Module 2

The Nature of Mathematics

Mathematical Language
and Symbols

Mathematics in the Modern World

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Overview

Mathematics as a language is composed of vocabularies consisting of symbols, words,

and grammar as well as a set of rules on the proper usage of the said elements. One needs to
learn and understand the mathematical language in order to think, comprehend, and to
communicate mathematically. There are two forms that can be used in communicating
mathematically: verbal and written, each may be either formal or informal.

Several reasons for using mathematical language are:

a. Statements of mathematics are clear;

b. Statements of mathematics are completely precise;
c. Statements of mathematics are concise;
d. Statements of mathematics are free from vagueness and ambiguities of ordinary
speech.

This module covers the lessons identified as the most essential under Chapter 2:
Mathematical Language and Symbols. Here, you will learn about set operations, propositions,
logical connectives, predicate, and quantifiers. Exercises are also provided to help you practice
and master the knowledge and skills necessary for your attainment of the learning outcomes.
How much you have learned from the said lessons will be determined in the last part of this
module. Have fun learning!

Learning Outcomes

After completing the study of this module, you should be able to:
Illustrate the language, symbols, and conventions of Mathematics through examples;
Explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
Justify that mathematics is a useful language through citing concrete examples of its
applications;
Perform the operations on sets using proper notation;
Draw and interpret Venn diagrams of set operations, and use Venn diagrams to solve
problems on sets;
Determine the truth values of propositions at any context; and
Construct tables to determine the truth values of propositions;

Initial Activity (Accessing Prior Knowledge)

Answer the following questions:

 What is a language?
 What are the components of a language?
 Why do you think is mathematics considered a language?

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A. Set Operations

Set theory is about identifying relationships between things that are grouped together for
some reason. The word set was first formally used in 1879 by Georg Cantor, a German
mathematician, to refer to a well-defined collection of objects. Each object in a set is called an
element or a member of the set. For instance, if C is the set of all regions in the Philippines, then
Region IV B MIMAROPA is an element of C.

Sets often have relationships with other sets. For example, you are a member of both the
set of college students and the set of students taking college math course. You could be in the
set of freshmen or in the set of sophomores, but not in both. You might be in the set of students
living off campus and the set of students who walk to class. Maybe you’re in the set of students
who eat lunch in the canteen and the set of students who think that egg sandwiches are too
bland, but not in the set of people who put ketchup in their food. In such cases, a system for
displaying and organizing all of these complicated connections between sets will come in
handy through studying set theory.

Below are the operations involving sets.

1. Union of Sets
If A and B are any two sets, the union of A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set
containing of all the elements that are found in A or in B or in both A and B. In symbols,
A ∪ B = {x ǀ x ∈ A or x ∈ B }.

Examples:

a. Let A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
b. Let D = {German Shepherd, Labrador} and E = {Bulldog, Rottweiler}
D ∪ E = {German Shepherd, Labrador, Bulldog, Rottweiler}

Note: Elements common to both sets are listed only once in the union.

The inclusive “or” in the definition means that if x ∈ A ∪ B, then at least one of these
conditions must be true: x can be found in A; or x can be found in B; or x can be found in A and
in B.

The figures below illustrate the union of two sets.

A B A B

A and B are overlapping sets. A and B are disjoint sets.

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A B
B A

B is contained in A. A is contained in B.

Try this!

Three experimental medications are being evaluated for safety. Each has a list
of side effects that has been reported by at least 1% of the people trying the
medication. This is a blind trial, so the medications are simply labeled A, B, and C. The
side effects for each are listed below.

A = {nausea, night sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet}

B = {weight gain, nausea, nervousness, blurry vision, fever, trouble sleeping}
C = {dry mouth, nausea, blurry vision, fever, weight loss, eczema}

Find each requested set.

1. A ∪ B
2. A ∪ C
3. A ∪ B ∪ C

2. Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set of all elements
common to both A and B. In symbols,
A ∩ B = {x ǀ x ∈ A and x ∈ B }.

Examples:

a. Let A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

A ∩ B = {4}
b. Let D = {German Shepherd, Labrador} and E = {Bulldog, Rottweiler}
D∩E={}

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The following figures illustrate the intersection of two sets.

A B
A B

A and B are overlapping sets. A and B are disjoint sets.

A B
B A

B is contained in A. A is contained in B.

Try this!

Using the same situation from , find each of the following:

1. A ∩ B
2. B ∩ C
3. A ∩ B ∩ C

3. Set Complement
The complement of a set is the set whose elements are found in the universal set but
are not found in the given set. The universal set (U) is the set which contains the elements of
all sets being considered. If A is the given set, then its complement A’ would have elements
in U that are not in A. In symbols,

A’ = {x ǀ x ∈ U and x ∉ A } or A’ = {x ǀ x ∈ (U - A)}.

Examples:

a. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and A = {1, 3, 5, 7}

A’ = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
b. Let U = {PSU college students} and A = {PSU engineering students}
A’ = {PSU college students who are not taking up engineering}

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A’ is represented by the shaded region in the figure below.

UU
A

Try this!

Going back to our sets of side effects from , recall that these were reported
by at least 1% of users. The universal set below is the set of all side effects reported by
ANY users. Use this to find the following sets.

U = {nausea, night sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet, weight gain,
blurry vision, fever, trouble sleeping, weight loss, eczema, motor mouth,
darting eyes, uncontrollable falling down}

1. A’ ∩ C’ 2. (A ∩ B)’ ∩ C 3. B’ ∪ (A ∩ C’)

4. Set Difference
The difference of set A from set B, denoted by B – A, is the set of all elements of set B
that are not in set A. The difference of set B from set A, denoted by A – B, is the set of all
elements of set A that are not in set B.
Examples:

Let A = {1, 2, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

B – A = {3, 5, 6}
A – B = {1, 2}

B-A A-B

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Try this!

Once more, using the sets from , find each set below:

1. A – B
2. B – C
3. (A – B) – C

Application Problem: A PE instructor at Palawan State University conducted a survey to

determine the favorite sports of 84 students in her 2 freshmen classes. The individual
interviews showed the following: 44 liked basketball, 30 liked volleyball, 27 like football, 15
liked both basketball and volleyball, 9 liked both volleyball and football, 10 liked both
football and basketball, 5 liked all three sports. How many of the students did not like any
of the three sports? Liked basketball only? Liked football but not volleyball?

Solution:

n(B ∪ F ∪ V)’ = 12
n(B – (F ∪ V)) = 24
n(F – V) = 18

Among 84 students, 12 did not like any of the three

sports, 24 liked basketball only, and 18 liked football but
not volleyball.

There is another set operation considered in this section. Forming this new set involves a
much different process than forming the union, intersection, or complement of sets.

Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered pair consisting of a and
b together with the specification that a is the first element of the pair and b is the second
element. Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product of A and B, denoted A x B and read “A cross
B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b), where a is in A and b is in B. Symbolically:

A x B = {(a, b)|a ∈ A and b ∈ B}.

Examples:

Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}.

a. Find A x B.

A x B = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, u), (1, v), (2, v), (3, v)}

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b. Find B x A.

B x A = {(u, 1), (u, 2), (u, 3), (v, 1), (v, 2), (v, 3)}

c. Find B x B.

B x B = {(u, u), (u, v), (v, u), (v, v)}

d. How many elements are in A x B, B x A, and B x B?

A x B has six elements. Note that this is the number of elements in A times the
number of elements in B. B x A has six elements, the number of elements in B times the
number of elements in A. B x B has four elements in B times the number of elements in
B.

Let U = the set of real numbers. The coordinates axes are formed by two intersecting
perpendicular lines in order to graph U x U.

Try this!

Let Y = {a, b, c} and Z = {1, 2}.

1. Find Y x Z.
2. Find Z x Y.
3. Y x Y.
4. How many elements are Y x Z, Z x Y, and Y x Y?

Learning Check
Activity # 1

A. Given: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
D = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Find the following:

1. A ∪ B
2. A’∩ B
3. (B’∪ C) ∪ D

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4. D – C’
5. (A ∪ D’)’

B. Workers are grouped into various categories. Set E is the set of workers under 20
years old, Set F is the set of foreign workers, and Set M is the set of male workers.
Describe the following sets in words:

a. E ‘ b. F ∩ M c. E ∪ M d. E ∩ F ∪ M

C. Solve the following problems using formulas and Venn diagram.

1. A survey of 100 college students revealed the following information about

their enrolment in Mathematics, Political Science, and Sociology courses.
Twenty-six take Mathematics; 65 take Political Science; 65 take Sociology;
14 take Mathematics and Political Science; 13 take Mathematics and
Sociology; 40 take Political Science and Sociology; 8 take Mathematics,
Political Science and Sociology.

a. How many students take Mathematics as their only course?

b. How many students did not take any of the three courses?
c. How many students were taking Mathematics and Sociology, but not
Political Science?
d. How many students did not take either Mathematics or Political
Science?

2. After a genetic experiment, the number of pea plants having certain

characteristics was tallied, with the results as follows: 22 were tall; 25 had
green peas; 39 had smooth peas; 9 were tall and had green peas; 17 were
tall and had smooth peas; 20 had green peas and smooth peas; 6 had all
three characteristics; and 4 had none of the characteristics mentioned.

a. Find the total number of plants counted.

b. How many plants were tall and had peas that were neither smooth nor
green?
c. How many plants were not tall but had peas that were smooth and
green?

D. Let S = {2, 4, 6} and T = {1, 3, 5}. Use the roster notation to write each of the
following sets, and indicate the number of elements that are in each set:

a. S x T b. T x S c. S x S d. T x T

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B. Propositions

A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true (denoted by either T or 1) or

false (denoted by, but not both. As a declarative sentence, it expresses a complete thought
with a definite meaning.

Examples:
1. The main campus of Palawan State University is in Puerto Princesa City.
2. Quezon City is the capital of the Philippines.
3. Benguet is a part of the Cordillera Administrative Region.
4. 1 + 1 = 2.
5. 2 + 2 = 3.

Take a look at this case:

Every even integer greater than 4 is a sum of two odd primes. (Goldbach’s conjecture)

So far, no one has been able to prove that Goldbach’s conjecture is true. At the same
time, no one has proved that it is false. Nevertheless, it is a proposition because it is either true
or false, but not both.

Try this!

Which of the following are propositions? Give the truth value of the
propositions.
1. Check your solution.
2. A square is quadrilateral.
3. August is the 9th month of the year.
4. Have a nice day!
5. 5x + 1 = 2.

A simple proposition conveys a single idea (like the examples above) while a compound
proposition conveys more than one idea. Compound propositions are formed from existing
propositions using logical operators or connectives. A logical connective is a word or symbol
that joins two sentences or propositions to produce a new one.

Examples of compound propositions:

s: I am old and still strong.
t: Either you are sick or will come to the party tonight.
n: If you study hard then you will pass the course.

The table below shows the different logical connectives and the corresponding key
words and symbol used.

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Type Connective (Key Word) Symbol

Conjunction and ∧
Disjunction or ∨
Implication or
If…then… →
Conditional
Biconditional …if and only if… ↔
Negation not ~

Learning Check
Activity # 2

Identify the propositions among the given statements. Write P if the statement is a
proposition, and Not P if not. Give the truth value of the propositions.

1. How far is Unitop from NCCC? 6. There are 31 days in December.

2. There is life on Mars. 7. How are you feeling?
3. x - 2 = 2x, when x = -2. 8. Don’t speak when your mouth is full.
4. You made it! 9. Mixing blue and yellow produces red.
5. Iran is a country in the Middle East. 10. 2x + 1 = 5.

C. The Conjunction

Definition: If two propositions are joined together by the connective and, the resulting
compound proposition is called a conjunction. The propositions composing conjunction
are called conjuncts.

The symbol used to mean “and” is Λ.

Note: Variables are used to represent prepositions. The most common variables used are
p, q, and r.

The truth value of the conjunction of two propositions, say p and q, is defined in the table
below:
p q pΛq

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F F

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Based on the table, we remember that a conjunction is true only when both of its
conjuncts are true. Otherwise, the conjunction is false.

List of other words that mean the same as “and”:

but however
still nevertheless
yet moreover
while furthermore
whereas although
despite

Try this!

Consider the following propositions:

a: Prices are high.

b: Salaries are low.
c: Expenditure level is high.

Write in symbolic form the following conjunctions, then determine their truth value
assuming that a, b, and c, are true, false, and true respectively

1. Prices are high, still salaries are low.

2. The expenditure level is high despite salaries being low.
3. Prices are high, moreover, the expenditure level is quite high.

Learning Check
Activity # 3

Determine the truth values of the following statements. Write True or False.

1. Red is a primary color, while orange is a secondary color.

2. 3 and 7 are even, and circles have 4 vertices.
3. (√30 > 5) ∧ (√30 < 7).
4. Blackpink is a South Korean girl group, but Lalisa Manoban is a Thai.
5. Squares have four equal sides and four right angles.
6. 2 is an even and a composite number.
7. 5 is a rational and a prime number.
8. Negative numbers are integers, and squares are rectangles.
9. (−3 > −2) ∧ (√3 > 2).
10. There are five vowels and twenty-one consonants in the English Alphabet.

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D. The Disjunction

Definition: A disjunction is a compound proposition consisting of two propositions, say, p and

q, that are connected by “or”. Propositions “p” and “q” are called disjuncts.

We use the symbol “v” to stand for “or “, hence the disjunction just defined is written as
“p v q “.

The truth value of the disjunction of two propositions p and q is defined in the table below:

p q p∨q

T T T

T F T

F T T

F F F

The table indicates that a disjunction is true when at least one of the disjuncts is true and
becomes false when both disjuncts are false.

List of other words that express disjunction besides “or”:

else
either … or
unless

Try this!

Consider the following propositions:

m: You are good in Mathematics.

n: You are good in English.
o: You like poetry.

Suppose m is true, n is false, and o is true, determine the truth value of each of
the following disjunctions.

1. You are good in Math or you like poetry. (m v o)

2. Either you are good in Math or in English. (m v n)

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Learning Check
Activity # 4

Determine the truth values of the following statements. Write True or False.

1. 12 is a prime number or 15 is a prime number.

2. 6 is a multiple of either 2 or 3.
3. (√30 > 5) ∨ (√30 < 7).
4. UP Diliman is in Pasay City or De La Salle University is in Quezon City.
5. It is not true that 1 + 1 = 3 or 2 + 1 = 3.
6. Sugar is sweet or the sun is hot.
3
7. is an integer or a counting number.
4
8. Amphibians live either in water or on land.
9. 3 divides 9 or 15.
10. Counting numbers can be prime or even.

E. The Conditional

Definition: If two propositions are connected by the pair “if … then” the resulting proposition is
called an implication or conditional proposition. The statement following the word “if”
and before “then” is called the antecedent or hypothesis while the statement after the
word “then” is called the consequent or conclusion.

The symbol used to denote the connective “if … then” is →. Thus, if p is the antecedent
and q the conclusion of an implication, the proposition is written a “p → q” and is read, “if p,
then q “.

Other expressions that have the same meaning as “if p, then q” are the following:

q if p
q provided p
q given p
q in case p
p only if q
p only when q

Example:

Write the following conditionals in symbolic form.

1. If two numbers are even, then their product is even.

2. x + 1 is odd provided x is even.
3. Two nonzero numbers are equal only if their reciprocals are equal.

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Solutions:
1. Let m: Two numbers are even.
n: The product of two numbers are even.

Then conditional 1 is written as m → n

2. Suppose t: x + 1 is odd
s: x is even

Hence conditional 2 is written s → t.

3. If p: Two nonzero numbers are equal.

q: The reciprocals of two numbers are equal.

Thus, conditional 3 can be written as p → q

Note: Sometimes, given the conditional “p → q” proposition p is referred to as a

sufficient condition for q while q is a necessary condition for p.

Truth value table for implication:

p q p→q

T T T

T F F

F T T

F F T

Note: The table tells us that an implication is false only when the antecedent is true and
the consequent false. Otherwise, the implication is always true.

Try this!

Suppose propositions m, n, and s are assigned the truth values F, T, and F,

respectively. Determine the truth values of the following conditionals.
1. m → n
2. s → m

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Learning Check

Activity # 5

1. Suppose a conditional proposition is true and its antecedent also true, what is
the truth value of its consequent?
2. If an implication is true and its consequent is false, what is the truth value of its
antecedent?
3. Let the propositions r and s be true and false, respectively.
r: Prices are high
s: Wages are high
Determine the truth value of the following conditionals.
a. Prices are high in case wages are high.
b. Prices are high only if wages are high.
c. Wages are high; hence inflation rate is high.

F. The Biconditional

Definition: When two propositions, say p and q, are connected by the phrase “if and only if”,
the resulting compound proposition is called a biconditional or double implication. The
symbol used for “if and only if” is “↔”, hence, the biconditional “p if and only if q” is written
as “p ↔ q”.

Sometimes a biconditional is read as “p is a necessary and sufficient condition for q” or

“q is a necessary and sufficient condition for p”.

Other words that could replace “if and only if” are:

when and only when

just in case
granted that and only granted that

Truth value table for biconditional:

p q p↔q

T T T

T F F

F T F

F F T

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Note: Observe from the table that a biconditional is true provided the proposition written
on both sides of the symbol ↔ are both true or both false.

Try this!

Write in symbols the biconditional “6x = 2 if and only if x = 1/3”, then determine
its truth value assuming that the proposition “6x = 2” is true while “x = 1/3” is false.

Learning Check

Activity # 6

1. Suppose the biconditional p ↔ q is given a true value and proposition p is

known to be false. What is the truth value of q?
2. Suppose the biconditional m ↔ n is assumed to be false while proposition n is
given a true value. What is the truth value of m?

G. The Negation

When an original idea is denied, the resulting proposition is called its negation. We used
the symbol “~” or “¬” to mean “not”.

Example:

Consider the proposition:

f: 3 is a prime number
Its negation is ~f, and is written as:
~f: 3 is not a prime number

Note that negations, like ~f, do not consist of two propositions. Nonetheless, they are
considered here as compound proposition.

Truth value table for negation:

p ̴p

T F

F T

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Try this!

Construct a truth value table for the statement below:

(p → q) ↔ ( ̴ q → ̴ p )

Learning Check

Activity # 7

Construct the truth value table for each of the following statements:

1. (p Λ q) V ̴ r
2. ̴ (p v q) → ( ̴ p Λ ̴ q)

H. Predicate Logic

Consider the following statements:

p: 2 is an even integer
q: 6 is an even integer
r: 0 is an even integer

Observe that the three statements have similar patterns. In English usage, the pattern is
noun-verb-adjective. Note that the verb and adjective in all statements are the same. The part
which changes is the noun. In mathematics, that component of a statement which changes is
called a variable and we use small letters, like x, to represent such a component. Thus, we
obtain:

s: x is an even integer.

A statement involving a variable, like s, is called a predicate.

Note: The truth value of a predicate cannot be evaluated unless the variable, x in the
above example, assumes a particular value. Thus, a predicate is not a proposition. But when x
is replaced by the number 2, 6, or 0, we obtain a statement p and q is a true proposition. Similarly,
q and r are true propositions.

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Some examples of predicates:

1. Algebra:
x2 + 1 = 5
x+2>0
x x-1
+ =4
2 3

2. Trigonometry:
Sin x = ½
Sin2 x – Sin x = 0
2 Cos x = 1

Try this!

Let P(x) denote the statement “x ≥ 10”. What are the truth values of the
following?

1. P(9)
2. P(12)
3. P(-10)
4. P(10)
5. P(0)

Learning Check

Activity # 8

1. Let Q(x) denote the statement “x is an integer”. What are the truth values of
the following?

a. Q(-1)
b. Q(0)
8
c. Q( )
2
d. Q(√-4)
e. Q(√4)

2. Let P(x, y) denote the statement “xy ≤ 15.” Determine the truth values of the
following:

a. P(5, 3)
b. P(-3, 5)
c. P(-3, -5)
d. P(-3, -6)
e. P(2, 7)

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I. Quantifiers

Given a predicate, we have to know where to get the values of the variable in it. This
collection of possible values of the variable is called the domain.

Example:

If the variable in the predicate x + 2 > 0 is allowed to assume any value from the collection
of integers, then we say that the set of integers is the domain of the given predicate.

Consider the following statements:

1. All numbers are integers.

2. Some numbers are integers.

The word “all” in (1) can be symbolized by “Ɐ” and if the noun “numbers” is replaced
by variable s, we can rewrite (1) as

Ɐx : x is an integer (2)

Remember that the phrase “x is an integer” is the predicate and if this predicate is
symbolized as I(x), then (2) becomes

Ɐx : I(x) (3)

This is read as “For all x, x is an integer” and this is still synonymous to statement (1).

Note: The domain of (3) is the set of numbers.

For the 2nd statement the word “some” can be represented by the symbol “ⱻ”. Following
the pattern in statement (1), statement (2) can finally be written as,

ⱻx : I(x) (4)

This is read as “For some x, x is an integer.”

What is the domain of statement (4)?

“Ɐ” – universal quantifier

“ⱻ” – existential quantifier

In general, given a universal quantified proposition say,

Ɐx : P(x)

where P(x) stands for any predicate, the proposition is true iff P(x) is true for every value of x
taken from the domain. Otherwise, the proposition is false.

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An existentially quantified proposition, say,

ⱻx : P(x)

is true iff there is at least one value of x from the domain that will make P(x) true. But if P(x) is false
for all possible values of x, then the proposition is false.

Try this!

Evaluate the truth value of each quantified proposition, assuming the set {0, 2,
- 2} as the domain.

1. Ɐx : x(x2 – 4) = 0
2. ⱻx : x + 1 > 0
3. ⱻx : x(x2 – 4) = 0

Learning Check

Activity # 9

1. Translate the following in symbolic form and state their domain.

a. All fishes are swimmers.
b. There are fruits that are sweet.
c. Every number is a real number.
d. Any mammal is not two-legged.

2. Evaluate the truth value of the following propositions, using the set {1, 3, 5, 7}
as the domain.

a. Ɐx : x2 is odd
b. ⱻx : (x + 1)2 > x2 + 1
c. ⱻx : 2(x – 1) is even
2x+1
d. Ɐx : belongs to the domain
3

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EVALUATION

Let us now determine how much you understand from this module!

1. Let the universal set U = {x ǀ x ∈ natural numbers, 0 ≤ x ≤ 9}, A = {2, 4, 7, 9}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, C =
{2, 3, 4, 5}, D = {1, 6, 7}. Find the ff:
a. A’ ∪ C
b. (B ∩ C’) ∪ A
c. (U ∩ B’)’
d. A ∩ C ∩ D’

2. Among 500 graduating students, 210 of them smoke, 258 drink alcoholic beverages, 216 eat
between meals, 122 smoke and drink alcoholic beverages, 83 eat between meals and drink
alcoholic beverages, 97 smoke and eat between meals, and 52 engage in these bad health
practices. How many

a. smoke but do not drink alcoholic beverages?

b. eat between meals and drink alcoholic beverages but do not smoke?
c. neither smoke nor eats between meals?

3. Let A = {w, x, y, z} and B = {a, b}. Use the roster notation to write each of the following sets,
and indicate the number of elements that are in each set:
a. A x B
b. B x A
c. A x A
d. B x B

4. In a Music club with 15 members, 7 people played piano, 6 people played guitar, and 4
people did not play either of these instruments.
a. How many people played both piano and guitar?
b. How many people played piano only?
c. How many people played guitar only?
d. How many people did play piano or guitar?

5. Write each symbolic statement as an English sentence. Use p, q, r, s, and t as defined below.
p: Taylor Swift is a singer.
q: Taylor Swift is not a songwriter.
r: Taylor Swift is an actress.
s: Taylor Swift plays the piano.
t: Taylor Swift does not play the guitar.

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a. (p ∨ r) ∧ q
b. p → (q ∧ ̴ r)
c. t ↔ ( ̴ r ∧ ̴ p)

6. Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.

a. Today is Friday, still it is raining.
b. It is not raining, yet I am going to a movie.
c. I am going to the basketball game or I am going to a movie.
d. If it is raining, then I am going to the basketball game.

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word, phrase, or symbol(s).

1. A sentence that can be judged either true or false is called __________.
2. A statement that conveys only one idea is called ________.
3. A statement that consists of two or more simple statements is called a __________.
4. Words such as all, none (or no) and some are examples of ____________.
5. The negation is symbolized by ~ and is read as __________.
6. The conjunction is symbolized by ∧ and is read as __________.
7. the disjunction is symbolized by ∨ and is read as _________.
8. The conditional is symbolized by → and is read as _________.
9. The biconditional is symbolized by ↔ and is read as ________.
10. In logic, words such as and, or, and if…then… are called ___________.

II. Write the negation of each statement.

1. Some telephones can take photographs.
______________________________________
2. All houses have two stories.
______________________________________
3. Some cars are hybrids.
______________________________________
4. All golf courses are green.
______________________________________
5. Some drivers are not safe.
______________________________________

III. Indicate whether the statement is a simple or a compound statement. If it is a compound

statement, indicate whether it is negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional
by using both the word and its appropriate symbol.

Examples: John likes scuba diving. (simple statement)

Greg will go to the circus or to the zoo. (compound, disjunction, ∨)

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1. If you have cold, then you should eat some chicken soup.
2. Time will go backwards if and only if you travel faster than the speed of light.
3. Louis Armstrong did not play the drums.
4. Bobby joined the Army, and he got married.
5. It is false that Mr. Cruz is a high school teacher and a grade school teacher.
6. The typhoon did million worth of damage to the province.
7. A judge announces to a convicted offender, “I hereby sentence you to five months of
community services or a fine of Php10,000”.

Answer Key

A. Set Operations

Try this!
1. A ∪ B = {nausea, night sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet, weight gain, blurry
vision, fever, trouble sleeping}
2. A ∪ C = {nausea, night sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet, blurry vision, weight
loss, eczema}
3. A ∪ B ∪ C = {nausea, night sweats, nervousness, dry mouth, swollen feet, weight gain,
blurry vision, fever, trouble sleeping, weight loss, eczema}

Try this!
1. A ∩ B = {nausea, nervousness}
2. B ∩ C = {nausea, blurry vision}
3. A ∩ B ∩ C = {nausea}

Try this!
1. A’ ∩ C’ = {weight gain, trouble sleeping, motor mouth, darting eyes, uncontrollable
falling down}
2. (A ∩ B)’ ∩ C = {dry mouth, blurry vision, fever, weight loss, eczema}
3. B’ ∪ (A ∩ C’) = {night sweats, dry mouth, swollen feet, weight loss, eczema, motor mouth,
darting eyes, uncontrollable falling down, nervousness}

Try this!
1. A – B = {night sweats, dry mouth, swollen feet}
2. B – C = {weight gain, nervousness, fever, trouble sleeping}
3. (A – B) – C = {night sweats, swollen feet}

Try this!
1. Y x Z = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2), (c, 1), (c, 2)}
2. Z x Y = {(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2, c)}
3. Y x Y = {(a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c)}
4. Y x Z has 6 elements, Z x Y has 6 elements, and Y x Y has 9 elements.

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B. Propositions

Try this!
1. not a proposition
2. proposition, true
3. proposition, false
4. not a proposition
5. not a proposition

C. The Conjunction

Try this!
1. a ∧ b, false
2. c ∧ b, false
3. a ∧ c, true

D. The Disjunction

Try this!
1. true
2. true

E. The Conditional

Try this!
1. true
2. true

F. The Biconditional

Try this!
Let p: 6x = 2 and q: x = 1/3.
p ↔ q is false.

G. The Negation

p q ̴p ̴q p→q ̴q→̴p (p → q) ↔ ( ̴ q → ̴ p)
T T F F T T T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T T T
F F T T T T T

H. Predicate Logic

Try this!

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1. false
2. true
3. false
4. true
5. false
I. Quantifiers

Try this!
1. true
2. true
3. true

Try this!

Evaluate the truth value of each quantified proposition, assuming the set {0, 2,
- 2} as the domain.

4. Ɐx : x(x2 – 4) = 0
5. ⱻx : x + 1 > 0
6. ⱻx : x(x2 – 4) = 0

References

1. Aufmann, R. er.al. (2018). Mathematical in the Modern World Excursions. Manila,

Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc.
2. Bluman, A. G. (2003). Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach. 5 th Ed. McGraw Hill,
Inc.
3. CENGAGE (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World.
4. DS Malik, MK Sen. Discrete Mathematical Structures.
5. Johnsonbaugh, R. Discrete Mathematics.
6. Guillermo, R.M. (2018). Mathematics in the Modern World. Quezon City: Nieme Publishing
House Co. Ltd.
7. Lactuan, I. R. et. al. (2018). Instructional Material in Mathematics in the Modern World.
Puerto Princesa City: Palawan State University.
8. Nocon, R. C. & E. G. Nocon (2018). Essential Mathematics for the Modern World. C & E
Publishing, Inc.
9. Nocon and Nocon (2018). Essential Mathematics for the Modern World.
10. Stewart, I. Nature’s Numbers. http://ian-stewart-numerele-naturii.pdf
11. Walpole, M. and M. (2002). Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. 7 th Ed.
Prentice Hall Int’l. Inc.
12. wac.colostate.edu http://wac.colostate.edu/docs/llad/v4n1/jamison.pdf
13. https://problem-solving_by_Loren%20C.%20Larson.pdf

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