KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NO.1 CUTTACK

Chemistry Investigatory Project(2023-24)

Topic:- working of galvanic cell

Submitted by Rudra Prasad sethy of Class XII-A:

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Chita Ranjan Tripathy PGT(chemistry)
Table of Contents

• Certificate
• Acknowledgement
• Aim of the Project
• Introduction
• Theory
• Apparatus Required
• Conclusion
• Bibliography

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Certificate

This is to certify that Rudra Prasad sethy of class 12

has successfully completed the project work on
chemistry for class XII practical examination of the
Central Board of Secondary Education in the year
2023-2024. It is further certified that this project is
the individual work of the candidate.

Subject teacher’s Signature

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Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my Chemistry teacher, Dr. Chita Ranjan Tripathy as
well as our Principal sir Mr. A B Pandey who gave me
this opportunity to do this project on the topic working
of galvanic cell. It helped me in doing a lot of research
and through it I came to know about so many new
things. I am really thankful to them.

Secondly I would like to thank my parents and friends

who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the
limited time.

I would also like to thank the CBSE board for giving

me this opportunity to explore beyond the regular
NCERT textbook.

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AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the working principles, components,
and applications of galvanic cells. By delving into the
realm of electrochemistry, the project seeks to:
1. **Uncover Fundamental Principles:**
- Explore the redox reactions occurring at the anode
and cathode.
- Investigate the electron flow through the external
circuit, elucidating the conversion of chemical energy
into electrical energy.
2. **Examine Essential Components:**
- Define and analyze the roles of the anode, cathode,
electrolyte, and salt bridge in facilitating the
functioning of a galvanic cell.
3. **Understand Cell Potentials:**
- Introduce the concept of standard electrode potential
and its significance in determining the cell potential.

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 - Explain the calculation of cell potential using
standard electrode potentials.
4. **Highlight Applications:**
- Emphasize the practical applications of galvanic
cells, with a primary focus on their role in batteries.
- Showcase their relevance in powering electronic
devices, electric vehicles, and various energy storage
systems.
5. **Explore Variations and Advancements:**
- Investigate different types of galvanic cells, such as
Daniel cells, fuel cells, and microbial fuel cells, to
showcase the diversity of applications.
- Discuss ongoing research and advancements aimed
at overcoming challenges and improving the efficiency
and sustainability of galvanic cells.

6. **Address Factors Affecting Cell Performance:**

- Examine the impact of concentration and
temperature on the performance of galvanic cells.

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 - Provide insights into how these factors influence
reaction rates and overall cell efficiency.
7. **Promote Scientific Understanding:**
- Foster a deeper understanding of the scientific
principles governing galvanic cells, enabling individuals
to appreciate their role in technological advancements.

By achieving these aims, the project aims to equip

individuals with the knowledge necessary to
comprehend the inner workings of galvanic cells,
recognize their vital role in our daily lives, and
appreciate the ongoing efforts to enhance their
efficiency and sustainability.

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INTRODUCTION

A galvanic cell, also known as a voltaic cell, is an electrochemical device that

converts chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions. In this
chemistry project, we will explore the fundamental principles, components, and
working mechanisms of a galvanic cell in detail.

The galvanic cell, a cornerstone in electrochemistry, holds paramount

significance in numerous applications, most notably as the core technology
behind batteries. In our modern world, where portable electronic devices,
electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage systems are ubiquitous, a
profound comprehension of galvanic cells is crucial. These electrochemical
devices serve as the powerhouse that converts chemical energy into the
electrical energy required to fuel our technological advancements and daily
lives.

The pervasive use of batteries in devices ranging from smartphones to electric

cars underscores the practical importance of galvanic cells. Understanding their
working principles is essential for optimizing battery performance, extending
lifespan, and developing new generations of energy storage solutions. Delving
into the intricacies of galvanic cells not only enriches our scientific knowledge
but also directly impacts the efficiency and sustainability of the technologies
we rely on.

This project aims to unravel the mysteries of galvanic cells, shedding light on
their fundamental mechanisms, components, and applications. As we embark
on this exploration, we will navigate through the intricate world of redox
reactions, electrode potentials, and the factors influencing cell performance. By
the project’s conclusion, it is my hope that you will gain a profound
appreciation for the galvanic cell’s role in shaping the landscape of modern
energy storage and understand how its principles drive innovation across
diverse fields.

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THEORY
1. **Introduction to Electrochemistry:**

- Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the interconversion of

chemical and electrical energy. Galvanic cells, also known as voltaic cells, are key
devices in electrochemistry.

2. **Redox Reactions:**

- At the heart of galvanic cells are redox reactions. Oxidation occurs at the anode,
where a substance loses electrons, and reduction takes place at the cathode, where a
substance gains electrons.

- Example: In a standard galvanic cell, the oxidation of zinc (Zn) at the anode and
the reduction of copper ions (Cu²⁺) at the cathode occur:

3. **Electron Flow:**

- Electrons released during oxidation travel through the external circuit from the
anode to the cathode, creating an electric current.

- The salt bridge facilitates the flow of ions between the half-cells, maintaining
charge neutrality.

4. **Cell Potentials:**

- Standard electrode potential ( ) is a measure of a substance’s tendency to gain or

lose electrons. The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is used as a reference with an
assigned ( ) of 0 V.

- The cell potential ( ) is the voltage generated by the galvanic cell and is
calculated as the difference between the ( ) values of the cathode and anode.

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5. **Applications of Galvanic Cells:**

- Batteries: Galvanic cells are the foundation of batteries, providing a portable and
efficient source of electrical energy.

- Electric Vehicles: Rechargeable galvanic cells power electric vehicles, contributing

to sustainable transportation.

- Renewable Energy Storage: Galvanic cells play a vital role in storing energy from
renewable sources for later use.

6. **Variations of Galvanic Cells:**

- Daniel Cell: A common example where zinc and copper electrodes are immersed in
solutions connected by a salt bridge.

- Fuel Cells: Galvanic cells that continuously convert chemical energy from fuel into
electrical energy.

- Microbial Fuel Cells: Utilize microbial activity to generate electrical energy.

7. **Factors Affecting Cell Performance:**

- **Concentration:** The rate of redox reactions is influenced by reactant

concentrations in the electrolyte.

- **Temperature:** Higher temperatures generally increase reaction rates,

affecting cell efficiency.

8. **Challenges and Future Developments:**

- Challenges include limited cell lifespan and environmental concerns associated

with certain cell components.

- Ongoing research focuses on improving materials, exploring sustainable

alternatives, and enhancing overall cell performance.

In summary, this theoretical overview provides a foundation for understanding the

intricate workings of galvanic cells, their applications, and the factors influencing
their efficiency. The subsequent sections of the project will delve into specific
aspects, offering a more detailed exploration of this fascinating realm of
electrochemistry.

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 • Apparatus Required
The experimental investigation of galvanic cells requires a set of apparatus to
facilitate the observation and measurement of various parameters. Here is a list of
essential apparatus for conducting experiments related to the project on the working
of galvanic cells:

1. **Electrodes:**

- Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) electrodes for a basic galvanic cell setup.

- Electrodes should be clean and free from contaminants to ensure accurate results.

2. **Electrolyte Solutions:**

- Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) solution for the anode compartment.

- Copper sulfate (CuSO₄) solution for the cathode compartment.

- These solutions provide the necessary ions for the redox reactions to occur.

3. **Salt Bridge:**

- A U-shaped tube filled with a concentrated electrolyte solution (e.g., KCl).

- Facilitates ion flow between the anode and cathode compartments, maintaining
charge neutrality.

4. **Multimeter:**

- To measure voltage (potential difference) across the terminals of the galvanic cell.

5. **Conductivity Probe:**

- Measures the conductivity of the electrolyte solutions.

- Useful for exploring the impact of concentration on cell performance.

6. **Thermometer:**

- To monitor and control the temperature during experiments.

- Temperature variations can influence reaction rates and overall cell efficiency.

7. **Containers for Half-Cells:**

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 - Separate containers for the anode and cathode compartments.

- Should be non-reactive and compatible with the chosen electrolyte solutions.

8. **Wire and Crocodile Clips:**

- Connecting wires to establish the external circuit between the electrodes.

- Crocodile clips secure the wires to the electrodes.

9. **Potentiostat (Optional):**

- Advanced equipment that allows precise control of the cell potential.

- Useful for more detailed and controlled experiments.

10. **Safety Gear:**

- Safety goggles and gloves to protect against any potential hazards when working
with chemicals.

11. **Lab Notebook:**

- To record experimental procedures, observations, and results.

12. **Chemicals:**

- Reagent-grade chemicals, including zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, potassium

chloride, and others as needed for specific experiments.

13. **Stirring Rod:**

- For uniform mixing of electrolyte solutions, ensuring consistent reaction

conditions.

14. **Power Source (e.g., Power Supply):**

- For experiments requiring controlled variations in voltage.

By assembling and utilizing these apparatus, researchers and students can conduct
experiments that showcase the principles and behaviors of galvanic cells, providing
valuable insights into their functionality and contributing to a deeper understanding
of electrochemistry.

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Apparatus arrangement

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CONCLUSION
**Conclusion: Unveiling the Power Within – Understanding Galvanic Cells**

In traversing the intricate landscape of galvanic cells, this project has

illuminated the fundamental principles and practical applications that
underscore the significance of these electrochemical wonders. As we conclude
our exploration, several key takeaways emerge:

1. **Foundations of Electrochemistry:**

- We commenced our journey by unraveling the essence of electrochemistry,

delving into the transformative interplay between chemical and electrical
energy within galvanic cells.

2. **Redox Revelations:**

- The heart of the galvanic cell beats with redox reactions, where oxidation
at the anode and reduction at the cathode orchestrate the dance of electrons,
ushering in a flow of electrical current.

3. **Cell Potentials and Voltage Symphony:**

- Through the lens of standard electrode potentials, we deciphered the

language of cell potential, understanding how the concert of chemical
reactions orchestrates the voltage that powers our devices.

4. **Applications Shaping Our World:**

- The practical ramifications of galvanic cells extend far beyond the

laboratory. From batteries energizing our portable gadgets to electric vehicles
propelling us into a sustainable future, galvanic cells are the unsung heroes of
modern technological marvels.

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5. **Diverse Variations and Advances:**

- The project explored the rich tapestry of galvanic cells, from the classic
Daniel cell to cutting-edge fuel cells and microbial fuel cells, demonstrating
the versatility of electrochemical systems in diverse applications.

6. **Influencing Factors and Challenges:**

- As we probed the factors influencing cell performance, we confronted

challenges such as limited lifespan and environmental concerns. The intricate
dance of concentration and temperature revealed the delicate balance
required for optimal cell efficiency.

7. **Ongoing Quest for Excellence:**

- The project touched upon the ongoing quest for excellence, as scientists
and researchers strive to improve materials, explore sustainable alternatives,
and extend the capabilities of galvanic cells.

In essence, our exploration of galvanic cells has not only deepened our
scientific understanding but has also underscored the integral role they play in
powering our contemporary lives. As we navigate the currents of
electrochemistry, let this project serve as a beacon, guiding future endeavors
towards more efficient, sustainable, and innovative electrochemical solutions
that continue to shape the world of tomorrow.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.embibe.com
• www.britannica.com
• wikipedia.org
• Class 12 NCERT Textbook

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