Physics Investigatory Project Updated

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
CBSE 2023-24
BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH

MEDIUM SCHOOL.
PROJECT-LOGIC GATES
NAME – AYUSH KUMAR LENKA

CLASS – XII
SEC – C
ROLL NO -
GUIDED BY : MR. LAXMIDHAR MALLIK
MR. PRADEEP ACHARYA
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that AYUSH KUMAR LENKA

of class XII-C(Science) bearing roll number has
successfully prepared her project work on "LOGIC
GATES" for All India Secondary Certificate
Examination, under my guidance in Physics
Department of BJEM SCHOOL for the
academic year 2023-24.
Signature of External Signature of Internal

Examiner Examiner
BIODATA
NAME : AYUSH KUMAR LENKA
CLASS : XII
SECTION :C
ASSICE ROLL NO. :
TOPIC : LOGIC GATES : AND , OR
EXAMINATION : AISSCE
SESSION : 2023-24
SCHOOL – BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH
MEDIUM SCHOOL
GUIDED BY :
1. MR. PRADEEP ACHARYA
2.MR. LAXMIDHAR MALLICK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of the project successfully
many people have bestowed upon me their
blessings and heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with the project. I would like to thank
my principal Ms. Sandhya Jena, my vice principal
Mrs. Pallabi Mohapatra and my Physics teachers
Mr. Laxmidhar Mallik and Mr. Pradeep acharya,
whose valuable guidance helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success. Their
suggestions and their instructions have served as
the major contributor towards the completion of
the project. I would also like to thank my parents
and friends whose suggestions and guidance was
helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
AYUSH KUMAR LENKA CLASS-XII-
C
CONTENTS
SL NO. TOPIC PG
NO.
1 aim of the experiment
2 requirements
3 THEORY
4 PROCEDURE
5 OBSERVATION TABLE
6 PRECAUTION
7 CONCLUSION
Aim of the experiment
To design AND, OR logic gate circuits

using switches ,battery and bulbs.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. A battery
2. Torch bulb(6v)
3. Two switches
4. Connecting wires
THEORY
GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit
which follows some logical relationship between
the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit
which either allows a signal to pass through or
stop it. The logic gates are building blocks at
digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level into
another according to some logic statement relating
to them.
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated

with the input and output, which represents the
statement of Boolean algebra. Although these
circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic Devices like a P-N
junction diode, a resistance and an N-P- N
transistor. We have three different type of logic
gates and they are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.
1. AND GATE
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y
as the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output . In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y o r A X B=Y
This
indicates that Y equals to A and B.
The bulb will glow or be ON when both

switches A and B are closed or ON. When
either switch A or switch B are open or OFF
state and 1 represents closed or ON state.
2. OR GATE
It is a device that combines A and B to give
Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more
inputs and one output . In Boolean algebra,
addition symbol (+), is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
It is obvious from the switching circuit that bulb
will glow (state 1)when either switch A or B or
both are closed. The bulb will not glow or be OFF
(state-0) when both the switches are OFF (state 0).
3. NOT GATE:
It is a device that inverts the inputs . The
NOT has one input and has one output . In
Boolean algebra, bar symbol is
referred as the NOT. When switch is open
(state 0), then current from the battery will
flow through the circuit and the bulb will
glow or be ON (state 1). When switch is
closed (state 1), the bulb will not glow or be
OFF (state 0). The truth table for NOT gate
IS shown below. In this table 0
represents open or OFF state and 1
represents closed or O.
Procedure
Working of or gate
The switches A and B were not plugged in and the
bulb did not glow Only switch A was plugged in
and then the glow of the bulb was recorded. Only
switch B was plugged in and the bulb glow was
recorded.
The switches A and B both were both plugged and
the glow was recorded.
WORKING OF AND GATE

The switches A and B were not plugged in and the
bulb did not GLOW Only switch A was plugged in
and the bulb did not glow
Only switch B was plugged in and the bulb did not
glow. The switches A and B both were both
plugged in and the glow was recorded in the bulb.
WORKING OF NOT GATE
The switch A was plugged in and the bulb did not
glow.
The switch A was not plugged in and the bulb
glow was recorded.
OBSERVATION
1. OR GATE
A B BULB GLOW
OFF OFF NO
OFF ON yes
On off yes
On on yes
2. and gate
A B BULB GLOW
OFF OFF NO
OFF ON no
On off no
On on yes
3. not gate
A BULB GLOW
OFF yes
on no
precaution
1. The connections should be neat and tight
2. The ends of the connecting wires should be
cleaned properly with the help of sand paper.
3. Care should be taken while handling
electrical equipments.
conclusion
OR gate is equivalent to two or more switches
connected in parallel . AND gate is equivalent to
two or more switches connected in series. NOT
gate is equivalent to a switch connected across a
battery.
BIBILOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com
www.scienceworld.com
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH

NAME – AYUSH KUMAR LENKA

This is to certify that AYUSH KUMAR LENKA

Signature of External Signature of Internal

To design AND, OR logic gate circuits

Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated

The bulb will glow or be ON when both

WORKING OF AND GATE

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