lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

Chapter 7
Making Inferences, Paraphrasing and
Summarizing
Objective:
General: Students are able to infer missing information from reading
passage and then they are also able to paraphrase and
summarize the text in the appropriate ways.
Specific: At the end of this chapter students are able to:
1. Write an inference based on the information
2. Rewrite sentences using students own words
3. Summarize the text in appropriate ways

A. MAKING INFERENCES

This
anchor chart is a visual for
students to use when they are
thinking about making
inferences. Readers can use
clues from the text and what
they already know to help
make inferences.
This strategy
deepens student connection
with the text. Inference is
drawing conclusions based on
information that has been
implied rather than directly
stated and is an essential skill in reading comprehension. We make
inferences every day, both in oral and written communication. Many
times this is so automatic; we don't even realize the information wasn't
included in the conversation or text.
For example, read the following sentences:

111

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

My friend and I tried to pack light but we made sure not to forget our
bathing suits and sunscreen. I wasn't sure if I would get seasick again so
I made sure to pack some medicine for upset stomachs.
You can deduct a great deal of information from these sentences:
• The author and his/her friend are going on a trip.
• They are going to be on a boat.
• They will be around water.
• They will be going swimming.
• They have gone swimming before.
• The author has gotten seasick on a boat in the past.

This information was not clearly stated in the sentences, but you
can use what was written to deduce or infer, much more than what was
said. Most of the information we get from reading comes from what is
implied rather than direct statements.
Making inferences is a reading strategy where "readers think
about and search the text, and sometimes use personal knowledge to
construct meaning beyond what is literally stated" (Into the Book, 2015).
In other words, students use clues found in the text to determine what
the information really means. Observations happen when people
physically see things happen. On the contrary, "inferences are what we
figure out based on an experience" (Reading Rockets, 2015). It's
important to remember that making inferences is a skill that is
developed over time and requires student to make connections to
multiple pieces of information.
Making inferences requires students to combine what they are
reading with what they already know, to reach into their own personal
knowledge and apply it to what they are reading.

TASK 1
Circle the letter of the inference you can make based on the
information.
1. The young woman in the coffee shop kept checking the time on her
watch and looking toward the door.
a. she was afraid that her watch was broken
b. she was waiting for her coffee to cool
c. she was waiting for someone to arrive

2. Harry was sneezing and coughing a lot in class. His face was very
pale.

112

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

a. Harry was sick

b. Harry was trying to disturb the class
c. Harry was tired because he always stays up too late.

3. Outside the bank, a man in a blue shirt was gesturing with his arms
and smiling as he spoke. Then he and the two men started to laugh.
a. the man in the blue shirt was doing arm exercises
b. the man in the blue shirt was trying to hit the other men
c. the man in the blue shirt was telling a funny story

4. When we went to visit Liz at her apartment last week, we noticed

that she had maps on the walls. Plane tickets to Japan on her table,
and art objects from all over the world on her bookshelves.
a. Liz is an artist
b. Liz is a travel agent
c. Liz enjoys travelling to different countries

5. A woman has been standing in front of her house for ten minutes.
She is looking in her pockets. She is emptying her purse. She seems
annoyed.
a. The woman can’t find her keys
b. the woman doesn’t like her purse
c. the woman has too many pockets

TASK 2
Work with a partner. Write an inference based on the information.

1. Jorge put a plate of French fries with ketchup on the table and then
went to buy a drink. When he returned, most of the French fries were
gone, and Jorge noticed that his friend Carlos had ketchup on his mouth.

2. During the test, Rose waited until the teacher was answering a
student’s question. Then she quickly passed a small piece of paper to
Jenny.

3. A reporter asked a politician how the government was going to

provide social services if he cuts taxes. The politician made a joke but
didn’t answer the question.

113

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

6. What can you infer about the economic situation of the farmers in
Andhra Pradesh?

7. What can you infer about the Coca Cola Company in India?

Task 4: Reading text

Swimming Buddies
Making Friends
Five years ago, a fisherrman named Abeidalla
Mekiten spotted a big, gray animal swimming near his fishing boat. It
was a bottlenose dolphin.
Over the next few days, Mekiten, who lives in Nuweiba, Egypt,
watched the dolphin patiently. He decided to dive into the water for a
closer look. To Mekiten’s surprise the dolphin didn’t swim away. Instead
she looked at him cautiously. Day after day the two swam together.
Mekiten named the dolphin Olin. Then one morning, Olin let the
fisherman touch her. A long friendship began between the wild, free
dolphin and the young man.

Social Animals
Dolphins do not like to be alone. They are social animals that like
to live with others. Most dolphins live in family groups of up twelve
members. The groups are called pods. Often, many pods swim together
to form larger groups of hundreds of dolphins. Occasionally one dolphin
is forced out of its pod by other dolphins in the pod. “Those that are
thrown out may not want to be alone,” says Oz Goffman, a marine
biologist (a scientist who studies animals that live in the water) at the
University of Haifa. He studies the friendship between Mekiten and Olin.
A single dolphin may be lonely. It might “replace the companionship of
the pod with that of human beings”. Such behavior may explain why
Olin, completely free to swim away, has stayed near Nuweiba. Once in
while, Olin joins a passing dolphin pod for a few days, but she always
returns to the waters off Nuweiba.

116

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

A baby is born
During a visit with other dolphins, Olin became pregnant. A year
later she gave birth to a male calf. Now Mekiten plays with mother and
baby. Says Goffman, ”Human-dolphin friendships are rare, but this is
obviously a friendship Olin wants, or she would leave.” So far Olin seems
content to stay.
Tourists from all over the world now visit Nuweiba for a chance
to swim alongside the wild dolphin. They must be careful not to get too
close, because Olin is not always as friendly with strangers as she is with
Mekiten.
As you read the article, complete the chart on the opposite page
with details from the article.

Details

Gave birth to a male calf

Became friends with a wild dolphin
Live in family groups called pods
Studies the friendship between Mekiten and Olin
Became pregnant
A fisherman from Nuweiba, Egypt
Is not always friendly to strangers
Social animals
A marine biologist
Always returns to the waters off Nuweiba

Topic Details
1.
Abeidalla Mekiten 2.

1.
Olin 2.
3.
4.

1.
Dr. Oz Goffman 2.

117

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

1.
Bottlenose 2.
dolphins
After you have read ‘swimming buddies’, complete the following
exercises.

A. Write T(True) or F (False) next to each of the following statements. If

statement is false, correct it to make it true.

true 1. Mekiten and Olin are friends.

false 2. Tourists come to Nuweiba to swim with Olin.
true 3. Most dolphins live in family groups called pods.
true 4. Sometimes hundreds of dolphins swim together.
true 5. Olin gave birth to a male calf.
false 6. Oz Goffman is a fisherman. yang true fisherman adalah mekitten
true 7. dolphins are social animal.
true 8. Dolphins are often forced out of their pods.
true 9. Human-dolphin friendships are rare.
false 10. Only scientists visit Nuweiba for a chance to swim with Olin.

B. Make Inferences. . put a check next to the statements that you can
infer from reading “Swimming Buddies.”

true 1. Mekiten is a good swimmer

true 2. Olin likes Mekiten
false 3. Dolphins rarely have twins. (karena dia gada di text)
false 4. Sometimes Olin is friendly to strangers.
false 5. Nuweiba is the only place tourists can go to swim with
dolphins,
true 6. Pots of dolphins swim together for protection.
true 7. Olin prefers to be in the waters off Nuweiba.
true 8. The university of Haifa has a famous marine biology
department.
true 9. When Mekiten first saw Olin, he expected the dolphin to swim
away.
true 10. Most dolphins live in the wild.

118

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])

 lOMoAR cPSD| 14133967

• repeat the information word for word, or change a word here

and there, leaving most of the text and the sentence order the
same.
• add your own opinions or thoughts - the information should be
the same as in the original source.

Summarizing tips
Do:
• use your own words.
• only note the most important points, using key words and
phrases.
• read the original text multiple times, ensuring you don't miss any
critical points.
• ensure a summary is much shorter than the original source.
• include the original source in the references for a written
document.
• read widely and try to develop a summary or the article/book in
your head as you read.
Don't:
• include unnecessary details, examples or supporting
information.
• include your own opinions or thoughts.
• repeat phrases word for word - this is plagiarism.

How do you take notes?

• Lists of keywords and information
• Mind-maps or trees
• Writing your own summary
• All of the above!

Task 1. Find the correct English word for the given phrase.
Example:
1. the time between the lessons → break

2. A list which shows when lessons begin and end.

3. A large thing where the teacher writes on with a piece of

chalk.

121

Downloaded by nayla ([email protected])