVa AZoH$ Xþb©{jV ~m~t‘wio JVH$mimMo n[ajU
H$aÊ¶mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
2.2.3 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb nm`è`m : (Steps of Social Research)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Üò kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY nm`è`m§À`m AmYmao Vo {_i{dbo OmVo.
{dídgZr` ñdénmMo kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r emñÌkm§Zr EH$ {d{eï> ñdénmMr nÜXVr {dH${gV Ho$br Amho.
`m nÜXVrg emñÌr` nÜXVr Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. g§emoYZ H$aVmZm emñÌk Á`m g§emoYZ arVrMm Adb§~
H$aVmV {Vbm emñÌr` nÜXVr Ago åhUVmV. EH$m {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m g_ñò{df`r g§emoYZ H$aVmZm Ooìhm
emñÌr` nÜXVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm `m_Üò H$mhr AdñWm qH$dm nm`è`m Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
AmnUmg gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Üò H$moUË`m nm`è`m AgVmV `mMm n[aM` nwT>rbà_mUo H$éZ KoVm òB©b.
1. g_ñòMo gwgyÌrH$aU : (Formulation of the Problem)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Yrb hr n{hbr nmàr hmo`. g§emoYZmbm gd©àW_ g_ñ`màYmZ n[apñWVrMr
OmUrd hmoVo. Ë`mbm EImXr g§emoYZ`mo½` Aem àH$maMr g_ñ`m gyMVo. g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZ g_ñò{df`r
Ho$bobo {ZarjU d Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m {dMmaeŠVr_wio qH$dm g§emoYZ g_ñòg§~§Yr Agboë`m Ë`mÀ`m
Aä`mgmdéZ g§emoYH$mbm Aer g_ñ`m gwMy eH$Vo. g§emoYH$mbm gyMboë`m g_ñòMr _m§S>Ur hr Ë`mbm
g§emoYZ H$aVm òD$ eHo$b `mà_mUo H$amdr bmJVo. `mgmR>r g§emoYZ hm AJmoXa Pmboë`m g§emoYZm§À`m
{ZîH$fmªMo narjU H$arV AgVmo. `m_wio g§emoYH$mg {ZdS>boë`m g_ñòg§~§YrMo kmZ àmßV hmoVo. `mdéZ
g§emoYH$mZo {ZdS>boë`m g_ñòg§~§YrMr g§^mì` CËVao H$moUVr AmhoV `mMm {dMma g§emoYH$ H$é eH$Vmo d
`m {dMmamVyZ Ë`mbm H$mhr Aä`wnJ_ gwMy eH$VmV.
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2. Aä`wnJ_mMr _m§S>Ur : (Formulation of Hypotheses)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYH$mVrb hr Xwgar _hËdmMr nmàr hmo`. Aä`wnJ_ åhUOo g§emoYZ g_ñòMo VmËnwaVo
J¥hrV Yabobo g§^mì` CËVa hmo`. KQ>Zm§_Yrb H$m`©H$maU g§~§Ym{df`rMo ho {dYmZ AgVo. ho {dYmZ
VmËnwaË`m ñdénmMo AgVo. Aä`wnJ_mìXmao _m§S>boë`m `m {dYmZmMm IaoImoQ>no Um nwT>rb g§emoYZm_Üò
VnmgyZ nhmd`mMm AgVmo. Aä`wnJ_mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_wio g§emoYZmbm nwT>rb {Xem àmßV hmoVo. g§emoYZ
{df`mg§~§Yr g§emoYH$mZo _m§S>bobo Aä`wnJ_ ho Iao d ImoQ>o R>aÊ`mMr XoIrb eŠ`Vm AgVo. Á`m§Mo àË`j
AZw^dmV àË`§VaU KoVm òD$ eHo$b Aem ñdénmVrb Aä`wnJ_m§Mr _m§S>Ur hr gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb
AË`§V _hËdmMr nmàr hmo`.
3. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m {dH${gV H$aUo : (Development of Research Design)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZm_Yrb hr {Vgar à_wI AdñWm hmo`. g§emoYH$mZo {Z{íMV Ho$boë`m g§emoYZmÀ`m
C{Ôï>m§À`m nyVugmR>r VÏ`g§H$bZmÀ`m H$m`©nÜXVrg§~§Yr KoÊ`mV Amboë`m {ZU©`m§Mm, Z_wZm - {ZdS>rÀ`m
~m~VrV KoÊ`mV Amboë`m {ZU©`m§Mm d VÏ`m§À`m {díbofUmgmR>r `moOÊ`mV òUmè`m H$m`©nÜXVt~m~VÀ`m
{ZU©`m§Mm A§V^m©d H$éZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobr `moOZm åhUOo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hmo`.
4. _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ H$aUo : (Data collection)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb hr Mm¡Wr _hËdmMr nmàr hmo`. g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$éZ KoVboë`m
{ZU©`mà_mUo g§emoYZmÀ`m C{Ôï>m§À`m nyV©Vgo mR>r Amdí`H$ Aer _m{hVr AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$ nÜXVrZo
g§emoYH$ O_m H$arV AgVmo. _m{hVrÀ`m g§H$bZm_Üò g§emoYH$ hm dñVw{Zð> nÜXVrZo _m{hVrMo g§H$bZ
H$arV AgVmo.
5. _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU Am{U {díbofU : (Classification and Analysis of Data)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb hr nmMdr _hËdmMr nmàr hmo`. g§emoYH$mZo {ZdS>boë`m Aä`mg
{df`mg§~§Yr {_i{dboë`m _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. dJuH$aUm_Üò g§emoYH$mZo
{_i{dboë`m _m{hVrMr {d{eï> nÜXVrZo {d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. g§emoYH$mZo EH${ÌV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrÀ`m
dJuH$aUm_wio _m{hVrbm AW© àmßV hmoVmo. Jmoim Ho$bobr _m{hVrÀ`m {díbofUmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo g§emoYH$ hm
_m{hVr_Üò bnbobm AW© ñnï> H$[aV AgVmo.
6. g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f© _m§S>Uo : (A Statement of Conclusions)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb hr ghmdr AdñWm hmo`. g§emoYH$ hm `m AdñWo_Üò _m§S>bobo {ZîH$f© hm
pñdH$maVmo {H$§dm ZmH$maVmo. AmYrÀ`m {ZîH$fmªer ho {ZîH$f© AW©nU
y ©[aË`m OmoS>bo OmVmV. g§emoYZmÀ`m
{ZîH$fm©_wio AmYrÀ`m g§emoYH$mbm ~iH$Q>r àmßV hmoVo. qH$dm Ë`m_Üò ~Xb gyM{dbo Omdy eH$VmV
g§emoYH$mZo hmVr KoVboë`m g§emoYZm_wio ZdrZ {gÜXmÝVmMr {Z{_©Vr XoIrb hmoD$ eH$Vo. g§nyU© g§emoYZ
à{H«$`m nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va g§emoYH$ hm g§nyU© g§emoYZm{df`rMm Ahdmb gd© Vnerbmgh V`ma H$aVmo.
Ahdmb boIZ hr g§emoYZà{H«$òVrb eodQ>Mr AdñWm AgVo.
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ñd¶§… AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r àíZ
1) g‘mOemñÌmV ~¥hV {gÕm§VmMm nwañH$ma H$moUË¶m {dMmad§VmZo Ho$bm Amho.
2) General System Theory hm {gÕm§V H$moUr ‘m§S>bm.
3) ‘mZdr ~m¡ÕrH$ {dH$mgmVrb eoQ>M ~m¡ÕrH$ AdñWm H$moUVr.
4) Am°Z X Amo[a{OZ Am°’$ pñnerO hm J«§W H$moUmMm
5) Xmg H°$nrQ>b hm J«§W H$moUr {bhrbm
6) à{Vq~{~V ñdV…Mm {gÕm§V H$moUr ‘m§S>bm.
7) bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVrV ^m{fH$ d ì¶mdhmarH$ g§X^m©da {deof â H$moUr {Xbm.
8) bmoH$mÝd¶ nÕVremñÌm§Mo OZH$ H$moU.
9) Social Theory and Social Structure hm J«§W H$moUmMm.
10) ñÌr ‘w³Vr MidirMr AmÚàdV©H$ H$moU
ñd¶§… AÜ¶¶Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1) B‘mB©b Sw>aIo‘
2) Q>m°bH°$Q> nmg©Z
3) àË¶jdmX / {dkmZdmX
4) Mmb©g S>mduZ
5) H$mb©‘m³g©
6) Mmb©g Hw$bo
7) Jma{\$Ho$b
8) Jma{\$Ho$b
9) am°~Q>© ‘Q>©Z
10) ‘oar dwëñQ>moZ H«$mâQ>
2.3 gmam§e
`m KQ>H$mV AmnU àW_ g§emoYZmVrc _yc^yV g§H$ënZmda â {Xcm Amho. Ë`m A{YH$mYrH$ g_OyZ
KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. `m_Üò - gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ Z_wZm, à{V_mZ, gyú_ {gÕm§V, ~«hV {gÕm§V,
àË`jdmX (àma§{^H$) gm_m{OS> S>m{d©ZdmX, g§Kf© à{V_mZ, à{VH$mË_H$ Am§Va{H«$`mdmX, àKQ>ZmemñÌ,
g§aMZmË_H$ àH$m`©dmX, ñÌrdmXr à{V_mZ, VgoM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m nm`è`m AWdm Q>ßno, `m
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrc _wc^yV g§H$ënZm AmnU {dñV¥V[aË`m g_OyZ KoVë`m AmhoV.
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A) WmoS>³¶mV CÎma {bhm.
1) gyú‘ Am{U ~¥hV {gÕm§V ñnîQ> H$am.
2) àma§{^H$ àË¶jdmX d g§Kf© Z‘wZm MMm© H$am.
3) g¡Õm§{VH$ Am§Va{H«$¶mdmX
4) àKQ>ZmemñÌ
5) g§aMZmË‘H$ àH$m¶©dmX Am{U ñÌrdmXr Z‘wZm
2.5 qMVZ Am{U H$m`©
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrc AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm§Mo dmMZ H$aUo Ë`mM~amo~a g§emoYZ
AhdmcmMo dmMZ H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© {Q>nZ V`ma H$aUo.
1. Ram Ahuja - Research Methods
2. gwZrb _m`r - gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr

3. ^m§S>maH$a nw. b. - gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr
1) Social Research Method-Ram Ahuja.
2) gm‘m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr-à{Xn AmJbdo

3) Research Methdology - CR Kothari
4) Dooley, David - Social Research Method prentice - Hall of India, New Delhi,
2003.
5) Marvashi Amir B. - Qualitative Research is Sociology, Sage Publication Jaipur,
2005.

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gÌ-3 : KQ>H$ 3
g§emoYZ AmamIS>m
(Research Design)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
3.1 C{Ôï>o
3.2 àñVmdZm
3.3 {df` - {ddoMZ
3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AW©
3.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$mò©
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo n«íZ-1
3.3.3 g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo Q>ßno
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo n«íZ-2
3.3.4 g§emoYZ AmamIS>m àH$ma : AÝdofZmË_H$, dU©ZmË_H$, à`moJmË_H$
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ-3
3.3.5 gdo}jU, ì`îQ>r AÜ``Z nÜXVr Am{U à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>m
3.4 gmam§e
3.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (ñdmÜ`m`)
3.1 C{Ôï>ò : (Objective)
g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMm AW©, H$m`© d n«H$ma `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda AmnUmg
* g§emoYZ AmamIS>m åhUOo H$m` Vo g_Oob.
* g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo doJdoJio àH$ma g_OVrb.
* g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m àH$mamVyZ g§emoYZm~ÔbMo gdmªJ _hËd d _m{hVr {_iob.
* ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÜXVr g_Oob.
* nmhUr nÜXVr H$iob.
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3.2 àñVmdZm :
g§emoYZ AmamIS>m g§emoYH$mbm H$miOrnyd©H$ d {Z`moOZ~ÜX H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. Ogo Amnë`m KamV
EH$mXm g_ma§^ Agob Va Ë`mMo gd© {Z`moOZ H$amdo bmJVo. gdmªda H$m_mMo dmQ>n H$amdo bmJVo. Va Vmo
H$m`©H«$_ ì`d{ñWV[aË`m nma nS>Vmo d Vmo H$m`©H«_ N>mZ nma nS>ë`mMo Amnë`mbm g_mYmZ bm^Vo.
nyd©{Z`moOZm{edm` Ho$ë`mg AZoH$ ÌwQr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Xmof amhÿZ OmVrb. VgoM g§emoYZmMo nU Amho.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV g§emoYZ Xmof{da{hV ìhmdo, H$_r IMm©V, doioMr ~MV ìhmdr, g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ
H$moUH$moUË`m AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJob, d Ë`mVyZ H$moUVm _mJ© H$mT>m`Mm `mgmR>r g§emoYH$ g§emoYZ
H$m`m©bm gwédmV H$aÊ`mnydu g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aob. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm H$m_ H$aUo gwb^ hmoB©b.
åhUOo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m AË`§V _hËdmMm Amho.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
n«ËòH$ _mUyg {XdgâmMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmo d H$m_mbm bmJVmo. n«ËòH$mbmM doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mr
~MV ìhmdr dmQ>Vo nU Ë`mgmR>r Mm§Jbo {Z`moOZ hdo. åhUOoM nyd©{Z`moOZ hm g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMm
Ambm Amho. åhUOoM agob A°H$Am°\$ À`m _Vo ""Á`m ~m~r àË`jmV CVamd`mÀ`m AgVmV Ë`m
AdVaÊ`mnyduM Ë`mg§~§Yr {ZU©` KoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m åhUOo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hmo`.''
åhUOo g§emoYZ H$m`m©bm gwédmV H$aÊ`mnydu g§emoYH$mZo Aä`mgmMm {df` {Z{íMV H$aUo. _m{hVr
{_i{dÊ`mMo ñÌmoV R>a{dUo. Ë`mgmR>r Aä`mgnÜXVr {ZpíMV H$aUo, doioMo nyd©{Z`moOZ H$aUo, VÏ`g§H$bZ
H$go H$am`Mo Vo R>a{dUo d Ë`mgmR>r doioMho r {Z`moOZ H$aUo åhUOo g§emoYZmnydu gm§JmS>m V`ma H$aUo.
`mgmR>r H$moUË`m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMm dmna H$aUo ho R>a{dUo d Ë`mZwgma _m{hVr Jmoim H$am`bm bmJUo.
dmMZ H$aUo, àíZmdbr, _wbmIV `mgmR>r ñdV:Odi àíZ V`ma H$éZ KoUo. B. Mr nydV© `mar H$amdr
bmJVo.
3.3.1 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AW© : (Meaning Of Social Research)
g§emoYZmÀ`m à{H«$òV g§emoYH$ hm Ooìhm Amnë`m g§emoYZ H$m`m©V gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg
H$aVmo. Aem g§emoYZmbm gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ Ago åhUVmV. H$moUË`mhr emIoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm d¡km{ZH$
nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrìXmao AZoH$ g_mOemñÌk gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo AÜ``Z
H$aVmV. g_mOemñÌ, AW©emñÌ, amÁèmñÌ, _mZgemñÌ B. gd©M gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV d¡km{ZH$
nÜXVrìXmao g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. åhUyZM `m gm_m{OH$ {df`m§Zm emñÌmMm XOm© àmßV hmoVmo. d¡km{ZH$
nÜXVrÀ`m AmYmao Ooìhm gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§À`m g§~§YmV ZdrZ kmZ àmßV H$aUo Am{U OwÝ`m kmZmMo narjU
Ho$bo OmVo. V|ìhm Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ Ago åhUVmV.
_mZd hm ~wÜXrOrdr àmUr Amho. VgoM Vmo {Okmgyd¥ËVrMm Am{U {M{H$ËgH$ _Zmoàd¥ËVrMmhr Amho.
gmVË`mZo ZdrZ H$mhr emoYÊ`mV Ë`mbm AmZ§X {_iVmo. gVV emoY KoV amhUo hr _mZdr àd¥ËVr AgyZ Vr
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{Za§Va gwê$ AgUmar à{H«$`m Amho. emñÌr` g§emoYZmVyZ kmZmMm emoY KoVë`mg Iè`m AWm©Zo Vo kmZ
dñVw{Zð> amhrb. emñÌr` g§emoYZmMr XmoZ Amdí`H$ VËdo AmhoV. `m_Üò n{hbo VËd åhUOo {ZarjU
hmo`. Xwgao VËd åhUOo H$m`©H$maU ^md hmo`.
emñÌr` g§emoYZmMr hr XmoZ Amdí`H$ VËdo Oa gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§À`m g§~§{YV g§emoYZmV AgVrb
Am{U d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrÀ`m AmYmao ho g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Agob Va, Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ åhQ>bo
OmVo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mH$[aVm J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMo narjU Ho$bo OmVo. ZdrZ KQ>Zm§Mm emoY KoVbm
OmVmo. {d{eï> KQ>Zm§_Yrb ZdrZ g§~§Y emoYÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H$moUË`m Var `mo½` nÜXVrMm Cn`moJ H$aUo hm
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AW© Amho, `mgmR>r Agohr åhUVm òB©b H$s gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm qH$dm {dÚ_mZ
{gÜXm§VmÀ`m g§~§YmV ZdrZ kmZmMr àmßVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmUmar d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr åhUOo
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hmo`.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr kmZàmßVrMr EH$ nÜXV AgyZ Ë`mVyZ {ZarjU, dJuH$aU, à`moJ d
{ZîH$fm©À`m gm_mÝ` emñÌr` nÜXVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m nÜXVrÛmao AkmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm emoY
KoVbm OmVmo. Va kmZ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hr gm_m{OH$
OrdZmÀ`m g§~§Ym_Üò gË`mMm emoY KoUmar EH$ emñÌr` nÜXVr Amho.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m : (Definition Of Social Research)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVyZ Zo_H$m AW©~moY emoYyZ H$mTy>Z g§emoYH$ g§emoYZmMr n«{H«$`m nyU© H$aVmo d
ZdrZ emoY bmdë`mMm AmZ§X KoVmo Ë`mAmYmao {gÜXm§V _m§Sy> eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r g§emoYZmÀ`m Zo_Š`m
ì`m»òMmhr Aä`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Aem H$mhr emñÌkm§À`m ì`m»`m nwT>rb n«_mUo :
1. ~moJmS>©g : ""EH${ÌV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m OrdZmVrb {H«$`merb A§V^©Vy à{H«$`m§Mo g§emoYZ
åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hmo`.''
2. gr. E. _moPa : ""gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Am{U g_ñ`m `m~m~V ZdrZ kmZ àmßVrH$[aVm H$aÊ`mV
Amboë`m ì`dpñWV g§emoYZmbm AmnU gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ åhUVmo.''
3. Eg. ñboqgOa Am{U E_. ñQ>r\o$ZgZ : ""kmZmÀ`m H$jm {dñVm[aV H$aUo, Ë`mMr AMyH$Vm
VnmgUo Am{U {gÜXm§VmÀ`m _m§S>UrgmR>r {H$§dm H$boÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ Cn`moJmgmR>r ho kmZ {H$VnV Cn`moJr
nS>Vo ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r emñÌr` nÜXVr emoYZy H$mT>Uo, Ë`m§Mo {díbofU H$aUo Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m
g§H$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mMr ì`d{ñWV nÜXV åhUOo gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ hmo`.''
4. lr_Vr nm°brZ ìhr. `§J : ""gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ EH$ emñÌr` `moOZm AgyZ {OMm CÔoe Vm{H©$H$
Am{U H«$_~ÜX nÜXVrìXmam ZdrZ VÏ`m§Mm emoY KoUo qH$dm OwÝ`m VÏ`m§Mo nwZn©arjU Am{U Ë`m§À`mV
AmT>iyZ òUmao AZwH«$_, AV:g§~§Yr H$m`©H$maU^md Am{U Ë`m§Zm g§M{bV H$aUmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ {Z`_m§Mo
{díbofU H$aUo hm Amho.''
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darb ì`m»`mÀ`m AmYmao gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm Zo_H$m AW© A{^àoV hmoVmo. `m{edm` gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZmÀ`m H$mhr d¡{eîQ>çm§À`m AmYmaohr gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AW© A{YH$ ñnï>nUo g_Oy eHo$b.
Ë`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço nmhÿ `m.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1. gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo : gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§er {ZJS>rV AgVo.
Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. àËòH$ ì`ŠVr g_mOmMm gXñ`
AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV EImÚm ì`pŠVMm Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ dV©ZmMm, AmdS>r {ZdS>r, {H«$`m
à{V{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`ŠVr ~amo~a gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm, g_wh, g_ñ`m d g§ñH¥$Vr B. Mm
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
2. ZdZdrZ VÏ`m§Mm emoY KoVbm OmVmo : àËòH emñÌmMm CÔoe hm ZdrZ VÏ`m§À`m ZdrZ g§~§Y
Am{U KQ>Zobm g§M{bV H$aÊ`mÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm emoY KoUo hm AgVmo. OwÝ`m VÏ`m§Mo nwZn©arjU Ho$bo OmVo.
H$maU g§emoYZmÀ`m V§Ìm_Üò gwYmaUm hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio OwZr VÏò Am{U {gÜXm§V gwYm[aV V§ÌmìXmao
nwZ©narjU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Va H$mhr doim KQ>Zm§_Üò n[adV©Z hmoVo. Voìhm ~XbË`m n[apñWVrMm
Aä`mg hmoUo Ë`mMr VÏò VnmgyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV Zì`m VÏ`m§Mm emoY
KoVbm OmVmo. VgoM OwÝ`m VÏ`m§Mo narjU Ho$bo OmVo.
3. H$m`©H$maU g§§~§YmMm emoY KoUo : _mZdmMo dV©Z ho doJdoJù`m àH$maMo AgVo. `m {d{dY
àH$maÀ`m dV©ZmVyZ H$m`©H$maU g§§~§YmMm emoY hm gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV KoVbm OmVmo. _mZdr dV©Z hr EH$
Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m Amho. nU doJdoJù`m dV©ZmVyZ _mZdmÀ`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Mm d¡km{ZH$ X¥ï>rH$moZmVyZ
AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mg doJdoJù`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m_Üò H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y Agë`mMo AmT>iZy òVo. Ë`mAmYmaoM
{gÜXm§V _m§S>Uo eŠ` AgVo.
4. d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm Cn`moJ H$aUoo : gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. d¡km{ZH$
nÜXV hr gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AmYma Amho. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV {ZarjU, VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ, dJr©H$aU,
narjU B. gd© d¡km{ZH$ nm`è`m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m AmYmamda {ZîH$f© _m§S>bo OmVmV. åhUyZ
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho XoIrb emñÌr` nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm Adb§~ ho A{Ve`
_hËdmMo d¡{eîQ>ço hmo`.
darb d¡{eîQ>ço d ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm nyUn© Uo AW© g_OVmo. Ë`m_wio
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$m`© H$moUH$moUVr ho hr Aä`mgUo gwb^ hmoB©b.
3.3.2 gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$m`} : (Functions Of Social Research)
g§emoYZ H$m`m©V g§emoYH$ hm Aä`mgmnydu gd© {Z`moOZ H$éZ Amnbm g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma
H$aVmo. Oer EImXr B_maV ~m§YÊ`mnydu drQ>, dmiy, {g_o|Q> AmUbo OmVo. VgoM g§emoYZH$m`m©V g§emoYZ
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{df`H$ gd© ~m~r§Mm {dMma H$éZ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mg g§emoYH$ gÁO hmodyZ _ZmnmgyZ Am{U
~wÜXrZo, {dMmamZo Amnbo H$m`© Mmby H$aVmo. d Ë`mV èñdr hmoVmo. Aem gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$mhr
H$m`} nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV. Vr nwT>rb à_mUo :
1) Aä`mg{df` {Z{íMV H$amdm bmJVmo : g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ H$m`m©gmR>r ñdV:Mm Aä`mg{df`
à«W_ {ZpíMV H$amdm bmJVmo. åhUOoM Aä`mgjoÌ AmYr R>adyZ ¿`m`Mo åhUOoM g_ñ`mgyÌU R>adyZ
KoVbo H$r Aä`mgmbm gwédmV H$aUo gwb^ OmVo. Ogo Jmdmbm OmVmZm n«dmgmMm gd© _mJ©, H$Yr gwédmV
H$am`Mr, H$moUË`m Jmdmbm Om`Mo ho R>adyZ _J dmhZ R>a{dUo d n«dmg N>mZ H$aUo Vgo g§emoYH$mZo
g§emoYZmMm Aä`mg{df` R>adyZ Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmam H$mbI§S>, _`m©Xm, doi `mMm {dMma H$éZ
{Z`moOZ~ÜX[aË`m g§emoYZ H$m`© Ho$bo nm{hOo.
2) g_ñ`mgyÌU R>a{dUoo : g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZH$m`m©V g_ñ`mgyÌU EH$Xm {ZpíMV Ho$bo H$s
Ë`mg§~§Yr gd© Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr H$mTyZ d H$er {_idm`Mr `m{df`H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV R>a{dVm
òVo. VÏ`g§H$bZ H$aVmZm {_idm`Mr _m{hVr dñVw{Zð>[aË`m H$er {_idVm òB©b `m~m~VMo {dMma H$éZ
`mo½` Ë`m Aä`mgnÜXVrMm dmna H$éZ Ë`mMo {díbofU H$éZ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV ~g{dbo OmVo. åhUyZ
g_ñ`mgyÌU R>aUo JaOoMo Amho.
3) doioMr _`m©Xm Agbr nm{hOoo : g§emoYH$mbm H$m_ H$aVmZm g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m R>a{dVmZm àW_
doioMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. doioMo {Z`moOZ Oa Agbo Va H$moUË`m H$m`m©bm {H$Vr doi Úm`Mm,
_hÎd Úm`Mo ho g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm R>a{dVm òVo. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mr {H$Vrhr Jw§VmJwV§ Agob Va
g§emoYH$mbm doioMo {Z`moOZ ho H$am`bm bmJVoM d nyd©{Z`moOZmà_mUo VodT>m-VodT>m doi hm Ë`m-Ë`m
H$m_mgmR>r {Xbm nm{hOo.
4) VÏ` g§H$bZ H$aUoo : g§emoYZmÀ`m H$m_mV g§emoYH$mZo H$moUVr g§emoYZ nÜXVr dmnam`Mr d
g§emoYZ-H$m_mgmR>r {H$Vr Z_wZo {ZpíMV H$am`Mo ho R>adm`Mo. d Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao VodT>r _m{hVr KoD$Z
g§»`memñÌmÀ`m AmYmao ñdV§Ì dJuH$aU H$éZ Ë`mZwgma VŠVo V`ma H$éZ Ë`mMr {díbofUmË_H$ _m{hVr
Úm`Mr. `m_wio g§emoYZ A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV VÏ` g§H$bZmbm \$ma _hËd
Amho.
5) {díbofU dñVw{Zð> Agmdoo : g§emoYH$mZo Á`m g_ñ`mgyÌUmÀ`m AmYmao EImÚm g_ñòMm Aä`mg
Ho$bm Agob. Ë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m VÏ` g§H$bZmbm Ogo _hËd Amho. Vgo VÏ` g§H$bZmÀ`m {díbofUmbmhr
VodT>oM _hËd Amho. H$maU {díbofU ho EH$X_ AMyH$ d emñÌr` {gÜXm§Vmbm AZwgéZ Agmdo åhUOoM Vo
dñVw{Zð> Agmdo. EHy$UM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV d g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV VÏ` {díbofUmbm _hËd AgyZ Vo
{díbofU H$go d H$moUË`m VËdm§À`m AmYmao Ho$bo OmUma Amho `m~m~VMm CëboI Ë`mV AgVmo.
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AemàH$maMr AZoH${dY H$m`} gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m à{H«$òV g§emoYH$mbm nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
Aer H$m`} nma nmS>Uo åhUOo g§emoYZ gwé hmoÊ`mAmYrM à{Vq~~ V`ma hmoUo hmo` qH$dm g§emoYZmMr B_maV
àË`jmV C^r H$am`Mr H$er ho `moOZm~ÜX[aË`m R>a{dUo hmo`. `mgmR>r hr H$mò© nma nmS>mdr bmJVmV.
ñd`§AÜ``Z :
A) nwT>rb àíZm§Mr CËVao EH$m dmŠ`mV Úm.
1) g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV g§emoYH$mbm H$m_ H$go H$amdo bmJVo?
2) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m gm§Jm.
3) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho H$emer {ZJS>rV AgVo?
4) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm AmYma H$moUVm>?
5) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$m`} H$moUVr Vo gm§Jm.
3.3.3 g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo Q>ßno qH$dm nm`è`m : (Phases In Research Designing)
g§emoYH$mbm Amnë`m g§emoYZH$m`m©V emñÌr` nÜXVrMm dmna H$éZ gË`mMm emoY KoUo ho JaOoMo
AgVo. qH$~hþZm Agohr åhUVm òB©b H$s gË`mMm emoY KoUo ho emñÌmMo Üò` AgVo. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZmMo ñdén XoIrb d¡km{ZH$ Amho. åhUyZM H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AWdm g_ñ`m `m§Mm
Aä`mg d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZoM Ho$bm OmVmo.
g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ H$m`m©V ânya doi Úmdm bmJVmo. VgoM àËòH$ Jmoï> {dMmanyd©H$ H$amdr bmJVo.
g§emoYZmgmR>r Vmo Ogm ñdV:Mm OmñVrV OmñV doi XoVmo VgoM Vmo BVam§Mho r ghH$m`© {_idVmo,
H$m_H$mOnyU© hmoB©n`ªV doioÀ`m ~MVrV, Am{W©H$X¥ï>`m n¡go IM© hmoVmV. nU Vmo g§emoYZ H$m`m©V
g_ñ`mgyÌUmnmgyZ {ZîH$fm©n`ªV nmohMVmo. d¡Mm[aH$ÑîQ>çm R>m_ amhÿZ d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mgnÜXVrZo Vmo Amnbo
g§emoYZ nyU© H$aVmo. H$mb© {n`g©ZZo d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr~Ôb Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s ""{dkmZmMo H$m`©
åhUOo KQ>Zm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo d Ë`m§Mm H«$_ d gmnoj _hËd OmUUo ho hmo`.''
gd© gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Zm gd©_mÝ` hmoB©b Aer d¡km{ZH$ Aä`mgnÜXV {Z_m©U H$éZ Ë`m Mm¡H$Q>rVM
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m à{H«$`m nma nmS>Uo ho gd© gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§gmR>r `mo½` Amho.
g§emoYZ H$m`m©V "VÏò' Jmoim H$amdr bmJVmV. "VÏò' hr nyU©nUo d¡km{ZH$ AgVmV. `m~m~V JwS> Am{U
h°Q> åhUVmV, ""Á`m JmoîQ>tMm nS>Vmim nmhVm òVmo, Or _m{hVr nwÝhm nwÝhm VnmgVm òVo Ë`m _m{hVrbm
VÏ` qH$dm dñVwpñWVr åhUmdo.''
d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo g§emoYZmMr gwédmV hr g_ñ`mgyÌUmZo åhUOo {df` {ZdS>rZo hmoVo Am{U eodQ>
g§emoYZmVyZ {ZîH$f© H$mTy>Z Ë`mMm Ahdmb V`ma Ho$bm OmVmo. d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna H$éZ g§emoYZmÀ`m
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H$mhr nm`è`m qH$dm Q>ßno V`ma Ho$bo. `mÀ`m AmYmao g§emoYZ nyU© Ho$bo OmVo. Aem `m g§emoYZmÀ`m
nm`è`m qH$dm Q>ßno nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) g_ñ`mgyÌU : (Formulation of The Problems)
g§emoYZ à{H«$òV g§emoYZmMr gwédmV hr d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrà_mUo åhUOo {df` {ZdS>rnmgyZ hmoB©b.
g§emoYH$mbm H$moUË`m {df`mÀ`m~m~V g§emoYZ H$am`Mo Amho `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z {df` {ZpíMV H$amdm. d
{ZpíMV Ho$ë`mda Ë`m g_ñòMo g§emoYZ H$am`Mo Amho ho R>adyZ d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo Aä`mg{df`H$ gwê$
H$amdm.
g§emoYH$mbm {df` {ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í` amhVo H$maU Ë`mMr AmdS> Ë`mV AgVo. AmdS>rZwgma {df`
{ZdS>ë`mZo _ZmnmgyZ g§emoYH$ Ë`mV Ord AmoVyZ g§emoYZmMr {Xem R>a{dVmo. hr {Xem R>a{dVmZm g§emoYH$
EH$m Jmoï>rMr I~aXmar KoVmo Vr åhUOo g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>bobm {df` CnbãY d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVr Am{U
V§ÌmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ë`m {df`mMo AÜ``Z hmoUo eŠ` Amho. VgoM AmUIr ~m~r§Mr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo.
Vr åhUOo g§emoYZmMm {df` ì`mnH$ Agy Zò. Ë`mV Aä`mgmg AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. {ZîH$f© {ZKUo
AdKS> hmoVo. åhUyZ {df` H$miOrnyd©H$ d gd© ~mOy§Zr {dMma H$éZ {ZdS>mdm. `m~m~V Zm°W©amon åhUVmo
H$s, ""Amnë`m g§emoYZmÀ`m Z§VaÀ`m nm`è`mV g§emoYH$ gdm©{YH$ H$R>rU nÜXVrMm à`moJ H$é eH$Vmo.
na§Vw g§emoYH$ H$m`m©Mr gwê$dmV hr MwH$sMr qH$dm AdS>§~a nÜXVrZo H$aÊ`mV Ambr Va nwT>o OmdyZ Ho$di
H$R>rU nÜXVr n[apñWVr_Üò gwYmaUm H$é eH$Uma Zmhr. g§emoYZ H$m`© ho Ë`m OhmOmà_mUo Amho H$s, Oo
EH$m XyaÀ`m {R>H$mUr OmÊ`mH$[aVm ~§Xamdê$Z gwQ>Vo. na§Vw gwê$dmVrbmM {Xem {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V
WmoS>rer MyH$ Pmbr Va Vo OhmO {H$Vrhr Hw$ebVmnyd©H$ ~Z{dbo Jobo Agob Am{U OhmOmMm MmbH$ hm
{H$Vrhr `mo½` Am{U Hw$eb Agob Var OhmO ^Q>H$Ê`mMrM eŠ`Vm A{YH$ AgVo. åhUOoM g§emoYH$mMr
AdñWm {Xem MwH$ë`m_wio ^Q>H$V Agboë`m OhmOmgmaIr hmoVo. åhUyZ g§emoYZmMo joÌ ho _`m©{XV
Agmdo.''
VgoM Am°J~Z© `m§Zr XoIrb g§emoYH$m§Zm Ago gy{MV Ho$bo Amho H$s, ""g§emoYH$mZo g§emoYZ H$m`m©gmR>r
Aem {df`mMr {ZdS> H$Yrhr H$ê$ Zò H$s, Á`m g§X^m©V à_mU{gÜX VÏò CnbãY ZmhrV. Am{U Oo
nÜXVremñÌmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo A{Ve` H$R>rU Amho.''
`m XmoÝhr emñÌkm§À`m _VmZwgma Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s g§emoYH$mZo AË`§V {dMmanyd©H$ d H$miOrnydH© $
nyd©{Z`moOZ~ÜX Am{U d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMr ~¡R>H$ AgUmam {df` {ZdS>mdm. Va g§emoYZ H$m`© èñdr[aË`m
nma nS>Vo.
2) J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vro : (Formulation Of Hypodthesis)
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmMr {Xem {ZpíMV hmoVo. g§emoYZ H$m`m©V g_ñòMo EH$ g§^mì` CËVa
_m§S>Ê`mgmR>r Ambobo {dYmZ åhUOoM J¥hrVH¥$Ë` hmo`. g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m nyd©kmZmdê$Z d _m{hVrÀ`m
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AmYmao J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. EH$Xm J¥hrVH¥$Ë` {ZpíMV Pmbo H$s g§emoYH$mbm Aä`mgmH$S>o
bj H|${ÐV H$aVm òVo. g§emoYZ H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo Agmo Ë`mV J¥hrVH¥$Ë` ho AgVo. na§Vw gd©M àH$maÀ`m
g§emoYZmV J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo Amdí`H$ ZgVo.
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr {df`mÀ`m nyd©kmZmda d _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao Ho$br OmVo. g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr AË`§V H$miOrnyd©H$, g¡ÜXm§{VH$ÑîQ>çm ñnï>, gmoß`m ^mfoV {ZarjUj_ Aer
Agmd`mg hdr, J¥hrVH¥$Ë` ho g§emoYZ g_ñòMo g§^mì` Ago CËVa Agbo Var Vo àËòH$ doir IaoM R>aob
Ago Zmhr. H$maU CnbãY Pmbobr _m{hVr åhUOoM VÏ` g§H$bZm§da AmYm[aV J¥hrVH¥$Ëò hr Iao qH$dm
ImoQ>o XoIrb R>ê$ eH$Vo. EHy$U g§emoYZmÀ`m à{H«$òV J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§Zm AË`§V _hËd AgyZ Aä`mgmMm Vmo
EH$ Jm^m g_Obm OmVmo.
3) g§emoYZ AmamIS>m : (Research Design)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZÝ` gmYmaU _hËd Amho.
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr _m§S>Ur Pmbr H$s g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo H«$_àmßV AgVo.
g§emoYH$mMm doi, l_, n¡gm `m gdmªMm {dMma H$ê$Z Vmo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmo. g§emoYZ
AmamIS>m ho g§emoYZ H$m`m©Mo {Z`moOZ Amho. g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm Amnë`m `m
g§emoYZ H$m`m©V ^{dî`mV H$moUË`m AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVrb qH$dm H$moUË`m g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJob d
Ë`mMo {ZdmaU H$go H$aVm òB©b `mMm {dMma H$éZM Vmo {ZU©` KoV AgVmo. g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm_wio
g§emoYH$mMo g§emoYZmMo H$m`© èñdr hmoÊ`mg ghH$m`© {_iVo. g§emoYH$mMm doi, n¡gm d l_ `m§Mr ~MV
hmoVo. gd©M n«H$maÀ`m g§emoYZmV g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo ñdê$n EH$gmaIo ZgVo. Amnë`m Aä`mg{df`mbm
`mo½` Agm AgUmam g§emoYZ AmamIS>m åhUOo AÝdofUmË_H$ AWdm dU©ZmË_H$ qH$dm n«`moJmË_H$ Am{U
{ZXmZmË_H$ Aem `mo½` Ë`m àH$mamV ~gdmdm bmJVmo. EH§$X[aV g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm g§emoYZmgmR>r AmXe©
AamIS>m V`ma H$amdm bmJVmo.
4) Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Sampling)
g§emoYZ à{H«$òV g§emoYH$mbm g§nyU© g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm
n«{V{ZYr ñdê$nmÀ`m EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. g§emoYH$ hm Amnë`m g§emoYZ {df`mMo g_J« {ZpíMV
H$aVmZm Ë`m g_J«mVrb n«m{V{ZYrH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>Vmo. Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mg d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm
Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo. Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m XmoZ nÜXVr AmT>iVmV Ë`m åhUOo g§^mì`Vm d Ag§^mì`Vm. `m
XmoZ nÜXVrn¡H$r H$moUVr nÜXV dmnam`Mr `mMo ñdmV§Í` g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm AgVo. Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aVmZm _mÌ
g§emoYH$mbm d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo. Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aVmZm g§§emoYH$mg g_J«mMr
EH$ê$nVm, àm{V{ZYrH$ Z_wÝ`mMr eŠ`Vm Am{U {ZîH$fm©Mr n`m©ßVVm hdr. Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrÀ`m _yb^yV
VËdm§Mo nmbZ g§emoYH$mg H$amdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio Z_wZm hm `mo½` d àm{V{ZYrH$ ñdê$nmMm AgVmo.
g§emoYZmV Z_wZm {ZdS>rbm AË`§V _hËd Amho H$maU Ë`mÀ`m AmYmaoM {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV.
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5) VÏ` g§H$bZ Am{U VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU : (Data Collection And Classification Of Data)
g§emoYZ à{H«$òV _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mMo XmoZ ñÌmoV g§emoYH$mbm VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmV.
àmW{_H$ d Xwæ`_ ñÌmoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. àíZmdbr, _wbmIV, AZwgyMr, {ZarjU `mìXmao
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm {df`mer g§~§{YV Ago gm{hË` dmMyZ Ë`mMo qMVZ, _ZZ H$amdo bmJVo. gImob kmZ
{_idmdo bmJVmo. Amnë`mnojm Ooð> d AZw^dr ì`ŠVtZm {dMmam§Mo AmXmZ-àXmZ H$éZ _m{hVr ¿`mdr
bmJVo. `m XodmU-KodmUrVyZ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm Amnë`mH$S>rb ÌwQ>r, Xmof H$mTy>Z Q>mHy$Z Xmof{da{hV g§emoYZ
~Z{dVm òVo. H$Yr-H$Yr EH$mnojm A{YH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$éZ g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo.
VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$aUo d Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrÀ`m
AmYmao VŠVo, AmboI V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. dJuH$aU H$éZ VŠVo V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. {dIwaboë`m VÏ`m§Zm
EH${ÌV H$aUo. Amdí`H$ Ë`m VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$éZ Ë`mVyZ gmå` d ôX Xe©{dUo ho H$amdo bmJVo.
Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmV VÏ` g§H$bZ H$éZ Ë`m§Mo `Wm`mo½` dJuH$aU H$éZ CËV_ g§emoYZ H$aUo d `mo½`
{ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo ho g§emoYH$mMo H$m_M AgVo.
6) VÏ`m§Mo {díbofU d {ZîH$f© : (Analysis Of Data And Conclusion)
g§emoYZ à{H«$òVrb VÏ` g§H$bZmZ§Va Ë`mMo dJuH$aU H$éZ Ë`mMo {díbofU H$aUo ho AË`§V
_hËdmMo H$m_ hmo`. {díbofU hr EH$ ì`mnH$ n«{H«$`m Amho. g§H${bV Ho$boë`m _m{hVrMo dJuH$aU,
gm§Ho${VH$aU H$aUo, VÏ`m§À`m gmaÊ`m d H$moï>Ho$ V`ma H$aUo, g§»`memñÌr` {ZîH$fm©Mo à{VnmXZ H$aUo `m
gd© Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe {díbofUmÀ`m à{H«$òV hmoVmo. hr à{H«$`m _moR>r d Jw§VmJw§VrMr Agbr Var Vr H$aUo
EdT>çmgmR>r JaOoMo AgVo H$s Ë`m {díbofUmdê$Z g§emoYZmMo `mo½` Vo AMyH$ Ago {ZîH$f© {ZKUma
AgVmV.
7) {ZîH$fm©Mo {Zd©MZ Am{U Ahdmb boIZo :
g§emoYH$mÀ`m g§emoYZ à{H«$òVrb hm eodQ>Mm Q>ßnm hmo`. g§emoYZm_YyZ _m§S>boë`m {ZîH$fm©À`m
ì`mnH$ AWm©Mm emoY hmoUo åhUOo {Zd©MZ hmo`. Ë`mH$[aVm g§emoYZH$Ë`m©g Amnë`m {dÚ_mZ {gÜXm§VmÀ`m
qH$dm {dídgZr` Aem CnbãY kmZmÀ`m {ZH$fmda nwZn©arjU H$amdo bmJVo. {ZîH$fm©Mo {Zd©MZ Pmë`mda
g§emoYH$mMo g§emoYZ H$m`© g§nbo Agbo Var g§emoYZH$Ë`m©À`m g§emoYZmMr _m{hVr g_mOmn`ªV nmohM{dUo
JaOoMo AgVo. åhUyZ g§emoYZmMm Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo ho Iè`mAWm©Zo eodQ>Mo H$m`© hmo`.
Ahdmb boIZmV àñVmdZm, g_ñòModU©Z, g§emoYZmMm CÔoe, Aä`mgjoÌ, Z_wZm {ZdS>, g§emoYZ
H$m`m©Mo VÏ` g§H$bZ, g§H$bZmMo {díbofU d {Zd©MZ Am{U gyMZm B. Jmoï>r g{dñVa[aË`m _m§S>Uo JaOoMo
Amho. Ahdmbmgmo~V `mo½` Vr gd© n[a{eï>o OmS>mdr bmJVmV. åhUOoM Ahdmb boIZhr VodT>o _hËdmMo
Amho.
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Aem[aVrZo g§emoYZmV AZoH$ Q>ßß`m§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ Q>ßnm hm _hËdmMm AgVmo.
Ë`m_wio g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo g§emoYZ H$m`© H$miOrnyd©H$ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
ñd`§AÜ`Z
~) nwT>rb {dYmZmVrb [aH$må`m OmJm âm.
1) g§emoYZH$m`m©V ............. nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrMm dmna H$éZ ........... nm`è`m qH$dm Q>ßno V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV.
3) g§emoYH$mbm ........... Mo ñdmV§Í` amhVo.
4) ........... _wio g§emoYZmMr {Xem {ZpíMV hmoVo.
5) ........... ho g§emoYZ à{H«$òMr eodQ>Mr nmàr Amho.
3.3.4 g§emoYZ AmamIS>m àH$ma :
1) g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMm AW© : (Meaning Of The Research Design)
g§emoYZ ho d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo hmoV AgVo. Voìhm Ë`mAmYmao {ZKmbobo {ZîH$f© ho gwÜXm emñÌr`M
AgUma AmhoV. åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ ho d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. d Ë`m g§emoYZmMo H$m`©
`moOZm~ÜX[aË`m hmoVo. Ë`mAmYmaoM g§emoYZmMm AmamIS>m R>aV AgVmo. àËòH$ g§emoYZ H$m`m©V g§emoYZ
AmamIS>çmbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd Amho. H$maU òUmè`m AS>MUr, g_ñ`m, H$em Q>miVm òVrb AWdm
Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU AmUVm òB©b ho g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm nhmdo bmJVo. H$maU gd©M Jmoï>r g§emoYZH$Ë`m©À`m bjmV
amhVrbM Ago Zmhr. åhUyZ H$mhr à{VH$mË_H$ g§H$ënZm bjmV R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§emoYZ H$m`m©À`m
g§~§YmV KoVboë`m {ZU©`mÀ`m à{H«$òbm g§emoYZ AmamIS>m åhUVmV.
g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm{edm` dñVw{ZîR> g§emoYZ H$aUo AeŠ` Amho. H$maU g§emoYZH$Ë`m©bm
g§emoYZmnyduM g§emoYZ H$emn«H$mao H$am`Mo? Z_wZm H$moUVm {ZdS>m`Mm? VÏò H$er g§H${bV H$am`Mr? B.
~m~VMo gd© {Z`©U Vmo g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV AmYrM {ZpíMV H$aVmo. d òUmè`m AS>MUtMo {ZamH$aU H$go
H$am`Mo ho hr R>a{dVmo. `m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m Cn`wŠVVo~m~V Aë\«o$S> H$mÝh `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
""g§emoYZmÀ`m àma§{^H$ pñWVr_Üò g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr {Z{_©Vr àñVm{dV AÜ``ZmÀ`m Cn`wŠVVog ñnï>
H$aVo. Am{U nÜXVr g§~§Yr à_wI g_ñ`m§À`m {ZamH$maUmgmR>r ghmæ`Vm nmohMdbr OmVo.''
`mgmR>r g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhÿ. åhUOo g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hr g§H$ënZm A{YH$
ñnï> hmoB©b.
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g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m ì`m»`m : (Definitions Of Research Design)
1) EoH$m°\$ : ""{ZU©` {H«$`mpÝdV H$aÊ`mMr pñWVr òÊ`mnyduM {ZU©` {ZYm©[aV H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$òbm
AmamIS>m Ago åhUVmV.''
2) E\$. EZ. H$aqbJa : ""g§emoYZ AmamIS>m g§emoYZmMr EH$ `moOZm, g§aMZm Am{U EH$ aU{ZVr
Amho, Á`mÛmao g§emoYZ àíZmMr CËVao àmßV Ho$br OmVmV Am{U {^ÝZËd àgaUmda {Z`§ÌU R>do bo OmVo.''
darb ì`m»`m§Zwgma g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hr EH$ g§emoYZmMr ê$naofm AgyZ g§emoYZmVë`m
Aä`mg{df`mnmgyZ Vo {ZîH$fm©n`ªV g§emoYH$mbm {dMma{d{Z_` H$éZ l_, doi d n¡gm `m§Mr ~MV H$éZ
g§emoYZmVrb C{Ôï>m§Mr àmßVr H$éZ KoVmV.
g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo àH$ma
ñnïr>H$aUmË_H$ AÝdofUmË_H$ dU©ZmË_H$
(Explanatory) (Exploratory) (Descriptive)
AÝdofUmË_H$ (n[aM`mË_H$) AmamIS>m : Ooìhm EImÚm g§emoYZ H$m`m©Mm CÔoe H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zo_Üò A§V^©yV AgUmè`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KoUo hm AgVmo Voìhm Aem g§emoYZmgmR>r V`ma Ho$ë`m
OmUmè`m AmamIS>çmbm AÝdofUmË_H$ qH$dm n[aM`mË_H$ AmamIS>m Ago åhUVmV. `m AmaIS>m àH$mamV
AkmV VÏ`m§Mm emoY KoUo d _mZdr kmZmMr d¥ÜXr H$aUo hm _w»` CÔoe AgVmo. VgoM KQ>ZoMo _yi ñdê$n
d à{H«$`m§À`m dmñV{dH$VoMm emoY KoVbm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ emñÌm§Vrb H$moUË`mhr joÌmV J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr
{Z{_©Vr hr AÝdofUmË_H$ AÜ``ZmÀ`m AmYmamda Ho$br OmVo.
`m~m~V gopëQ>O, OhmoS>m Am{U BVam§Zr {b{hbo Amho H$s, ""A{YH$ {ZpíMV Aem g§emoYZmÀ`m
hoVyZo g§~§{YV J¥{hVH¥$Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_Üò ghmæ`H$ R>aVrb Aem AZw^dm§Zm n«mßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
AÝdofUmË_H$ g§emoYZ Amdí`H$ Amho.'' Va S>r. H$mQ>P `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s AÝdofUmË_H$ AÜ``Zo
emñÌmÀ`m àmW{_H$ pñWVrMo n«{V{Z{YËd H$aUmar AgVmV. `m AÜ``Zm_wio g§emoYZ g_ñòÀ`m
ñdê$nrH$aUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ bmJUmao kmZ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©g àmßV hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ago kmZ, nwT>o Á`mMr
MmMUr KoÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$am`Mo Amho. Aem J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo.'' `mdê$Z Ago
{XgyZ òVo H$s g_ñ`m qH$dm {df`mMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mZ§VaM J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr èñdrnUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r
AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>çmMo {deof _hËd Amho.
AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>m d Ë`mMr nÜXV nmhVm H$Yr-H$Yr S>m°ŠQ>am§Mo é½Um§~m~V hmoUmao H$m_ Am{U
øm AmamIS>çmMo H$m_ gmaIoM dmQ>Vo. S>m°ŠQ>a Ogo é½U Ë`m§À`mH$S>o Joë`mda Ë`mbm hmoUmam Ìmg, `mnydu
H$Yr Agm Ìmg Pmbm hmoVm H$m? `m{edm` doJim H$mhr Ìmg Pmbm hmoVm H$m? qH$dm Amho H$m? ho gd©
{dMmê$ZM {dMmanyd©H$ Am¡fY XoVmo Am{U amoJmMo AMyH$ {ZXmZ H$aVmo. åhUOoM S>m°ŠQ>ahr EH$àH$maMo
g§emoYZM H$arV AgVmo. Va AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>çmV g_ñòMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m~m~V J¥hrVH¥$Ëò
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R>adyZ g_ñòMm gd© A§Jm§Zr Aä`mg H$aVmZm n«mW{_H$ ñÌmoV d XwßnQ> ñÌmoV `mMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo d
g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$f J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z Ago {ZKmë`mMo nmhÿZ g§emoYZmMo H$m`© èñdr Pmë`mMo
g_mYmZ _mZVmo.
`m~m~V gopëQ>O, OhmoS>m Am{U BVam§Zr AÝdofUmË_H$ AÜ``ZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vo kmZ CnbãY
ìhmdo åhUyZ _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aVmZm nwT>rb VrZ Jmoï>r§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
1) gm{hË` gd}jU :
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo g§emoYZmMm Aä`mg gwê$ H$aÊ`mnydu Ë`m {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gd© gm{hË` dmMbo
nm{hOo. {df` ZdrZ Agbm Var Ë`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gd© nwñVHo$, _m{gHo$, d¥ËVnÌo, g§emoYZn{ÌH$m B. Mo
dmMZ Ho$bo nm{hOo. `m dmMZmVyZM _hËdnyU© {gÜXm§V H$moUVo ho g§emoYH$mbm g_Oob. Ë`m {gÜXm§VmÀ`m
AmYmao ZdrZ J¥hrVH¥$Ëò {_iVrb. g§emoYH$mbm gdm©V _hËdmMm \$m`Xm åhUOo g§X^© J«§WgyMr, gmam§e,
AZwH«$_{UH$m B. Jmoï>r {_iVrb. gÜ`m B§Q>aZoQ>À`m O_mÝ`mV Va øm Jmoï>r ghO gwb^ Pmë`m AmhoV.
2) AZw^d gd}jU :
g§emoYH$mbm Aä`mg H$aVmZm g_mO hm EH$ à`moJ emim Pmbr Amho. AZw^dr, Vk, Ooð> ì`ŠVter
g§nH©$ gmYyZ _m{hVr A{YH$m{YH$ dmT>{dUo, bmoH$m§nwT>o Vo kmZ _m§S>Uo ho H$aVmV. d Ë`mAmYmao g§emoYZ
Mm§Jë`m àH$mao Pmë`mMo g_mYmZ g§emoYH$mbmhr {_iVo.
3) A§VÑ©ï>rg àoaUm XoUmè`m KQ>Zm§Mo {díbofU :
Aem AmamIS>m nÜXVrZo g§emoYH$m§Mr A§VÑ©ï>r {dH${gV hmoVo. J¥hrVH¥$Ëò V`ma H$aUo d dmñV{dH$
g§emoYZ H$aUo `m_Üò A§VÑ©ï>rMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. àËòH$ gm_yhrH$ OrdZm~m~V ZdZdrZ _m{hVr {_iVo.
kmZmVâ nS>Vo.
`m~amo~aM AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>çmMo H$mhr R>iH$ Ago CÔoe {XgyZ òVmV, Vo åhUOo J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMo
narjU H$aUo, g§emoYZ nÜXVrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoUo, _hËdmÀ`m g_ñòH$S>o g§emoYH$mMo bj doYUo, An[a{MV
joÌmV J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMm AmYma àmßV H$aUo, g§emoYZ H$m`m©g ghmæ`mg H$aUo, A{YH$ _hËdnyU© {df`m§da
bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§emoYH$mg àoarV H$aUo. `mdê$Z AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>çmMo {deof _hËd bjmV
òVo.
2) dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>m : (Descriptive Research Design)
`m AmamIS>mnÜXVrV g§nyU© _m{hVr àmßV hmoVo. Aä`mg{df`mMo g§nyU© dO©Z Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. d¡km{ZH$
V§ÌmMm AmYma KoD$Z g§emoYZ AmamIS>m {dH${gV Ho$bm OmVmo. d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo g§H${bV Ho$boë`m
VÏ`m§À`m AmYmao dU©ZmË_H$ {díbofU åhUOo dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>m hmo`. VÏ` g§H$bZ ho
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d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo Ho$bo OmVo.dU©ZmË_H g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV _wbmIV, àíZmdbr, {ZarjU, gm_wXm{`H$
aoH$m°S>© B. VÏ` g§H$bZmÀ`m V§ÌmMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo.
dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV AZoH$ ~m~tMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Vr åhUOo Aä`mgmMm {df`
H$miOrnyd©H$ d {dMmanyd©H$ {ZdS>mdm. VgoM VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m gm_J«rMr åhUOoM {ZarjU,
àíZmdbr, _wbmIV B. Mm dmna H$amdm. `mgmR>r g§emoYH$mMr Ñï>r dñVw{Zð> Agmdr. Vr nyd©J«h Xy{fV,
J¡ag_O, njnmV H$aUmar Agy Zò. Va g§emoYH$mZo VQ>ñW amhmdo d OmñVrV OmñV dñVw{Zð> nÜXVrZo H$m_
H$amdo. g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo Amnbm g§Vw{bV X¥ï>rH$moZ R>do mdm. åhUOoM gd©M VÏ`m§H$S>o gmaIoM bj R>odmdo.
dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ H$m`© ho A{Ve` {dñV¥V AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYH$mZo Amnbo AÜ``ZjoÌ _`m©{XV
R>odmdo. AZmdí`H$ Jmoï>tda IM© hmoUmao l_, doi Am{U n¡gm `mMr ~MV hmoVo.
dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m nm`è`m : `m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m {d{dY nm`è`m AmhoV.
1) g§emoYZ AÜ``ZmÀ`m CÔrï>m§Mo {Zê$nU : hr Va dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr n{hbr nmàr
Amho.
2) VÏ` g§H$bZmÀ`m V§ÌmMr {ZdS> : VÏ` g§H$bZmÀ`m V§ÌmMr {ZdS> `mo½` nÜXVrZo Ho$br Zmhr Va
g§emoYZ à{H«$òVrb VÏò, AmH$S>odmar Am{U BVa ~m~rV ImÌrera _m{hVr {_iUma Zmhr. åhUyZ
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo `mo½` VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r Amnë`m {df`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½` Agboë`m VÏ` g§H$bZmÀ`m
V§ÌmMr {ZdS> Ho$br nm{hOo.
3) Z_wZm {ZdS>> : Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV g§emoYH$ {ZdS>H$ EH$H$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. Vr H$moUË`m nÜXVr
Cn`wŠV Amho. `mMm {ZU©` KoD$Z g§emoYH$ AmamIS>çmV Zm|X Ho$br OmVo. g§emoYH$mZo _ZmV H$moUVmhr
nyd©J«h R>ody Zò AWdm BVa H$moUË`m Jmoï>tZm \$ma _hËd XoD$ Zò.
4) VÏ` g§H$bZ d Ë`mMr nS>VmiUr> : VÏ` g§H$bZ Pmë`mda g§emoYH$mZo Ë`mMr `mo½` Vr
nS>VmiUrhr H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio dU©ZmË_H$ {ddoMZmV AZmdí`H$ Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoUma Zmhr.
g§emoYH$mMo VÏ` g§H$bZmda {Z`§ÌU nm{hOo.
5) Ahdmb gmXarH$aU> : Ahdmb boIZ hr dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMr eodQ>Mr nmàr.
{díbofU, ñnï>rH$aU d {ZîH$f© V`ma Pmbo H$r g§emoYH$ Ahdmb boIZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. boIZmV ^mfm
`mo½`VrM dmnamdr. AmYr gmo`r Agmdr. Vr A{Va§{OV qH$dm Ab§H$m[aH$ Agy Zò.
Aem dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m nm`è`m AmhoV. EH$X§[aV dU©ZmË_H$ X¥ï>rH$moZmMo _hËd
AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho. {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm d YmoaUmMr `mo½` A_§b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo dU©ZmË_H$
AÜ``ZmMo {deof _hËd Amho.
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ñd`§AÜ``Z :
H$) nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a gm§Jm.
1) g§emoYZ ho d¡km{ZH$ nÜXVrZo hmoV AgVo.
2) g§emoYZ AmamIS>çm{edm` dñVw{Zð> g§emoYH$ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
3) AÝdofUmË_H$ AmamIS>çmV VÏ`m§Mm emoY KoUo d _mZdr kmZmMr d¥ÜXr H$aUo hm _w»` CÔoe
AgVmo.
4) dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmÀ`m EHy$U gmV nm`è`m AmhoV.
5) VÏ` g§H$bZmMr `mo½` Vr nS>VmiUr H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr.
3.3.5 D) gd}jU : (Survey)
1) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMr g§km gd©àW_ \«o$S>[aH$ bo-ßbo `m emñÌkmZo Cn`moJmV AmUbr. Ë`mM~amo~a
Om°Z hm°dS>©, Mmb©g ~wW `m§Zrhr gd}jUm{df`H$Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm. gd}jU hm EH$ {deof àM{bV eãX
Amho. gd}jU hm eãX B§J«Or_Üò Survey Agm AgyZ Sur + vey `m XmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ V`ma Pmbm
Amho. Sur hm eãX Sor nmgyZ Va vey eãX veeir nmgyZ V`ma Pmbm Amho. Sor åhUOo over Am{U
veeir åhUOo To Look Agm Amho. Survey åhUOo ~møénmVyZ nmhUo hmo`. _amR>rV `mbm KQ>ZoÀ`m
{df`m~m~V ~KyZ _m{hVr àmßV H$aUo hm Amho.
gd}jU åhUOo H$moUË`mhr KQ>Zm§Mm AWdm dñVyMm Aä`mg {ZarjU d narjUmÛmao Ho$bo OmVo. ho
{ZarjU d narjU gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§er g§~§{YV Agob Va gd©gmYmaUnUo Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$ gd}jU Ago
åhQ>bo OmVo.
`m~m~V g_mOemñÌr` {S>ŠeZarV Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""EH$m g_wXm`mÀ`m g§nyU© OrdZ qH$dm
Ë`mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr n¡by~m~V åhUOoM Amamo½`, {ejU d _Zmoa§OZm~m~V VÏ`m§Mo ~è`mM à_mUmV
ì`dpñWV d {dñV¥V g§H$bZ d {díbofUmgM R>moH$_mZmZo gd}jU Ago åhUVmV.''
2) gd}jUmMr ì`m»`m :
{M{H$ËgH$ nmhUr H$aUo åhUOo gd}jU hmo`. {d{dY emñÌkm§Zr gd}jUmÀ`m ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV.
Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) B. Eg². ~moJmS>©g : ""bmoH$m§Mr H$m_mMr d OrdZ OJÊ`mMr pñWVr `m {df`r åhUOoM EImÚm
g_mOmVrb d bmoH$m§{df`r O_{dbobr _m{hVr åhUOoM gm_m{OH$ gd}jU hmo`.''
2) B. S>ãë`w. ~mOo©g : ""gm_m{OH$ àJVrMm {dYm`H$ H$m`©H«$_ gmXa H$aÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm
g_mOmÀ`m JaOm d pñWVr `m§Mm d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Ho$bobm Aä`mg åhUOo gm_m{OH$ gd}jU hmo`.''
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3) E. \$. doëg : ""gmYmaUnUo H$moUË`mhr joÌmV amhUmè`m EH$m _mZd g_yhmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm
d {H«$`m§À`m AÜ``ZmÀ`m énmV gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMr ì`m»`m Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo.''
4) {gZ nmAmo qbJ : ""gm_m{OH$ gd}jU åhUOo {d{eï> bmoH$g_yhmMr aMZm, {H«$`m, amhUr_mZ øm
g§~§YmV Ho$bobr {M{H$Ëgm hmo`.''
3) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMr d¡{eîQ>ço : (Characteristics of Social Survey)
gd}jUmMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iVmV. Vr nwT>rb à_mUo :
1) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV H$moUË`mhr g_wXm`mMr V`ma hmoUmar aMZm Am{U Ë`m§À`mV KS>Umè`m
{H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m `m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ pñWVrMmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
3) gm_m{OH$ gd}jU H$aVmZm g_yhmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) g_mOmVrb J§^ra, {dKQ>ZH$mar KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg gm_m{OH$ gdo©jUmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
5) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV gm§{»`H$s Am{U àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr§Mm à`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
6) gd}jU nÕVrhr IMuH$ Zmhr VgoM g_mOmbm gw{dYm nwa{dUmar Amho.
4) gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMo CÔoe qH$dm H$m`} : (Objects or Functions of Social Surveys)
gm_m{OH$ gdo©jUmMm dmna H$moUH$moUË`m joÌmV d H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo `m~m~V AZoH$
g_mOemñÌkm§Zr Aä`mg H$éZ gm_m{OH$ gdo©jUmMo à_wI CÔoe _m§S>bo AmhoV.
`m~m~V gr. E. _moPa `m§Zr gd}jUmMm Cn`moJ H$moUH$moUË`m joÌmV d H$moUË`m H$m`m©gmR>r d H$gm
Ho$bm OmVmo `m~m~V {dMma _m§S>VmZm Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""gd}jU g_mO OrdZmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr
n¡by§darb àemgZmg§~§YrÀ`m VÏ`m§Zm OmUyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m Amdí`H$VoÀ`m nyVuH$[aVm qH$dm H$moUË`mhr
H$m`©H$maU g§~§YmMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm g_mOemñÌr` {gÕm§VmÀ`m H$moUË`mhr n¡b§yda ZdrZ àH$me
Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo.''
`mdéZ Ago {XgyZ òVo H$s, gm_m{OH$ gdo©jUmbm AZoH${dY CÔoe qH$dm H$m`} AmhoV d Vr
_hËdnyU© AmhoV. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ :
gm_m{OH$ gd}jU hr EH$ d¡km{ZH$ nÕV Amho. _mZdmÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZm{df`H$ {d{dY n¡b§yMm
Aä`mg H$éZ g§»`mË_H$ AmH$S>odmarV _m§S>Uo, Ë`mMo g§H$bZ H$aUo hm Iam gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMm à_wI
CÔoe Amho. Aem nÕVrMm Aä`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV, ì`mnma d Am{W©H$ joÌmV AË`§V JaOoMm d
_hËdmMm Amho. `mVyZ g§nyU© _m{hVr {_iVo.
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2) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§Mo AmH$bZ :
_mZdmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVyZ g_mO H$gm doJdoJù`m nÕVrMm Amho ho Ogo H$iVo, VgoM
Ë`m§À`mV H$moUH$moUË`m g_ñ`m AmhoV. `m g_ñ`m§Mo AmH$bZ H$éZ KoUo hm gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMm
_hËdmMm CÔoe Amho. CXmhaUmW©, Jar~r, Xm[aX²>ç, ~mbJwÝhoJmar B. g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg gm_m{OH$
gd}jUmÛmao Ho$bm OmVmo. d dñVw{Zð> _m{hVr {_i{dbr OmVo d {_imboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao g_ñ`m§Mo
{ZamH$aU H$aVm òVo.
3) H$m`©-H$maU g§~§Ym§Mo AÜ``Z :
gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mo AÜ``Z H$éZ Ë`m Ë`m§À`m H$m`©-H$maU g§~§Ym§Mm emoY
KoVbm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm H$Yrhr AMmZH$ KS>V ZmhrV Va ~amM H$mi AmYrnmgyZ gwédmV Pmbobr
AgVo. na§Vw O|ìhm Vr KQ>Zm àH$memV òVo. Ë`mMo Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q> n[aUm_ {Xgm`bm bmJVmV V|ìhm Ë`m
KQ>Zm§À`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KoVbm OmVmo. d Ë`mVyZ Ë`mMm H$m`©H$maU g§~§Y emoYÊ`m{edm` n`m©` CaV
Zmhr.
4) gm_m{OH$ {gÕm§VmMo nwZn©arjU H$aUo :
gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMm AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMm CÔoe åhUOo {dMbZ gm_m{OH$ {gÕm§VmMo nwZn©arjU
hmo`. gm_m{OH$ {gÕm§VmMm g§~§Y hm gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§er AgVmo. `m KQ>Zm gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrer {ZJS>rV
AgVmV. gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr hr ñdV: n[adV©Zerb d {dH$gZerb AgVo. O|ìhm gm_m{OH$
n[apñWVr_Üò n[adV©Z hmoVo V|ìhm gm_m{OH $KQ>Zm_Üòhr n[adV©Z hmoVo. `m g§X^m©V nydu Á`m§Zr Aä`mg
H$éZ {gÕm§V _m§S>bobo AgVmV. Ë`m {gÕm§VmMo ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma `mo½` Vo narjU H$éZ dmnabo
OmVmV Ë`mbmM gm_m{OH$ {gÕm§VmMo nwZn©arjU H$aUo åhUVmV.
5) J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr d narjm :
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyd©-gd}jU ho AË`§V Cn`moJr nS>Vo. Ë`m_wio Á`m g_yhm§Mo
AÜ``Z H$am`Mo Amho Ë`m~m~V gm_mÝ`kmZ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r nyd© gd}jU Ho$bo OmVo. d àmßV gm_mÝ`
kmZmÀ`m AmYmao J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. gd}jUmnmgyZ àmßV kmZmÀ`m AmYmamdaM
J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMo narjU Ho$bo OmVo.
6) gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§darb Cnm``moOZm :
gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§da Cnm``moOZm emoYUo ho gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMo _hËdmMo CÔoe Amho. gd}jUmVyZ
{_imboë`m kmZmÀ`m AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ `moOZm ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r gd}jU Amdí`H$ Amho. gd}jUmVyZ
{_imboë`m kmZmÀ`m AmYmamda gm_m{OH$ `moOZm ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ {gÕm§VmMo à{VnmXZ Ho$bo
OmVo. gm_m{OH$ gd}jU g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo Am{U g_mO H$ë`mUmÀ`m g§~§YmV Oo {gÕm§V d gyMZm àñVwV
Ho$bo OmVo. `m gd© JmoîQ>tMm Cn`moJ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©H$[aVm hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`m kmZmV â nS>Vo.
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5) gd}jU nÕVrMo JwU : (Merits of Survey Methods)
g§emoYZmÀ`m à{H«$òV EH$mnojm A{YH$ nÕVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m§n¡H$s gd}jU nÕVr hr EH$
nÕV AgyZ {deof _hËdmMr Amho. `m nÕVrMr H$mhr JwUd¡{eîQ>çohr AmhoV. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) dñVw{Zð> AÜ``Z nÕVr : g§emoYZH$Vm© hm Amnë`m gd}jUnÕVrV VÏ`g§H$bZ H$éZ AMyH$
_m{hVr {_i{dbr OmVo. d {_imboë`m _m{hVrÀ`m AmYmao dñVw{Zð> AÜ``Z nÕVr åhUyZ gd}jUmH$S>o
nm{hbo OmVo.
2) àË`j g§~§Y : gd}jU Aä`mgnÕVrV g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Mm AÜ``Z {df`mer àË`j g§~§Y òVmo.
Ë`mVyZ {ZarjU, gyú_ AÜ``Z H$aVm òV Agë`mZo g§emoYZ H$Ë`m©Mm g_moamg_moa g§~§Y òVmo.
3) gm_m{OH$ n[ad©VZ : gm_mOmV {d{dY H$aUm§Zr n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. `m n[adV©ZmMm g_mO
OrdZmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMo dñVw{Zð kmZ AmnUmbm gd}jUmVyZ {_iVo. gm_m{OH$
n[adV©ZmMm {ejU, Y_©, Hw$Qw>§~, {ddmh g§ñWm B. da hmoUmam n[aUm_ d Ë`mMm Aä`mg gd}jUmVyZ hmoVmo.
4) àË`j kmZàmßVrMm AZw^d : gd}jU nÕV hr EH$ kmZàmßVrMo gmYZ Amho. g§emoYZH$Vm©
n«Ë`j AÜ``Z H$éZ Ë`mMm AZw^d KoVmo. Ë`m_wio H$mën{ZH$ JmoîQ>tZm `mV Wmam Zmhr. VÏ` g§H$bZmgmR>r
àË`j AÜ``Z H$éZ gd}jUmÛmao VÏ` g§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. g_moamg_moaMo AZw^d KoVbo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio
gd}jU nÕVrVyZ àË`j kmZ àmßVrVyZ AÜ``ZmÀ`m AZw^dmÛmao _m{hVr KoVbr OmVo.
6) gd}jU nÕVrMo Xmof : (Demerits of Survey Method)
gìh}jU nÕVrMo Ogo JwU AmhoV Vgo Xmofhr AmhoV. n¡emÀ`m ZmÊ`mbm XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV d Ë`m
XmoÝhr Amdí`H$ AgVmV VgoM gd}jUmbmhr JwU AmhoV Vgo Xmofhr AmhoV. Vo nwT>rb à_mUo :
1) doi, l_ d n¡gm IM© hmoVmo : gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV gd© Aä`mg g_moam g_moaM Agë`mZo
g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Mm ~amM doi, n¡gm dm`m OmVmo. l_ hr hmoVmV. àíZmdbr, AZwgM
y r, {ZarjU B. gmR>r n¡go
IM© hmoVmV. `mgmR>r H$mbmdYrhr ~amM bmJVmo.
2) nyd©{Z`mo{OV H$m`©H«$_ : gd}jU H$emMo, Hw$R>o H$amdo `m g§~§Yr gd© nyd©{Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.
åhUOoM R>a{dboë`m ~m~r \$ŠV A_§bmV AmUUo EdT>oM ~mH$s AgVo. gd}jU EH$ àH$mao `§ÌdV
Mmbë`mZo g§emoYH$mbm \$magm dmdm ahmV Zmhr.
3) Ñí` KQ>Zm§MoM AÜ``Z : gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmV Ñí` KQ>Zm§MoM AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. àË`j ôQ>r
XoD$Z àË`j {ZarjUmÛmao gd}jUmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw `m nÕVr_wio gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMo _hËd
H$_r hmoVo.
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4) {ZpíMV {gÕm§V _m§S>Uo H$R>rU : gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Ag§»` AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gd}jUmÛmao gd©
KQ>Zm§Zm EH$m gyÌmV ~m§YUo H$R>rU AgVo. Ë`m_wio emñÌkmbm øm gd© KQ>H$m§Zm EH$Ì ~m§YUo AdKS>
AgVo. åhUyZ {gÕm§VmàV òUo emñÌkm§Zm AdKS OmVo.
Aem [aVrZo gm_m{OH$ gd}jUmMo JwU d Xmof AmT>iZy òVmV.
7) ì`ï>r AÜ``Z : (Case Study)
ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMm Aä`mg gd©àW_ h~©Q>© ñnoÝga `m g_mOemñÌkmZo Ho$bm. \«o$S>[aH$ boQ>bo `m§Zr
ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrMm ì`dpñWV ñdénmV Cn`moJ Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMo lo` boQ>bo `m§Zm OmVo. Ë`m§ZVa Wm°_g d
PZ¡H$s `m§Zr Amnë`m AÜ``ZmV g§emoYZ V§Ì åhUyZ ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMm dmna Ho$bm d {deof MmbZm
{Xbr.
ì`ï>r AÜ``Z hr EH$ gImob d gyú_ Aer AÜ``Z nÕVr Amho.> `m nÕVrVyZ AÜ``Z EH$H$mMo
g{dñVanUo g§nyU© _m{hVr Aä`mgyZ KoVbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYH$mMm Aä`mg AË`§V gyú_ d gImob
hmoVmo. åhUyZM `m nÕVrbm ~O}g `m§Zr gm_m{OH$ gyú_Xe©H$ `§Ì Ago åhQ>bo Amho. ì`ï>r
AÜ``ZnÕVrbm Oar gÜ`m {deof _hËd àmßV Pmbo Agbo Var hr nÕV àmMrZ Amho.
ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrV ì`ŠVr, g_yh, g§ñWm B. gm_m{OH$ EH$H$mMo gdmªJrU Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
ì`ï>r AÜ``Zm_Üò ì`ŠVr {deofUmMo qH$dm EH$H$mÀ`m OrdZmVrb gd© n¡by§Mo qH$dm EH$m n¡byMo XoIrb
AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wioM ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ Aä`mg hmoVmo. Ogo EImXo S>m°ŠQ>a EImÚm é½Um§Mm g§nyU©
gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$aVmV qH$dm dH$sb Amnë`m Ho$gMm H$aVmo hm àH$ma ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMmM hmo`.
8) ì`m»`m :
1) JwS> Am{U h°Q> : ""ì`ï>
"" r AÜ``Z nÕVr gm_m{OH$ VÏ`m§Zm g§K{Q>V H$aÊ`mMr EH$ Aer nÕV
Amho H$s, Á`m_wio AÜ``Z Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gm_m{OH$ EH$H$m§Mr EH$mË_H$ d¡{eîQ>ço nyUV© : gwa{jV R>do br
OmVmV.''
2) nm°{bZ `§J : ""ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVr H$moUË`m Var gm_m{OH$ EH$H$mMo _J Vr EH$ ì`ŠVr,
Hw$Qw>§~, g§ñWm, gm§ñH¥${VH$ dJ© qH$dm OmVr Agmo - Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo g§emoYZ Am{U Ë`mMo {ddoMZ
H$aÊ`mMr EH$ nÕV Amho.''
9) ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
1) g_ñ`m§Mo gImob AÜ``Z : `m nÕVrV EH$H$m§Mo AÜ``Z A{YH$ gImob Ho$bo OmVo. gImob
AÜ``Zm_wio g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZmgmR>r doihr A{YH$ bmJVmo. H$maU g§emoYZ Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m
EH$H$mMo ^yVH$mi Vo dV©_mZH$mimn`ªVMm Aä`mg H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm _m{hVr AË`§V gyú_ d {dñV¥V
ñdénmMr {_iVo.
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2) ì`ŠVrJV AÜ``Z : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrV g§emoYZH$Vm© ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qw>§~, g§ñWm d g_wh qH$dm
BVa H$moUË`mhr EH$H$mMo ì`ŠVrJV ñVamda g§nU
y © AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo.
3) JwUmË_H$ AÜ``Z : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrMo _hËdmMo d¡{eîQ>ço åhUOo JwUmË_H$ AÜ``Z hmo`.
EH$H$mMo JwUmË_H$ AÜ``Z g§emoYH$ H$aVmo d Ë`mMo VÏ` g§H$bZhr H$aVmo. d Ë`mMo dU©Z H$éZ Amnbo
AÜ``Z JwUmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aVmo.
4) Eo{Vhm{gH$ AÜ``Z : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV g§emoYH$ EH$mM Jmoï>rMm Aä`mg XrK©H$mi H$arV
AgVmo. Ë`mMdoir Ë`m g§emoYZ Aä`mgmMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg H$éZ ^yVH$mi d dV©_mZ H$mi `mV
H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb KSy> eH$VmV qH$dm n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$VmV `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio
Eo{Vhm{gH$ AÜ``ZgwÕm AË`§V _hËdmMo Amho.
5) EH$H$mMo g§nyU© AÜ``Z : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZnÕVrV g§emoYH$ H$moUË`mVar EH$m EH$H$mMo g§nU
y ©
AÜ``Z H$aVmo. Ë`m EH$H$mMm g_mOemñÌr`, _mZgemñÌr`, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$, e¡j{UH$,
amOH$s` B. gd© ~mOy§Zr gyú_[aË`m AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo.
darb à_mUo ì`ï>r AÜ``Zm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iyZ òVmV.
10) ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMo JwU-Xmof : (Merits and Demerits of Case Study)
H$moUË`mhr g§emoYZnÕVrV Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mbm JwU Am{U Xmof ho AmT>iVmVM. na§Vw ì`ï>r
AÜ``Z nÕVrV EH$H$mMm Aä`mg AË`§V gyú_ d gImobnUo Ho$bobm AgVmo. V|ìhm hm Aä`mg H$aVmZm
`m nÕVrMo JwU Am{U Xmof ho AmT>iyZ òVmV. Vo nwT>rb à_mUo :
ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMo JwU : (Merits of Case Study)
1) gImob d gyú_ AÜ``Z : ì`îQ>r AÜ``Z nÕVrV ì`ŠVr, g_yh, g§ñWm B. gm_m{OH$ EH$H$mMo
A{Ve` gImob AÜ``Z Ho$bo OmVo.
2) _hËdnyU© J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMm ñÌmoV : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrÛmao AZoH$ _hËdnyU© J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. ì`ï>r AÜ``Z AË`§V gyú_ d gImob nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmVo. {_imboë`m VÏ`
g§H$bZmÀ`m AmYmao J¥hrVHo$ _m§S>br OmVmV. åhUyZM `m nÕVrbm J¥hrVH¥$Ë`mMm EH$ _hËdmMm ñÌmoV
Amho Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
3) ì`pŠVJV ^md-^mdZm d _Zmod¥ËVrMo AÜ``Z : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrV_Üò ì`ŠVrJV ^md-
^mdZm d _mZdmÀ`m _Zmod¥ËVrMo AÜ``Z AË`§V gImobnUo Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm_m{OH$ YmaUm
d _yë`m§Mo hr kmZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio EH$mM ì`ŠVrÀ`m doJdoJù`m n[a{ñWVrV H$moU-H$moUË`m ^md-^mdZm
Am{U _Zmod¥ËVr AgVmV `mMr _m{hVr `m nÕVrVyZ {_iVo.
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4) ì`ŠVrJV AZw^dmMm ñÌmoV : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVr hr ì`ŠVrJV AZw^d àmßVr H$aÊ`mMm EH$
{dñV¥V ñÌmoV Amho. `m nÕVrVyZ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©g AZoH$ AZw^d òVmV.
5) gm_wJ«rMr g§nyU©Vm : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV Or gm_J«r g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo Vr gm_wJ«r n[anyU©
AgVo.
6) _hËdnyU© àboImMm ñÌmoV : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV AZoH$ _hËdnyU© àboImMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Á`m§À`m
gmhmæ`mZo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Vo åhUOo àíZmdbr, _wbmIV, AZwgyMr B. hmo`. `m_wio gImob d nwaogo
kmZ {_iVo d AZoH$ àboImMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMo Xmof : (Demerits of Case Study)
g§emoYZ H$m`m©V ì`ï>r AÜ``Zmg AË`§V _hËd Amho. VgoM Ë`mMo _hËdnyU© JwUhr Aä`mgbo. nU
n¡emÀ`m ZmÊ`mbm XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. Ë`mà_mUo ì`ï>r AÜ``Zmbm JwU d Xmof `m XmoÝhr ~mOy AmhoV.
Ë`mn¡H$s ì`îQ>r AÜ``ZmMo Xmof nwT>rbà_mUo :
1) g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Mr d¥ËVr njnmVr ~ZVo : g§emoYZH$m`m©V g§emoYZH$Vm© XrK©H$mi g§emoYZ H$arV
AgVmZm g_mOmVrb Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmo Ë`m§À`mer Ë`mMo K{Zï> g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV. dma§dma
ôQ>r-JmR>r _YyZ d ghdmgmVyZ ào_, {Oìhmim, AmnwbH$s d ghH$m`© {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYZH$Vm©
hm ZH$iV njnmV H$aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
2) Z_wZm {ZdS> nÕVrMm A^md : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV g§emoYZH$Ë`m© g§emoYZmV EH$H$mMm g§nyU©
Aä`mg H$aVmo. AË`§V gyú_ d gImob Aä`mg hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm A^md
AgVmo. Ë`m_wio n«m{V{ZYrH$ ñdénmMm Aä`mg hmoV Zmhr. g§emoYZ H$Ë`m©À`m _VmZwgma EH$H$mMr {ZdS>
H$éZ g§emoYZ H$aVmo.
3) doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mm IM© hmoVmo : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z à{H«$`m XrK©H$mi MmbV Agë`mZo Ë`mgmR>r
~amM n¡gm bmJVmo. g§emoYH$mMo l_ d doi `mMm Anì`` hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio doi, l_ d n¡gm OmXm IM©
hmoVmo. H$Yr Var g§emoYZ H$m`© Anwao amhÊ`mMmhr YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
4) AemñÌr` nÕVr : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVr hr AemñÌr` nÕV dmQ>Vo Ago AZoH$OUm§Mo åhUUo
Amho. H$maU EH$H$mMr {ZdS> Am{U _m{hVr g§H$bZmda H$moUmMoM {Z`§ÌU ZgVo. VgoM emñÌr` nÕVrMo
gmhmæ` KoVbo OmV Zmhr. åhUyZ hr nÕV AemñÌr` Amho.
5) A{YH$ AewÕVm : ì`ï>r AÜ``Z nÕVrV X¡Z§{XZr nÌo, S>màr, OrdZ B{Vhmg, AmË_M[aÌo B.
_m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r `mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw ho gd© aoH$m°S>© Am{U àboI ho Iao AgVmVM Ago
Zmhr. hr dñVwpñWVr AgVmZm `m nÕVrV gd© gm_J«rda {deof â {Xbm OmVmo Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
AÜ``ZmV AZoH$ Xmof amhÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.
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6) XmofnyU© OrdZ B{Vhmg : ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmV ì`ŠVr B{VhmgmMo {deof _hËd AgVo. `m nÕVrV
AemñÌr` Am{U Aàm_m{UH$ VÏ`m§Mo g§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. OrdZ B{Vhmg hm Iam Amho. ho VnmgUo H$R>rU
AgVo. g§emoYZH$Vm© d Á`m ì`ŠVrMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm `m§Mr {ZH$Q>Vm {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo g§emoYH$mbm
AmXa, ào_, {Oìhmim dmQy> bmJVmo. d Ë`mVyZ {b{hbobm Xmof nyU© OrdZ B{Vhmg g§emoYH$mbm Iam dmQy>
bmJVmo.
darbà_mUo ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMo Xmof AmT>iyZ òVmV.
11) D) à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>m : (Experimental Research)
`mM nÕVrbm narjUmË_H$ g§emoYZ Ago hr åhQ>bo OmVo. ^m¡{VH$emñÌmÀ`m à`moJemioV à`moJ H$éZ
g§emoYZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mVyZ {ZarjU-n[ajU Ho$bo OmVo. d à`moJ èñdr H$éZ Ë`m~m~VMo g§emoYZ {gÕ
Ho$bo OmVo. VgoM g_mOemñÌmVXoIrb g§emoYZ H$éZ g_mOmÀ`m à`moJemioV à`moJ H$éZ, AÜ``Z H$éZ,
narjU-{ZarjU Ho$bo OmVo. `m {Z`§{ÌV pñWVrV {ZarjU-narjUmÛmam Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gm_m{OH$
KQ>Zm§À`m nÕVera Aä`mgmbm à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ qH$dm narjUmË_H$ g§emoYZ Ago åhUVmV.
`m~m~V ñQ>wAQ>© M°{nZ `m emñÌkmZo Ago åhQ>bo Amho H$s, "" g_mOemñÌr` g§emoYZmV à`moJmË_H$
AmamIS>çmMr g§H$ënZm hr {Z`§ÌUmÀ`m AdñWm A§VJ©V {ZarjUmÛmam _mZdr` g§~§YmÀ`m ì`dpñWV
AÜ``ZmH$S>o g§Ho$V H$aVo.''
{dkmZ qH$dm emñÌm_Üò à`moJ Oo Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m à`moJ `m eãXmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmZm emñÌk
åhUVmV, ""{Z`§{ÌV AdñWoV Ho$bobo {ZarjU åhUOo à`moJ hmo`.''
à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZmV H$mhr JmoîQ>r _hËdmÀ`m dmQ>VmV. Ë`m åhUOo
1) à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV à`moJmË_H$ Am{U {Z`§{ÌV Aem XmoZ JQ>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br
OmVo. ho JQ> g_mZ AgVmV. `m JQ>mMr d¡{eîQ>ço g_mZ AgVmV.
2) à`moJmnydu Am{U à`moJmZ§Va Ago XmoÝhr doir nam`Ì MbmMo _mnZ H$am`Mo.
3) {d{eï> Aem H$mbmdYr_Üò hm à`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) à`moJmË_H$ nÕVrV {Z`§{ÌV AdñWoV {ZarjU Ho$bo OmVo. åhUyZ `m nÕVrV à`moJmË_H$ nÕVr
Ago åhUVmV.
Aem `m à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZmÀ`m AQ>r AgVmV.
12) à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo àH$ma :
`mMo à_wI VrZ àH$ma nS>VmV.
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à`moJmË_H$ nÕVr
1) à`moJmoÎma qH$dm _mÌmoÎma 2) nyd©níMmV qH$dm nydm}Îma 3) n[aUm_moÎma H$maU_r_m§gm

nÕVr nÕVr nÕVr
1) à`moJmoËVa [H§$dm _mÌmoËVa nÕVr : (After only Experiment)
`m nÕVr_Üò g_mZ d¡{eîQ>ço d ñdén Agboë`m XmoZ JQ>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. `mn¡H$s EH$m
JQ>mbm {Z`§{ÌV R>odbo OmVo åhUyZ Ë`mg {Z`§{ÌV JQ> åhUm`Mo Va Xwgam JQ> à`moJmË_H$ AgVmo.
1) à`moJmoËVa [H§$dm _mÌmoËVa nÕVr : (After only Experiment)
`m nÕVr_Üò g_mZ d¡{eîQ>ço d ñdén Agboë`m XmoZ JQ>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. `mn¡H$s EH$m
JQ>mbm {Z`§{ÌV R>odbo OmVo åhUyZ Ë`mg {Z`§{ÌV JQ> åhUm`Mo Va Xwgam JQ> à`moJmË_H$ AgVmo. `m
JQ>m§daM à`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio `m JQ>mV n[adV©Zo AmT>iVmV. Va {Z`§{ÌV JQ> Amho VgmM AgVmo.
Ë`mV H$moUVohr n[aVd©Z AmT>iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio à`moJmoËVa nÕVrZo H$moUË`m JQ>mMo à^md nS>VmV qH$dm
BVam§da g_mOmda d Ë`m JQ>m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo, n[adV©Z hmoVo ho {XgyZ òVo.
2) nydm}ËVa [H§$dm nyd©níMmV nÕVr : (Before or After Experiment)
`m nÕVrV EH$mM JQ>mMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmao à`moJ d Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo OmVo.
V|ìhm à`moJnyd© d à`moJmZ§VaMo _moO_mn Ho$bo OmVo. H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb, n[adV©Zo Pmbr `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm
OmVmo. d KSy>Z òUmè`m pñWË`§VamMo {ZarjU d _mnZ Ho$bo OmVo.
`m nÕVrMo EHy$U 4 CnàH$ma nS>VmV.
1) EH$m JQ>mMo nydm}ËVa qH$dm nyd©níMmV nÕVr
2) EH$m {Z`§{ÌV JQ>mgh nydm}ËVa qH$dm nydn© íMmV nÕVr
3) XmoZ {Z`§{ÌV JQ>mgh nydm}ËVa qH$dm nyd©níMmV nÕVr
4) VrZ {Z`§{ÌV JQ>mgh nydm}ËVa qH$dm nyd©níMmV nÕVr
3) n[aUm_moËVa H$maU_r_m§gm nÕVr : (Ex-post Facto Experiment)
`m nÕVrMm Aä`mg ñQw>AQ>© M¡{nZ `m§Zr Ho$bm. H$mhr KQ>Zm KSy>Z OmVmV. nU Ë`mMr nwZamd¥ËVr H$é
eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw KSy>Z Joboë`m KQ>Z_o wio g_mOmda H$moUVm n[aUm_ Pmbm `mMo AÜ``Z AmnUmg
n[aUm_moËVa H$maU_r_m§gm nÕVrÛmam H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo.
`m nÕVrV g§emoYZH$Vm© XmoZ JQ>m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmo. EH$m JQ>mV {dd{jV KQ>Zm KSy>Z Jobobr AgVo.
Va Xwgè`m JQ>mV Vr KQ>Zm KS>bobr ZgVo. `m XmoÝhr JQ>m§Mo AÜ``Z H$éZ n{hë`m JQ>mVrb n[aUm_ H$m`
d Xwgè`m JQ>mdaMo H$m` ? `mMm Aä`mg H$éZ n[aUm_ KS>boë`m JQ>m§da H$moUVo n[aUm_ d Ë`m§Mr H$maUo
89
`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUyZ `m nÕVrg n[aUm_moËVa H$maU_r_m§gm nÕVr Ago åhUVmV. eŠ`Vmo
n[aUm_moËVa H$maU_r_m§gm nÕVr gmYmaUV: Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§À`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo.
åhUOoM KSy>Z Joboë`m KQ>Zm§Mo narjU H$éZ dV©_mZ KQ>Zm Am{U AdñWm§À`m H$maUm§Mm emoY KooUo `mg
n[aUm_moËVa VÏ` narjU Ago åhUVmV. CXmhaUmW©, gm_m{OH$ Midi Am{U H$maUo, ~mbJwÝhoJmar
Am{U J{bÀN> dñVr B. ~m~V `m nÕVrZo AÜ``Z Hoo$bo OmVo.
3.3.4 gmam§e :
g§emoYZ AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mbm H$miOrnydH© $ d {Z`moOZ~Õ H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo.
nyd©{Z`moOZ H$éZ H$amdo bmJVo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ Xmof{da{hV ìhmdo, H$_r IMm©V, doioMr ~MV ìhmdr,
g§emoYH$mbm g§emoYZ H$aVmZm H$moUH$moUË`m AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo d Ë`mVyZ H$gm _mJ© H$mT>Vm òD$
eH$Vmo `mMm Aä`mg g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmV Ho$bm OmVmo.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmVyZ Zo_H$m AW©~moY emoYyZ g§emoYH$ g§emoYZmMr à{H«$`m nyU© H$aVmo d ZdrZ emoY
bmdë`mMm AmZ§X KoVmo. Ë`mAmYmao {gÕm§V _m§Sy> eH$Vmo. `m_Üò gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m, d¡{eîQ>ço,
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr H$m`}, d g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo Q>ßno qH$dm nm`è`m, g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo àH$ma,
gd}jU, ì`ï>r-AÜ``Z à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVr B. Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.
3.3.5 ñd`§-AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ
1) EH$m dmŠ`mV CËVao Úm.
1) gm_m{OH$ gd}jU åhUOo H$m` ?
2) ì`ï>r AÜ``Z hr H$moUVr AÜ``Z nÕVr Amho ?
3) à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ H$embm åhUVmV ?
4) nyd©níMmV nÕVr åhUOo H$m` ?
5) n[aUm_moËVa H$maU_r_m§gm nÕVr åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§Jm.
3.5 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (ñdmÜ`m`)
n«. 1. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.
n«. 2. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ H$m`} {deX H$am.
n«. 3. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMr ì`m»`m gm§JyZ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo Q>ßno gm§Jm.
n«. 4. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo àH$ma gm§Jm.
n«. 5. ì`ï>r AÜ``ZmMo JwU-Xmof gm§Jm.
90
Q>rnm {bhm.
A) g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmMo àH$ma
~) à`moJmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVr
H$) gm_m{OH$ gd}jU
S>) ì`ï>r AÜ``Z
B) dU©ZmË_H$ g§emoYZ nÕVr
1) g§emoYZ nÕVremñÌ d V§Ìo, S>m°. àXrn AmJbmdo {dÚm àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
2) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr S>m°. gwZrb _m`r S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eZ, nwUo.
3) gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr S>m°. JwéZmW ZmS>_m|S>o \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.
4) Ram Ahuja - Research Methods.

91
gÌ-3 : KQ>H$ 4
Z_wZm nÕVr
(Sampling)
(Research Design)
KQ>H$ g§aMZm
4.1 C{Ôï>o
4.2 àmñVm{dH$
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ
4.3.1 Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr AW© d ì`m»`m
A) CÔoe
~) VËdo
H$) \$m`Xo
4.3.2 g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> :
A) gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr
i) bm°Q>ar nÜXVr
ii){Q>noQ>g² nÜXVr
~) ñV[aV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr
H$) ì`dñWm~ÜX Z_wZm {ZdS>
S>) EH$H$nw§O Z_wZm {ZdS>
B) ~hþñV[a` Z_wZm {ZdS>
B©) ~ìødñWr` Z_wZm {ZdS>
4.3.3 J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> :
A) gmo{`ñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS>
~) ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
H$) H$moQ>m / ~hþ{hñgm Z_wZm {ZdS>
92
S>) ñZmo~m°b Z_wZm {ZdS>
B) ñdopÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
4.4 gmam§e
4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao
4.7 jo{Ì` H$m`©
4.1 C{Ôï>ò :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm
* Z_wZm nÜXVrMm AW© g_Oob.
* Z_wZm nÜXVrMm CÔoe bjmV òB©b.
* Z_wZm nÜXVrMr VËdo g_OVrb.
* Z_wZm nÜXVrMo \$m`Xo bjmV òVrb.
* g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> d J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> `m§Mo {d{dY àH$ma g_OVrb.
4.2 àñVmdZm :
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVrMm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm Aä`mgH$mbm d¡km{ZH$ gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ,
g§emoYZ AmamIS>m, gìh}jU `m~amo~aM Z_wZm nÜXVrMm Aä`mg H$aUohr Amdí`H$ Amho. g§emoYZ H$arV
AgVmZm g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>Ê`mV Ambobm {dídmMm qH$dm g_J«mMm g§nyU© Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo.
H$maU Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi OmñV AgVmo. g_J« _moR>m Agob Va Ë`mMr g§nyU© _m{hVr hmoUo AeŠ`
AgVo. Aem doir Ë`mVrb H$mhr ^mJm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ g§emoYZ H$éZ {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV. åhUOo
{eVmdéZ ^mVmMr narjm `mgmaIm hm àH$ma Amho. `m nÜXVrbm Z_wZm nÜXVr åhUVmV.
4.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
`m KQ>H$m_Üò AmnU n«W_ Z_wZm nÜXVr åhUOo H$m` ho nmhUma AmhmoV. g_mO emñÌkm§Zr Ho$boë`m
ì`m»`m nmhÿZ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo CÔoe, VËdo d Ë`mMo \$m`Xo nmhUma AmhmoV. VgoM Z_wZm {ZdS>
nÜXVrÀ`m àH$mam§Mo XmoZ ^mJmV gpdñVa ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. EH$ åhUOo g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>r nÜXVr
Am{U Xwgao J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> `m XmoÝhr àH$mamA§VJ©V òUmè`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo g{dñVa ñnï>rH$aU
{Xbo Amho.
93
4.3.1 Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm AW© d ì`mm»`m :
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV Z_wZm MmMUrMm dmna _moR>`m à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZmVrb Aä`mg{df` BVHo$ Jwa\$Q>bobo AgVmV H$r, Ë`m àËòH$ KQ>H$m§Mm gm§Jmonm§J Aä`mg H$aUo
eŠ` ZgVo. åhUyZM Z_wZm nÜXVr_Üò g_J«mMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ bhmZ ^mJ {ZdSy>Z g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV
òVo. Ogo H$s, amo½`m§Mr aŠV VnmgUr Ë`mÀ`m earamVrb aŠVmÀ`m H$mhr W|~mdéZ Ho$br OmVo. qH$dm
YmÝ`mÀ`m nmoË`mVrb Am|Oiâ YmÝ`mdéZ nmoË`mVrb g§nyU© YmÝ`mg§~§Yr {ZXmZ Ho$bo OmVo.
WmoS>Š`mV, Z_wZm MmMUrV g§nyU© g_J«mMm Aä`mg Z H$aVm Ë`mVrb H$mhr EH$H$m§Mm JQ> Aä`mgmR>r
{ZdS>bm OmVmo. Ë`mbmM "Z_wZm' Ago åhUVmV. `m {ZdS>oë`m JQ>mÀ`m Aä`mgmdéZ H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f©
g§nyU© g_J«mbm bmJy Ho$bo OmVmV.
Z_wZm ì`m»`m :
1. JwS> Am{U h°Q> : ""Z_wZm JQ Ë`mÀ`m Zmdmà_mUo Z_wZm åhUOo {dñV¥V AmH$mamÀ`m g_J«mMm
bhmZgm à{V{ZYr hmo`.''
2. nr. ìhr `§J : ""Á`m g_J«mVyZ Z_wZm {ZdS>bobm AgVmo Ë`m g_J«mMo bhmZ {MÌ åhUOo Z_wZm
hmo`.''
3. ~moJmS>©g² : ""EH$m nyU©{ZYm©[aV `moOZoZwgma EH$H$m§À`m EH$m g_yhm_YyZ EH$ {ZpíMV à{VeV
{ZdS>Uo åhUOo Z_wZm hmo`.''
4. \«±$H$ _mQ>©Z$ : ""Z_wZm hm eãXà`moJ EImÚm EH$H$mMm qH$dm g§nyU© g_yhmÀ`m EH$m ^mJmbm
bmJy nS>Vmo.''
darb ì`m»`m§déZ Z_wZm nÜXVr_Üò g_J«mMm à{V{ZYr åhUyZ bhmZ ^mJ {ZdSy>Z g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mV
òVo. _hmamï´>mVrb ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`mVrb _mZdr g§~§YmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _hmamï´>mVrb gd©M
ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZo Aä`mgUo H$R>rU OmB©b {edm` doi, n¡gm d BVa Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$aVm ho Ho$di
AeŠ`M åhUmdo bmJob. åhUyZ Aem gmIa H$maImÝ`mMo n«{V{ZYrËd H$aUmè`m H$mhr ghH$mar gmIa
H$maImÝ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$éZ Ë`mVrb _mZdr g§~§YmMm Aä`mg gImobnUo Ho$bm OmVmo.
àm. E. Eb. ~mD$bo `m {dMmad§VmZo Z_wZm MmMUtMm dmna àW_ gm_m{OH$ emñÌmV Hoo$bm. B.g.
1912 gmbr Ë`mZo 20 Hw$Qw>§~m_mJo EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mMr {ZdS> Ho$br (-) d Ë`m {ZdS>H$ Hw$Qw>~§ mMm Aä`mg
H$éZ H$mhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo. `m {ZîH$fm©Mo _hËd Ago H$s, Mmb©g² ~yW d amD$ÝQ´>r `m {dMmad§Vm§Zr
Hw$Qw>§~mMr ì`mnH$ nmhUr g_mOemñÌr` X¥ï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$br. Ë`m§Mo {ZîH$f© Am{U àm. ~mD$bo `m§Mo {ZîH$f©
`m_Üò EH$dmŠ`Vm Am{U g_mZVm AmT>iyZ Ambr. Voìhm ""g§nU y © KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Z H$aVm Z_wZm
94
nÜXVrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo `mo½` {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm òVmo'' Agm gd©gmYmaU {ZîH$f© {ZKmbm. Ë`mZ§Va gm_m{OH$
g§emoYZmV Z_wZm nÜXV Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmD$ bmJbr.
4.3.1 Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo CÔoe : (Purpose Of Sampling)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmÀ`m XmoZ nÜXVr AmhoV.
1) g_J«mMo g§emoYZ 2) Z_wZm nÜXVr
g_J«mMo g§emoYZ nÜXVrV AÜ``Z {dfm`mÀ`m A§VJ©V òUmè`m gd© EH$H$m§Mm doJdoJim Aä`mg
Ho$bm OmVmo. CXmhaUmW©, _Owam§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg àËòH$ _OwamÀ`m
Am{W©H$ pñWVrMm emoY ¿`mdm bmJob. nU gm_mÝ`V: Vo eŠ` ZgVo. H$maU Ë`mgmR>r doi, n¡gm d l_
A{YH$ bmJVmV. åhUyZM Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo d {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo OmVmV.
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo CÔoe nwT>rbà_mUo ñnï> H$aVm òB©b.
1) {dñV¥V joÌmMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmam doi d l_ dmM{dUo. CXmhaUmW©, JwOamV_Yrb qhXy-
_wpñb_ X§JbrMm g_mOmda nS>bobm à^md Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r g§nyU© JwOamV_Yrb g_mOmMm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mEodOr Ë`mVrb H$mhr EH$H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Va doi, n¡gm d l_ dmM{dVm òD$ eH$Vrb.
2) H$_r doimV VwbZmË_H$ ñdénmMo n[aUm_ àmßV. CXmhaUmW©, EImXr KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmZm ì`ŠVrMo
_Vàdmh OmUyZ KoUo d `mM ì`ŠVrMo _Vàdmh H$mhr _{hÝ`mZ§Va nwÝhm OmUyZ KoVë`mg _VàdmhmV
{Z`{_VnUo {^ÝZVm AmT>iyZ òVo. Ë`m_wio g_J«mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm bmJUmam doi nmhVm MyH$sMm
{ZîH$f© {ZKy eH$Vmo.
3) {dídg{Z` _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mH$aVm Z_wZm nÜXVr Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Oa emñÌmoŠV nÜXVrZo Z_wZm
{ZdS>Ê`mV Ambm Va H$mT>Ê`mV Ambobo {ZîH$f© AMyH$ R>é eH$VmV. VgoM Z_wÝ`mMr nyU© VnmgUr
XoIrb H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo. g_J«mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ver VnmgUr H$aUo AdKS> OmVo. Ë`m_wio
Z_wÝ`mdéZ H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© {dídgZr` ñnénmMo R>é eH$Vo.
4) Z_wZm nÜXVrVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ _m{hVr {_idUo eŠ` hmoVo. Z_wZm nÜXVrV R>am{dH$ ñdénmMr _m{hVr
{_i{dbr OmV Agë`mZo Z_wÝ`mMo gyú_ {ZarjU H$éZ A{YH$m{YH$ _m{hVr H$miOrnyd©H$ d gImob
ñdénmV {_i{dUo eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. CXmhaUmW©, _hmamï´>mVrb gd© H$mamJ¥hmVrb H¡$Úm§Mm Aä`mg
H$aÊ`mEodOr Ë`mVrb Z_wZm {ZdSy>Z Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg H$mamJ¥hm~Ôb d Ë`mVrb H¡$Úm§À`m g_J«
ñdénm~Ôb _m{hVr {_i{dVm òUo eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo {deof qH$dm d¡{eîQ>ço :
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm AW© d _hËd A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMr H$mhr {deof>/d¡{eîQ>ç Imbrb à_mUo
gm§JVm òVrb.
95
1. Z_wZm hm g§nyU© gm_J«rMm EH$ à{V{ZYr A§e AgVmo.
2. Z_wZm hm g§emoYZ {df`mbm AZwHy$b AgVmo.
3. Z_wÝ`mMo ñdén g_J«mÀ`m VwbZoZo N>moQ>o Agmdo.
4. g§nyU© g_whmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUOo Z_wZm
5. Z_wÝ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr {ZpíMV qH$dm ewÜXVm A{YH$ AgVo.
6. g§emoYZmMm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Z_wZm nwaogm R>aVmo.
7. X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb {eVmdéZ ^mVmMr narjm {H$§dm amo½`mMr ZmS>r VnmgyZ amoJmMo {ZXmZ H$aUo B.
8. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ åhUyZ Z_wZm nÜXV {dMmamV KoVbr OmVo.
4.3.1 ~) Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo AmYma : (Basis Of Sampling)
AmYma Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo _wb^yV AmYma nwT>rbà_mUoo
1) g_J«mMr EH$énVm qH$dm gOmVr`Vm :
Ooìhm g_J«mVrb {d{^ÝZ EH$H$mV _moR>çm à_mUmda gmå` AgVo, Voìhm Z_wZm {ZdS>Uo eŠ` AgVo.
g§emoYZmgmR>r g§emoYH$mZo EHy$U joÌmn¡H$r d KQ>H$m§nH¡ $s {d{eï> à{VeV n«_mUmV {ZdS>bëo `m KQ>H$m§Mr
gOmVr`Vm EH$M Agbr nm{hOo. CXmhaUmW©, EH$mM embo` dJm©V [^ÝZ {^ÝZ àH$maMo {dÚmWu Agbo
Var Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr H$mhr Zm H$mhr _m¡{bH$ EH$énVm {XgyZ òVo. åhUyZ WmoS>çm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AmYmamda
{ZíH$f© H$mTy>Z Vo g§nyU© dJm©bm bmJy H$aVmV. Ooìhm g§emoYZ {d{eï> C{Ôï>mgmR>r Ho$bo OmVo. Voìhm
g§emoYZmMm CÔoe nyU© hmoÊ`mgmR>r _m{hVr d VÏ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmZm gOmVr` VÏ` {dMmamV KoVbr nm{hOo.
VÏ`m_Üò doJionUm Zgmdm.
2) à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm : Z_wÝ`mMo Xwgao AmYma^yV VËd åhUOo AÜ``Z {df`mMo ñdén
bjmV KoD$Z H$mhr {d{eï> JwUmÀ`m AmYmamda g_J«mMo dJuH$aU H$éZ àËòH$ dJm©VZy à{V{ZYrH$
ñdénmV EH$m§H$ KoVbo OmVmV. g§nyU© g_yhmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§da g§emoYH$mZo bj nwa{dbo
nm{hOo.
3) Z_wÝ`mVrb n`m©ßVVm : Z_wZm hm e§â Q>ŠHo$ ewÜX Agmdm hr EH$ AmXem©Ë_H$ H$ënZm Pmbr.
àË`jmV BVH$m ewÜX Z_wZm gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV {_i{dUo eŠ` ZgVo. d åhUyZ g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Mm Agm
à`ËZ Agmdm H$s Z_wÝ`mV OmñVrV OmñV ewÜXVm amhrb, nU gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ BVHo$ OQ>rb d JwV§ mJw§VrMo
AgVmV H$s Aä`mgH$mbm gamgardaM Adb§~Zy ahmdo bmJVo. Voìhm Aä`mgH$mZo Ë`m Ñï>rZo à`ËZ
H$amdm.
96
WmoS>Š`mV, gOmVr`Vm, n«{V{Z{YH$Vm d n`m©ßVVm `m§À`m AmYmao Z_wZm {ZdS> `mo½` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm
AgVo. Z_wZm {ZdS> {OVH$s gmW© {VVHo$ Ë`mVyZ àmßV hmoUmao {ZîH$f© A{YH$ {dídgZr` AgVmV. H$maU ho
{ZîH$f© gd© g_yhmbmM bmJy hmoUmao AgVmV. g_whmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Ho$di AeŠ`
Agë`mZo Z_wZm {ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo.
4.3.1 H$) Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo \$m`Xo : (Advantages Of Sampling Method)
AmYw{ZH$ g_mO hm AË`§V {demb, d Jw§VmJw§VrMm OQ>rb Amho. Ë`m_wio OZJUZm nÜXVrZo g§nyU©
g_J«mMo AÜ``Z H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. åhUyZ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm dmna H$aUo gmo`rMo hmoVo. Z_wZm {ZdS>
nÜXVrMo \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mr ~MV : Z_wZm nÜXVrZo g§nyU© g_mOmMo åhUOo g_J«mMo AÜ``Z H$amdo
bmJV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio doi, l_ Am{U n¡gm `m§Mr ~MV hmoVo. Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm hmM \$ma _moR>m \$m`Xm
Amho.
2) gImob d {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg : Z_wZm MmMUr_Üò H$mhr {ZdS>H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmMo joÌ ho _`m©{XV hmoVo. gmh{OH$M Ë`mda A{YH$ bj XoUo Aä`mgH$mbm eŠ` hmoVo.
à{V{Z{YH$ EH$H$m§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV Agë`m_wio Ë`mMm A{YH$ gImob d g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo.
Z_wZm KQ>H$m§Mo g§nyU©, gyú_ d gImob narjU H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo.
3) {dídgZr` {ZíH$f© : Z_wZm nÜXVrV Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agë`m_wio àËòH$ KQ>H$mMm
gyú_ Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo. Ë`mÀ`m CÎmamMr gË`Vm nS>VmiVm òVo. OZJUZm nÜXVrÀ`m VwbZoV Z_wZm
{ZdS> nÜXVrìXmao {ZdS>bobr VÏò hr A{YH$ {dídgZr` AgVmV. Am{U {dídgZr` VÏ`m§À`m AmYmamda
H$mT>bobo {ZíH$f© XoIrb {dídgZr`M amhUma.
4) VÏ`m§Mr H$miOrnyd©H$ N>mZZr : Aä`mgjoÌ _`m©{XV Agë`m_wio VÏ`m§Mr N>mZZr AË`§V
H$miOrnyd©H$ H$aVm òVmV. VÏ`m§Mr nwZ:nwÝhm VnmgUr H$éZ Ë`m§Mo emñÌr` d gyú_ {díbofU Amdí`H$
AgVo. AZw^dOÝ` VÏò Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo _hËd dmT>bo.
5) gwb^ àemgZ : Z_wZm nÜXVrV \$ŠV H$mhr EH$H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo. EH$H$m§Mr g§»`m
H$_r Agë`m_wio g§emoYZ ì`dñWm H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr Ë`m§À`mdarb {Z`§ÌU H$_r d _moOH$m
g§nH©$ Am{U Ë`mMo g§nyU© gìh}jU øm gd©~m~VrV gw{dYm hmoVo.
6) KQ>H$m§er gwg§dmX : H$moUË`mhr g§emoYZmMo è ho Ë`mÀ`m Aä`mgmer g§~{YV AgUmè`m
KQ>H$m§er Aä`mgH$ {H$VnV gwg§dmX gmYVmo `mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zm Ë`m_wioM è
àmßV hmoVo. Z_wÝ`mV _`m©XrV KQ>H$ AgVmV. Ë`m_wio àËòH$ KQ>H$mer g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVm òVo. EdT>oM
Zìho Va Amnë`m H$m_m~Ôb Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AmË_r`Vm {Z_m©U H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo. gmh{OH$M ho bmoH$ AJXr
97
àm_m{UH$nUm à{VgmX XoVmV. AWm©V Ë`m§À`mer gwg§dmX àñWm{nV H$oë`m{edm` Aä`mg nyU©nUo èñdr
hmoUo eŠ` ZgVo.
WmoS>Š`mV g_J« MmMUr nÜXVrV bmJUmam doi d Ë`mV òUmè`m AS>MUr `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm Z_wZm
MmMUr nÜXVr hr EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ {ZdS> hmoVo. AWm©V Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr nyUV© : {ZXm©of Amho Ago åhUVm
òV Zmhr. Ë`mV H$mhr A§er _`m©Xmhr AgVmV.
Z_wZm MmMUr nÜXVrVrb _`m©Xm :
1) nyd©J«hmMm R>gm
2) àm{V{ZYrH$VoMm Aä`mg
3) g§»`memñÌr` nÜXVrÀ`m _`m©Xm
4) bhmZ MyH$sMo {dnarV n[aUm_
5) XmofnyU© à{V{ZYr {ZdS
6) Aën{dídgZr`Vm
7) n[adV©ZerbVm
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ. 1
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) g_J« åhUOo H$m`?
2) Z_wZm åhUOo H$m`?
3) Z_wZm nÜXVrMm Cn`moJ àW_ H$moUr Ho$bm?
4) Z_wZm nÜXVrMr gwédmV H$moUË`m eVH$mV Pmbr?
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Jmiboë`m OmJm âm.
1) {dñV¥V AmH$mamÀ`m g_yhmbm bKw à{V{ZYr åhUOo Z_wZm Aer ì`m»`m .......... `m§Zr Ho$br
Amho.
A) ~y_ d goìhm{ZH$ ~) _°H$ Am`ba d noO
H$) JwS> d h°Q> S>) {J{bZ Am{U {ebrZ
2) Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMr gwédmV ........... `m eVH$mV Pmbr.
A) 19 ì`m ~) 18 ì`m
98
H$) 17 ì`m S>) 20 ì`m
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo àH$ma :
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo XmoZ àH$ma nmS>bo OmVmV.
1) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>
2) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>
`m XmoÝhr àH$mamVrb _hËdmÀ`m CnàH$mam§Mo ñnï>rH$aU AmnU BWo nmhUma AmhmoV.
4.3.2 g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Probability Sampling)
Ooìhm EH$H$mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§^mì`Vm hr g_mZ AgVo. Am{U àËòH$ EH$H$mbm Z_wZm {ZdS>
hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoVo. Aem Z_wZm {ZdS>rg g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> Ago åhUmVmV. `m nÜXVrbm
à_mUera {ZdS> Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. åhUOoM H$moUË`m KQ>H$mMm Z_wÝ`mV g_mdoe H$amdm d H$moUË`m
KQ>H$mMm Q>mimdo ho g§emoYH$mÀ`m hmVmV Z amhVm Z_wÝ`mMr {ZdS> {d{eï> Aem {Z`_mZwgmaM Ho$br OmVo.
Ë`m_wio Z_wZm {ZdS>rda g§emoYH$mÀ`m _ZmMm, ñd^mdmMm n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr. d {ZdS>bobm àËòH$ KQ>H$
g_J«mMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmo.
g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo nwT>rb H$mhr _hËdmMo àH$ma AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$é.
1) gmYm `mX¥{ÀN>H$ Z_wZm :
1) bm°Q>ar nÜXV
2) {Q>noQ>g² Q>o~b
2) ñV[aV `mÑ{ÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
3) ì`dñWm~ÜX Z_wZm {ZdS>
4) EH$H$nw§O Z_wZm {ZdS>
5) ~hþñV[a` Z_wZm {ZdS>
6) ~mìødñWr` Z_wZm {ZdS>
`m g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo g{dñVa ñnï>rH$aU nmhÿ`m.
4.3.2 A) gmYm gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Simple Random Sampling)
`m Z_wZm {ZdS>rV EH$H$mMr {ZdS> g§emoYH$mÀ`m qH$dm H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m hmVmV ZgVo. Ë`m_wio
njnmV hmoÊ`mMr {^Vr ZgVo. hm gmYm `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm g§nU
y n© Uo X¡dmda Adb§~Zy AgVmo. Ë`m_wio àËòH$
ì`ŠVrbm emñÌewÜX arVrZo {ZdS> hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoVo. g_J«mVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mg Z_wZm {ZdS>rV
99
A§V^y©V hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoVo. d Z_wZm `mÑ{ÀN>H$ ñdê$nmMm ~ZVmo. åhUyZ nmQ>Z} åhUVmV,
""g_J«mVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm Z_wZm {ZdS>rV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr Á`m nÜXVrV g_mZ g§YrMr ImÌr AgVo Ë`m
nÜXVrbm `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> Ago åhUVmV.''
gab `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo nwT>rb XmoZ à_wI àH$ma AmhoV.
A) bm°Q>ar nÜXVr> : (Lottery Method)
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm hm EH$ gmYm àH$ma Amho. `mV g_J«mVrb àËòH$ KQ>H$mg {d{eï> H«$_m§H$ XoD$Z ho
H«$_m§H$ doJdoJù`m H$mJXmda Zm|X{dbo OmVmV. (1,2,3,4..... `mà_mUo) H«$_m§H$ {b{hbo OmUmao H$mJX ho
EH$mM AmH$mamMo, EH$mM a§JmMo AgVmV. Ë`mMr KS>r EH$gmaIr KmVbobr AgVo. Z§Va `m {MQ²>R>`m
EImÚm ^m§S>çmV qH$dm {nedrV AJa noQ>rV Q>mHy$Z Ë`m EH$_oH$mV {_gië`m OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m
^m§S>çmVyZ Amnë`mbm hdm Agbobm {VVH$m Z_wZm S>mi o o ~§X H$éZ H$mT>Ê`mV òVmo. Ë`m_wio àËòH$
KQ>H$mMr Z_wÝ`mV g_mdoe hmoÊ`mMr g§^mì`Vm g_mZ ñdénmV amhVo.
~) {Q>noQ>g² Q>o~b nÜXVr> : (Tippets Table)
lr. Eg. Eg. gr. {Q>noQ> `m§Zr V`ma Ho$boë`m nÜXVrV Mma A§H$s g§»`m Agbobr 10400
AmH$S>çm§Mr `m{X V`ma Ho$br. Ë`mVrb n{hbo Mmirg Mma A§H$s A§H$ Imbr {Xbo AmhoV.
5624 2952 6641 3992 7792 7979 5911 3170
4167 9524 1545 1396 7103 5356 1300 2693
2370 7483 3408 2762 3563 1089 6313 7611
0560 5246 1112 6107 6008 8126 4433 8776
2754 9143 1405 9025 7002 6111 8816 6446
darb {Xboë`m Mma A§H$s A§H$mVyZ Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV gmonr Amho. VgoM g§emoYH$mMr
BÀN>m d Ë`mMm H$b Aem ì`ŠVr{Zð> {dMmam§Zmhr BWo Wmam {_iV Zmhr. `m nÜXVrMm dmna nwT>rbà_mUo
Ho$bm OmVmo.
1) g_J«mMr g§»`m 6000 Amho d Ë`mVyZ 20 KQ>H$ {ZdS>m`Mo AmhoV.
2) àËòH$ KQ>H$mbm 1 Vo 6000 Ago A§H$ {Xbo OmVmV.
3) `mZ§Va {Q>noQ> `m§Zr Mma A§H$s g§»`m Z_yX Ho$boë`m nwñVH$mMo H$moUVohr nmZ CKS>bo OmVo. d
Ë`mVrb 6000 nojm H$_r Agbobo H$moUVohr n{hbo 20 KQ>H$ {ZdS>bo OmVmV. darb CXmhaUmV Á`m
Z§~abm IyU Ho$br Amho Ë`m§Mm `mV g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. ho darb CXmhaUmVyZ {XgyZ òVo.
100
4.3.2 ~) ñV[aV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Stratified Random Sampling)
hr nÜXVr åhUOo `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm MmMUr d ghoVHy $ Z_wZm `m§Mo {_lU Amho. `m nÜXVrV g_J«mMo
dJuH$aU {d{dY JQ>mV Ho$bo OmVo. g_J«mVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m JwUY_m©V Ooìhm {^ÝZVm AgVo. Voìhm `m
nÜXVrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
gd© g_J«mMo dJuH$aU Ho$ë`mZ§Va {d{dY JQ> Ho$bo OmVmV. {d{dY JQ>mVrb AgUmao KQ>H$ `mÑpÀN>H$
nÜXVrZo {ZdS>bo OmVmV. Voìhm ñVarV Z_wZm {ZdS>rV `mÑpÀN>H$Vm AmhoM. CXmhaUmW©, CÚmoJY§ÚmVrb
H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`dñWmnZoVrb gh^mJmg§~§YrÀ`m à{V{H«$`m H$moUË`m AmhoV Vo nhm`Mo Amho. òWo
CÚmoJY§ÚmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo g_J«m§Mo - {d{dY JQ>mV dJr©H$aU hmoVo. CXmhaUmW©:- Hw$eb H$m_Jma, AY©
Hw$eb, AHw$eb, gw{e{jV, A{e{jV Ago JQ> ñÌr nwéf `m§À`mV H$aVm òVo.
`mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm MmMUrMo nwT>rb VrZ n«H$ma nS>VmV.
1) g_à_m{U gab `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
2) {df_à_mUr ñV[aV Z_wZm {ZdS>
3) ^mam§{H$V ñV[aV Z_wZm {ZdS>
ñV[aV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmibo nm{hOoV. `mgmR>r gVV à`ËZm§Mr JaO
Amho.
4.3.2 H$) ì`dñWm~Õ Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Systematic Random Sampling)
gab `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm hm WmoS>mgm doJim àH$ma Amho. `m nÜXVrZo Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aVmZm
gd© EH$H$m§Mr H«$_dma aMZm Ho$br OmVo. àËòH$ EH$H$mg {ZYm©[aV H«$_mZo AmoiIbo OmVo. CXmhaUmW©,
EImÚm _mohëë`mV amhUmè`m ì`ŠVr§Mr `mXr Ho$br. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ZmdmVrb n{hbo _wimja KoD$Z ì`ŠVrMm
pñWVr H«$_ bmdbm. d àËòH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mÀ`m pñWVr H«$_mZwgma A§H$ qH$dm Z§~a {Xbo. AemarVrZo
H«$_m§H$mMr Or `mXr ~ZVo {Vbm AmnU g_J«mMr Mm¡H$Q> (Frame Of Population) åhUy eH$Vmo. g_Om
Ë`m _mohëë`mV 1000 ì`ŠVr AgVrb d 100 ì`ŠVr {ZdS>m`À`m AgVrb, `mgmR>r àW_ AmnU
ì`ŠVrH«$_m§H$m_YyZ 1 Vo 10 _Yrb H$moUVmhr EH$ AmH$S>m `moJm`moJ nÜXVrZo KoD$. g_Om 6 hm AmH$S>m
{ZdS>bm Jobm Va 6 Z§Va XhmÀ`m A§VamZo AmH$S>o KoV Om`Mo, Ogo-
6,16,26,36,46..........976,986,996. Aem àH$mao 1000 AmH$mamÀ`m g_J«mV 6 nmgyZ gwédmV
H$éZ Z§Va e§â EH$H$ {ZdS>çmV òB©n`ªV Xhm XhmÀ`m A§VamZo Oo AmH$S>o òVrb VodT>o KoVë`mg Ë`m
AmH$S>çm§Mm g§Ho$V {Xë`m Joboë`m ì`ŠVr hmM Amnë`m BpÀN>V Z_wZm amhrb. Aem nÜXVrZo Z_wZm
{ZdS>Ê`mÀ`m nÜXVrg ì`dñWm~Õ - Z_wZm - {ZdS> åhUVmV.
ì`dñWm~ÜX Z_wZm {ZdS> hr n{hbm AmH$S>m nyUV© : `mX¥pÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo {ZdS>bm Agob VaM
g§^mì`Vm {ZdS> R>é eHo$b. _mÌ n{hë`m `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo AmH$S>m {ZdS>ë`mda BVa AmH$S>çm§Zm
101
(darb CXmhaUmV 6,16,26 qH$dm 20,30,40 B.) {ZdS>bo OmÊ`mMr H$mhrM eŠ`Vm ahmV Zmhr. hr `m
nÜXVrMr n«_wI _`m©Xm Amho.
4.3.2 S>>) EH$H$nw§O Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Cluster Sampling)
{demb àXoemV {dIwaboë`m _moR>çm bmoH$g§»òVyZ ñV[aV qH$dm gab `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo Z_wZm
{ZdS>Uo AdKS> AgVo. `m XmoÝhr nÜXVrZo {ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m Z_wÝ`mVrb EH$H$ Xyada ngabo OmÊ`mMr
eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m _wbmIVrgmR>r Xyada àdmg H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r n¡gm d doi `m§Mm
Anì`` hmoVmo. Xwgao åhUOo Xyada ngaboë`m CÎmaXmË`m§Zm doJdoJù`m _wbmIVH$mam§Zr {dMmaboë`m
àíZm§_Üò d CÎmaXmË`m§Zr {Xboë`m CÎmaXmË`m§À`m Zm|XrV gmaIonUm ahmV Zmhr. {edm` joÌ-H$m`©H$Ë`m©da
XoIaoI R>odUo H$R>rU hmoVo. `m_wio ì`mnH$ à_mUmV Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gìh}jUmV EH$H$ nw§O Z_wZm - {ZdS
nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
`m nÜXVrV àW_ g_J«mVyZ {demb ñdénmMo JQ> V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. ho JQ> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ qH$dm
gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao nmS>bo OmVmV. `m _moR>çm JQ>mVyZ gab `mX¥pÀN>H$ qH$dm ñVarV-`mÑpÀN>H$
nÜXVrZo Z_wZm òVmo. `m Z_wÝ`mV Oo JQ> g_m{dï> hmoVmV Ë`m§À`mVyZ `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo Z_wZm {ZdS>Ê`mV
òVmo. Aem àH$mao {ZdS>boë`m Z_wÝ`mg EH$H$-nw§O Z_wZm-{ZdS> åhUVmV.
g_Om g§emoYZ H$Ë`m©g _hmamï´> amÁ`mVrb nXdrnyU© _hm{dÚmb`rZ {dÚmÏ`mªMm Aä`mg H$am`Mm
Amho. `mgmR>r EH$H$nw§O Z_wZm-{ZdS> nÜXVrZo Z_wZm {ZdS>Ê`mgmR>r g§emoYZ H$Ë`m©g nwT>rb nm`è`m§Mm
Adb§~ H$amdm bmJob.
1) àW_ _hmamï´> amÁ`mVrb gd© {dÚmnrR>m§Mr `mXr V`ma H$aUo d `mX¥pÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo `m `mXrVyZ
H$mhr {dÚmnrR>m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.
2) {ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m àËòH$ {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m AIË`marV òUmè`m _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr `mXr V`ma
H$aUo. d `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo `m EH§$Xa _hm{dÚmb`m_YyZ H$mhr _hm{dÚmb`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo.
3) {ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m gd© _hm{dÚmb`mVrb nXdrnyU© {dÚmÏ`mªMr `mXr V`ma H$aUo. `m `mXrV
g_Om 5000 {dÚmWu Agbo d Aä`mg H$aUmè`mbm XmoZeoM {dÚmÏ`mªMo AÜ``Z H$amd`mMo Agbo Va
gab `mÑpÀN>H$ dm ñV[aV `mX¥pÀN>H$ nÜXVtMm Cn`moJ H$éZ 5000 n¡H$r 200 {dÚmÏ`mªMr {ZdS> H$aUo.
Aem arVrZo Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV g§emoYZH$Vm© {demb Aem Z_wZm - JQ>m_§ YyZ N>moQ>çm Z_wZm -
JQ>m§H$S>o diVmo d eodQ>r EH$H$m§À`m Ano{jV, Z_wÝ`mn`ªV nmohmoMVmo. `m nÜXVrV doJdoJù`m nXmVyZ Omdo
bmJVo. åhUyZ `mbm ~hþnXmg (Multi Stage) Z_wZm {ZdS> åhUVmV.
`m nÜXVrVrb _hËdmMm Xmof åhUOo g_J«mVyZ EH$H$mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm g_J«mVrb EH$H$m§À`m gd©
g§^mì` OmoS>çm§Zm Ë`m g_J«mMm Z_wZm åhUyZ {ZdS>bo OmÊ`mMr g_mZ g§Yr {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio
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`mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {díbofUmV Á`mà_mUo gdm©V OmñV g§^mì` Z_wZm-_yë` (Sample Value) hoM
g_J«mMo _yë` Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ òVo. Vgo Vo EH$H$ny§O Z_wZm-{ZdS>rV AmT>iV Zmhr.
EH$H$ny§O-Z_wZm nÜXVrV H$mhr Xmof Agbo Var ~MV hm {deof \$m`Xm Agë`m_wio {demb
ñdénmMm gìh}jUmV ny§O Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
4.3.2 B>) ~hþñVar` Z_wZm [ZdS> : [ZdS> : (Multi Stage Sampling Method)
Á`mdoiog g§emoYZ joÌ {dñVm[aV Agob, g_J«mMm AmH$ma _moR>m AgVmo Aem doigo g§emoYZ joÌmbm
AZoH$ gOmVr` joÌmV {d^m{OV Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mn¡H$s hdr VodT>r CnjoÌ {ZdSy>Z {ZdS>boë`m CnjoÌmn¡H$s
àËòH$ CnjoÌ hì`m VodT>çm JQ>mV {d^mJyZ Ë`mn¡H$r H$mhr JQ> {ZdS>Ê`mV òVmV. `m bhmZ joÌmVrb
`mÑpÀN>H$ {ZdS> nÜXVrZo {ZdSy>Z KoVboë`m àËòH$ KQ>H$mbm Aä`mgmMo EH$H$ åhUyZ {ZdS>bo OmVo.
CXmhaUmW©, ^maVmVrb J«m_n§Mm`V ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$am`Mm Agob Va Aä`mgH$[aVm ^maVmMr
{d^mJUr CÎma-X{jU, nyd©-npíM_ Aer Ho$br OmVo. àËòH$ joÌmVyZ EH$ amÁ` {ZdS>Ê`mV òVo. Ogo
n§Om~, amOñWmZ, Amgm_, Am§Y« àXoe. àËòH$ amÁ`mVyZ EH$ {Oëhm, àËòH$ {OëømVyZ EH$ VmbwH$m d
àËòH$ VmbwŠ`mVyZ VrZ Jmdm§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV òVo. hr {ZdS> Ho$ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb {d{^ÝZ àm§VmVrb
n§Mm`VrÀ`m H$m`©n«UmbrMr VwbZm H$aVm òUo eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo.
òWo EH$ ~m~ _hËdmMr AgVo Vr åhUOo àËòH$ AdñWoda Z_wZm {ZdS> `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. Aem àH$mao AZoH$ ñVamda Z_wZm `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVrZo bmJy Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo `m
nÜXVrg ~hþñVar` Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
4.3.2 B©) ~ìødpñW` Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Multiphase Sampling)
~è`mMXm Z_wÝ`mVrb H$mhr EH$H$m§Zm H$mhr àíZ OmñV {dñVmanyd©H$ {dMmaUo d ~mH$sMr _m{hVr nyU©
Z_wÝ`mVyZM Jmoim H$aUo OmñV gmo`rMo d Cn`wŠV AgVo. `m nÜXVrg ~ìô`dñWr` Z_wZm-{ZdS> åhUVmV.
{ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m Z_wÝ`mVrb gd© EH$H$mnmgyZ AmnUmg Or _wb^yV _m{hVr àmßV hmoVo Vr
Z_wÝ`mVrb Cn{d^mJm§À`m H$mhr bjUm§er VmSy>Z nmhVm òVo. d AemàH$mao Z_wÝ`mMm à{V{ZYrH$nUm
AmnUmg nmaIVm òVmo. AmUIr EH$ _hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo, `m_wio CnZ_wÝ`mMo ñVarH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©
gwH$a hmoVo. H$maU Z_wZm-MmMUrÀ`m n{hë`m AdñWoV AmnU Or _m{hVr àmßV H$aVmo Vr CnZ_wZm (Sub-
Sample) nmS>Ê`mnyduM g§H${bV H$aVm òVo.
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo H$moUVo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV?
2) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> åhUOo H$m`?
103
3) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo CnàH$ma H$moUVo?
4) g_J«mVyZ EH$H$m§Mr Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$moUË`m nÜXVrV gm§JVm òVo?
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Jmiboë`m OmJm âm.
1) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrìXmao {ZdS>bobm Z_wZm ........ AgVmo.
A) `mo½` ~) A`mo½` H$) n«{V{ZYrH$ S>) AMyH$
2) Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m ......... `m àH$mamV EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo gd©ñdr emoYH$Ë`m©À`m ñdmYrZ
AgVo.
A) bm°Q>ar nÜXVr ~) {Q>H$Q> nÜXVr H$) gab `mÑpÀN>H$ nÜXVr S>) J«rS> nÜXVr
3) ............ `m Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV EH$H$mMr Z_wÝ`m_Üò g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm X¡dmda
Adb§~yZ AgVo.
A) J«rS> ~) bm°Q>ar H$) H$moQ>m S>) ghoVyH$
4.3.3 J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm [ZdS> : (Non-Probability Sampling)
J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rV g§emoYH$ Amnë`m _VmZwgma Z_wÝ`mMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. g_J«mVrb H$moUË`m
KQ>H$mMm Z_wÝ`mV A§V^m©d H$am`Mm ho g§nyU©V: g§emoYH$mÀ`m ñdmYrZ AgVo. _mÌ Z_wZm {ZdS>rV
g_J«mVrb àËòH$ EH$H$mMr Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr g§^mì`Vm H$m` Agob `mMm AmnUmg H$mhrM
A§XmO bmdVm òV Zmhr. åhUOoM n«ËòH$ EH$H$mg Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr H$mhr Zm H$mhr
à_mUmV Var amhrb, `mMr H$mhrM emídVr `m àH$maÀ`m Z_wZm {ZdS>rV ZgVo. gXa Z_wZm hm g_J«mMm
à{V{ZYr R>é eH$V Zmhr. hr Z_wZm {ZdS> gmonr, gmo`rMr, doi, n¡gm, l_ dmMdUmar Agbr Var gXa
Z_wÝ`mdéZ H$mT>Ê`mV Ambobo {ZîH$f© AMyH$ AgVrbM ho gm§JVm òV Zmhr. `m Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm dmna
JwUmË_H$ ñdénmMm AÝdofUmË_H$, {díbofUmA§VJ©V H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo nwT>rb _hËdmMo àH$ma AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$é.
1) gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS>
2) ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
3) H$moQ>m Z_wZm {ZdS
4) ñZmo~m°b Z_wZm {ZdS>
5) ñdo{ÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
`m J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m àH$mam§Mo g{dñVa ñnï>rH$aU nmhÿ`m.>
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4.3.3 A) gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Convenience Sampling)
gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV g§emoYH$ Z_wÝ`mMr {ZdS> Amnë`m gmo`rZwgma H$arV AgVmo. `m
nÜXVrV \$mago nyd©{Z`moOZ Ho$bo OmV Zmhr. g§emoYZH$Vm© Ajae: Ë`mÀ`m hmVmer òVrb, Ë`mbm
gmo`rñH$a dmQ>Vrb Aem ì`ŠVtMr Z_wÝ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo {ZYm©[aV Ho$boë`m g§»òn`ªV {ZdS> H$arV OmVmo.
CXmhaUmW©, {d{eï> dñVyÀ`m Om{hamVrMm bmoH$m§da H$m` n[aUm_ Pmbm ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r 100
ì`ŠVtMr _wbmIV ¿`m`Mr Ago g§emoYZH$Ë`m©Zo R>a{dbo Va añË`mÀ`m EH$m ~mOyZo MmbVmZm Ë`mbm
OodT>çm _m{hVr XoÊ`mg BÀNw>H$ ì`ŠVr ôQ>Vrb Ë`m§MrM Vmo Z_wZm åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aob d {ZdS> Pmboë`m
ì`ŠVtMr g§»`m {ZYm©[aV _`m©Xon`ªV nmohmoMbr H$s Wm§~b o . qH$dm EImÚm ZmQ>H$mÀ`m à`moJm{df`r
àojH$m§Mr _Vo OmUyZ KoVmZm ZmQ>çJ¥hmV à`moJ nmhÊ`mgmR>r Amboë`m àojH$m§À`m _wbmIVr g§emoYH$ KoV
Agob Va Vmo gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm Agob. AWm©V Ë`mV {H$VnV _m{hVr {_iob ho gm§JVm òD$ eH$V Zmhr.
åhUyZ Ooìhm AÝdofUmË_H$ g§emoYZ H$amd`mMo Agob, g§emoYZm~m~V àmW{_H$ _m{hVr O_m H$am`Mr
Agob, J¥{hVH¥$Ë` _m§S>UrH$aVm A§XmO ¿`m`Mm Agob, àíZmdbr V`ma H$aUo~m~V qH$dm {ZarjU H$go
H$amdo `mg§~§Yr àmW{_H$ _m{hVr {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r `m nÜXVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV òVmo.
Aem àH$mao AÜ``ZmgmR>r ì`ŠVrMm Omo Z_wZm {ZdS>Ê`mV òB©b Ë`mV Z_wZm-gamgar d gm_J«mMr
gamgar `mVrb \$aH$ {H$Vr Agob ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm H$mhrM _mJ© ZgVmo. g§emoYZmgmR>r `mo½` Aem
EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$arV Agë`mZo Vo EH$H$ BVam§nojm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© R>aVmV. d Ë`m§Mo gImob AÜ``Z H$aUo
eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. g§emoYH$mbm g_J«m~m~V gImob _m{hVr Agob g§emoYZmMo C{Ôï> ñnï> Agob Va
à{V{ZYrH$ nÜXVrZo {ZdSy>Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo gmono OmVo. \$ŠV g§emoYH$mZo Amnbr _Vo d nyd©J«h Z_wZm
{ZdS>rV òUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJob.
4.3.3 ~) ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Purposive Sampling Method)
g§emoYH$ Á`mdoiog {deof CÔoemZo g_J«mVyZ H$mhr EH$H$m§Zm Z_wZm åhUyZ {ZdS>Vmo Voìhm Ë`m {ZdS>rg
ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS> åhUVmV. `mV g§emoYH$ Amnbo g§emoYZ S>moù`mg_moa R>oD$Z Ë`m Ñï>rZo g§emoYZ joÌmMr
OmUyZ ~wOyZ {ZdS> H$aVmo Voìhm EH$Xm g§emoYZmMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌ {ZpíMV H$ê$Z g§emoYH$ g§emoYZmMm
Aä`mg H$aVmo. CXmhaUmW©, EImÚm ehamV Pmboë`m X§JbrMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§emoYH$ g_J«mVyZ Ho$di
Ago EH$H$ {ZdS>ob H$s OoWo X§JbrMr Pi nmohmoMbr Amho. Omo à^mJ X§JbJ«ñV Amho.
ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS>rA§VJ©V g§emoYH$ g§emoYZmgmR>r `mo½` Aem EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$arV Agë`mZo Vo
EH$H$ BVam§nojm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© R>aVmV. d Ë`m§Mo gImob AÜ``Z H$aUo eŠ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. \$ŠV g§emoYH$mZo
Amnbr _Vo d nyd©J«h Z_wZm {ZdS>rV òUma ZmhrV `mMr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
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4.3.3 H$) H$moQ>m qH$dm ~hþ{hñgm Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Quota Sampling)
H$moQ>m Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr hr J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m nÜXVrn¡H$r A{YH$ emñÌewÜX nÜXV
Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m§_Yrb _VXmZmdarb AÜ``ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V dmnaë`m OmUmè`m Z_wZm
{ZdS>rÀ`m nÜXVr_Üò H$moQ>m Z_wZm-{ZdS> nÜXVrMm gdm©V OmñV dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. `m nÜXVrMm dmna
H$amd`mMm Agob Va g§emoYH$mbm g_J«m~ÔbMr _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Amho. H$maU g_J«mMo à{Vén R>aob
Agm Z_wZm {ZdS>Uo ho `m nÜXVrMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. g_J« Ooìhm {d{dY ñVamV {d^m{OV AgVmo Voìhm
g_J«mÀ`m ñVam§Mr {ZpíMVr H$éZ Ë`m ñVam§Mo g_J«mV {H$Vr à_mU Amho d `m à_mUmZwgma {H$Vr KQ>H$
¿`m`Mo ho R>adyZ Ë`m à_mUmV àËòH$ ñVamVyZ KQ>H$ {ZdS>Ê`mV òVmV. gd©gmYmaUV: g§emoYZ {df`mÀ`m
g§~§{YV KQ>H$ _hËdmMo dmQ>VmV. Ë`mMr {ZdS> H$éZ H$moQ>m R>adyZ {Xbm OmVmo. d Ë`m§À`mM _wbmIVr
KoÊ`mV òVmV. åhUyZM Ë`m nÜXVrg H$moQ>m nÜXVr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. H$moQ>m nÜXVr hr ghoVyH$ Z_wZm d
ñV[aV Z_wZm `m§Mo {_lU Amho.
CXmhaUmW©, EImÚm ehamVrb Ym{_©H$ X§JbrMm Aä`mg H$moQ>m Z_wZm nÜXVrZo H$am`Mm Pmë`mg
àW_ Ë`m ehamV Y_mªMr g§»`m {H$Vr Amho `mdéZ Z_wZm {ZdS>VmZm H$moQ>m R>a{dÊ`mV òVmo.
g_Om g_J«mV 15000 ì`ŠVr AmhoV Ë`mV 10000 nwê$f d 5000 pñÌ`m AmhoV Ë`mgmR>r H$moQ>m
R>a{dVmZm 2:1 Ago nwê$f ñÌr à_mU R>a{dÊ`mV òB©b. Ë`mZ§Va Y_m©Mo à_mU H$go Amho `mdéZ H$moQ>m
R>a{dbm OmVmo. g_Om Ë`mV 80 Q>ŠHo$ qhXy, 10 Q>ŠHo$ _wpñb_ d 10 Q>ŠHo$ BVa Y_r©` AgVrb Voìhm
g_J«mVyZ darbà_mUo 10 Q>ŠHo$ n«_mU {ZpíMV H$éZ H$moQ>m {ZpíMV hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
g_Om EImÚm g§emoYH$mg ~rS> d Cñ_mZm~mX {Oëô`mVrb D$gVmoS> H$m_Jmam§À`m e¡j{UH$ XOm©Mm
Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Agob Va gXa {Oëô`mV EHy$U D$gVmoS> H$m_Jma {H$Vr AmhoV, Ë`mVrb {H$Vr
H$m_Jmam§n¡H$s H$moUË`m VmbwŠ`mV {H$Vr D$gVmoS> H$m_Jma AmhoV, Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr emgH$s` AmH$S>odmarìXmao
KoD$Z Ë`m à_mUmAmYmao H$moQ>m R>a{dÊ`mV òB©b. d Z§Va g§emoYH$ Amnë`m _Vmà_mUo KQ>H$m§Mr {ZdS>
H$aob.
4.3.3 S>) ñZmo~m°b Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Snow Ball Sampling Method)
g§emoYH$mbm Á`mdoir g§emoYZmMm g_J« _m{hV ZgVmo Aemdoir CÎmaXmË`mn`ªV nmohmoMUo H$Rr>U H$m_
AgVo. åhUyZ g§emoYH$ Ë`mbm CnbãY hmoVrb, VodT>o CÎmaXmVo (EH$H$) g_moa R>oD$Z g§emoYZ gwé H$aVmo.
Z§Va OgOgo CÎmaXmVo CnbãY hmoVrb VgVgm Z_wZm dmT>V OmVmo. Z_wÝ`mMr {ZdS> hiyhiy dmT>V OmV
Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ñZmo~m°b Z_wZm {ZdS> Ago åhUVmV.
CXmhaUmW©, nËZrda hmoUmè`m emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ N>im~Ôb g§emoYZ H$aVmZm àW_ Ë`mbm n[a{MV
AgUmam Z_wZm àmßV hmoVmo d Z§Va Ë`m_Üò EHo$H$ N>im~m~VÀ`m àH$mam§Mr â nS>V OmVo. H$maU hr
_m{hVr AË`§V JwßV ñdénmMr AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§emoYH$ CÎmaXmË`m§n`ªV nmohmoMUo H$R>rUM AgVo.
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4.3.3 B) ñdopÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> : (Volunteer Sampling)
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV H$mhr doiobm g§emoYZmgmR>r Z_wÝ`mMr {ZdS> Ho$br OmV Zmhr. Va
g§emoYZm{df`r g§~§{YV ì`ŠVr ñdV: Ë`m g§emoYZmMo KQ>H$ ~ZyZ Z_wÝ`mV EH$H$ åhUyZ gm_rb hmoVmV. `m
g§emoYZmA§VJ©V g§emoYH$ bmoH$m§Zm g§emoYZmg§~§Yr _m{hVr XoÊ`mñVd AmìhmZ H$aVmo. Oa `m AmdmhZmbm
à{VgmX XoD$Z ì`ŠVr _m{hVr XoÊ`mg Amë`m Va Ë`m ì`ŠVrMr ehm{Zem H$éZ Ë`mZo {Xbobr _m{hVr
g§emoYZmH$aVm Cn`moJmMr Agob Va Vr ì`ŠVr AmnmoAmnM Ë`m g§emoYZmMm Z_wZm ~ZVo. åhUyZ `m
nÜXVrbm ñdopÀN>H$ qH$dm ñd`§M`VrV Z_wZm {ZdS> Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.
gmYmaUnUo _moR>m AmH$mamMm Z_wZm {ZdS>Ê`mg Vmo g_J«mMo `mo½` à{V{Z{YËd R>é eH$Vmo d Ë`mVyZ
{ZKUmao {ZîH$f© A{YH$ {dídmgnyU© AgVmV. g_Om EH$H$ bhmZ joÌmA§VJ©V gm_mdbobo AgVrb Va
Z_wZm _moR>m ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio Aä`mg H$aUo gmono OmVo. g§emoYZmV àíZmdbrMm Cn`moJ H$amd`mMm
Agob Va Z_wÝ`mMm AmH$ma _moR>m Agbm Var MmbVmo. eodQ>r `m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$éZM Z_wÝ`mMm
AmH$ma R>a{dUo JaOoMo AgVo. {dídgZr` Z_wÝ`mdaM g§emoYH$mMo è Adb§~yZ AgVo.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.
1) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> åhUOo H$m`?
2) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo H$moUVo XmoZ àH$ma A{YH$ àM{bV AmhoV?
3) H$moUË`m nÜXVrìXmao {ZdS>boë`m Z_wÝ`mVrb MwH$m§~m~V H$moUVmM A§XmO ~m§YVm òV Zmhr?
4) VwbZmË_H$[aË`m H$moUVr nÜXVr AemñÌr` ñdénmMr Amho?
5) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr H$moUË`m g§emoYZ AmamIS>çmgmR>r A{YH$ Cn`wŠV Amho?
~) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z Jmibobo eãX âm.
1) g_J«mVyZ àËòH$ EH$H$mMm Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr g§^mì`Vm gm§JVm òV Agob Va Ë`mg
......... nÜXVr åhUVmV.
A) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> ~) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>
H$) gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> S>) ñV[aV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
2) .......... Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV g§emoYH$ Z_wÝ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m g§»òn`ªVÀ`m
ì`ŠVrMr {ZdS> ñdV:À`m BÀN>oZwgma H$aVmo.
A) H$moQ>m ~) J«rS> H$) gmo`rñH$a S>) ñd`§{Zdm©{MV
107
4.4 gmam§e :
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>Ê`mV Amboë`m {dídmMm qH$dm g_J«mMm
Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. Aem doir Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr Cn`moJr nS>Vo. Á`m_wio doi, l_ d n¡gm `m§Mr
~MV hmoVo. {dídgZr` _m{hVr {_i{dUo Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Z_wZm {ZdS>rÀ`m CÔoe, d d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U _wb^yV
AmYmamdê$Z ho bjmV òVo. g_whmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Ho$di AeŠ` Agë`mZoM Z_wZm
{ZdS> H$amdr bmJVo. Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo \$m`Xo nmhVm ho bjmV òVo.
Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. EH$ g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr Am{U Xwgam
J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr hmo`. Z_wZm {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m XmoÝhr nÜXVtMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo gai `mX¥pÀN>H$ Z_wZm ñVarV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm ho n«_Iw CnàH$ma nS>VmV.
Ë`mM~amo~a ì`dñWm~ÜX Z_wZm, EH$H$nw§O Z_wZm, ~hþñVar` Z_wZm, d ~ìô`dñWr` Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr ho
g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo BVa àH$ma AmhoV. Am{U J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm d ghoVyH$
Z_wZm {ZdS> ho XmoZ à_wI CnàH$ma AmhoV. Ë`mM~amo~a H$moQ>m Z_wZm, ñZmo~m°b Z_wZm d ñdopÀN>H$ Z_wZm
{ZdS> nÜXVr ho J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo BVa àH$ma AmhoV.
gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmV darb XmoÝhr nÜXVr dmnaë`m OmVmV. g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV
àm{V{ZYrH$Vm, AMyH$Vm d {dídg{Z`Vm AgVo. Va J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV AMyH$VoMr j_m
nmVir d ~MV AgVo.
g§^mì`Vm Z_wÝ`mdéZ H$mT>Ê`mV Amboobo {ZîH$f© ho A{YH$m{YH$ {dídgZr` ñdénmMo Agy eH$VmV.
Am{U J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> gmonr, gmo`rMr, doi-n¡gm-l_ dmMdUmar Agbr Var gXa Z_wÝ`mdéZ
H$mT>Ê`mV Ambobo {ZîH$f© {dídgZr` R>aV ZmhrV na§Vw `m Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm dmna JwUmË_H$ ñdénmMm
AÝdofUmË_H$ d {díbofUmA§VJ©V H$aÊ`mV òVmo. AWm©V XmoÝhr Z_wZm {ZdS>rV H$mhr _`m©Xm Agë`m Var
g§emoYZmgmR>r \$m`Xoerahr AmhoV.
4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao :
A) 1) g§emoYZ {dídmVrb EH$H$m§Mr EHy$U g§»`m åhUOo g_J« hmo`.
2) g_J«mVrb (g_yhmVrb) EH$H$m§Mm EH$ N>moQ>mgm JQ> åhUOo Z_wZm hmo`.
3) n«m. E. Eg. ~mD$bo `m {dMmad§VmZo Z_wZm nÜXVrMm àW_ dmna Ho$bm.
4) Z_wZm nÜXVrMr gwadmV 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbr.
~) 1) {dñV¥V AmH$mamÀ`m g_yhmbm bKw à{V{ZYr åhUOo Z_wZm Aer ì`m»`m JwS> d h°Q> `m§Zr
Ho$br Amho.
108
2) Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMr gwadmV 19 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbr.
A) 1) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> d J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> ho Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV.
2) g_J«mVrb àËòH$ EH$H$mbm Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm g§»`memñÌr`ÑîQ>çm Ë`mdoir
gm§JVm òVo Voìhm `m àH$mambm g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr Ago åhUVmV.
3) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo àm_w»`mZo gmYm / gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm d ghoVyH$ Z_wZm
{ZdS> nÜXVr Ago XmoZ CnàH$ma AmhoV.
4) g_J«mVyZ EH$H$mMr Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV gm§JVm
òVo.
~) 1) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrìXmao {ZdS>bobm Z_wZm n«m{V{ZYrH$ AgVmo.
2) Z_wZm {ZdS>rMm gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> `m àH$mamV EH$H$m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo gd©ñdr
emoYZH$Ë`mªÀ`m ñdmYrZ AgVo.
3) bm°Q>ar `m Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrV EH$H$mMr Z_wÝ`m_Üò g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm X¡dmda
Adb§~yZ AgVo.
A) 1) g_J«mVrb àËòH$ EH$H$mMr Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Á`m àH$mamV gm§JVm òV
Zmhr Ë`mg J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr åhUVmV.
2) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo àm_w»`mZo gmo`rñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS> d ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS> ho
XmoZ àH$ma A{YH$ àM{bV AmhoV.
3) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm nÜXVrìXmao {ZdS>boë`m Z_wÝ`mVrb MwH$m§~m~V H$mhrM A§XmO ~m§YVm òV
Zmhr.
4) VwbZmË_H$[aË`m J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr AemñÌr` ñdénmMr Amho.
5) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr hr AÝdoeUmË_H$ d {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``ZmV A{YH$ Cn`wŠV
Amho.
~) 1) g_J«mVyZ àËòH$ EH$H$mMm Z_wÝ`mV g_m{dï> hmoÊ`mMr g§^mì`Vm gm§JVm òV Agob Va Ë`mg
J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr Ago åhUVmV.
2) gmo{`ñH$a Z_wZm {ZdS> `m nÜXVrV g§emoYH$ Z_wÝ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agboë`m g§»òn`ªVÀ`m
ì`ŠVrMr {ZdS> ñdV:À`m BÀN>oZwgma H$aVmo.
109
4.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :
A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {bhm.
1) Z_wZm åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ `m nÜXVrMo CÔoe, VËdo d \$m`Xo {deX H$am.
2) g§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVrMo {d{dY n«H$ma ñnï> H$am.
3) J¡ag§^mì`Vm Z_wZm {ZdS>rMo {d{dY CnàH$ma {deX H$am.
~) WmoS>Š`mV Q>rnm {bhm.
1) gai `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr
2) gmo`rñH$a d ghoVyH$ Z_wZm {ZdS> nÜXVr
3) ñVarV `mÑpÀN>H$ Z_wZm {ZdS>
4.7 joÌr` H$m`©
Vw_À`m _h{dÚmb`mVrb ~r. E. ^mJ - 1 À`m {dÚmÏ`mªn¡H$r 25 {dÚmWu bm°Q>ar nÜXVrZo {ZdS>m.
4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ :
1) ^m§S>maH$a nw.b., gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr, _hmamï´> J«§W {Z{_©Vr _§S>i, ZmJnya, 1976.
2) S>m°. ZmS>Jm|S>o JwéZmW, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr, \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ H$moëhmnya, 1986.
3) Wilkinson & Bhandarkar, Methodology and Techniques & Social Research,
Himalaya Pub., Bombay.
4) S>m°. {Xbrn I¡aZma, àJV gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr d gm§{IH$s, S>m`_§S> npãb. ZmJnya 2011.

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H I

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

gÌ-3 : nona H«$_m§H$ SOC 06

E_. E. ^mJ-2 : g_mOemñÌ

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

l àm. S>m°. Oo. EM. H$amS>o l S>m°. a_oe qhXþamd nmQ>rc

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àm. S>m°. E_. Eg. qeXo 2

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àm. X`mdVr nmS>iH$a 4

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2. gm_m{OH$ d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZ 15

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2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` Ano{jV Amho.

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ñd`§ _yë`_mnZmgmR>r àíZ {Xcoco AgyZ Ë`m§Mr Ano[jV CÎmaohr XoÊ`mV

1.0 KQ>H$ g§aMZm

Aä`mg {df`mMm ì`márda d ÑpîQ>H$moUmda (Macro) ~¥hV d gyú_bjr (Micro) {gÕm§VmMo

H$m°åVZo _mZdr {dMmam§À`m CËH«$m§Vr_Yrb hr Xþgar _hËdmMr AdñWm nwT>rbà_mUo ñnîQ>

Ooìhm Am§Va{H«$`oMr à{H«$`m hr à{VH$m§À`mda AmYmabobr AgVo, Aem Am§Va{H«$`obm

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2. gwZrb _m`r - gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÜXVr

2) gm‘m{OH$ g§emoYZ nÕVr-à{Xn AmJbdo

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