10 TH

First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
1. National Movement was spreading in New areas in

1919 and incorporating new social groups and
developing new modes of struggle.
2. Mahatma Gandhi came to India and The Idea of
Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the
need to search for truth.
3. He advocated that physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor.
4. In 1916, He travelled to Champaran in Bihar to
inspire the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.
The Idea of Satyagraha
1. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January,
1915. His heroic fight for the Indians in South
Africa was well-known. His novel method of mass
agitation known as Satyagraha had yielded good
results.
2. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of
truth and the need to search for truth.
3. In 1916, Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to
inspire the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.
4. In 1917,crops field in Kheda district of Gujrat, but
the government refused to remit land revenue and
insisted on its full collection.
5. In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi intervened in a dispute
between workers and mill owners of Ahmedabad.
He advised to workers to go on strike and to
demand a 35% increase in wages.
6. Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into close touch with
the workers in the urban areas.
The Rowlatt act
1. When the Rawlatt act 1919, was passed hurriedly
through the Imperial Legislative Council inspire of
unanimous opposition of the Indian members,
Gandhiji’s patience comes to an end.
2. Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience
against such unjust laws, which would start with a
hartal on 6th April.
3. 6th April 1919 was observed as Satyagraha Day
when people all over the country observed fast and
hartal.
4. 1919, the country witnessed a remarkable political
awakening in India.
5. Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and
Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
6. On 10th April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a
peaceful procession, provoking widespread attacks
on banks.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
1. A large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of
Jalliawalla Bagh.
2. People came to protest against government’s
repressive measure while some came to attend the
annual Baisakhi fair.
3. General Dyer entered the area. Blocked the exit
points and opened fire on the crowd, killing
hundreds.
4. The government responded with brutal repression
seeking to humiliate and terrorise people.
5. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the
ground, crawl on the streets and do Salaam (salute)
to all Sahibs.
Khilafat movement
1. Rowlatt Satyagraha had been a widespread
movement, it was still limited mostly to cities and
towns.
2. Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a
more broad based movement in India.
3. But he was certain that no such movement could be
organized without bringing the Hindus and
Muslims closer together.
4. The First World War had ended with the defeat of
Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh
peace treaty was going to be imposed on the
Ottoman Emperor, who was the spiritual head
(Khalifa) of the Islamic world.
5. The Muslims of India decided to force Britain to
change her Turkish policy.
6. A Khalifa Committee was formed under the
leadership of Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and
Hasrat Mohani.
7. A young generation of Muslim leaders like the
brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali began
discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the
possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
Differing strands within the movement:
1. Rebellion in the countryside: – From the cities, the
noncooperation movement spread to the
countryside. After the war, the struggles of
peasants and tribal were developing in different
parts of India.
2. One movement here war against talukdars and
landlords who demanded from peasant exorbitantly
high rents and a variety of other cesses.
3. Peasants had to do begar. The peasant movement
demanded reduction of revenue, an abolition of
begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
4. Oudh Kisan Sabha was setup headed by.
Jawaharlal Nehru and other, within a month, over
300 branches had been set up by the villagers.
5. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of
Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in yet
another way.
6. The colonial government had closed large forest
areas preventing people from entering the forests to
graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
7. Alluri Sitaram Raju Claimed that he had a variety
of special powers. He asserted that India could be
liberated only by the use of force.
Towards Civil Disobedience
1. Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement in 1922.
2. The movement was turning violent in many places
and satyagarhis needed properly trained for mass
struggle.
3. CR Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj
Party within the Congress to argue for a return to
council politics.
4. Salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the
nation.
5. Salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers.
6. Finally, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to
call off the movement and entered into a pact with
Irwin on 5 March 1931.
7. Participants saw the movement in different angle
such as Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar
Pradesh.
8. To organise business interest, formed the Indian
Industrial and commercial congress in 1920 and
Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce
and Industries (FICCI).
9. Gandhi called to Untouchable that is Harijan,
Children of God.
The Sense of Collective Belonging
1. Nationalist Movement Spreads when people
belonging to different regions and communities
begin to develop a sense of collective
belongingness. The identity of a nation is most
often symbolized in a figure or image.
2. This image of Bharat Mata was first created by
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in 1870 when he
wrote ‘Vande Mataram ‘ for our motherland.
Indian folk songs and folk sung by bards played an
important role in making the idea of nationalism. In
Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore and in Madras,
Natesa, Sastri collection of folk tales and songs,
which led the movement for folk revival.
3. During the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-color ( red,
green and yellow ) flag was designed in Bengal. It
had eight lotuses representing eight provinces and a
crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
4. Means of creating a feeling of nationalism was
through reinterpretation of history. The nationalist
writers urged the readers to take pride in India’s
great achievements in the past and struggle to
change the miserable conditions of life under
British rule.

10 TH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 TH

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 TH

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation

1. National Movement was spreading in New areas in

You might also like