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    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Ali
    1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

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    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Ali
    9 views15 pages
    1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

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    1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views15 pages

    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Ali
    1. Fluid machinery includes pumps and turbomachines. Pumps apply mechanical energy to generate fluid flow or increase pressure, or both. There are two main types - positive displacement machines that confine fluid in a varying chamber, and turbomachines that use rotary motion like fans and propellers. 2. Centrifugal pumps work by fluid entering axially and being directed radially outward by impeller blades, increasing velocity and pressure. Common configurations have backward-curved impeller blades. Performance is shown by curves of pressure head, power, and efficiency versus flow rate. 3. Cavitation can occur if the liquid vaporizes in the pump. The net positive suction head parameter characterizes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Fluid Machinery

    Fluid Machinery

    • A pump is a machine whose purpose is to


    apply mechanical energy to a fluid,
    thereby generating flow, or producing a
    higher pressure, or both

    • There are two principal types of fluid


    machines:
    1. positive displacement machines
    2. turbomachines.
    Positive displacement machines
    a fluid is confined in a chamber whose volume is varied
    Turbomachine
    involve rotary motion. Window fans and aircraft propellers
    Centrifugal Pumps

     Fluid enters the pump casing axially.


     It then encounters the impeller blades that direct the flow
    tangentially and radially outward into the outer part of the
    casing and is then discharged.
     The fluid experiences an increase in velocity and pressure
    as it passes through the impeller.
     The discharge section, which is doughnut shaped, causes
    the flow to decelerate and the pressure to increase further
     The impeller blades shown have a backward-curved shape,
    which is the most common configuration.
    Centrifugal Pumps
    We now focus on the control volume designated in Figure 14.3

    For steady, adiabatic flow with no viscous work, becomes


     Using the energy equation, neglecting friction losses

    𝑃2 − 𝑃1
    𝑊𝑠 = −𝑚
    𝜌
     the efficiency, can now be expressed in broad terms as the
    ratio of actual output to required input. For a centrifugal
    pump the efficiency, designated h, is:

    Power added to the fluid


    𝜂=
    Shaft power to the impeller
    Shaft Power (flow exiting a centrifugal pump impeller)
     Power delivered to the fluid is:

    𝑚
    𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚𝑟2 𝜔 𝑟2 𝜔 − cot 𝛽2
    2𝜌𝜋𝑟2 𝐿
     To reduce friction losses:

    𝑣𝑟1 = 𝑟1 𝜔 tan 𝛽2
     Remember:
    𝑚
    = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿𝑣𝑟1
    𝜌
    Typical Performance Curve
    Typical Performance Curve

     Pressure head, brake horsepower, and efficiency are all


    shown as functions of volumetric flow rate.
     It is reasonable to choose operating conditions at or near
    the flow rate where maximum efficiency is achieved.
     See Example 1
    Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
     A major concern in pump operation is the
    presence of cavitation.
     Cavitation occurs when a liquid being pumped
    vaporizes or boils.
     If this occurs, the vapor bubbles that have been
    formed cause a decrease in efficiency and, often,
    structural damage to the pump that may lead to
    catastrophic failure.
     The parameter designated net positive suction
    head (NPSH) characterizes the likelihood for
    cavitation to occur.
     At the suction
    side of the
    NPSH impeller, where
    pressure is lowest
    thus the location
    where cavitation
    will first occur,
    the NPSH can be
    expressed as:
    𝑃𝑣 𝑣𝑖2 𝑃𝑖
    NPSH + = +
    𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
     Subscript i denotes
    inlet conditions and
    𝑃𝑣 is liquid vapor
    pressure
    NPSH  Applying the energy eq:

    𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2 𝑣22
    = 𝑦2 + + + ℎ𝐿
    𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

     Then:

    𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑣
    NPSH = − 𝑦2 − − ℎ𝐿
    𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

     See Example 2

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