WS Atkins & Partners Overseas

Exposure and Pressure Coefficients Wind Coefficients

0 Exposure from Extents of Rigid Diaphragms Effec Speed, Ve (m/sec)
O Exposure from Area Objects
Size Effect Factor, Ca

Dyn Augment Factor, Cr

Wind Exposure Parameters

Wind Direction Angle

Front Coeff, Cp 0.8

Rear Coeff, Cp 0.3

Modify/Show Exposure Widths...

Exposure Height —

Top Story ST0RY4

Bottom Story BASE

F~1 Include Parapet Cancel

Parapet Height

ED Effective Speed: The effective wind speed shall be determined as per Clause
2.2.3 of BS 6399-2. The Site Wind Speed (Vs) required for this calculation shall
be taken as 26 m/secfor Dubai in lieu of reliable wind tunnel studies.
CD Size Effect Factor: The size effect factor shall be determined from Clause
2.1.3.4 of BS 6399-2.
Dynamic Augmentation Factor: The dynamic augmentation factor shall be
determined from Clause 1.6.1 and Fig.3 of BS 6399-2.

Note 1- An approved design spreadsheet may be used to reliably calculate all the
parameters of BS 6399 wind load data.

Note 2- As per BS 6399-97, Part-2 provisions of Section 2.1.3.7, accidental torsional

effects on the buildings may be accounted for by displacing the wind loads on each
face horizontally by 10% of the face width from the centre of the face. This can not be
directly taken into account in ETABS and needs to be applied manually. For this
purpose, wind loads may be determined as per note-1 and then applied to the
building as a User Defined Load in Auto Lateral Load drop-down menu. Refer to
Section 7.4.2 for more details.

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WS Atkins & Partners Overseas

5.4.2. Extracting Wind Loads from Wind Tunnel Test Results

The results of a reliable wind tunnel test may be used in lieu of the codified values for
wind analysis in ETABS. These loads are generally calculated by recognized wind
tunnel testing laboratories based on the dynamic properties of the structure as
modelled during the preliminary or concept design stages. Wind loads are reported
as separate load cases that should be combined through the set of load
combinations as reflected in the wind tunnel report. It is important to note that these
loads shall be applied to the analytical model at the same reference points that were
initially defined for the wind tunnel consultant. Moreover since the Wind consultants
generally carry out their calculations at the center of the diaphragm of each floor, it is
recommended that these points are taken in locations where are as close to the
center of mass of diaphragm as possible.
Wind loads obtained from wind tunnel studies may be defined in ETABS as a User
Defined Lateral Load. A separate wind load case shall be defined representing the
load case as per wind tunnel report. The load values may directly be copied from a
spreadsheet. Various load combinations shall also be defined accordingly. The
following figures show an example of defining user defined wind load cases.

Static Load Case Names

Loads Click To'

SeV Weight Auto
Add New Load
Load Type Multiplier Lateral Load
WIND WIND m 0 User Defined
I Modfyload I
PDIAD DEAD 1
LIVE LIVE 0
Modify Lateral Load...
IWIND I 10 U. I I User Defined

Delete Load

OK
Cancel

User Wind Loads on Diaphragms

Story Diaphragm FX FY MZ X-Ord Y-Ord -
TOP D1 353.1 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-C:
55TH(R00F) Dl 219.9 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0:
54TH|BAR] D1 237 6 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-05
53TH(REST] D1 246 2 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-K
52TH(SERVICE] D1 241.7 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0-
51 TH D1 185.8 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
50TH D1 181 5 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0:
49TH D1 177 3 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
48TH Dl 174.9 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429EK
47TH D1 170 9 0. 0. 18.1392 •7.429E-0:
46TH D1 1B7. 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
45TH D1 163.2 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-K
44TH Dl 159.5 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-C-
43TH D1 157 4 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
42TH D1 153.9 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
41 TH D1 1505 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
4DTH D1 147 3 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0:
39TH 01 145 2 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-0;
38TH D1 1422 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-CE
37TH Dl 1782 0. 0. 18.1392 -7.429E-05 T
O f T i ifr»rn\ « m tn< c i o 1

I OK I [ Cancel ]

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WS Atkins & Partners Overseas

5.5 Earthquake Loads

The earthquake effects shall be determined based on the provisions of UBC 97, Chapter 16. The
Response Spectrum Method shall be used for all buildings with more than 12 storeys in height as
per JAFZA requirements. However, the results of response spectrum analysis may be scaled to
the Equivalent Static Force Method as per Clause 1631.5.4 of UBC 97. Therefore, the Equivalent
Static Force Method shall be initially used. The following subsections review the basic parameters
required in ETABS.

5.5.1 Equivalent Static Force Method

5.5.1.1 Define Earthquake Parameters as per UBC 97

Loads Click T o
Self Weight Auto Add New Load ~]
Load Type Multiplier Lateral Load
EQX QUAKE • UBC 97 Modify Load J
DEAD DEAD 1
LIVE LIVE 0 | Modify Lateral Load... j
I EQX I L° 1 BOCA 96
tbt! iuuLl c Delete Load 3
IBC2003
NEHRP97 _
Chinese 2002 Si r-aK—i
| Cancel ]

Direction and Eccentricity Seismic Coefficients

O X Dir O Y Dir ® Per Code O U efined
Dir + Eccen Y O Y Dir + EccenX
Soil Profile TJJ BB_ _
Dir-E ccenY O Y Dir-Eccen X

cc. Ratio (All Diaph.)

Seismic Zon
User Defined Ca
All
Override Diaph. Eccer 1 1 ^ vverride...
en J User Defined Cv 0.25

Time Period Near Source Factor

O Method A • Per Code User Defined
® Program Calc Seismic Source Type 1
O User Defined Dist to Source (km)

Story Range User Defined Na

Top Story User Defined Nv

Bottom Story

Factors Other Factors

Overstrength Factor, R Importance Factor

u
[ Cancel ]

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 WS Atkins & Partners Overseas

The parameters that need to be defined in this form are briefly described below:

| / |o Direction and Eccentricity: Use the % Eccentricity edit box to specify a value for
eccentricity. Five percent is the default and is entered as 0.05. The eccentricity options
have meaning only when diaphragms have been assigned to joint/point or shell/area
objects. The program ignores eccentricities where diaphragms are not present.

Note that since the Equivalent Static analysis is often used for scaling the Response
Spectrum parameters, the eccentricities need only be calculated for both directions with
only one direction of eccentricity (i.e. X+e and Y+e )
y x

\2 I ° Time Period: If using the Program Calculated option, the C, coefficient shall be input in
Imperial units. This value shall be taken as 0.02 for RC Shear Walls and 0.03 for RC
Moment Resisting Frames.

Story Range: By default the bottom story is the base of the building and the top story is
the uppermost level of the building,
o In most instances, specify the top story as the upper-most level in the building,
typically the roof. However, in some cases, a lower level may be chosen. For
example if a penthouse is included in the model, it may be best to calculate the
automatic lateral load based on the roof level, excluding the penthouse roof level, as
the top story, and then add in additional user-defined load to the load case to account
for the penthouse.
o The bottom level would typically be the base level. However, if, for example, a
building has several below-grade levels, and the seismic loads are assumed to be
transferred to the ground at ground level, it may be best to specify the bottom story to
be above the base of the building.

Note: No seismic loads are calculated for the bottom story. They are calculated for the
first story above the bottom story and for all stories up to and including the top story.

Overstrength Factor: Determine the strength reduction factor as per UBC 97, Table16-
N based on the structural system used. For Bearing Shear wall system use a value of
R=4.5 and for Building frame system with shear walls use R=5.5. Refer to Section 1629.6
of UBC 97 for definition of different structural systems. In general, if the majority of gravity
loads are taken by the shear walls, take R=4.5.

Note: For structures where more than one system is used throughout all or part of the
structure, the provisions of UBC 97 for Dual systems shall be met. Alternatively, one
system may be assumed to take all the lateral loads and the other is taken as a building
frame system. For such cases, the lateral forces need to be scaled up to ensure that all
the lateral loads are carried by respective system.

• o Seismic Coefficient: For Dubai, the seismic zone 2A (corresponding to z=0.15) is taken
unless otherwise stated by a site-specific seismic hazard study approved by local
authorities. The Soil profile type shall be taken from the site soil investigation
report. [Note: Most geotechnical consultants recommend soil profile type S for Dubai]
c

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