‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘

CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO ESSAY
A. What is an Essay?
An essay is a piece of writing, usually short and in prose, on any one subject
(Hornby, 1987: 291). It usually discusses a particular issue, situation or problem that
written by an author's personal point of view. Thus, an essay is a group paragraphs
written about a single topic and a central main idea. Commonly, the essay has five
paragraph: an introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a concluding
paragraph. The introductory paragraph is the first paragraph that used to introduce the
main idea or controlling idea of the essay. The paragraph bodies are placed in the
second, third and fourth paragraph which functioned to develop or elaborate the main
idea or controlling idea of the thesis statement that mentioned in the introductory
paragraph itself. The concluding paragraph is the last one that is used to close the
essay by restating the topic sentences as the main idea of each paragraph.

B. The Part of Essay

As mentioned above that an essay is a group paragraphs that it contains commonly
five paragraphs: an introductory paragraph, three paragraph bodies, and a concluding
paragraph. The essay usually discusses a particular issue, situation or problem that
written by an author's personal point of view. Beside the five paragraph that an essay
must have a title or a topic that discussed in the essay.
1. The Title or Topic
Writing an essay, you have to think firstly about a title. A title is a word or phrase
that you provide at the beginning of your essay. In this case, the purpose of titling
an essay is to provide the audience with an idea about the content of a document.
A good title does several things: First, it predicts content. Second, it catches the
reader's interest. Third, it reflects the tone or slant of the piece of writing. Fourth, it
contains keywords that will make it easy to access by a computer search.
A good title does several things that you need to remember for your title:
• Your title should be an attention grabber or catches the reader's interest
• It reflects the tone or slant of the piece of writing.
• Your readers need to be able to understand what your essay is about
• It should contain some main keywords from your essay

The following samples of titles:

• The Effects of Covid-19 for Global Education.
• The Effects of Covid-19 for Flight Industry.
• The Effects of Covid-19 for Tourism sector.
• Instagram: Its Influence on Young People
• How to Make It Big in the Real Estate Business
• E-Commerce: Multi-Million-Dollar Virtual Business Empire
• Cyber security in the Modern World
• The Impacts of Homeschooling for Teenagers
• The Effects of Marijuana on the Brain

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• Various dialects of English language: The bridge between different worlds

A title page should include the essay’s title (capitalized and centred 2 inches from
the top of the page), your name with your student number below it (not capitalized,
1 inch below the title), and the course and instructor’s name with the date below it
(not capitalized, 1 inch from the bottom of the page).

2. The Introductory Paragraph Essay

The introductory paragraph is placed at the beginning which functions to
communicate the main topic and the control idea. In informal essay, it contains at
least two parts. The first part is general statement (information). It informs the topic
generally. In general statement contains two things. They are hook and background
information. A hook (attention grabber) is used to get reader’s attention is how an
essay begins and usually comprises the first. Try to begin with a specific image or
detail, a statistic, a story, a shocking fact, a quote, a refutation of a common belief, etc.
Background information the main idea and the central idea which introduce the topic
of your essay in general, and present some context for this topic, getting more specific
in the next few sentences.
The second part is a thesis statement of the essay. The thesis of an essay is a
statement of the main idea of that essay. It is the statement of what the writer is going
to explain, defend, or prove about his topic. It is usually placed at the end of the
introductory paragraph. The thesis statement is a complete sentence that presents a
viewpoint about the topic, which can be defended or shown in the essay. A thesis
statement should not be a simple statement of fact.
So an introductory paragraph contains some general statements (information)
(subjects) which functions to attract the reader’s attention and a thesis statement to
state the specific subdivisions of the topic and the plan of the essay or the developing
of the thesis statements.

The following pattern of introductory paragraph:

A hook is a sentence that is written to make

the introduction eye-catching and exciting. It
Hook or gives the reader a reason to keep reading. The
Attention hook can be questions, quotes, descriptions,
grabber
General or other interesting pieces of information that
Statement
attract the reader
After the hook, the writer usually gives
(Information) several sentences with connecting
I Background information (Background Information) ,
N Information leading from the hook to the topic. These
T (Connecting
sentences logically lead to the thesis.
Information)
R
O Background Information (Connecting
D Information) tells the readers why you chose
U the topic and what its scope is. This

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C information will make your outline look more
T meaningful and logical. Also, it will give a
I clearer picture of your own topic.
O Thesis Thesis is the “core” of your essay that you
N indicates/elaborate the points of development in each body
Statement
paragraph. On the other words that the thesis is a statement
of the main idea which you develop or elaborate in each
body paragraph essay. The thesis statement is a complete
sentence that presents a viewpoint about the topic, which
can be defended or shown in the essay. A thesis statement
should not be a simple statement of fact.

Introduction paragraph essay can be illustrated as follows:

The Blank Outlining Introduction for Essay Mode1:

The Main Topic

………………………………………………………

[GS1/TS] ……………………………………………[GS2/SS1]…………………….
[GS3/SS2]………………………………………[GS4/SS3]…………………………
[TS] ………………………………………………………………………………….

GS : General statement
TS: Thesis Statement

The Blank Outlining Introduction for Essay Mode-2:

The Main Topic

………………………………………………………
[[GS1/TS] ……………………………………………[GS2/SS1]……………………
[GS3/SS2]………………………………………[GS4/SS3]…………………………
[TS]……………………………………………[SS1] ………………………………
[SS2]……………………………….[SS3] …………………………………………...

GS : General statement
TS: Thesis Statement
SS: Supporting Sentence

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Sample of introductory paragraph:

Hook or On hearing the word vacation, most people

I Attention react positively. It can be a weekend trip, a
N grabber last-minute getaway, or a trip around the
T General world.
R Statement Prospective travelers spend days, if not weeks,
O (Information) Background researching their travel destination. While the
D Information destination has a lot to do with the success of a
U (Connecting trip, there are other factors to consider.
C Information) Experienced travelers will argue that more
T important than where they go on vacation is
I who they go with.
O Thesis Vacations can be classified on the basis of who vacationers
N choose to travel with: with family, with friends, or alone.
Statement

[Hook] On hearing the word vacation, most people react positively. It can be
a weekend trip, a last-minute getaway, or a trip around the world. [BI] Prospective
travelers spend days, if not weeks, researching their travel destination. While the
destination has a lot to do with the success of a trip, there are other factors to
consider. Experienced travelers will argue that more important than where they
go on vacation is who they go with. [TS] Vacations can be classified on the basis of
who vacationers choose to travel with: with family, with friends, or alone.

[GS1/ TS ] On hearing the word vacation, most people react positively. [GS2
/ SS1] It can be a weekend trip, a last-minute getaway, or a trip around the world.
[GS3 / SS2 ] Prospective travelers spend days, if not weeks, researching their travel
destination. [GS4 /SS3] While the destination has a lot to do with the success of a
trip, there are other factors to consider. [GS5/ SS4] Experienced travelers will argue
that more important than where they go on vacation is who they go with. [TS]
Vacations can be classified on the basis of who vacationers choose to travel with: with
family, with friends, or alone.

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3. The Body Essay
The body paragraph discusses one topic sentence (TS) or one subdivision of the
topic. Therefore, the number of paragraphs in the body will vary with number of
subdivisions. The paragraphs of the body are the supporting sentences or the main
supporting ideas that elaborate the main ideas of ‘the thesis statement ‘.
The purposes of a topic sentence: (1) to substantiate or support an essay’s thesis
statement; (2) to unify the content of a paragraph and establish a general sense of organization;
and (3) to present to the audience the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will treat
that subject. It is meant that each body paragraph must have a topic sentence that placed in the
beginning of each body paragraph.
In addition, you can organize each body of an essay by elaborating the supporting
sentences (SS) or the main supporting ideas (MSI) into major supporting sentences
(MjSS) as well as to elaborate major supporting sentences (MjSS) into minor
supporting sentences (MnSS).
So, each body paragraph essay can be illustrated as follows:
a. The illustration below contains three parts: a topic sentence (TS), three
supporting sentences (SS) or the main supporting ideas (MSI).

[TS]………………………………………………………………
(SS1)………………………………………………(SS2)……………...
………………………………(SS3)……………………………………

Note: supporting sentences (SS) or the main supporting ideas (MSI)

or supporting details are sentences that used to elaborate the topic
sentence and thesis.

b. The illustration below contains three parts : a topic sentence (TS) , three
supporting sentences (SS) or the main supporting ideas (MSI) , and three
major supporting sentences (MjSS) .

[TS]……………………………(SS1)…………………………...
[MjSS]……………………………(SS2)……………...……………….
[MjSS]…………………………….(SS3)………………………..…….
[MjSS]……………………………....
Note: major supporting sentences (MjSS) or the major supporting
ideas (MSI) are sentences that used to elaborate supporting sentence
itself.

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c. The illustration below contains four parts: a topic sentence (TS), three
supporting sentences (SS) or the main supporting ideas (MSI), six major
supporting sentences (MjSS), and six minor supporting sentences (MnSS) .

(TS)……………………………(SS1)…………………………
(MjSS1)…………………………………..(MnSS1)……….………….
(MjSS2)………………………………(MnSS1)………………………
(SS2)…..………………………….(MjSS1)……………………...……
(MnSS1)………………………….(MjSS2)…………………………...
(MnSS1)…………………………..(SS3)……………………………...
(MjSS1)…………………………(MnSS1)……………………………
MjSS2)……………………………………..(MnSS1)………………...

Note: minor supporting sentences (MnSS) or the minor supporting

ideas (MSI) are sentences that used to elaborate major supporting
sentence itself.

Sample of body essay:

[TS] Elisabeth had three closed friends when she went to college
three years ago. [SS1] The first close friend was Bonar. [MjSS1] He
always helped her to discuss the two difficult courses. [MjSS2] He often
gave her a ride. [SS2] The second close friend is Maria. [MjSS1] She
was her friend who always visited the library. [MjSS2] She was also her
friend whom Elisabeth invited to attend two national seminars when they
were university students. [SS3] The third closed friend of hers was
Martha. [MjSS1] Martha was her friend who always advised her some
suggestions. [MjSS2] She was also her closed friend whom Elisabeth told
about privates. ( 96 words)

4. The Concluding Paragraph

The concluding paragraph is the last part of the essay which can be written in two
ways to finish the paragraph. The first techniques is restating the thesis statement by
using deferent words of the same meaning, i.e. using synonyms, and giving the
writer’s comments. Restatement is used as the topic sentence of the closing part. One
of the comments must serve as the concluding idea sentence, which the former areas
functions as the supporting sentences.

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The second technique is summarizing of the body essay must be paraphrased in
one sentence and must also function as the topic sentence of the concluding paragraph.
One of the comments must serve as the concluding sentences and the others function
as the supporting sentences. One of the two techniques, the summary plus the
comments or the restatement plus the comment can be used to write the concluding
paragraph of an essay.

So, the concluding paragraph essay can be illustrated as follows:

[TS]………………………………………………………………
(SS1)………………………………………………(SS2)……………...
………………………………(SS3)……………………………………

5. The Transitions
Transitions connect paragraphs to each other and to the thesis. They are used
within and between paragraphs to help the paper flow from one topic to the next.
These transitions can be one or two words such as: first, next, in addition, etc. or
one or two sentences that bring the reader to the next main point. The topic sentence
of a paragraph often serves as a transition.

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C. The Blank Outlining Essay Model :

I. Introduction
1. General Statement
[GS1/TS] .……………………………………………………………………..
[GS2/SS1] ……………………………………………………………………..
[GS3/SS2] …………………………………………………………………….
[GS4/SS3] ……………………………………………………………………..

2. Thesis Statement
[TS] .…………………………………………………………………………...
[SS1] .………………………………………………………………………….
[SS2] .………………………………………………………………………….
[SS3] .………………………………………………………………………….
II. Body Paragraphs
1. [TS] : Topic Sentence of body paragraph-1
………………………………………………………………………………….
A. [SS1] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

B. SS2] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...
C. SS3] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

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2. [TS] Topic Sentence of body paragraph-2:
………………………………………………………………………………….
A. [SS1] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

B. [SS2] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

C. [SS3] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

3. [TS] Topic Sentence of body paragraph-3:

………………………………………………………………………………….
A. [SS1] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

B. [SS2] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….

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[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

C. [SS3] : ………………….…………………………………………………...
[MjSS1] .……………………………………………………………………
[MnSS1]…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS2]……………………………………………………………………..
[MnSS]..…………………………………………………………………….
[MjSS3].…………………………………………………………………….
[MnSS1].……………………………………………………………………
[CS] : ………………….…………………….……………………………...

III. Concluding Paragraph

[TS] : ……..…………….…………………………………………………..............
[SS1] : ………………….…………………………………………………..............
[SS2] : ………………….…………………………………………………..............
[SS3] : ………………….…………………………………………………..............

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The Real Blank Label Fomat-2

(Main Topic) ………………………

Introductory Paragarph

(GS1/TS)…………………………………………………………………………….
(GS2/SS1)……………………………………(GS3/SS2)…………….…..……………...…
…………………….(GS4/SS3)………………………………………………………..……
(Thesis statement)………………………………………………………………

Body-1

(TS)…………………………………………(SS1)………………………………….
(MjSS1)…………………………………..(MnSS1)………..……………………….……...
(MjSS2)…………………………………………(MnSS1)………………….………..…….
(SS2)…..…………………………………….(MjSS1)……………………………..……….
(MnSS1)…………………………………….(MjSS2)…………………….………..………
(MnSS1)………………………………….…..(SS3)………………………………..……...
(MjSS1)…………………………………….(MnSS1)…...…………………………………
MjSS2)……………………………………..(MnSS1)……...………………………………
(CS) ……………………………………………………..

Body-2

(TS)…………………………………………(SS1)………………………………….
(MjSS1)…………………………………..(MnSS1)…………………………..…………...
(MjSS2)…………………………………………(MnSS1)……………..………………….
(SS2)…..…………………………………….(MjSS1)…………………..…………………
(MnSS1)…………………………………….(MjSS2)…………………..…………………
(MnSS1)………………………………….…..(SS3)……………………..………………...
(MjSS1)…………………………………….(MnSS1)…………………...…………………
MjSS2)…….………………………………..(MnSS1)……..………………………………
(CS) ……………………………………………………..

Body-3

(TS)…………………………………………(SS1)………………………………….
(MjSS1)…………………………..………..(MnSS1)…………………….………………...
(MjSS2)…………………………………………(MnSS1)…………………………………
(SS2)…..…………………………………….(MjSS1)…..…………………………………
(MnSS1)…………………………………….(MjSS2)…..…………………………………
(MnSS1)………………………………….…..(SS3)………..……………………………...

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(MjSS1)…………………………………….(MnSS1)………...……………………………
MjSS2)……………………………………..(MnSS1)………...……………………………
(CS) ……………………………………………………..

Concluding Paragraph

(TS)…………………………………………(SS1)…………………………….……
(SS2)…..……………………………………….(SS3)……………………………………....
( CS) …………………………………………………….

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D. Other Blank Outlining Essay Model :

WORDS (PHRASES) OUTLINING

FOR WRITING A ESSAY

Hook
I Introduction ‘ Background information Paragraph 1
Thesis
Topic Sentence
A. Epidence/Example
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
Body 1 2. Elaboration/Interpretation Paragraph 2
B. Epidence/Example
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
2. Elaboration/Interpretation
C. Concluding Sentence
II
Topic Sentence
A. Epidence/Example
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
Body 2 2. Elaboration/Interpretation
B. Epidence/Example Paragraph 3
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
2. Elaboration/Interpretation
C. Concluding Sentence
Topic Sentence
A. Epidence/Example
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
2. Elaboration/Interpretation
Body 3 B. Epidence/Example Paragraph 4
1. Elaboration/Interpretation
2. Elaboration/Interpretation
C. Concluding Sentence

A. Restate the thesis statement

III Concluding B. Restate the supports ( Topic Sentence) Paragraph 5
C. Closing Thought

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E. The Writing Process
The model given below is the common process how to write an essay. Study all the
steps in the processes.

SENTENCE OUTLINING
FOR WRITING STEPS OF AN ESSAY

Step -1 Invent/write a topic :

‘ Essay ‘
Step -2 Inventing a controlling idea/main idea:
‘ Three parts of essay ‘
Step -3 Formulate/ write the topic sentence in which it will become the thesis:
( topic + controlling idea in a complete sentence :
S + P + Object or S + V + Object

‘ An essay has three parts of paragraphs. ‘

Step -4 Collect/write the data of controlling idea listed in step-2:

a. Introductory paragraph ( topic body -1)
b. Body essay paragraph ( topic body-2)
c. Concluding paragraph ( topic body-3)
Step -5 Collect/write the data of each controlling idea (each subdivision/ each topic
body paragraph):

a. Introductory paragraph ( topic body-1):

the general statement ( sub topic A):
thesis statement ( sub topic B):
b. Body essay paragraph ( topic body-2):
supporting paragraph member ( sub topic A):
each supporting paragraph ( sub topic B):
c. Concluding paragraph ( topic body-3):
restatement ( sub topic A):
summarizing ( sub topic B):
Step -6 Formulate/ write the general statement (related to the topic/ controlling
idea of the main topic):
An essay is generally a short piece of writing outlining the writer’s perspective or

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story. It sets around a specific main topic or main subject. It has a few
paragraphs that the writer can elaborate his/her own perspective or story. The
essay can be formal as well as informal.

Notes: Introduce the topic of your essay in general, and present some context for this
topic, getting more specific in the next few sentences. You may put three or four or five
sentences.
Step -7 Formulate/ write the thesis statement:
So, an essay is a piece of writing that contains an introductory, several
supporting paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph.
Notes: End with your thesis statement, which is the road map for the essay; presenting
your argument to the reader.
Step -8 Formulate/ write the topic sentence for each body paragraph:
TS 1 for body-1 : The introductory has two parts.
TS 2 for body-2 : The body of the essay contains several supporting
paragraphs.
TS2 for body-3 : The concluding paragraph can be written in two techniques.
Step 9 Formulate/ write the topic sentence and sub topic ( supporting sentence
for body paragraph-1:
TS: The introductory has two parts.
SS1: The first part is the general statement.
SS2: The second part is the thesis statement.
Step 10 Formulate/ write the topic sentence and sub topic ( supporting sentence
for body paragraph-2:
TS: The body of the essay contains several supporting paragraphs.
SS1: Supporting paragraph member are main topic and main idea, broken
down in the thesis statement.
SS2 : Each supporting paragraph is the direction that formulated in the
supporting
Step 11 Formulate/ write the topic sentence and sub topic ( supporting sentence
for body paragraph-3:
TS: The concluding paragraph can be written in two techniques.
SS1: The first techniques is restating the thesis statement.
SS2: The second technique is the summary of the body essay.
Step 12 Formulate/ write the conclusion of the whole essay:
TS : An essay has some paragraphs and three divisions of the paragraph, they
are introductory paragraphs, several supporting paragraphs and concluding

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paragraph.

Step 13 : Write the complete draft based on the formulation of the topic body
paragraph 1,2, and 3 above:

[GS1] An essay is a piece of writing. [GS2] It is a group paragraphs that you can put
your thoughts, opinions, arguments, etc. [GS3] In the essay can be: introductory, body ,
and concluding. So, an essay is a piece of writing that contains an introductory, several
supporting paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. ( Thesis Statement)
[TS] The introductory has two parts. [SS1] The first part is the general statement.
[SS2] he second part is the thesis statement.
[TS]The body of the essay contains several supporting paragraphs. [SS1] Supporting
paragraph member are main topic and main idea, broken down in the thesis statement.
[SS2] Each supporting paragraph is the direction that formulated in the supporting.
TS]The concluding paragraph can be written in two techniques. [SS1] The first
techniques is restating the thesis statement. [SS2] The second technique is the summary of
the body essay.
[CP] An essay has some paragraphs and three divisions of the paragraph, they are :
introductory paragraphs, several supporting paragraphs and concluding paragraph.

Step 14 : Revise the draft of essay:

ESSAY

[GS1/TS] An essay is generally a short piece of writing outlining the writer’s perspective
or story. [GS2/SS1] It sets around a specific main topic or main subject [GS3/SS2] It has a
few paragraphs that the writer can elaborate his/her own perspective or story. [GS4/SS3]
The essay can be formal as well as informal. [TS/CS] So, An essay is a piece of writing
that contains an introductory, several supporting paragraphs which also called ‘ bodies ‘
, and one concluding paragraph. (thesis Statement)

[TS] The introductory of an essay has two parts. [SS1] The first part is the general
statement or general information that functions as back ground of the main topic and the
central idea. [SS2] The second part is the thesis statement that functions as the concluding
sentences of the introductory. [CS] So an introductory paragraph contains some general
statements and a thesis statement about the main topic and the central idea development
in an essay.

[TS] The body of the essay contains several supporting paragraphs that factions
to develop the thesis statement. [SS1] The supporting paragraph member is the logic
major divisions of the main topic and central idea, broken down in the thesis statement.
[SS2] Each supporting paragraph is made according to the direction that formulated in the
supporting is written by a certain organization that factions as the body of the essay.

[TS] The concluding paragraph can be written in two ways to finish the
paragraph. [SS1] The first techniques is restating the thesis statement by using deferent

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words of the same meaning, i.e. using synonyms, and giving the writer’s comments. [
SS2] The second technique is the summary of the body essay must be paraphrase in one
sentence and must also function as the topic sentence of the concluding paragraph.

[CS/CP] One of the two techniques, the summary plus the comments or the
restatement plus the comment can be used to write the concluding paragraph of an essay.

Step 15 : Revise again the draft of the essay :

ESSAY

[GS1/TS] An essay is generally a short piece of writing outlining the writer’s perspective
or story. [GS2/SS1] It sets around a specific main topic or main subject [GS3/SS2] It has
a few paragraphs that the writer can elaborate his/her own perspective or story. [GS4/SS3]
The essay can be formal as well as informal. [TS/CS] So, An essay is a piece of writing
that contains an introductory, several supporting paragraphs which also called ‘ bodies ‘
, and one concluding paragraph. (thesis Statement)

[TS] The introductory part of an essay is a paragraph which has several

sentences that can be divided into two parts. [SS1] The first part is the general
statement that functions as back ground of the main topic and the central idea. [MjSS1]
The first general statement factions as the topic sentences of the introductory paragraph,
while the following general statement factions as the supporting sentences of that
introductory. [SS2] The second part is the thesis statement of the essay that factions as
the concluding sentences of the introductory. [MjSS1] As a thesis statement in the
introductory, so that it limits the scope of the main topic and the central idea by breaking
them into some logic mayor divisions that can also show the development of the essay
organization. [CS] So an introductory paragraph contains some general statements
or general information and a thesis statement about the main topic and the central
idea development in an essay.
[TS] The body of the essay contains several supporting paragraphs that factions
to develop the thesis statement. [SS1] The member of the supporting paragraph in the
body is usually the some with the member of the logic major divisions of the main topic
and central idea, broken down in the thesis statement. [SS2] Each supporting paragraph is
made according to the direction which is exploit or implicitly formulated in the supporting
is written by a certain organization that factions as the body of the essay.
[TS] The concluding paragraph is the last part of the essay which can be written
in two ways to finish the paragraph. [SS1] The first technique is restating the thesis
statement by using deferent words of the same meaning, i.e. using synonyms, and giving
the writer’s comments. [MjSS1] Restatement is used as the topic sentence of the closing
part. [MjSS1] One of the comments must serve as the concluding idea sentence, which
the former areas functions as the supporting sentences. [SS1] The second technique is the
summary of the body essay must be paraphrased in one sentence and must also function
as the topic sentence of the concluding paragraph. [MjSS1] One of the comments must
serve as the concluding sentences and the others function as the supporting sentences.

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‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘
[CS] One of the two techniques, the summary plus the comments or the restatement
plus the comment can be used to write the concluding paragraph of an essay.
[TS] From the description above, it can be concluded that ‘ an essay ‘ is a piece of
writing that must have some paragraphs and three divisions of the paragraph, they are
introductory paragraphs, several supporting paragraphs and concluding paragraph.

Notes:
1. TS : Topic Sentence ( Main Idea Sentence)
2. SS : Supporting Sentence
3. MjSS : Major Supporting Sentence
4. MnSS : Minor Supporting Sentence
5. CP : Concluding Paragraph
6. GS : General Statement
7. GI : General Information
8. BI : Background Information
9. General Statement (GS) or General Information (GI) or Background Information
(BI) is the same term.
10. Supporting Sentence (SS) or Supporting Detail or Sentence Idea or Sub Point is the
same term.
11. Major Supporting Sentence (MjSS) or Sentence Idea or Major Detail is the same
term.
12. Minor Supporting Sentence (MjSS) or Minor Detail is the same term.
13. Main Idea or Main Point or Central Point is the same term.
14. Topic Sentence or Main Idea Sentence is the same term.
15. Main Idea is used for ‘ Main Idea Sentence ‘ or ‘ Topic Sentence’.
16. Sub Idea is used for ‘ Sub Idea Sentence ‘ or ‘ Supporting Sentence ‘
17. Detail Idea is used for ‘ Detail Sentence’ or ‘ Major Supporting Sentence ‘
18. Minor Idea is used for ‘ Sub Detail Sentence’ or ‘ Minor Supporting Sentence ‘

Notes for revisions:

To make smoothly the sentences, it is necessary to elaborate by using complex or

compound complex sentences in each body. The writer may elaborate the support, major
and minor in complex or compound-complex sentences.

18 FBS – UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA By : Selamat H. Napitupulu

‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘
The Effects of Being a Foreign Student

[GS1] Usually becoming a foreign student in order to study in another city can change
your life in many aspects. [GS2] Living in a city far away from home can bring many
consequences and effects which almost always change a student’s form of life. [GS3]
When I became a foreign student, many things changed or had to change. [GS4] You do
not live with your family, so usually you have to learn how to live in harmony with others,
how to do things by yourself, how to move to other places, etc. [GS5] Being a foreign
makes you learn a lot of things, but at the beginning it can be somewhat difficult, as it
happened to me. [TS]That is why the purpose of this paper is to discuss the three main
effects of being a foreign student. (Thesis Statement)

[TS] The main effect and the one that affects you most is the fact that you do not
live with your parents and in your house, which means that you will not enjoy its
commodities. [SS1] It was so good when your mom cooked for you, and when the house
maid used to make your bed. [SS2]Your dad took you to school, and when classes
finished, you returned to your room and made yourself completely comfortable. [SS3]But
becoming a foreign student implies that you will live in a dormitory or that you will rent
an apartment. [SS4] Usually you have to take care of dirty dishes, messy rooms, and
cooking. [SS5]This means you have to learn many new things, like how to cook several
dishes. [CS] In a few words, you have to learn how to be independent.

[TS] Another effect is that you have to find your way around the city, so you have to
know the main parts of the city. [SS1]If you have a car, it may be easier to explore the
city. [MjSS1]You can just get lost and see where each street takes you, and then find a
way back home. [SS2] But if you don’t have a car, you need to learn how to get around by
walking, in buses, or with taxis. [MjSS1] For this you may find out about bus routes or
find out how much costs to use taxis, and in this way you can plan the time it will take you
to get from your house to school, for example. [MjSS2]This will force you to plan your
time better, and maybe you will have less available time along the day. [MjSS3]This may
decrease the time you have to make homework or to hang out with your friends, for
example. [CS] But over time, you learn how to plan your activities in a better way.

[TS] A foreign student may also find himself feeling somewhat lonely, since arriving
in a new city means you don’t know anyone. [SS1]You may be lucky if another friend
from your city comes with, but usually you are alone. [SS2] It is important to start meeting
people and making friends. [MjSS1]In this way it will be much easier to get used to being
a foreign student. [MjSS2]You will have new people with who to hang with, with whom
to go to parties. [SS3]Besides you won’t have to be quiet all the time in classes like when
you don’t know someone. [SS4]Sometimes friends can also help you in a lot of situations,
like when you have problems about running out of money, when you need to go to your
house quickly but you don’t have a car, or when you need to get something that is not
easily found. [CS]But most of all, with friends you can have a great time and learn a lot of
things.

[TS] Leaving your house and going to another city to study is an experience in your
life that cannot be compared to any other experience in your life. [SS1]You learn how to
19 FBS – UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA By : Selamat H. Napitupulu
‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘
be independent, and you get to meet tons of people. [SS2] It may be somewhat difficult to
live without your parents and in another city, but this makes you learn how to live your
life better and how to appreciate what you have, like your parents and your belongings.
[SS3]Besides, you get to appreciate the things you achieve during your life because you
learn that your goals are not achieved easily, but that they cost a lot of work and effort.
[CS] In conclusion, being a foreign student is great!
(Adapted from: http://eslbee.com/effects_of_being_a_foreign_student.htm)

Cause and effect Essay -1

Causes and Effects of Smoking

As mentioned above, smoking cigarette includes carbon monoxide. Since carbon

monoxide is the replacement for oxygen in the blood during smoking, there are some
fetuses that could attempt to compensate for this particular deprivation by creating extra
red blood cells for the purpose of carrying extra oxygen. In some extraordinary cases, the
blood gets thicker from the proliferation of such cells and ultimately cuts off the supply of
blood to critical organs with fatal results.
Smoking causes a person's heart to run in overdrive and ultimately there is a
shortage of oxygen in heart. Heart then has to work more for maintaining supply to the
entire human body. The blood vessels are narrowed causing high blood pressure.
Moreover, smoking impacts the cardiovascular system of human beings which also
becomes a cause of high blood pressure or hypertension. The effect of high blood pressure
is heart related diseases.
Smoking is considered as one of the most dangerous habits of an individual,
especially for women and children eventually leading to several complications and
causing grave health problems. There are numerous harmful as well as dangerous effects
related with smoking. Carbon monoxide and nicotine in cigarette smoking has been
related with several adverse impacts on lungs and heart. For example, in pregnant women
it can eventually result in grave outcomes including; low birth weight babies, preterm
delivery; premature rupture of membranes, placental abnormalities, and increased risk of
sudden infant death syndrome. It is pertinent to mention that smoking causes vascular
diseases that in turns affect flow of blood through the placenta. Smokers, in fact, look
older than they actually are because the blood vessels are partially obstructed and
calcified. The complications resulting from placental abruption are more common in
smokers.
The combination of carbon monoxide and nicotine especially in cigarettes causes
increase heart rate and strained heart blood vessels. It cuts off supply of oxygen to other
parts of human body including hands and feet, and limbs. These causes have grave effects
on entire human body and increase chances of death. In fact, hundreds of thousands of
people die every year, around the world, due to smoking. Smoking is considered as a slow
way of death. For example, it causes emphysema that slowly but continuously effects
lungs. The effect of emphysema is repeated attacks of bronchitis, lung-diseases and heart
failure.
Cigarettes contain tobacco which, in turn, possesses nicotine and different other
toxic chemicals. These chemicals cause blood vessel to be narrower than normal. When

20 FBS – UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA By : Selamat H. Napitupulu

‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘
blood passes through these narrow vessels it creates extra pressure and results in
hypertension having some serious effects on human body including heart strokes and
paralysis. Cigarettes causes deterioration in quality of blood and increases cholesterol
level, at times, also creates clots in the heart. The effect of increased level of cholesterol
and creation of clots in blood is also heart attack as well as impacting other parts of body.
Nicotine in blood causes shortage of oxygen in the human body which, in turn,
exerts pressure on heart. Moreover, it blocks the arteries and causes damage to the blood
vessels. The damage effects flow of blood and increase blood pressure. Chemicals present
in tobacco causes damage to the lining of blood vessels that effects fats level and increase
the risk of atheroma being a major cause of heart diseases.
( Adapted from : https://www.essaywriter.college/blog/cause-and-effect-essay/cause-and-
effect-essay-sample.pdf

Cause and effect Essay -2

Effects of Video Game Addiction

One common effect of video game addiction is isolation and withdrawal from
social experiences. Video game players often hide in their homes or in Internet cafés for
days at a time—only reemerging for the most pressing tasks and necessities. The effect of
this isolation can lead to a breakdown of communication skills and often a loss in
socialization. While it is true that many games, especially massive multiplayer online
games, involve a very real form of e-based communication and coordination with others,
and these virtual interactions often result in real communities that can be healthy for the
players, these communities and forms of communication rarely translate to the types of
valuable social interaction that humans need to maintain typical social functioning. As a
result, the social networking in these online games often gives the users the impression
that they are interacting socially, while their true social lives and personal relations may
suffer. (Effect).
The causes of video game addiction are complex and can vary greatly, but the
effects have the potential to be severe. Playing video games can and should be a fun
activity for all to enjoy. But just like everything else, the amount of time one spends
playing video games needs to be balanced with personal and social responsibilities.
(Cause)
Video game addition is a serious problem in many parts of the world today and
deserves more attention. It is no secret that children and adults in many countries
throughout the world, including Japan, China, and the United States, play video games
every day. Most players are able to limit their usage in ways that do not interfere with
their daily lives, but many others have developed an addiction to playing video games and
suffer detrimental effects. (Hook Statement) An addiction can be described in several
ways, but generally speaking, addictions involve unhealthy attractions to substances or
activities that ultimately disrupt the ability of a person to keep up with regular daily
responsibilities. Video game addiction typically involves playing games uncontrollably for
many hours at a time—some people will play only four hours at a time while others

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‘ACADEMIC WRITING ‘
cannot stop for over twenty-four hours. Regardless of the severity of the addiction, many
of the same effects will be experienced by all.
Another unfortunate product of the isolation that often accompanies video game
addiction is the disruption of the user’s career. While many players manage to enjoy video
games and still hold their jobs without problems, others experience challenges at their
workplace. Some may only experience warnings or demerits as a result of poorer
performance, or others may end up losing their jobs altogether. Playing video games for
extended periods of time often involves sleep deprivation, and this tends to carry over to
the workplace, reducing production and causing habitual tardiness. (Effect).
Video game addiction may result in a decline in overall health and hygiene.
Players who interact with video games for such significant amounts of time can go an
entire day without eating and even longer without basic hygiene tasks, such as using the
restroom or bathing. The effects of this behavior pose significant danger to their overall
health. (Effect)
( Adapted from: https://www.essaywriter.college/blog/cause-and-effect-essay/cause-effect-essay-example.pdf )

22 FBS – UNINDRA PGRI JAKARTA By : Selamat H. Napitupulu