Tectonic Setting of The Balaram Kui Surp

ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
PRECAM-3288; No. of Pages 20
Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Precambrian Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres
Tectonic setting of the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South

Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli Mobile Belt, NW India and its implication on
correlation with the East African Orogen in the Gondwana assembly
Yengkhom Kesorjit Singh a , Bert De Waele b,c , Subrata Karmakar d ,
Sunayana Sarkar a , Tapas Kumar Biswal a,∗
a
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
b
SRK Consulting, 10 Richardson Street, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
c
The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
d
Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Granulites are developed in various tectonic settings and during different geological periods, and have
Received 5 August 2009 been used for continental correlation within supercontinent models. In this context the Balaram-Kui-
Received in revised form 3 August 2010 Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli Mobile Belt of northwestern India
Accepted 13 August 2010
are significant. The granulites occur as shear zone bounded lensoidal bodies within low-grade rocks of the
Available online xxx
South Delhi Terrane and comprise pelitic and calcareous granulites, a gabbro-norite-basic granulite suite
and multiple phases of granites of the Ambaji suite. The granulites have undergone three major phases of
Keywords:
folding and shearing. The F1 and F2 folds are coaxial along NE-SW axis, and F3 folds are developed across
Aravalli Mobile Belt
South Delhi Terrane
the former along NW-SE axis. Thus, various types of interference patterns are produced. The granulite
Granulites facies metamorphism is marked by a spinel–cordierite–garnet–sillimanite–quartz assemblage with melt
Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP dating phase and is synkinematic to the F1 phase of folding. The peak thermobarometric condition is set at
Neoproterozoic terrane ≥850 ◦ C and 5.5–6.8 kb. The granulites have been exhumed through thrusting along multiple ductile shear
East African Orogen zones during syn- to post-F2 folding. Late-stage shearing has produced cataclasites and pseudotachylites.
Gondwana Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe (SHRIMP) U–Pb dating of zircon from pelitic granulites and
synkinematically emplaced granites indicate that: (1) the sedimentary succession of the South Delhi
Terrane was deposited between 1240 and 860 Ma with detritus derived from magmatic sources with
ages between 1620 and 1240 Ma; (2) folding and granulite metamorphism have taken place between ca.
860 and 800 Ma, and exhumation at around ca. 800–760 Ma; and (3) the last phase of granitic activity
occurred at ca. 759 Ma. This shows, for the first time, that the granulites of the South Delhi Terrane are
much younger than those of the Sandmata Granulite Complex of the northern part of the Aravalli Mobile
Belt, the Saussar granulites of the Central India Mobile Belt and the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt. Instead,
they show similarities to the Neoproterozoic granulites of the Circum Indian Orogens that include the
East African Orogen (East Africa and Madagascar), the Southern Granulite Terrane of India and much
of Sri Lanka. We suggest that the South Delhi Basin probably marks a trace of the proto-Mozambique
Ocean in NW India within Gondwana, that closed when the Marwar Craton, arc fragments (Bemarivo
Belt in Madagascar and the Seychelles) and components of the Arabian-Nubian Shield collided with the
Aravalli-Bundelkhand Protocontinent at ca. 850–750 Ma.
© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction history of granulites, including deformation, metamorphism and

exhumation, in conjunction with geochronology, has been used as
Granulitic terranes play an important role in correlation across criteria in such correlation studies. The granulites represent the
cratonic blocks within supercontinental assemblages. The tectonic lower crustal rocks and have been formed in various tectonic set-
ting including compressional setting, as is the case for the Eastern
Ghats Mobile Belt (Bhattacharya et al., 1994; Biswal et al., 2007)
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 2225767280; fax: +91 2225767253. or the Saxonian Granulites (Franke, 1993), as well as in exten-
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (B. De Waele), sional setting (Weber, 1984) and subduction setting (Santosh et
[email protected] (S. Karmakar), [email protected] (T.K. Biswal). al., 2009b). Similarly, exhumation of the granulites has occurred
0301-9268/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.08.005
Please cite this article in press as: Singh, Y.K., et al., Tectonic setting of the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South Delhi Terrane
of the Aravalli Mobile Belt, NW India and its implication on correlation with the East African Orogen in the Gondwana assembly. Precambrian
Res. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.08.005
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
2 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx
through several processes including the overthrusting of nappes in Mangalwar, Delhi and Sirohi terranes and comprise thick sequences
a collisional orogen (Biswal and Sinha, 2003), decompression of the of Proterozoic metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks uncon-
overlying crust, underplating by other crustal blocks, and oblique formably overlying the basement gneisses. The basal unconformity
shearing along multiple retrograde shear zones in a transpressional has been extremely tectonised and emplaced to various tectonic
setting (Sandiford and Powell, 1986). However, at the present level levels during Meso- and Neoproterozoic orogenesis.
of exposure, granulites occur in two major forms, namely as exten- The Aravalli Terrane is represented by low- to medium-grade
sive granulite terranes such as in the Napier Complex, Eastern Ghats rocks showing multiple phases of folding and granitic intrusions
Mobile Belt (Dasgupta, 1995; Mukherjee, 1998) and the Southern (Naha and Halyburton, 1974a,b; Naha and Mohanty, 1988; Roy,
Granulite Belt (Hansen et al., 1984), and as shear bounded gran- 1988; Sharma, 1988). Synkinematic granites provide a Palaeopro-
ulite lenses such as those in the Ivrea zone of the European Alps terozoic age for the terrane (ca. 2.0–1.8 Ga, P-1 and P-2 in Fig. 1
(Handy et al., 1999), Sandmata Granulite Complex of the Aravalli and Table 1, Choudhary et al., 1984;Wiedenbeck and Goswami,
Mobile Belt (Guha and Bhattacharya, 1995; Dasgupta et al., 1997) 1994). The Aravalli Terrane was an oceanic basin at 2.5 Ga, when
and Saussar granulites in the Central India Mobile Belt (Bhowmik sedimentation took place with shallow water stromatolite-bearing
et al., 2005). The events of formation and exhumation may have facies in the east and deep water carbonate-pelite facies in the west.
been separated in time by several hundreds of millions of years, The facies-domains have been separated by the ophiolite-bearing
such as is the case for the Napier Complex (Harley, 1985), to only a Rakhabdev shear zone that defines a subduction zone along which
few hundred million years as for the Hercynian granulites (Handy the Aravalli basin closed at 1.8 Ga (Deb et al., 1989; Sarkar et al.,
et al., 1999). 1989; Sugden et al., 1990; Verma and Greiling, 1995).
Indian granulites have been used for continental correlation The Hindoli-Jahajpur Terrane is considered by some to be part
studies between Antarctica, Australia and India in Gondwana of the Aravalli Terrane based on lithological association, structure
assembly (Du Toit, 1937). In this paper we have studied a less (Gupta, 1934; Heron, 1953; Bose and Sharma, 1992; Roy and Jakhar,
known set of granulites on the Indian Peninsula, known as 2002) and the Proterozoic age of the synsedimentary felsic volcanic
the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites. These occur as a rocks (1.8 Ga, P-3 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Deb et al., 2001). However,
lensoidal body at the southwestern extremity of the South Delhi other authors attribute it to the Archaean and suggest it forms part
Terrane of the Aravalli Mobile Belt of northwest India (Fig. 1a). of the Bhilwara Supergroup, along with the Sandmata-Mangalwar
The results of this study are extremely significant in that the Terrane (Raja Rao et al., 1971; Gupta et al., 1980; Sinha-Roy et al.,
present-day configuration of crustal segments in the Indian cra- 1998), while some regard it as an independent sequence of Palaeo-
tonic assemblage, especially in view of ubiquitous presence of proterozoic age (Porwal et al., 2006). The issue is far from being
Neoproterozoic orogens, is considered to have largely resulted resolved.
through Neoproterozoic amalgamation of Gondwana (Mezger and The Sandmata- and Mangalwar Terranes are dominated by
Cosca, 1999; Biswal et al., 2007; Collins et al., 2007a; Meert and migmatitic gneisses (2.83 Ga, A-5 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Tobisch et al.,
Lieberman, 2008; Santosh et al., 2009b). Based on deformation 1994), with sporadic enclaves of amphibolite and metapelite within
patterns, metamorphism and uplift history, supported by zir- it. Based on structural analysis, the gneisses have been explained
con geochronology, the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites to be the product of migmatisation of the Aravalli rocks (Naha and
show significant similarities with possible correlative terranes in Majumdar, 1971a,b; Naha and Halyburton, 1974a,b; Naha and Roy,
the East African Orogen, with further implications on the Neopro- 1983). The Sandmata Terrane occurs to the west and is marked
terozoic assembly of Gondwana. by shear zone bounded granulite pockets known as the Sandmata
Granulite Complex (Sharma, 1988; Deb et al., 1989; Guha and
Bhattacharya, 1995; Dasgupta et al., 1997; Roy et al., 2005). The
2. Regional geology emplacement of these granulite pockets and granulite metamor-
phism in them are broadly synchronous, and date at ca. 1.7–1.8 Ga
The NE-SW trending Aravalli Mobile Belt in western India is (P-5 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Sarkar et al., 1989; Fareeduddin and
flanked by the Marwar and Mewar Cratons in the west and east, Kröner, 1998). The above thermal event has reset the host rock
respectively (Fig. 1a and b). The Mewar Craton forms a promontory Archaean migmatitic gneisses to younger ca.1.8 Ga ages.
structure on the western edge of the Bundelkhand Protocontinent The Delhi Terrane, most extensive of all, is subdivided into the
and the Aravalli Mobile Belt curves around it, forming a westerly South- and North Delhi Terranes. The South Delhi Terrane occurs
closing flexure as a result of indentation tectonics, a process com- as a linear belt along the western edge of the Aravalli Mobile
parable to that which formed the Himalaya along the northern Belt. Internally the South Delhi Terrane has been subdivided into a
edge of the Indian Peninsula. The Mewar Craton is comprised of number of longitudinal tectonic zones which are dominated by are-
Mesoarchaean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses naceous facies in the east and calcareous facies in the west (Heron,
and sporadic greenstone belts (Mewar gneisses, 2.45–3.50 Ga, A-1 1953; Sen, 1981). Generally, the rocks of the South Delhi Terrane
to A-5 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Sivaraman and Odom, 1982; Macdougall are marked by amphibolite facies metamorphism and multiple
et al., 1983; Gopalan et al., 1990; Wiedenbeck and Goswami, 1994; stages of folding. However, the terrane shows sporadic occurrence
Roy and Kröner, 1996; Wiedenbeck et al., 1996a,b). However, of granulite, tectonic slices of ophiolite, blue schist and basement
the Marwar Craton is extensively intruded by the Erinpura and gneiss (Desai et al., 1978; Naha et al., 1987; Biswal, 1988; Volpe
Malani granites, and in several places has been covered by younger and Macdougall, 1990; Tobisch et al., 1994; Biswal et al., 1998a,b;
volcano-sedimentary sequences belonging to the Sindreth, Puna- Fareeduddin and Kröner, 1998; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2000, 2010;
garh, and Marwar groups. Therefore, vestiges of the basement are Srikarni et al., 2004; Khan et al., 2005). Based on the ages of the
only observed in restricted places (near Bar, Heron, 1953, Fig. 1). synkinematic Sendra-Ambaji granite and diorite, the South Delhi
However, so far no Archaean isotopic age has been reported from orogeny is constrained between ca. 1.7 and 0.8 Ga (M-5, M-6 and
Marwar Craton. The Aravalli Mobile Belt, which was visualised as M-7 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Choudhary et al., 1984; Volpe and
a synclinorium by Heron (1953), has undergone major revisions Macdougall, 1990; Tobisch et al., 1994; Deb and Thorpe, 2001; Deb
and is now described to be a Proterozoic mobile belt consisting of a et al., 2001; Pandit et al., 2003). The basin closed through subduc-
collage of NE-SW trending terranes juxtaposed along ductile shear tion along the Kaliguman shear zone running along the contact
zones, which have been shown as lineaments in the map (Fig. 1b). between the Delhi and Aravalli Terranes (Sugden et al., 1990; Biswal
The terranes include the Aravalli, Hindoli-Jahajpur, Sandmata- et al., 1998a). However, a mineral (biotite) age of 535 ± 15 Ma has
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 3
Fig. 1. Geological map of the Aravalli Mobile Belt, modified after Heron (1953), Gupta et al. (1980). Sandmata, Mangalwar, Hindoli-Jahajpur and Mewar gneisses were
considered to be part of Bhilwara Supergroup. Inset shows the Proterozoic mobile belt (shaded in grey) that sutures the Bundelkhand- and the Deccan Protocontinent.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Table 1
Different formations in the Aravalli mobile belt, with their isotopic ages.
Location in Fig. 1 Formation Age Method References
A-1 Mewar gneiss, amphibolites 2882 ± 46 Ma Sm–Nd isochron age Gopalan et al. (1990)
3281 ± 3 Ma Zircon age Wiedenbeck and Goswami (1994)
A-2 Untala granites 3500 Ma Sm–Nd isochron Macdougall et al. (1983)
A-3 Gingla granite 2620 ± 5 Ma Single zircon evaporation Roy and Kröner (1996)
2505 ± 3 Ma Ion Microprobe Zircon Wiedenbeck et al. (1996a,b)
A-4 Berach granite 2610 ± 50 Ma U/Pb Zircon Sivaraman and Odom (1982)
A-5 Country rocks of Sandmata Granulite Complex 2800 Ma Sm–Nd isochron age Tobisch et al. (1994)
A-6 Anasagar granite gneisses 2800 Ma Sm–Nd Isochron age Tobisch et al. (1994)
1849 ± 8 Ma Single Zircon Evaporation Mukhopadhyay et al. (2000)
P-1 Ahar River Granite 2026 ± 54 Ma Rb–Sr isochron age Wiedenbeck and Goswami (1994)
P-2 Amet Granite 1870 ± 200 Ma Rb–Sr isochron age Choudhary et al. (1984)
P-3 Felsic volcanic rocks, Hindoli-Jahajpur Terrane 1854 Ma U–Pb Zircon age Deb and Thorpe (2001)
P-4 Jasrapur granitoid, Khetri,North Delhi Terrane 1821.7 ± 0.4 Ma Pb–Pb evaporation Kaur et al. (2009)
P-5 Sandmata granulite 1725 + 14/−7 Ma Single zircon evaporation age Sarkar et al. (1989)
1723 + 14/−7 Ma Single zircon evaporation age Fareeduddin and Kröner (1998)
M-1 Bairat, Dadikar Granite; North Delhi Terrane 1600 Ma Rb–Sr Whole Rock Isochron age Gopalan et al. (1979) and Crawford (1970)
M-2 Rhyolite, Tosam 793 ± 18 Ma Ar–Ar ages Murao et al. (2000)
M-3 Granite, Tosam 818 ± 3.6 Ma Ar–Ar ages Murao et al. (2000)
M-4 Pelitic granulites, Pilwa-Chinwali 1434 ± 0.6 Ma Single Zircon Evaporation Fareeduddin and Kröner (1998)
M-5 Sendra Granite 840 Ma Rb–Sr age Choudhary et al. (1984)
967.8 ± 1.2 Ma Pb/Pb ages Pandit et al. (2003)
M-6 Granite gneisses, Ambaji 850 Ma Rb–Sr age Choudhary et al. (1984)
M-7 Diorites, South Delhi Terrane, Ranakpur 1012 ± 78 Ma Sm–Nd Isochron age Volpe and Macdougall (1990)
M-8 Erinpura granite 735 ± 15 Ma Rb–Sr age Crawford (1975)
M-9 Malani Igneous suite 771 Ma U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar Meert and Lieberman (2008)
M-10 Rhyolite, South Delhi Terrane, Deri 987 ± 6 Ma U–Pb zircon age Deb et al. (2001)
M-11 Charnockite, BKSK granulites 757.8 ± 0.9 Ma Single zircon age Roy et al. (2005)
M-12 Microgranite 765 Ma Rb–Sr age Choudhary et al. (1984)
M-13 Folliated Granite, Siyawa 836 + 7/−5 Ma U–Pb Zircon age Deb et al. (2001)
M-14 Gabbar Hill granite near Ambaji 535 ± 15 Ma Biotite mineral isochron age Crawford (1975)
M-15 Sindreth volcanic rocks 765.9 ± 1.6 Ma U–Pb Zircon age Van Lente et al. (2009)
been reported from the sheared granites of the Ambaji area, mark- cordierite, garnet, biotite and zircon with rare kyanite, andalusite
ing a thermal disturbance (Crawford, 1975). Contrary to this, the and sapphirine. Cordierites are elongated and carry inclusions
North Delhi Terrane exhibits more extensive outcrops of quartzites of spinel and sillimanite (Fig. 6a). Calcareous granulites show
and schists unconformably overlying the sialic basement rocks. The the presence of diopside, anorthositic plagioclase, wollastonite,
North Delhi Terrane is marked by late-stage open folding, axial scapolite and zoisite forming resistant layers. Garnet is rare and
planar shearing and low-grade metamorphism, and has been con- diopside carries inclusions of plagioclase and relict hornblende
strained to between 1.8 and 1.5 Ga (M-1, P-4 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, (Fig. 4b). Diopside–wollastonite–vesuvianite skarns are developed
Crawford, 1970; Gopalan et al., 1979; Kaur et al., 2009). in the calcareous granulites at the contact with the gabbro-norite-
The Sirohi Terrane occurs to the west of the South Delhi Terrane, basic granulite pluton as well as granitic intrusives. The pelitic
and consists of low-grade metasedimentary rocks exhibiting mul- and calcareous granulites are interlayered with metarhyolites and
tiple phases of deformation (Roy and Sharma, 1999). The terrane metabasalts, representing rift-related synsedimentary lava flows
is extensively intruded by the Erinpura granites (ca. 850–735 Ma, in the basin. The metabasalts have been converted to amphibolites,
M-8 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, Crawford, 1975; Choudhary et al., 1984), and in places highly flattened pillow structures have been recog-
the Malani igneous suite (ca. 793–818 Ma, M-9 in Fig. 1 and Table 1, nised. The metarhyolites appear as microgranites with hornblende
Bhushan, 2000; Murao et al., 2000; 827.0 ± 8.8 Ma, Pradhan et al., and occasional hypersthene. In an earlier study Biswal et al. (1998b)
2010) and Sindreth volcanics (765.9 ± 1.6 Ma, M-15, Van Lente et suggested that the Delhi sediments were deposited in a passive
al., 2009). continental margin.
The gabbro-norite-basic granulite plutons are of gabbro-norite
3. The study area composition at the core without any sign of metamorphism, while
towards the periphery the plutons show metamorphism to basic
The Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites (hereafter will be granulites with orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, hornblende and
referred as BKSK granulites) occur as a lensoidal body on the south- plagioclase. Metamorphic foliation is defined by the growth of
ern tip of the South Delhi Terrane, and are marked by several shear tabular hornblende and hypersthene parallel to S1 fabric. The
zones; the Surpagla shear zone defines the eastern margin with the gabbro-norite members of the pluton carry magmatic layering
low-grade rocks of the Ambaji basin, the Kui-Chitraseni shear zone developed due to mineral segregation. The layers range in thickness
marks the western margin and the Ghoda-, Jogdadi-, Balaram shear from a few mm to a meter, and vary widely in composition from
zones occur within the terrane (Figs. 2 and 3). anorthosite, troctolite to pyroxenite (Fig. 4c). Biswal et al. (1998a)
reported a calc-alkaline affinity of the gabbro-norite-basic gran-
3.1. Rock types ulite suite and interpreted the suite to have been emplaced in a
magmatic arc setting. More recently, Khan et al. (2005) interpreted
The BKSK granulites comprise pelitic and calcareous metased- the mafic and ultramafic units to form part of an ophiolite. However,
imentary granulites; a gabbro-norite-basic granulite suite, and none of these rocks shows oceanic signatures.
several phases of felsic granitoid rocks called the Ambaji gran- The Ambaji Granites have been identified to consist of three
ites (Figs. 4–6). The pelitic granulites exhibit prominent migmatitic phases. The G1 phase is closely associated with pelitic granulites,
structures (Fig. 4a). The paleosomes contain spinel, sillimanite, carries undigested paleosome patches bearing spinel, cordierite
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 2. Lithological map of the study area. To the top left, Section along AB shows the granulite blocks marked on either side by northwesterly verging thrusts (Kui-Chitraseni-
and Kengora shear zone) which are responsible for exhumation of the high-grade rocks to the present level. CD section shows Surpagla shear zone to be a normal slip fault;
the high-grade terrane in the west has been uplifted with respect to low-grade terrane.
and sillimanite and shows similar deformational structures as SE shortening of the basin has been attributed to such coaxial
migmatites. Thus it is interpreted that the G1 phase has been pro- deformation. The F1 folds are developed on the bedding surfaces in
duced from the melting of the pelitic rocks during synkinematic form of isoclinal, extremely drawn out and flattened parallel folds,
F1 folding and high-grade metamorphism. The G2 phase is very with development of marked penetrative axial planar fabric S1 . The
coarse-grained, with quartz, alkali feldspar and biotite, and rare S1 is represented by migmatitic banding in the pelitic granulites and
garnet, muscovite and zircon. The granites occur as batholiths, gneissosity in the calcareous granulites. Shape preferred orienta-
intruding into the metasedimentary rocks along the axial planes of tion of sillimanite, spinel, biotite, cordierite and garnet in the pelitic
F2 folds, and shear zones producing extensive metasomatic alter- granulites, and plagioclase, calcite and diopside in the calcareous
ation in country rock. The G3 phase is synkinematic to F3 folding granulites and orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, hornblende and pla-
and it is generally medium grained and occurs as dykes, veins or gioclase in basic granulites define such fabric. This further suggests
lensoidal bodies. that crystallisation of the above minerals marking the granulite
In contrast to these high-grade rocks, the low-grade rocks in facies metamorphism is synkinematic to F1 folding. Further, melt-
the Ambaji basin consist of mica schist, quartzite, calcareous schist, ing of the rocks during F1 folding has produced the migmatites, and
pillow-bearing metabasalt and metarhyolite. These are intruded by the G1 phase of granites. Emplacement of the gabbro-norite-basic
amphibolites dykes and G2 and G3 phases of granites. granulite plutons has happened synkinematically with F1 folding.
This is evident from the F1 folding of the magmatic banding in
3.2. Structure the pluton, boudinage formation due to synkinematic flattening of
the gabbro-norite-basic granulite veins emplaced along S1 planes,
The BKSK granulites have undergone three major phases of fold- and granulite facies metamorphism of the pluton-margins and the
ing. The first two phases, namely F1 and F2 , are coaxial, and have associated veins.
developed Type 3 interference patterns from mesoscopic to map The F2 folds are open and upright and form crenulation cleav-
scale (Fig. 4a and b). A progressive deformation ensuing from NW- ages, discrete axial planar shear fractures and shear bands along
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 3. Structural map of the study area. Stereograms (a)–(h) show analysis of structural fabrics collected from entire area. (a–f = high-grade rocks, g and h = low-grade rocks).
(a) 350 F1 fold axes and lineations of SW part; contour: 1, 3, 7%. (b). 300 F1 fold axes and lineation of central part; contours: 1, 3, 7%. (c) 140 F1 fold axes and lineation of NE
part; contours: 1, 3, 7%. (d) 92 F2 fold axes and lineation of SE part; contours: 1, 3, 7%. (e) 75 F2 fold axes and lineation of central part; contours: 1, 3, 7%; (f) 50 F2 fold axes and
lineation of NE part; contours: 1, 3, 7%. (g) 130 s1 planes and beta axes for low-grade area Ambaji basin; contours: 1, 3, 5%. (h) 150 f1 –f2 fold axes and lineation of low-grade
rocks; contours: 1, 3, 5%.
the limbs (Fig. 4d and e). From the study of the mylonites is deduced to be NE-SW. The F3 folding has taken place at shallower
and buckle folds within such shear bands, and mapping of the level of the crust as indicated by low-grade metamorphic minerals
large-scale shear zones, it has been interpreted that the large- like biotite and phlogopite, crystallised parallel to the axial plane
scale ductile shear zones, namely the Kui-Chitraseni-shear zone, of the folds. Microgranite veins (G3) have been emplaced along the
Surpagla-, Kengora-, Jogdadi- and Balaram shear zone have been F3 shear fractures.
developed during F2 folding (Figs. 2 and 3). The shear zones are The large-scale structure of the area is mainly controlled by
found axial parallel to the large-scale F2 folds (Fig. 3). Upper NW-SE trending F3 folds (Fig. 3). The lithounits as well as the
amphibolite facies metamorphism has occurred during F2 fold- shear zones, which were initially NE-SW due to the effect of F2
ing. This is evident from the growth of fibrous sillimanite and folding, swerve from NE-SW to E-W and NW-SE, and the F1 –F2
biotite along the axial plane of the F2 fold (Fig. 6d), garnet and fold axes show variation from sector to sector (Fig. 3 stereoplots).
cordierite at the hinge zone, and kyanite along the shear bands. This variation is further augmented due to larger concentration of
However, melting of the metasediments is not evident. G2 gran- gabbro-norite-basic granulite plutons in the SW. The ductile shear
ites have been emplaced during this stage of folding, invoking zones are other large-scale structures in the area. They vary in
extensive feldspathisation along the shear bands in the basic gran- width from a few meters to hundreds of meters and run for kilome-
ulites. ters over several rock types, thus the mylonitic composition varies
F3 folds are developed in form of warps, kinks and chevron from place to place. Mylonitic fabrics suggest thrust slip charac-
folds in a polyclinal fashion along NW-SE and ENE-WSW direc- ter, implying that the granulite terrane has been exhumed through
tion. This has produced Type 1 and Type 2 interference patterns thrusting (Fig. 4f). However, the easternmost shear zones shows
on superposition over F1 and F2 folds, respectively (Fig. 5a and b). normal slip with respect to the low-grade terrane. As the F3 fold-
From the analysis of the conjugate kinks in the study area and else- ing has happened subsequent to thrusting, shear zones in several
where (Naha et al., 1984), compression direction during F3 folding parts are overprinted by low-grade metamorphism. Further, some
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 4. (a) Pelitic granulites showing migmatitic structure; alternate paleosome and neosome define the S1 fabric in the rock. Due to synkinematic nature of migmatisation
with F1 folding, migmatitic layers, at places, are folded by F1 folds which are isoclinal and recumbent (coin is at the F1 hinge). F2 fold (scale is kept parallel to the F2 axial
plane) has been superimposed on F1 to produce Type 3 interference pattern. (b) Calcareous granulites showing ribbed structure due to differential weathering of carbonate
layers (white) with respect to silicate layers (dark). These layers define the bedding which have been folded coaxially by F1 (marked by coin at the hinge) and F2 fold (scale
parallel). Inset shows minerals (Dp-diopside and Plag-plagioclase) present in the rock. (c) Gabbro-norite members of the gabbro-norite-basic granulite suite show segregation
of plagioclase. The suite shows a variation in composition, the parts occurring close to the host pelitic and calcareous granulites have been metamorphosed to basic granulites
while those occur in the core show gabbro, norite and at places anorthositic composition. (d) F2 crenulation in pelitic granulites, developed on S1 fabric. Discrete shear
fractures are developed parallel to S2 cleavage (scale parallel). (e) Shear bands are developed along the limb of the F2 fold. Mylonitisation has occurred along the shear bands
and folds are developed due to shortening across the zone. These folds are similar with F2 folds. (f) S-C fabric in the granite mylonites from the Ghoda Shear Zone (GSZ –
Figs. 2 and 3). The photograph is to be rotated 70 degrees anticlockwise to get the perspective of thrust slip sense of shear. The S-C fabric observed under thin section (inset)
confirms NW vergence of the thrust. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 5. (a) Mirror image pattern in the calc granulites, this is developed due to superposition of F3 (scale parallel) on the reclined F1 folds (pencil parallel). (b) Dome and basin
structures in the calcareous granulites, produced from the superimposition of F3 fold (red pen) on F2 folds (white pencil). G2 Granites are emplaced in the core of the F2
fold. (c) Type 3 interference pattern in calcareous schists of the low-grade terrane, produced from the coaxial folding between isoclinal and reclined – f1 fold (pencil parallel)
with open and upright – f2 fold (scale parallel). (d) Axial plane parallel shearing in the f2 fold; large-scale shear zones are, however, not observed in the low-grade terrane.
(e) Conjugate f3 folds (axial plane marked by pen and pencil) in closely foliated calcareous schist of the low-grade terrane, the orientation of the obtuse angle bisector of the
conjugate indicates horizontal compression in NNE-SSW direction. (f) Dome and basin structures developed due to interference of f2 and f3 folds in the calcareous schist of
the low-grade terrane. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
of the shear zones, e.g. the Kui-Chitraseni shear zone, have been The Ambaji basin shares a common deformational history as
reactivated later as brittle faults hosting cataclasites and pseudo- the BKSK granulites, consisting of an early phase of coaxial folding
tachylites (Biswal et al., 2004; Sarkar and Biswal, 2005; Anbazhagan between f1 and f2 folds along NE-SW axis (Fig. 5c and d) followed
et al., 2006). by f3 folds (Fig. 5e) along NW-SE axis (lowercase font is used to
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 6. (a) Photomicrograph of pelitic granulites showing S1 fabric. The neosome is defined by quartzofeldspathic layers and the paleosome is defined by the
cordierite–sillimanite–spinel layers. (b) Detailed photomicrograph of paleosome, showing cordierite (Crd1 ) porphyroblasts with internal schistosity defined by silliman-
ite (Sil) inclusions. Note the presence of spinel (Spl) at the contact with cordierite.These belong to Sil1 and Spl1 . (c) Photomicrograph of pelitic granulites, showing garnet
porphyroblasts with sillimanite (Sil) and quartz (Qtz) inclusions. Associated cordierite (Crd) contains inclusions of biotite (Bt). All these minerals belong to F1 stage. (d) F2
fold show synkinematic growth of biotite, garnet, sillimanite and spinel parallel to the axial plane of the fold. This assemblage reflects a retrograde phase that happened
subsequent to the exhumation of the granulites. (e) Garnet (Grt) is surrounded by cordierite (Crd) and spinel (Spl) against quartz (Qtz) grains in pelitic granulites. These are
Crd2 and Spl2 . These belong to retrograde phase. (f) Photomicrograph of pelitic granulites, cordierite2 develops only around Grt1 or Spl1 against quartz. (For interpretation
of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
designate folds in low-grade units). The superposition of folds has Sometimes cordierite2 develops only around Grt1 or Spl1 against
produced Type 1, 2 and 3 interference patterns (Fig. 5c and f). quartz (Fig. 6f). The following FMAS model reactions can be pre-
A discrete axial planar fracture cleavage s2 , showing refraction dicted to account for the evolution of the second generation of
across layers of different competence, pervades the rocks. Some cordierite and spinel during retrogression:
of these fractures show meter-scale shear displacement (Fig. 5d),
but large-scale ductile shear zones are not observed. The Ambaji garnet1 + sillimanite → spinel2 + cordierite2 (3)
basin represents a large-scale southwesterly plunging F2 fold which garnet1 + sillimanite + quartz → cordierite2 (4)
has a NE-SW axial plane, overturned to the NW. As a result, both
limbs show a southeasterly dip. This is further indicated by girdle spinel1 + quartz → cordierite2 (5)
distribution of the S1 schistosity planes (Fig. 3g).
The occurrence of coarse matrix biotite in contact with garnet and
Cross-sections A–B and C–D (Fig. 2 inset) indicate that the rock
cordierite suggest the late hydration reactions to develop this ret-
units are folded by large-scale F2 fold. The folded GNBG plutons
rograde phase to be:
have been pinched out within the metasediments due to its synk-
inematic nature of intrusion during F1 . The high-grade terrane has garnet + K-feldspar + liquid → biotite + plagioclase + quartz (6)
been exhumed through thrusting along the terrane margin shear
zones namely Kui-Chitraseni shear zone and Surpagla shear zone cordierite + K-feldspar + liquid → biotite + quartz (7)
and internal shear zones (Fig. 2 inset). This has placed granulites
against the low-grade rocks of the Ambaji basin. Therefore, the 3.3.2. Mineral chemistry, electron microprobe analysis
Kui-Chitraseni shear zone that marks the western margin show Mineral chemistry of the coexisting phases in the pelitic gran-
NW vergence thrust slip while the eastern margin shear zone, the ulites was determined by JEOL-JXA-8600 M WDS based electron
Surpagla shear zone, shows normal slip to the SE. microprobe at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. The oper-
ating conditions were 15 kV accelerating voltage, 20 nA specimen
3.3. Metamorphism in the BKSK granulites current 2 ␮m beam diameter. Both synthetic and natural mineral
standards were used for calibration, with ZAF correction applied.
3.3.1. Petrology of the pelitic granulites (The analytical result has been stored as Table 3 in the Journal web
The pelitic granulites have been studied to determine the site.)
physico-chemical condition of metamorphism of the rocks. A lower Garnet1 is essentially almandine rich (XAlm ∼ 0.8) with very
pressure metamorphism was qualitatively suggested by Desai et al. low amounts of pyrope (maximum XPrp = 0.13) and insignificant
(1978) based on the presence of cordierite in the pelitic granulites. grossular and spessartine component. Cordierite is characteristi-
The rocks are characterized by compositional banding, with darker cally enriched in Fe2+ where XMg varies from 0.44 to 0.58. There is no
layers alternating with quartzofeldspathic leucosome. The dark lay- compositional distinction between two generations of cordierite.
ers show concentration of spinel, cordierite, garnet and sillimanite. Spinel1 is hercynitic (XHc = 0.70–0.77) in composition and is char-
These minerals crystallized during F1 folding. Hence a prograde acteristically enriched in ZnO (XGah = 0.08–0.21) and low in Cr2 O3 .
stage during the F1 folding is envisaged. Recalculated Fe2 O3 contents in spinel range from 3.52 to 5.88.
Biotite is moderately rich in TiO2 (3.5–4.2) and poor in phlogopite
3.3.1.1. Prograde stage and the peak metamorphic assemblages. component (XMg = 0.31–0.41).
Cordierite (Crd1 ) occurs as flattened porphyroblasts containing
numerous inclusions of sillimanite (Fig. 6a and b) whereas a por-
3.3.3. P–T condition of metamorphism
phyroblastic variety of garnet (Grt1 ) preserves rare inclusions of
Peak pressure and temperature conditions of metamorphism
biotite, sillimanite and quartz, which define an internal schistosity
were deduced using conventional thermobarometers applicable
(Fig. 6c). Spinel (Spl1 ) occurs in the matrix as medium-sized grains
to the peak metamorphic assemblage. Maximum tempera-
that are intergrown with Crd1 . The sillimanite–biotite–quartz
tures, estimated using the garnet–cordierite thermometer of
inclusions in Crd1 and Grt1 , defining the early schistosity, are
Bhattacharya et al. (1988) are ∼700 ◦ C at an estimated pres-
interpreted to form part of the assemblage stabilised during the
sure of 6 kb. The spinel–quartz–cordierite geothermometer of
prograde stage of evolution. Subsequently, this mineral assemblage
Nichols et al. (1992) gave a similar value. A higher temperature
gave rise to Crd1 , Grt1 and Spl1 . Presence of quartzofeldspathic
(≤900 ◦ C) was estimated using the spinel cordierite thermometer
leucosomes suggest former occurrence of melt. We therefore
of Vielzeuf (1983). Garnet–cordierite–aluminosilicate–quartz and
interpret the stabilisation of Grt1 , Crd1 and Spl1 due to dehydration-
garnet–spinel–aluminosilicate–quartz barometry record pres-
melting of a protolith containing biotite–sillimanite–quartz (Grant,
sures of 5.3–6.8 kb at estimated temperature of 800 ◦ C, whereas
1985a,b; Vielzeuf and Holloway, 1988; Le Breton and Thompson,
the garnet–cordierite and spinel–quartz–cordierite barometer
1988; Waters, 1988, 1991) via the model reactions:
(Nichols et al., 1992) gave slightly lower estimates. We estimate
biotite + sillimanite + quartz → spinel1 + cordierite1 + melt (1) peak temperature and pressure of ≥850 ◦ C and 5.5–6.8 kb for the
studied rock.
biotite + sillimanite + quartz → garnet1 + cordierite1 + melt (2)
A P–T pseudosection constructed by Kelsey (2008) for bulk
The reactions (1) and (2) may take place simultaneously in micro rock XMg = 62 constrains the P–T domain for the peak assemblage
domains and may be controlled by variations in bulk chemistry. of garnet–cordierite–spinel–K-feldspar with liquid at ≤7.5 kb and
Fe3 O4 rich spinel suggests that the melting event probably took 925 ◦ C. The stability range of this assemblage is consistent with
place under high fO2 conditions. the experimental data of similar bulk rock composition at high fO2
condition (Das et al., 2003) and with the semi-quantitative pet-
3.3.1.2. Retrograde stage. The F2 folding is marked by growth of rogenetic grid of Dasgupta et al. (1995) in the system KFMASH.
finer cordierite, sillimanite, spinel and biotite (Fig. 6d) that indicates That garnet–cordierite–spinel–sillimanite is a relatively low pres-
a retrograde origin. This has happened subsequent to the exhuma- sure assemblage is also supported by the qualitative KFMASH grid
tion of the granulites to the higher level. Porphyroblastic garnet of McDade and Harley (2001). Stabilisation of spinel and quartz is
is surrounded by a symplectite of finer grained cordierite (Crd2 ) well known in several HT/UHT metamorphic terrains (e.g. Lal et al.,
and spinel (Spl2 ) (Fig. 6e) and, in rare instances, small to medium- 1987; Sandiford et al., 1987; Sengupta et al., 1990; Waters, 1991;
sized skeletal garnet grains show a cordierite2 corona around them. Dasgupta et al., 1995; Ouzegane and Boumaza, 1996; Ishii et al.,
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
and mounted in epoxy resin together with zircon standard BR266

(Stern, 2001), TEMORA-2 (Black et al., 2004) and CZ3 (Pidgeon et
al., 1994). The grains were studied applying carbon coating under
JEOL-6400 SEM fitted with a cathode-luminescence (CL) detec-
tor; imaging was conducted at a working distance of 39 mm and
using an accelerating voltage of 15 keV and beam current of ∼5 nA.
Identification of grains was done by back-scatter electron imag-
ing and energy dispersive spectrometry. CL imaging was done to
reveal internal structure and growth patterns (Corfu et al., 2003).
(The CL images are stored as Fig. 10 in the Journal web site). Sub-
sequently, the carbon coating was removed and a thin layer of
ultra-pure gold coating applied. SHRIMP analysis was done follow-
ing method described by Claoué-Long (1994). Working conditions
included a primary beam current of 2–3 nA, slightly elliptical spot
size of ∼25–30 ␮m, sensitivity of >20 counts per ppm Pb and per
nA primary beam current, and a mass resolution of >4500. Mea-
surements were conducted on Zr2 O+ , 204 Pb+ , background, 206 Pb+ ,
207 Pb+ , 208 Pb+ , 238 U+ , 232 ThO+ and 238 UO + in sets of six scans, with
2
a total analysis time of about 15 min per sample spot. Analyses of
unknown and BR266 standard zircon were interspersed at a ratio
3:1, allowing calibration of 238 U/206 Pb ratios and U content using
an age of 559 Ma and U content of 909 ppm (Stern, 2001). TEMORA-
Fig. 7. Pressure–temperature diagram, showing possible P–T evolutionary path, of 2 and CZ3 were used as control standards and yielded 206 Pb/238 U
the studied pelitic granulite with reference to the simplified petrogenetic grid in the
ages within error of those reported for them (Pidgeon et al., 1994;
system NaKFMASH (after Spear et al., 1999). Small fill circle on the PT path indicates
the peak PT condition.
Black et al., 2004).
Common Pb correction is based on measured non-radiogenic
204 Pb isotope, and a common Pb composition applied following
2006; Santosh et al., 2006a,b; Shimizu et al., 2009). This assemblage the Pb-evolution model of Stacey and Kramers (1975). The sam-
is indicative of UHT metamorphism but may not be used as diag- ples were analysed during two sessions, sample TB-2 in session 1,
nostic for UHT as discussed extensively by several workers (Harley, and the remaining samples in session 2. Standard calibration errors
2008 and references therein). The principal reason lies in the depen- are reported in Table 2, but were not included in single spot ages
dence of the stability of spinel on Zn, Cr and Fe3+ . It is noted in and pooled age calculations. Single spot ages are reported at 1
this context that spinel in the studied granulites contains substan- confidence level, while pooled ages are reported at 95% confidence
tial amount of Zn. Stability of spinel- bearing assemblages will be (Fig. 8).
enlarged at high fO2 as argued by Hensen (1986). Zn has a similar
role to Fe3+ and at temperatures ≤850 ◦ C, Zn is more influential than 4.2. Sample no. TB-1
Fe3 to stabilise spinel bearing assemblages (Sengupta et al., 1991,
Dasgupta et al., 1995). A garnet–spinel–cordierite assemblage with The sample was collected from a microgranite pluton belong-
K-feldspar, quartz and liquid is also stabilised at relatively low ing to the G3 phase of Ambaji granites west of Ghoda (Fig. 2). The
pressures and high temperatures in the system NKFMASH accord- granite is medium grained and pink coloured, and is considered to
ing to Spear et al. (1999). This simplified quantitative petrogenetic be synkinematically emplaced during the F3 folding event, thus it
grid demonstrates that the development of retrograde spinel and defines the last major magmatic event in the South Delhi Terrane.
cordierite (reactions (3)–(5)) is related to decompression subse- Zircon from the sample ranges in size from 50 to 300 ␮m, and have
quent to peak metamorphism (Fig. 7). aspect ratios between 1:1 and 4:1. CL imaging reveals variable CL-
response, with some zircon showing internal zoning patterns, some
4. Zircon U–Pb Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe not. The main population represents euhedral and low to medium-
(SHRIMP) study CL grains, while a few rounded or irregular well-zoned bright-CL
zircons probably represent a xenocrystic component. Many data
For the first time, a systematic geochronological study is pre- points recorded high counts on 204 Pb, interpreted to indicate high
sented on the pelitic granulites and granites to ascertain the proportions of non-radiogenic Pb related to high U content and
age of the granulite-grade part of the South Delhi Terrane as resulting radiogenic damage (Table 2). These analyses were aborted
well as explain the dynamics of juxtaposition with the low-grade after the first scan and not further discussed here. One analysis on
part of the South Delhi Terrane. Though some isotopic dates are a large, bright-CL zircon resulted in an age of 3195 Ma, and this
available in the literature, they were obtained from samples col- grain is interpreted as a Mesoarchaean xenocryst. The main popu-
lected without an adequate understanding of their position with lation of analyses, conducted on euhedral dark or medium-CL grains
respect to the dynamics of the area. The present geochronolog- defines a weighted mean 206 Pb/238 U age of 759 ± 6 Ma, interpreted
ical study focuses on zircons separated from pelitic granulites to record the emplacement age of the microgranite (Fig. 8). A simi-
and various granitoid rocks. The former were dated to elucidate lar age has been obtained for hypersthene bearing granites (758 Ma,
the sedimentation–deformation–metamorphic history of the basin, Roy et al., 2005) as well as the Erinpura granites (735 Ma, Crawford,
while the granites (G1, G2 and G3) are correlated with particular 1975) and Malani granites (ca. 771 Ma, Gregory et al., 2009) from
geological events revealed through detailed structural mapping. the Marwar Craton.
4.1. Analytical technique 4.3. Sample nos. TB-2 and TB-3
Zircon grains were extracted from fresh rock samples follow- These samples were collected from pelitic granulites close to
ing standard mineral separation techniques and then hand picked Surpagla (Fig. 2). Many zircon grains contain pleochroic halos in
12
PRECAM-3288;
G Model
Table 2
Zircon U–Pb SHRIMP data for samples from the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora area, South Delhi Terrane.
Spot name f206 (%) U (ppm) Th Th/U (±1 abs) (238 U/206 Pb)total (±1 Ma) (207 Pb/206 Pb)total (238 U/206 Pb)204 (207 Pb/206 Pb)204 206
Pb/238 U Age 207
Pb/206 Pb Age
Sample TB1-F3 microgranite (analyses conducted during a single session. 6 BR266 standard analyses yielded a 2 error of the mean of 0.94%)
TB1-1-1 1.263 305 605 2.05 10.93837 ± 0.11232 0.11232 ± 0.00059 11.07829 ± 0.11790 0.05041 ± 0.00270 557 ± 6 214 ± 124
No. of Pages 20
TB1-1-2 0.191 222 187 0.87 7.88942 ± 0.08277 0.08277 ± 0.00061 7.90449 ± 0.08327 0.06447 ± 0.00102 768 ± 8 757 ± 33
TB1-1-3 0.017 238 239 1.04 1.66254 ± 0.01683 0.01683 ± 0.00060 1.66283 ± 0.01683 0.25155 ± 0.00061 3035 ± 25 3195 ± 4
TB1-1-4.2 0.185 466 110 0.24 7.97363 ± 0.07879 0.07879 ± 0.00042 7.98841 ± 0.07906 0.06347 ± 0.00064 760 ± 7 724 ± 21
TB1-1-5 0.631 514 348 0.70 8.10129 ± 0.07959 0.07959 ± 0.00053 8.15275 ± 0.08074 0.06165 ± 0.00132 746 ± 7 662 ± 46
TB1-1-6 0.732 721 214 0.31 7.86049 ± 0.07591 0.07591 ± 0.00033 7.91845 ± 0.07680 0.05931 ± 0.00110 767 ± 7 578 ± 40
TB1-1-7 9.091 430 142 0.34 11.29425 ± 0.11426 0.11426 ± 0.00077 12.42374 ± 0.15419 0.07057 ± 0.01157 499 ± 6 945 ± 336
TB1-1-8 1.256 451 243 0.56 7.90639 ± 0.07833 0.07833 ± 0.00087 8.00693 ± 0.08031 0.06212 ± 0.00201 759 ± 7 678 ± 69
TB1-1-9 0.606 294 135 0.48 7.99528 ± 0.08159 0.08159 ± 0.00053 8.04404 ± 0.08261 0.06085 ± 0.00125 755 ± 7 634 ± 44
TB1-1-10 0.339 528 430 0.84 6.38840 ± 0.06818 0.06818 ± 0.00039 6.41012 ± 0.06852 0.06860 ± 0.00073 935 ± 9 887 ± 22
TB1-1-11 0.582 380 220 0.60 8.42004 ± 0.34259 0.34259 ± 0.00054 8.46933 ± 0.34505 0.05956 ± 0.00189 719 ± 28 588 ± 69
ARTICLE IN PRESS
TB1-1-11.1 0.564 709 314 0.46 7.84167 ± 0.19772 0.19772 ± 0.00038 7.88615 ± 0.19917 0.06293 ± 0.00137 770 ± 18 706 ± 46
TB1-1-12 0.486 745 580 0.81 8.68903 ± 0.21905 0.21905 ± 0.00038 8.73150 ± 0.22026 0.06142 ± 0.00095 699 ± 17 654 ± 33
Sample TB2-pelitic granulites (analyses conducted during a single session. 18 BR266 standard analyses yielded a 2 error of the mean of 0.88%)
TB1-2-1 0.135 410 74 0.19 4.66405 ± 0.04565 0.08288 ± 0.00036 4.67033 ± 0.04574 0.08174 ± 0.00048 1251 ± 11 1239 ± 12
Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

TB1-2-2 0.216 876 456 0.54 4.55475 ± 0.04412 0.09189 ± 0.00026 4.56463 ± 0.04426 0.09007 ± 0.00050 1277 ± 11 1427 ± 11
TB1-2-3 0.127 612 446 0.75 3.64744 ± 0.05706 0.09808 ± 0.00033 3.65208 ± 0.05714 0.09698 ± 0.00042 1560 ± 22 1567 ± 8
TB1-2-4 0.080 824 546 0.68 3.58701 ± 0.03787 0.09866 ± 0.00057 3.58988 ± 0.03791 0.09797 ± 0.00059 1584 ± 15 1586 ± 11
TB1-2-5 0.127 1566 394 0.26 4.32576 ± 0.04334 0.09239 ± 0.00023 4.33128 ± 0.04340 0.09131 ± 0.00031 1339 ± 12 1453 ± 6
TB1-2-6 0.002 606 94 0.16 5.05609 ± 0.07951 0.08261 ± 0.00117 5.05620 ± 0.07952 0.08259 ± 0.00117 1163 ± 17 1260 ± 28
TB1-2-7 0.062 584 237 0.42 4.05740 ± 0.04003 0.09441 ± 0.00065 4.05992 ± 0.04007 0.09388 ± 0.00068 1419 ± 13 1506 ± 14
TB1-2-8 0.592 297 94 0.33 3.81051 ± 0.03888 0.09673 ± 0.00046 3.83320 ± 0.03936 0.09163 ± 0.00124 1494 ± 14 1460 ± 26
TB1-2-9 0.225 386 178 0.48 3.78398 ± 0.09641 0.09807 ± 0.00109 3.79252 ± 0.09665 0.09614 ± 0.00122 1509 ± 34 1551 ± 24
TB1-2-10 0.168 467 64 0.14 4.65258 ± 0.11761 0.08214 ± 0.00040 4.66043 ± 0.11782 0.08071 ± 0.00052 1253 ± 29 1214 ± 13
TB1-2-12 0.107 861 632 0.76 3.97526 ± 0.10022 0.09675 ± 0.00062 3.97953 ± 0.10033 0.09583 ± 0.00067 1445 ± 33 1545 ± 13
TB1-2-13 0.002 285 71 0.26 4.98810 ± 0.12717 0.08320 ± 0.00056 4.98821 ± 0.12718 0.08318 ± 0.00061 1178 ± 27 1273 ± 14
TB1-2-14 0.312 357 204 0.59 3.51034 ± 0.08889 0.10242 ± 0.00043 3.52132 ± 0.08919 0.09973 ± 0.00074 1611 ± 36 1619 ± 14
TB1-2-15 0.034 520 458 0.91 3.59098 ± 0.09083 0.09855 ± 0.00047 3.59220 ± 0.09086 0.09825 ± 0.00050 1583 ± 36 1591 ± 10
TB1-2-16 0.169 277 174 0.65 4.33217 ± 0.11345 0.08630 ± 0.00068 4.33949 ± 0.11368 0.08486 ± 0.00092 1337 ± 32 1312 ± 21
TB1-2-17 0.053 221 142 0.66 3.53879 ± 0.09031 0.10016 ± 0.00055 3.54065 ± 0.09037 0.09970 ± 0.00063 1604 ± 36 1619 ± 12
TB1-2-18 0.203 481 205 0.44 3.97308 ± 0.10044 0.09647 ± 0.00041 3.98114 ± 0.10067 0.09474 ± 0.00069 1445 ± 33 1523 ± 14
Sample TB3-Pelitic granulites
TB1-3-3 −0.002 108985 16316 0.15 4.68130 ± 0.11792 0.06620 ± 0.00012 4.68120 ± 0.11792 0.06622 ± 0.00012 1248 ± 29 813 ± 4
TB1-3-4 −0.015 146691 62492 0.44 5.02793 ± 0.12845 0.06442 ± 0.00018 5.02718 ± 0.12844 0.06455 ± 0.00019 1170 ± 27 760 ± 6
TB1-3-5 −0.028 113698 18530 0.17 5.01088 ± 0.12558 0.06519 ± 0.00012 5.00949 ± 0.12555 0.06543 ± 0.00017 1173 ± 27 788 ± 5
TB1-3-6 −0.009 155863 25089 0.17 4.72987 ± 0.11861 0.06626 ± 0.00010 4.72944 ± 0.11860 0.06634 ± 0.00012 1236 ± 28 817 ± 4
Sample TB4-F2 granite (analyses conducted during a single session. 18 BR266 standard analyses yielded a 2 error of the mean of 0.88%)
TB1-4-2 7.489 18 5 0.28 6.759089 ± 0.20040 0.07898 ± 0.00238 7.30627 ± 0.22816 0.01291 ± 0.01212 827 ± 24
TB1-4-3 11.460 13 3 0.25 6.693442 ± 0.20836 0.09210 ± 0.00300 7.55979 ± 0.31662 0.00000 ± 0.00000 801 ± 32
TB1-4-4 2.279 26 8 0.32 7.004342 ± 0.19764 0.07372 ± 0.00193 7.16772 ± 0.21277 0.05454 ± 0.00834 842 ± 23
TB1-4-5 0.695 93 63 0.70 2.166661 ± 0.05602 0.16609 ± 0.00088 2.18183 ± 0.05648 0.15992 ± 0.00163 2432 ± 52 2455 ± 17
TB1-4-6 2.349 39 12 0.32 6.86019 ± 0.18776 0.07697 ± 0.00221 7.02520 ± 0.19711 0.05724 ± 0.00615 858 ± 23
TB1-4-8 2.980 20 7 0.39 6.888795 ± 0.20367 0.07455 ± 0.00231 7.10036 ± 0.23267 0.04930 ± 0.01259 849 ± 26
TB1-4-10 1.138 58 30 0.54 7.012299 ± 0.19903 0.07662 ± 0.00128 7.09302 ± 0.20601 0.06718 ± 0.00540 850 ± 23
TB1-4-11 4.311 21 7 0.33 6.809512 ± 0.19894 0.08106 ± 0.00233 7.11629 ± 0.23519 0.04432 ± 0.01413 848 ± 26
Sample TB-5-synsedimentary metarhyolites (analyses conducted during a single session. 18 BR266 standard analyses yielded a 2 error of the mean of 0.88%)
TB2-5-1 0.022 432 337 0.81 6.03262 ± 0.18861 0.07250 ± 0.00042 6.03393 ± 0.18866 0.07232 ± 0.00045 989 ± 29 995 ± 13
TB2-5-2 0.060 482 379 0.81 6.10726 ± 0.19087 0.07190 ± 0.00041 6.11094 ± 0.19100 0.07139 ± 0.00051 977 ± 28 969 ± 14
TB2-5-3 −0.149 304 213 0.72 6.03022 ± 0.18915 0.07134 ± 0.00051 6.02128 ± 0.18891 0.07258 ± 0.00076 990 ± 29 1002 ± 21
TB2-5-4 0.164 365 275 0.78 6.07952 ± 0.19039 0.07178 ± 0.00047 6.08953 ± 0.19071 0.07041 ± 0.00057 980 ± 28 940 ± 17
TB2-5-5 0.209 1252 1300 1.07 6.06988 ± 0.18925 0.07307 ± 0.00036 6.08257 ± 0.18966 0.07132 ± 0.00052 981 ± 28 967 ± 15
TB2-5-6 0.498 501 376 0.77 6.34448 ± 0.20564 0.07559 ± 0.00042 6.37621 ± 0.20675 0.07145 ± 0.00100 939 ± 28 970 ± 28
TB2-5-7 0.439 608 476 0.81 6.21743 ± 0.19457 0.07295 ± 0.00075 6.24482 ± 0.19547 0.06929 ± 0.00103 958 ± 28 907 ± 31
TB2-5-8 0.505 348 256 0.76 6.33487 ± 0.22652 0.07118 ± 0.00078 6.36705 ± 0.22778 0.06695 ± 0.00130 940 ± 31 836 ± 40
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 8. Zircon U–Pb data for samples of the South Delhi Terrane from BKSK granulites. Error crosses are at 1 confidence level. (For interpretation of the references to color
in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
biotite, indicative of zircon inclusions with a high U content. Zir- Fig. 8). This depositional age is in agreement with the maximum
con from sample TB-2 range in size from 50 to 150 ␮m, and show age of deposition defined from the youngest concordant detri-
rounded shapes indicative of a detrital origin. CL images show tal grain in sample TB-2 (1214 ± 25 Ma). Given the deformation
variable CL-response, with most zircon showing concentric zon- of the succession at 842 ± 19 Ma defined from the synkinematic
ing patterns indicating derivation from magmatic source rocks. G2 granite (Sample TB-4), an age bracket of 966–840 Ma can
Some zircons show narrow low-CL rim domains, possibly indicat- be suggested for the succession. This matches with the ages
ing zircon growth during a metamorphic event, but these were too reported by Deb et al. (2001) for metarhyolites elsewhere in the
small to allow analysis on SHRIMP. The zircon data in sample TB-2 region.
show concordant crystallisation ages between 1591 and 1214 Ma
(Table 2 and Fig. 8). An apparent coherent cluster of data appears
5. Discussion
to define a regression with an upper intercept at 1597 ± 23 Ma
and lower intercept at 861 ± 83 Ma (MSWD = 0.57), indicating a
5.1. Provenance, age of the deposition, deformation and
potentially homogeneous source rock of ca.1.6 Ga, and a Pb-loss
metamorphism
event at ∼860 Ma. The youngest detrital zircon grain in sample
TB-2 recorded a concordant 207 Pb/206 Pb age of 1214 ± 25 Ma (2),
The zircons in the pelitic granulites indicate granitic sources
which provides a maximum age of deposition for the metapelite
that show an age range between ca. 1620 and 1240 Ma. The areas
protolith. Only four zircon crystals were analysed from sample
directly adjoining the BKSK granulites are occupied by Erinpura
TB-3, which turn out to have extremely high U contents of more
granites and the Malani volcanic suite which have an age of ca.
than 100,000 ppm. These zircon crystals are extremely clear round
750 Ma. The North Delhi Terrane further north comprises granites
crystals, interpreted to be of metamorphic origin. Because of their
with Mesoproterozoic ages, which could have provided the source
extremely high U content, the analyses plot inversely discordant,
rocks for the detritus in BKSK protoliths (M-1, Table 1). However,
but define a narrow range of 207 Pb/206 Pb ratios corresponding to a
recovery of 3195 Ma xenocrysts from sample TB-1 indicates that
weighted mean age of 803 ± 37 Ma. This age is within error of the
Mesoarchaean basement rock might be hidden under alluvium and
lower intercept calculated from zircon analyses of sample TB-2, and
younger rocks of Marwar Craton.
supports a metamorphic event at ∼800 Ma, inducing significant Pb-
Considering that the maximum age of deposition is ca. 1240 Ma
loss in detrital zircon in that sample. In summary, sedimentation in
and the age of the synsedimentary volcanism is 966 Ma, the onset of
the South Delhi Terrane appears to be younger than 1214 ± 25 Ma
the sedimentation in the South Delhi Terrane could be constrained
and the sediments were metamorphosed to granulite facies prob-
between 1240 and 966 Ma. The sedimentation would have contin-
ably at around 800 Ma. The analysed metapelite indicates sourcing
ued until ca. 860 Ma, when deformation initiated with the closure of
from terranes with 1620, 1590, 1460, 1310 and 1240 Ma source
the basin through subduction followed by collision. The sediments
rocks.
were deformed and metamorphosed in granulite facies during the
F1 folding at 860 Ma. Hence, granulite metamorphism has occurred
4.4. Sample no. TB- 4
in a compressional setting. The granulites have been exhumed and
juxtaposed against the low-grade rocks by thrusting before the F3
The sample was collected from a coarse-grained granite (G2)
folding event. The F3 folding is well constrained by the emplace-
that was emplaced synkinematically with F2 folding, close to
ment of microgranite dykes at ca. 750 Ma. Hence formation and
Surpagla (Fig. 2). The granite pluton occurs in the core of a large-
exhumation of the granulites occurs within an interval of 100 mil-
scale F2 fold. Zircon crystals from the sample range in size from
lion years (860–750 Ma).
100 to 250 ␮m, and are generally elongate with aspect ratios
greater than 2:1. The crystals are sub- to euhedral, and display
well-developed zoning patterns typical for magmatic zircon. One 5.2. Comparison of the BKSK with others granulite terranes of the
rounded zircon analysis returned a Palaeoproterozoic 207 Pb/206 Pb Indian Peninsula
age of 2455 ± 34 Ma and this grain is interpreted as a xenocryst.
The main population of euhedral zircon records a weighted mean The BKSK granulites are much younger than the granulites of
206 Pb/238 U age of 842 ± 19 Ma interpreted to be the emplacement the Sandmata Terrane (ca. 1.7 Ga, Dasgupta et al., 1997; Roy et
age of this S-type granitoid (Table 2, Fig. 8). Together with the evi- al., 2005, see Fig. 9), the Saussar granulites of the Central India
dence of metamorphism in samples TB-2 and TB-3, granulite facies Mobile Belt (ca. 1.5 Ga, Sarkar et al., 1986, Acharyya and Roy, 2000;
metamorphism, granitisation of the sedimentary pile and synkine- Bhowmik et al., 2005) and the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (ca. 1.6
matic emplacement of the resulting S-type granitoids took place and 1.0 Ga; cf. Dasgupta and Sengupta, 2003; Biswal et al., 2007).
between 860 and 800 Ma. Previously determined ages for a gran- However, 795–740 Ma granulite facies metamorphism has been
ite gneiss of 836 + 7/−5 Ma indicating peak metamorphism, and a reported locally in the Chilka Lake area of the Eastern Ghats Mobile
monazite age of 826 ± 5 Ma suggesting cooling (Deb et al., 2001), Belt (Krause et al., 2001; Dobmeier and Simmat, 2002). Major occur-
match our results. rences of granulites, close in age to the BKSK granulites, have been
identified in the Southern Granulite terrane. The granulitic rocks
4.5. Sample no. TB-5 in south India are divided into two blocks. The block north of
the Salem–Attur–Palghat–Cauveri combined shear zone, called the
Sample TB-5 was collected from a metarhyolite, from the low- Northern Granulite Terrane, is of Archaean age. There, magmatism
grade terrane, east of Surpagla (Fig. 2). The metarhyolite and has occurred at ca. 2530 Ma with subsequent high-grade metamor-
pillowed-amphibolites form the alternate felsic and mafic lava phism at ca. 2480 Ma (Peucat et al., 1993; Bhaskar Rao et al., 2003;
flows in the basin, and have been deposited along with the sed- Clark et al., 2009). The granulite terrane lying south of the above
iments. Zircon crystals from the sample are euhedral and range mentioned shear zone belongs to the Southern Granulite Terrane,
in size from 100 to 200 ␮m, with length to width ratios between and has been further divided into two blocks, namely the Madurai
equant and 2:1. CL-imaging reveals broad zoning patterns consis- block and the Trivandrum block, separated by the Achankovil shear
tent with magmatic growth. The zircon analyses define a concordia zone. The Madurai block is dominated by charnockites showing
age of 966 ± 16 Ma taken as the extrusion age of the rhyolite and in- calc-alkaline affinity interpreted to reflect an arc setting (Santosh
extenso, the deposition age of the succession at that level (Table 2, et al., 2009b). The charnockites and associated quartzites show HT
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Fig. 9. Reconstruction of part of Gondwana showing various cratonic blocks after Fitzsimons (2003a,b), Johnson and Woldehaimanot (2003), Collins and Pisarevsky (2005)
and Santosh et al. (2009a). ANS – Arabian-Nubian shield, AMB – Aravalli Mobile Belt, BPC – Bundelkhand Protocontinent, CIMB – Central India Mobile Belt, DPC – Dharwar
Protocontinent, EGMB – Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, MGS – Madagascar, MWC – Marwar Craton, SC – Singhbhum Craton, SGT – Southern Granulite Terrane, SL – Sri Lanka.
metamorphism (Sajeev et al., 2004) dated at 508 ± 9 Ma. Protolith 2009b). Ophiolites and oceanic plagiogranites (Hussain et al., 1996;
ages are ca. 800–900 Ma. The charnockites are underlain by Palaeo- Santosh et al., 2009b), unusual Mg–Al rich mafic gneisses record-
proterozoic rocks (Collins et al., 2007b). The Trivandrum block is ing HP, 12 kb and UHT, 950 ◦ C (Santosh et al., 2004; Santosh and
dominated by metasediments that show HT metamorphism at ca. Sajeev, 2006; Shimpo et al., 2006; Collins et al., 2007a; Tsunogae et
560–520 Ma (Santosh et al., 2006b). The Achankovil shear zone that al., 2008a,b) and garnet–omphacite–quartz bearing eclogite facies
separates the Madurai and Trivandrum block incorporates high- assemblages (Sajeev et al., 2009) have been reported from the shear
grade metamorphic rocks that record 8.5–9.0 kb and 940–1040 ◦ C zone. All these lines of evidences suggest a convergent tectonic
(Ishii et al., 2006). Metamorphic ages from the charnockites in regime where an ocean has been closed, and high-grade assem-
the Achankovil shear zone range between 548 ± 2 and 526 ± 3 Ma blages have been thrusted up. Towards the north, the charnockites
(Ghosh et al., 2004). Because of the difference in age and meta- occur as thrust sheets emplaced over the Archaean basement, form-
morphic condition between the Northern Granulite and Southern ing a fold- and thrust belt (Santosh et al., 2009b; Biswal et al., 2009).
Granulite terranes, the Salem–Attur–Palghat–Cauveri combined Available geochronological data, including U–Pb zircon and EPMA
shear zone has been visualized as a Cambrian suture that resulted monazite ages, indicate that the rocks along the Palghat–Cauvery
in the subduction of the northern block with closure of parts Shear Zone underwent an episode of high-grade metamorphism
of the Mozambique ocean (Collins et al., 2007b; Santosh et al., at ca. 530 Ma (Collins et al., 2007a; Santosh et al., 2006b). The
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
BKSK granulites show similarity with the Southern Granulites in as nappes. These granulitic nappes reflect arc-derived lithologies,
that both owe their origin to compressional setting in a Precam- with emplacement ages of 841–632 Ma. In Malawi a Pan-African
brian subduction zone, exhumation through thrusting and a similar period of intrusion of calc-alkaline granitoids around 710–555 Ma
period of evolution. and a long-lasting thermal peak of Pan-African high-grade meta-
The extension of the Salem–Attur–Palghat–Cauveri combined morphism around 571–549 Ma has been noted (Kröner et al.,
shear zone into Madagascar to the west and further west into the 2001). Madagascar consists of a collage of terranes showing a
East African Orogen, and into Sri Lanka and Antarctica in the east diverse tectonic history. Granulite facies metamorphism in the
has been proposed to suggest the presence of the Mozambique central part of the island occurred at between 550 and 530 Ma
ocean, which closed due to collision between components of East (e.g. Kröner et al., 2000). The northern part of Madagascar records
and West Gondwana during the late-Neoproterozoic and early- sillimanite–garnet–biotite–orthoclase–cordierite granulites that
Cambrian (Pan-African, Harris et al., 1994; Collins and Windley, record an isothermal decompression-type path, at pressures
2002; Collins and Pisarevsky, 2005; Collins et al., 2007b; Santosh et of 6.5–8.5 kb and temperatures between 800 and 900 ◦ C. This
al., 2009a; Naganjaneyulua and Santosh, 2010). metamorphism occurred at ca. 510–520 Ma (Buchwaldt et al.,
2003; Jöns et al., 2006). In the south, sapphirine–kornerupine
5.3. Comparison of the BKSK granulites with East African Orogen granulites show isothermal decompression at pressures of over
(EAO) granulites 10 kb and temperatures between 700 and 800 ◦ C, with exhumation
recorded at 550 Ma (Razakamananal et al., 2001). From the above
The EAO occurs along the east coast of Africa and includes discussion it is apparent that the BKSK granulites are similar in
the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), the Mozambique Belt and age as well as structural style with the various granulite belts of
large parts of Madagascar (Fig. 9). The northern part of the EAO the EAO. High-grade metamorphism in a compressional setting,
is occupied by the ANS exposed on either side of the Red Sea exhumation through thrusting and Neoproterozoic magmatism
and covering Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. The ANS are common to all these belts.
in Saudi Arabia is comprised of juvenile crust formed by the The geological make-up of Sri Lanka is still controversial. It com-
consolidation of several arc/back-arc basin systems, involving prises a 1.0 Ga terrane, the Wanni Complex, and a Palaeoproterozoic
abundant ophiolites, calc-alkaline arc volcanics and plutonic terrane, the Vijayan Complex with the central Highland Complex
sequences (granite, granodiorite, tonalite and trondhjemite, dated at ca. 2.0 Ga. These terranes were juxtaposed to the South-
dioritic rocks, alkali granite, aluminous granite, syenite and ern Granulite Terrane of India at around 550 Ma (Kehelpannala,
gabbro) and volcanogenic sediments. These rocks range in age 2004). Spinel–sapphirine–cordierite granulites of the Highland
between 825 and 565 Ma (Stoeser, 1986; Stern, 1994, 2002; Complex show conditions of ∼9 kb at ∼830 ◦ C and isothermal
Johnson and Woldehaimanot, 2003; Hargrove et al., 2006). The decompression, with metamorphic ages of 610–550 Ma (Kriegsman
early Proterozoic-Archaean (2840 Ma) as well as Mesoproterozoic and Schumacher, 1999). The variability of peak metamorphic ages
crust (1029 Ma) components have been reported from the ANS throughout the orogen suggests that the EAO was formed through
to be thermotectonically reworked (Be’eri-Shlevin et al., 2009). a succession of collisional and accretionary events in the Neopro-
From the adjoining terranes of Egypt, Neoproterozoic to Cambrian terozoic.
volcanism has been reported, e.g. large-scale intrusion of ca.
750 Ma volcanic rocks (Ali et al., 2009) and 550–530 Ma post-
orogenic granites from Ethiopia (Kröner et al., 2001). Greenschist 6. Tectonic model
to amphibolite facies metamorphism has been recorded in the
rocks of the ANS that suggests that the northern part of the EAO Our structural, metamorphic and geochronological studies indi-
represents the upper crustal section of the orogen. However, cate that the Delhi granulites are early to mid-Neoproterozoic in age
the EAO southward shows increase in the grade of metamor- (∼900–700 Ma). Although a late-Neoproterozoic–early-Cambrian
phism as in the Jebel Moya area of Sudan where charnockites overprint is not very prominent, the brittle deformation and pseu-
and enderbites are reported. These are produced from granulite dotachylite formation in the granulites have been envisaged to
facies metamorphism of juvenile granitic protolith emplaced be Neoproterozoic-Cambrian in age (Sarkar and Biswal, 2005).
at ca. 742 Ma (Stern and Dawoud, 1991). The Mozambique An isolated biotite age of 535 ± 15 Ma from the Ambaji granites
Belt along the eastern margin of the Tanzania Craton is char- also supports thermal reworking in the early-Cambrian (Crawford,
acterized by ca. 815 Ma granites, anorthosites and mafic rocks 1975).
that have been metamorphosed to granulite facies at 640 Ma. In the Gondwana reconstruction, NW India lies proximal to
Garnet–orthopyroxene–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz in the EAO (Fig. 9). Magmatism at around 750 Ma is present in India
mafic granulites indicates peak metamorphic conditions of (Malani Igneous suite), Madagascar and the Seychelles (Tucker
9.5–11.0 kb and 800 ◦ C and an anticlockwise PT path (Meert et al., et al., 2001; Ashwal et al., 2002; Kochhar, 2008; Thomas et al.,
1995; Herms and Schenk, 1998; Maboko and Nakamura, 2002; 2009) and the ANS (Stern and Dawoud, 1991). Based on the sim-
Kröner et al., 2003). An anticlockwise PT path suggests magmatic ilarity in geochemistry of the ∼750 Ma granites, Kochhar (2008)
underplating to be the cause of granulite facies metamorphism, proposed a Malani supercontinent consisting of India, ANS, Mada-
arguing against the continental collision model suggested for gascar and China. Torsvik et al. (1999) indicated close similarity
other granulites of the EAO (Appel et al., 1998). A clockwise path in palaeopole position between NW India and the Seychelles dur-
is reported from the EAO exposed in Kenya (Bauernhofer et al., ing that period. Archaean basement has been identified in the
2008 and references therein) as well as from Malawi (Kröner et al., Affif-Abas terrane of the Arabian-Nubian shield (ANS), and cen-
2001). At Taita Hills in Kenya, the rocks comprising migmatites, tral Madagascar, and these Archaean components could either be
mafic granulites and marble show a two-stage granulite event. microcontinental blocks (e.g. Azania, after Collins and Pisarevsky,
The peak metamorphism with PT at 10–12 kb, 760–840 ◦ C has 2005) or be remnant of extensions to the Tanzania, Dharwar or
occurred at 644 Ma, and was followed by a second event at 550 Ma. the Marwar Cratons that formed part of the Malani superconti-
The rocks have suffered thrust tectonics and have undergone nent (Fig. 9). However, geochemistry and isotopic data for northern
multiple collisions during ∼800 Ma and ∼550 Ma. In Mozambique Madagascar and the Seychelles (Tucker et al., 1999; Thomas et al.,
the eastern granulite belt has been thrust over western Meso- 2009) clearly demonstrate these to represent juvenile (oceanic)
proterozoic terranes (the Nampula Belt, see Bingen et al., 2009) arcs.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
In view of the similarity between the South Delhi Terrane and A.B. Roy during the preparation of this manuscript have greatly
the components of the EAO, it is proposed that the South Delhi improved this work. Reviews by Profs. M. Santosh, Alan Collins and
Terrane marks a suture zone between western components includ- P. Cawood are heartily acknowledged.
ing East Africa, Madagascar and the ANS, intervening oceanic arcs
such as the Bemarivo Belt of northern Madagascar and the Sey- Appendix A. Supplementary data
chelles, and eastern components including the Dharwar-Marwar
Craton and the Aravalli Mobile belt-Bundelkhand Protocontinent. Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
The South Delhi basin may be a remnant of the proto-Mozambique the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.08.005.
Ocean in NW India (Fig. 9). The basin closed through subduc-
tion, sediments were metamorphosed to granulite facies and the References
granulites were exhumed through thrusting during Neoproterozoic
times. Acharyya, S.K., Roy, A., 2000. Tectonothermal history of the Central Indian Tectonic
Zone and reactivation of Major Faults/Shear zones. Journal of Geological Society
The absence of 560–520 Ma metamorphism (or at least the
of India 55, 239–256.
localised and minor impact of such events), in the Seychelles and Ali, K.A., Stern, R.J., Manton, W.I., Kimura, J., Khamees, H.A., 2009. Geochemistry, Nd
South Delhi Terrane, indicate that those terranes were distal to isotopes and U–Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks from
the collisional front of the EAO. This would be consistent with a the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: new insights into the 750 Ma crust-forming
event. Precambrian Research 171, 1–22.
model in which the Bemarivo Belt would have been attached to the Anbazhagan, S., Biswal, T.K., Roy, T., Kusuma, K.N., 2006. Remote sensing study of
Seychelles and South Delhi Terrane (and Dharwar-Marwar), and the granulite terrain in part of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Journal of Indian Society
formed the frontal part of the collision, while inboard areas (Sey- of Remote Sensing 34, 331–334.
Appel, P., Moller, A., Schenk, V., 1998. High-pressure granulite facies metamorphism
chelles, South Delhi Terrane) only showed some far-field effects. in the Pan-African belt of eastern Tanzania: P–T–t evidence against granulite
The suture then records the soft collision of the Bemarivo and Sey- formation by continent collision. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 491–509.
chelles oceanic arcs to India at around 750 Ma. This collage (from Ashwal, L.D., Demaiffe, D., Torsvik, T.H., 2002. Petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic gran-
itoids and related rocks from the Seychelles: the Case for an Andean-type Arc
West to East, Bemarivo, Seychelles, South Delhi Terrane, Marwar origin. Journal of Petrology 43, 45–83.
Craton) then collided to Madagascar in the EAO at between 560 Bauernhofer, A.H., Hauzenberger, C.A., Wallbrecher, E., Hoinkes, G., Muhongo, S.,
and 530 Ma (Buchwaldt et al., 2003; Jöns et al., 2006; ‘Malagasy Mathu, E.M., 2008. Pan-African deformation in SE Kenya and NE Tanzania: geo-
tectonic implications for the development of the North-Central Mozambique
orogeny’ Collins, 2006). Then, as Gondwana broke up, portions were
Belt. African Journal of Science and Technology 9, 50–71.
left attached to Madagascar (the Bemarivo Belt), portions detached Be’eri-Shlevin, Y., Katzir, Y., Whitehouse, M., 2009. Post-collisional tectonomagmatic
from everything and left in the developing Indian Ocean (the Sey- evolution in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield: time constraints from ion-
probe U–Pb dating of zircon. Journal of Geological Society of London 166, 71–85.
chelles) and one part, the South Delhi Terrane, was left attached to
Bhaskar Rao, Y.J., Janardhan, A.S., Vijaya Kumar, T., Narayana, B.L., Dayal, A.M.,
India. Taylor, P.N., Chetty, T.R.K., 2003. Sm–Nd model ages and Rb–Sr isotopic system-
The inset in Fig. 1a shows the Aravalli Mobile Belt to be curved atic of charnockites and gneisses across Cauvery shear zone, Southern India:
eastward to join the Central India Mobile Belt (Naqvi and Rogers, implication for the Archaean-Neoprtotezoic Terrane Boundary in the Southern
Granulite Terrane. Memoir Geological Society of India 50, 297–317.
1987). This has been done on the assumption that the Aravalli Bhattacharya, A., Mazumdar, A.C., Sen, S.K., 1988. Fe–Mg mixing in cordierite: con-
Mobile belt represents a Mesoproterozoic terrane comparable with straints from natural data and implications for cordierite–garnet thermometry
other mobile belts in India. However, our new data indicate that in granulites. American Mineralogist 73, 338–344.
Bhattacharya, S., Sen, S.K., Acharyya, A., 1994. The structural setting of the Chilka
the South Delhi Terrane is Neoproterozoic in age. We therefore Lake granulite–migmatite–anorthosite suite with emphasis on the time relation
suggest that the Kaliguman shear zone (K, Fig. 1a, 1b, Fig. 9) that of charnockites. Precambrian Research 66, 393–409.
demarcates the boundary between South Delhi Terrane and the Bhowmik, S.K., Basu Sarbadhikari, A., Spiering, B., Raith, M.M., 2005. Mesopro-
terozoic reworking of palaeoproterozoic ultrahigh temperature granulites in
Aravalli-Bhilwara terrane (Fig. 1) marks a suture line along which the central indian tectonic zone and its implications. Journal of Petrology 46,
the South Delhi basin closed through subduction (Sugden et al., 1085–1119.
1990; Biswal et al., 1998a). Thus the Aravalli Mobile Belt could be Bhushan, S.K., 2000. Malani rhyolites—a review. Gondwana Research 3, 65–77.
Bingen, B., Jacobs, J., Viola, G., Henderson, I.H.C., Skår, Ø., Boyd, R., Thomas, R.J., Solli,
divided by the Kaliguman Shear Zone into an easterly Mesoprotero-
A., Key, R.M., Daudi, E.X.F., 2009. Geochronology of the Precambrian crust in the
zoic and a westerly Neoproterozoic terrane. The Neoproterozoic Mozambique belt in NE Mozambique, and implications for Gondwana assembly.
terranes, namely the South Delhi Terrane and Sirohi Terrane, would Precambrian Research 170, 231–255.
Biswal, T.K., 1988. Polyphase deformation in Delhi rocks, south-east Amir-
extend southwestward and join with similar terranes of the EAO
garh, Banaskantha district, Gujarat, in Precambrian of the Aravalli Mountain,
(Vijaya Rao et al., 2000). Work from the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Rajasthan, India. Memoir Geological Society of India 7, 267–277.
Southern Granulite Terrane and Aravalli Mobile Belt shows that the Biswal, T.K., De Waele, B., Ahuja, H., 2007. Timing and dynamics of the juxtaposition
Indian Peninsula was not a coherent block until the Neoprotero- of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt against the Bhandara Craton, India: a structural
and zircon U–Pb SHRIMP study of the fold–thrust belt and associated nepheline
zoic but that various crustal blocks finally amalgamated during the syenite. Tectonics 26, TC4006, doi:10.1029/2006TC002005.
late-Neoproterozoic-Cambrian “Pan-African” period (Mezger and Biswal, T.K., Gyani, K.C., Parthasarathy, R., Pant, D.R., 1998a. Tectonic implication
Cosca, 1999; Biswal et al., 2007; Gregory et al., 2009). The suturing of geochemistry of gabbro-norite-basic granulite suite in the Proterozoic Delhi
Supergroup, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Geological Society of India 52, 721–732.
of the Africa-ANS with the Indian Peninsula along the South Delhi Biswal, T.K., Gyani, K.C., Parthasarathy, R., Pant, D.R., 1998b. Implications of the geo-
Terrane is therefore a significant event in the build up of Greater chemistry of the Pelitic Granulites of the Delhi Supergroup, Aravalli Mountain
India during the Neoproterozoic period. Belt, Northwestern India. Precambrian Research 87, 75–85.
Biswal, T.K., Sarkar, S., Pal, A., Chakaraborty, U., 2004. Pseudotachylites of the Kui-
Chitraseni shear zones of the Precambrian Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan. Journal
of Geological Society of India 64, 325–335.
Acknowledgements Biswal, T.K., Sinha, S., 2003. Deformation history of the NW salient of the Eastern
Ghats Mobile Belt, India. Journal of Asian Earth Science 22, 157–169.
Biswal, T.K., Thirukumaran, V., Ratre Kamleshwar, Sundaralingam, K., 2009. Study
We sincerely thank the Department of Science and Technology, of the Salem–Attur shear zone, east of Salem, Tamil Nadu: a new kinematic
New Delhi and Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay for financial interpretation. Current Science 96, 1386–1389.
Black, L.P., Kamoc, S.L., Allen, C.M., Davis, D.W., Aleinikoff, J.N., Valley, J.W., Mundilf,
help. The EPMA analysis was done in Indian Institute of Technology,
R., Campbell, I.H., Korsch, R.J., Williams, I.S., Foudoulis, C., 2004. Improved
Roorkee and SHRIMP analyses conducted at the Perth Consortium 206
Pb/238 U microprobe geochronology by the monitoring of a trace-element-
facility at Curtin University of Technology (John de Laeter Centre related matrix effect; SHRIMP, ID-TIMS, ELA-ICP-MS and oxygen isotope
for Excellence in Mass Spectrometry). CL imaging was conducted documentation for a series of zircon standards. Chemical Geology 205, 115–140.
Bose, U., Sharma, A.K., 1992. The volcano sedimentary association of the Precambrian
at the Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis at the University Hindoli Supracrustals in the Southeast Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society
of Western Australia. Discussions held with Profs. S. Dasgupta and of India 40, 359–369.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Buchwaldt, R., Tucker, R.D., Dymek, R.F., 2003. Geothermobarometry and U–Pb Gopalan, K., Macdougall, J.D., Roy, A.B., Murali, A.V., 1990. Sm–Nd evidence for 3.3 Ga
Geochronology of metapelitic granulites and pelitic migmatites from the Lokoho old rocks in Rajasthan, northwestern India. Precambrian Research 48, 287–297.
region, Northern Madagascar. American. Mineralogist 88, 1753–1768. Gopalan, K., Trivedi, J.R., Balsubramaniyam, M.N., Ray, S.K., Sastry, C.A., 1979. Rb–Sr
Choudhary, A.K., Gopalan, K., Sastry, C.A., 1984. Present status of the geochronology geochronology of the Khetri Copper, Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society of
of the Precambrian rocks of Rajasthan. Tectonophysics 105, 131–140. India 20, 450–456.
Claoué-Long, J., 1994. SHRIMP zircon data, p. 33. Grant, J.A., 1985a. Phase equilibria in low-pressure partial melting of pelitic rocks.
Clark, C., Collins, A.S., Timms, N.E., Kinny, P.D., Chetty, T.R.K., Santosh, M., 2009. American Journal of Science 285, 409–435.
SHRIMP U–Pb age constraints on magmatism and high-grade metamorphism in Grant, J.A., 1985b. Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks. In: Ashworth,
the Salem Block, southern India. Gondwana Research 16, 27–36. J.R. (Ed.), Migmatites. Blackie, Glasgow, pp. 86–144.
Collins, A.S., 2006. Madagascar and the amalgamation of Central Gondwana. Gond- Gregory, L.C., Meert, J.G., Bingen, B., Pandit, M.K., Torsvik, T.H., 2009. Paleomagnetism
wana Research (GR Focus) 9, 3–16. and geochronology of the Malani Igneous Suite, Northwest India: implications
Collins, A.S., Windley, B.F., 2002. The tectonic evolution of central and northern for the configuration of Rodinia and the assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian
Madagascar and its place in the final assembly of Gondwana. Journal of Geology Research 170, 13–26.
110, 325–340. Guha, D.B., Bhattacharya, A.K., 1995. Metamorphic evolution and high-grade
Collins, A.S., Pisarevsky, S.A., 2005. Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: the evolution reworking of the Sandmata Complex granulites. In: Gupta, K.R., Sinha-Roy, S.
of the Circum Indian Orogens. Earth Science Reviews 7, 229–270. (Eds.), Continental Crust of Northwestern and Central India, 31. Memoir Geo-
Collins, A.S., Clark, C., Sajeev, K., Santosh, M., Kelsey, D.E., Hand, M., 2007a. Passage logical Society of India, pp. 163–198.
through India: the Mozambique ocean suture, high pressure granulites and the Gupta, B.C., 1934. The geology of the central Mewar. Memoir Geological Survey of
Palghat–Cauvery shear system. Terra Nova 19, 141–147. India 65, 107–169.
Collins, A.S., Santosh, M., Braun, I., Clark, C., 2007b. Age and sedimentary provenance Gupta, S.N., Arora, Y.K., Mathur, R.K., Iqballuddin, Prasad, B., Sahai, T.N., Sharma, S.B.,
of the southern granulites, South India: U–Th–Pb SHRIMP secondary ion mass 1980. Lithostratigraphic Map of the Aravalli Region. Geological Survey of India
spectrometry. Precambrian Research 155, 125–138. Publication, Hyderabad.
Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O., Kinny, P.D., 2003. Atlas of zircon textures. Handy, M.R., Franz, L., Heller, B., Janott, B., Zurbriggen, R., 1999. Multistage accre-
In: Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O. (Eds.), Zircon. Mineralogy Society of America tion and exhumation of the continental crust (Ivrea crustal section, Italy and
Mineral and Geochemistry Reviews, Washington, DC, pp. 468–500. Switzerland). Tectonics 18, 1154–1177.
Crawford, A.R., 1970. The Precambrian geochronology of Rajasthan and Bundelk- Hansen, E.C., Newton, R.C., Janardhan, A.S., 1984. Pressures–temperatures and meta-
hand, Northern India. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 7, 91–110. morphic fluids across unbroken amphibolite to granulite facies transition in
Crawford, A.R., 1975. Rb–Sr age determination for the Mount Abu Granite and related southern Karnataka, India. In: Kröner, A., Goodwin, A.M., Hanson, G.N. (Eds.),
rocks of Gujarat. Journal of Geological Society of India 16, 20–28. Archaean Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, pp. 161–181.
Das, K., Dasgupta, S., Miura, H., 2003. An experimentally constrained Petrogenetic Hargrove, U.S., Stern, R.J., Kimura, J.I., Manton, W.I., Johnson, P.R., 2006. Juvenile is
grid in the silica-saturated portion of the system KFMASH at high temperatures the Arabian-Nubian Shield? Evidence from Nd isotopes and pre-Neoproterozoic
and pressures. Journal of Petrology 44, 1055–1075. inherited zircon in the Bi’r Umq suture zone, Saudi Arabia. Earth and Planetary
Dasgupta, S., Sengupta, P., 2003. Indo-Antarctic correlation: a perspective from the Science Letters 252, 308–326.
Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt, India. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S. Harris, N.B.W., Santosh, M., Taylor, P.N., 1994. Crustal evolution in South India:
(Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup, 206. constraints from Nd isotopes. Journal of Geology 102, 139–150.
Journal Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 131–143. Harley, S.L., 1985. Garnet–orthopyroxene bearing granulites from Enderby
Dasgupta, S., 1995. Pressure–temperature evolutionary history of the Eastern Ghats Land, Antarctica: metamorphic pressure–temperature–time evolution of the
Granulite Province: recent advances and some thoughts. Memoir Geological Archaean Napier Complex. Journal Petrology 26, 819–856.
Society of India 34, 101–110. Harley, S.L., 2008. Refining the P–T records of UHT crustal metamorphism. Journal
Dasgupta, S., Guha, D., Sengupta, P., Miura, H., Ehl, J., 1997. Pressure– of Metamorphic Geology 26, 125–154.
temperature–fluid evolutionary history of the polymetamorphic Sandmata Hensen, B.J., 1986. Theoretical phase relations involving cordierite and garnet revis-
granulite complex, Northwestern India. Precambrian Research 83, 267– ited: the influence of oxygen fugacity on the stability of sapphirine and spinel
290. in the system Mg–Fe–Al–Si–O. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 92,
Dasgupta, S., Sengupta, P., Ehl, J., Raith, M., Bardhan, S., 1995. Reaction textures in a 362–367.
suite of spinel granulites from the Eastern Ghats Belt, India: evidence for poly- Herms, P., Schenk, V., 1998. Fluid inclusions in high-pressure granulites of the Pan-
metamorphism, a partial petro-genetic grid in the system KFMASH and the roles African belt in Tanzania (Uluguru Mts): a record of prograde to retrograde fluid
of ZnO and Fe2 O3 . Journal of Petrology 36, 435–461. evolution. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 130, 199–212.
Deb, M., Thorpe, R.I., 2001. Geochronological constraints in the Precambrian Geol- Heron, A.M., 1953. The geology of central Rajputana. Memoir Geological Survey of
ogy of Northwestern India and their Metallogenic Implication. In: Deb, M., India 79, 492 pp.
Goodfellow, W.D. (Eds.), Pre-Seminar volume on International Workshop on Hussain, S.M., Narayana, B.L., Naqvi, S.M., 1996. Plagiogranite differentiates from
Sediment-hosted Lead-Zinc Sulfide Deposit in the Northwestern Indian Shield, ultramafic–mafic–felsic suite along Cauvery Suture at Manamedu in the gran-
Delhi-Udaipur, India, Prepared at Dept of Geology, Delhi University, New Delhi, ulite terrain of South India. In: Proceedings of the 9th Convention of Indian
pp. 137–152. Geological Congress, pp. 155–160.
Deb, M., Thorpe, R.I., Cumming, G.L., Wagner, P.A., 1989. Age, source and stratigraphic Ishii, S., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., 2006. Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in
implication of Pb isotope data for conformable, sediment-hosted, base metal the Achankovil Zone: implications for the correlation of crustal blocks in south-
deposits in the Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi Orogenic Belt, Northwestern India. ern India. Gondwana Research 10, 99–114.
Precambrian Research 43, 1–22. Johnson, P.R., Woldehaimanot, B., 2003. Development of the Arabian-Nubian Shield:
Deb, M., Thorpe, R.I., Krstic, D., Corfu, F., Davis, D.W., 2001. Zircon U–Pb and galena perspectives on accretion and deformation in the northern East African Oro-
Pb isotope evidence for an approximate 1.0 Ga terrane constituting the west- gen and the assembly of Gondwana. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S.
ern margin of the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, northwestern India. Precambrian (Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup, 206.
Research 108, 195–213. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 289–325.
Desai, S.J., Patel, M.P., Merh, S.S., 1978. Polymetamorphites of Balamar-Abu Road Jöns, N., Schenk, V., Appel, P., Razakamanana, T., 2006. Two-stage metamorphic evo-
area, north Gujarat and southwestern Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society lution of the Bemarivo Belt of northern Madagascar: constraints from reaction
of India 19, 383–394. textures and in situ monazite dating. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2006 (24),
Dobmeier, C., Simmat, R., 2002. Post-Grenvillean transpression in the Chilka Lake 10.
area, Eastern Ghats Belt—implications for the geological evolution of peninsular Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Raczek, I., Kroner, A., Hofmann, A.W., 2009. Record of 1.82 Ga
India. Precambrian Research 113, 243–268. Andean-type continental arc magmatism in NE Rajasthan, India: insights from
Du Toit, A.L., 1937. Our Wandering Continents. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and zircon and Sm–Nd ages, combined with Nd–Sr isotope geochemistry. Gondwana
London, 366 pp. Research 16, 56–71.
Fareeduddin, Kröner, A., 1998. Single zircon age constraints on the evolution of Kehelpannala, K.V.W., 2004. Arc accretion around Sri Lanka during the assembly of
Rajasthan granulite. In: P.B.S. (Ed.), The Indian Precambrian. Scientific Publishers Gondwana. Gondwana Research 7, 1323–1328.
India, Jodhpur, pp. 547–556. Kelsey, D.E., 2008. On ultrahigh-temperature crustal metamorphism. Gondwana
Fitzsimons, I.C.W., 2003a. Does the late Neoproterozoic Darling Fault Zone of West- Research 13, 1–29.
ern Australia extend all the way to the Transantarctic Mountains? SGTSG Field Khan, M.S., Smith, T.E., Raza, M., Huang, J., 2005. Geology, geochemistry and tec-
meeting. Abstracts-Geological Society of Australia 72, 130 (Kalbarri). tonic significance of mafic-ultramafic rocks of mesoproterozoic phulad ophiolite
Fitzsimons, I.C.W., 2003b. Proterozoic basement provinces of southern and south- suite of South Delhi Fold Belt, NW Indian Shield. Gondwana Research 8, 553–
western Australia, and their correlation with Antarctica. In: Yoshida, M., 566.
Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Kochhar, N., 2008. A-type Malani magmatism: Signatures of the Pan-African Event
Assembly and Breakup. Special Publication Geological Society of London, pp. in the NW Indian Shield and Assembly of the Late Proterozoic Malani Super-
93–130. continent, vol. 91. Geological Survey of India Special Publication, pp. 112–
Franke, W., 1993. The Saxonian granulites: a metamorphic core complex? Geologis- 128.
che Rundschau 82, 505–515. Krause, O., Dobmeier, C., Raith, M.M., Mezger, K., 2001. Age of emplacement of
Ghosh, J.G., De Wit, M.J., Zartman, R.E., 2004. Age and tectonic evolution massif-type anorthosites in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India: constraints from U–Pb
of Neoproterozoic ductile shear zones in the Southern Granulite Terrain zircon dating and structural studies. Precambrian Research 109, 25–38.
of India, with implications for Gondwana studies. Tectonics 23, TC3006, Kriegsman, L.M., Schumacher, J.C., 1999. Petrology of Sapphirine-bearing and asso-
doi:10.1029/2002TC001444. ciated granulites from Central Sri Lanka. Journal of Petrology 40, 1211–1239.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Kröner, A., Hegner, E., Collins, A.S., Windley, B.F., Brewer, T.S., Razakamanana, T., related rocks from the Sendra area, Aravalli Craton, NW India. Journal of Asian
Pidgeon, R.T., 2000. Age and magmatic history of the Antananarivo Block, Central Earth Science 22, 363–381.
Madagascar, as derived from zircon geochronology and Nd isotopic systematic. Peucat, J.J., Mahabaleshwar, B., Jayananda, M., 1993. Age of younger tonalitic
American Journal of Science 300, 251–288. magmatism and granulitic metamorphism in the South India transition
Kröner, A., Collins, A.S., Hegner, E., Willner, A.P., Muhongo, S., Kehelpannala, K.V.W., zone (Krishnagiri area): comparison with older Peninsular gneisses from the
2001. The East African Orogen: new zircon and Nd ages and implications for Gorur–Hassan area. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 11, 879–888.
Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinent formation and dispersal. Gondwana Pidgeon, R.T., Furfaro, D., Kennedy, A.K., Nemchin, A.A., Van Bronswijk, W., 1994.
Research 4, 179–181. Calibration of zircon standards for the Curtin SHRIMP II, US. Geological Survey
Kröner, A., Muhongo, S., Hegner, E., Wingate, M.T.D., 2003. Single zircon geochronol- Circular 1107, 251.
ogy and Nd isotopic systematics of Proterozoic high-grade rocks form the Porwal, A., Carranza, E.J.M., Hale, M., 2006. Tectonostratigraphy and base-metal min-
Mozambique belt of southern Tanzania (Masasi area): implications for Gond- eralization controls, Aravalli province (western India): new interpretations from
wana assembly. Journal of Geological Society of London 160, 745–757. geophysical data analysis. Reviews in Ore Geology 29, 287–306.
Lal, R.K., Ackermand, D., Upadhyay, H., 1987. P–T–X relationships deduced from Pradhan, V.R., Meert, J.G., Pandit, M.K., Kamenova, G., Gregory, L.C., Malone, S.J.,
corona textures in sapphirine–spinel–quartz assemblages from Paderu, south- 2010. India’s changing place in global Proterozoic reconstructions: a review of
ern India. Journal of Petrology 28, 1139–1168. geochronologic constraints and paleomagnetic poles from the Dharwar, Bun-
Le Breton, N., Thompson, A.B., 1988. Fluid-absent (dehydration) melting of biotite in delkhand and Marwar cratons. Journal of Geodynamics 50, 224–242.
metapelites in the early stages of crustal anatexis. Contribution to Mineralogy Raja Rao, C.S., Poddar, B.C., Basu, K.K., Dutta, A.K., 1971. Precambrian stratigraphy of
and Petrology 99, 226–237. Rajasthan—a review. Geological Survey of India Memoir 101, 60–79.
Maboko, M.A.H., Nakamura, E., 2002. Isotopic dating of Neoproterozoic crustal Razakamananal, T., Windley, B.F., Ackermand, D., 2001. Sapphirine–kornerupine
growth in the Usambara Mountains of Northeastern Tanzania: evidence for granulites from the Precambrian of Southern Madagascar: implications for the
coeval crust formation in the Mozambique belt and the Arabian-Nubian Shield. evolution of the deep crust in East Gondwana. Gondwana Research 4, 252–253.
Precambrian Research 113, 227–242. Roy, A.B., 1988. Stratigraphic and tectonic framework of the Aravalli Mountain
Macdougall, J.D., Gopalan, K., Lugmair, G.W., Roy, A.B., 1983. The Banded Gneissic Range. In: Roy, A.B. (Ed.), Memoir Geological Society India. Precambrian of the
Complex of Rajasthan, India: Early Crust from Depleted Mantle at ∼3.5 Ga? Eos, Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, India, pp. 33–75.
Transactions. American Geophysical Union, 64, 351 pp. Roy, A.B., Jakhar, S.R., 2002. Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India) Precambrian to
McDade, P., Harley, S.L., 2001. A petrogenetic grid for aluminous granulite facies recent. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, 205 pp.
metapelites in the KFMASH system. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 45–59. Roy, A.B., Kröner, A., 1996. Single zircon evaporation ages constraining the growth
Meert, J.G., Van der Voo, R., Ayub, S., 1995. Paleomagnetic investigation of the Neo- of the Archaean Aravalli craton, northwestern India shield. Geological Magazine
proterozoic Gagwe lavas and Mbozi complex, Tanzania and the assembly of 133, 333–342.
Gondwana. Precambrian Research 74, 225–244. Roy, A.B., Kröner, A., Laul, V., Purohit, R., 2005. Single zircon dating of hypersthene
Meert, J., Lieberman, B.S., 2008. The Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana and bearing granitoid from Balaram-Abu Road area, southern part of the Aravalli
its relationship to the Ediacaran–Cambrian radiation. Gondwana Research 14, Mountains. In: Thomas, H. (Ed.), NW India—Implication for Malani Magma-
5–21. tism related thermal event, in Metamorphism and Crustal Evolution. Atlantic
Mezger, K., Cosca, M., 1999. The thermal histroy of the Eastern Ghats Belt (India), as Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, pp. 339–346.
revealed by U–Pb and 40 Ar/39 Ar dating of metamorphic and magmatic minerals: Roy, A.B., Sharma, K.K., 1999. Geology of the region around Sirohi Town, western
implications for the SWEAT hypothesis. Precambrian Research 94, 251–271. Rajasthan-a story of Neoproterozoic evolution of the Aravalli crust. In: Paliwal,
Mukherjee, A., 1998. The Eastern Ghats type metamorphism. Geological Survey of B.S. (Ed.), Geological Evolution of the Northwestern India. Scientific Publishers,
India Records 44, 137–144. Jodhpur, India, pp. 19–33.
Mukhopadhyay, D., Bhattacharya, T., Chattopadhyay, N., Lopez, R., Tobisch, T.O., Sajeev, K., Osanai, Y., Santosh, M., 2004. Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism
2000. Anasagar gneiss: a folded granitoid pluton in the Proterozoic South followed by two-stage decompression of garnet–orthopyroxene–sillimanite
Delhi Folded Belt, Central Rajasthan. Proceedings of the Indian National Science granulites from Ganguvarpatti, Madurai block, southern India. Contribution to
Academy 109, 21–37. Mineralogy and Petrology 148, 29–46.
Mukhopadhyay, D., Chattopadhyay, N., Bhattacharyya, T., 2010. Structural Evolution Sajeev, K., Windley, B.F., Connolly, J.A.D., Kon, Y., 2009. Retrogressed eclogite (20 kb,
of a Gneiss Dome in the Axial Zone of the Proterozoic South Delhi Fold Belt in 1020 ◦ C) from the Neoproterozoic Palghat–Cauvery suture zone, Southern India.
Central Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society of India 75, 18–31. Precambrian Research 171, 23–36.
Murao, S., Deb, M., Takagi, T., Seki, Y., Pringle, M., Naito, K., 2000. Geochem- Sandiford, M., Powell, R., 1986. Deep crustal metamorphism during continental
ical and geochronological constraints for tin polymetallic mineralization in extension: modern and ancient examples. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Tosham area, Haryana, India. In: Deb, M. (Ed.), Crustal evolution and metallogeny 79, 151–158.
in northwestern Indian shield. Narosa publishing house, New Delhi, pp. 43– Sandiford, M., Neall, F.B., Powell, R., 1987. Metamorphic evolution of aluminous
442. granulites from Labwor Hills, Uganda. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology
Naganjaneyulua, K., Santosh, M., 2010. The Cambrian collisional suture of Gondwana 95, 217–225.
in southern India: a geophysical Appraisal. Journal of Geodynamics 50, 256–267. Santosh, M., Tsunogae, T., Koshimoto, S., 2004. First report of sapphirine-bearing
Naha, K., Halyburton, R.V., 1974a. Early Precambrian stratigraphy of central and rocks from the Palghat–Cauvery Shear Zone system, southern India. Gondwana
southern Rajasthan, India. Precambrian Research 1, 55–73. Research 7, 620–626.
Naha, K., Halyburton, R.V., 1974b. Late stress systems deduced from conjugate folds Santosh, M., Sajeev, K., 2006. Anticlockwise evolution of ultrahigh-temperature
and kink bands in the “Main Raialo Syncline” Udaipur district, Rajasthan India. granulites within continental collision zone in southern India. Lithos 92,
Bulletin Geological Society of America. 85, 251–256. 447–464.
Naha, K., Majumdar, A., 1971a. Re-interpretation of the Aravalli basal conglomerate Santosh, M., Sajeev, K., Li, J.H., 2006a. Extreme crustal metamorphism during
at Morrchana, Udaipur district Rajasthan, Western India. Geological Magazine Columbia supercontinent assembly: evidence from North China Craton. Gond-
108, 111–114. wana Research 10, 256–266.
Naha, K., Majumdar, A., 1971b. Structure of the Rajnagar marble band and its bearing Santosh, M., Collins, A.S., Tamashiro, I., Koshimoto, S., Tsutsumi, Y., Yokoyama, K.,
on the Precambrian stratigraphy of central Rajasthan, Western India. Geologis- 2006b. The timing of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in Southern India:
che Rundschau 60, 1550–1571. U–Th–Pb electron microprobe ages from zircon and monazite in sapphirine-
Naha, K., Mohanty, S., 1988. Response of basement and cover rocks to multiple bearing granulites. Gondwana Research 10, 128–155.
deformations a study from the Precambrian of central Rajasthan, western India. Santosh, M., Maruyama, S., Yamamoto, S., 2009a. The making and breaking of super-
Precambrian Research 42, 77–96. continents: some speculations based on superplumes, super downwelling and
Naha, K., Roy, A.B., 1983. The problem of the Precambrian basement in Rajasthan, the role of tectosphere. Gondwana Research 15, 324–341.
Western India. Precambrian Research 19, 217–223. Santosh, M., Maruyama, S., Sato, K., 2009b. Anatomy of a Cambrian suture in Gond-
Naha, K., Mukhopadhyaya, D.K., Mohanty, R., Mitra, S.K., Biswal, T.K., 1984. Sig- wana: pacific-type orogeny in southern India? Gondwana Research 16, 321–341.
nificance of contrast in the early stages of the structural history of the Delhi Sarkar, G., Burman, T.R., Corfu, F., 1989. Timing of continental arc-type magmatism in
and the pre-Delhi rock groups in the Proterozoic of Rajasthan, western India. northwest India: evidence from U–Pb zircon geochronology. Journal of Geology
Tectonophysics 105, 193–206. 97, 607–612.
Naha, K., Mitra, S.K., Biswal, T.K., 1987. Structural history of the rocks of the Sarkar, S., Biswal, T.K., 2005. Tectonic Significances of fissure veins associated with
Delhi Group around Todgarh, Central Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Geology 59, pseudotachylites of the Kui-Chitraseni Shear Zone, Aravalli Mountain, NW India.
126–156. Gondwana Research 8, 277–282.
Naqvi, S.M., Rogers, J.J.W., 1987. Precambrian Geology of India. Oxford University Sarkar, S.N., Trivedi, J.R., Gopalan, K., 1986. Rb–Sr whole rock and mineral isochron
Press, New York, 223 pp. age of Tirodi Gneiss, Sauser Group, Bhandara District, Maharashtra. Journal of
Nichols, G.T., Berry, R.F., Green, D.H., 1992. Internally consistent gahnitic Geological Society of India 27, 30–37.
spinel–cordierite–garnet equilibria in the FMASHZn system: geothermobarom- Sen, S., 1981. Proterozoic paleotectonics in the evolution of crust and location of
etry and applications. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 111, 362–377. metalliferous deposits. Quarternary Journal of Geological Mineralogical Metal-
Ouzegane, K., Boumaza, S., 1996. An example of ultrahigh-temperature meta- lurgical Society of India 53, 162–185.
morphism: orthopyroxene–sillimanite–garnet, sapphirine–quartz and Sengupta, P., Dasgupta, S., Bhattacharya, P.K., Fukuoka, M., Chakraborti, S.,
spinel–quartz parageneses in Al–Mg granulites from In Hihaou, In Ouzzal, Bhowmick, S., 1990. Petrotectonic imprints in the sapphirine granulites from
Hoggar. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 14, 693–708. Anantagiri, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India. Journal of Petrology 31, 971–996.
Pandit, M.K., Carter, L.M., Ashwal, L.D., Tucker, R.D., Torsvik, T.H., Jamtveit, B., Sengupta, P., Karmakar, S., Dasgupta, S., Fukuoka, M., 1991. Petrology of spinel
Bhushan, S.K., 2003. Age, petrogenesis and significance of 1 Ga granitoids and granulites from Araku, eastern Ghats, India, and a petrogenetic grid for
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
sapphirine-free rocks in the system FMAS. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 9, tinent paleogeography. In: Anonymous (Ed.), European Union of Geosciences
451–459. conference abstracts; EUG 10. Journal of Conference Abstracts. Cambridge Pub-
Sharma, R.S., 1988. Pattern of metamorphism in the Precambrian Rocks of the lications, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 116 pp.
Aravalli Mountain Belt. Memoir Geological Society of India (Precambrian of the Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., Ohyama, H., Sato, K., 2008a. High-pressure and ultra high
Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, India) 7, 33–75. temperature metamorphism at Komateri, northern Madurai Block, southern
Shimizu, H., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., 2009. Spinel + quartz assemblage in granulites India. Journal of Asian Earth Science 33, 395–413.
from the Achankovil Shear Zone, southern India: implication for ultrahigh- Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., Dubessy, J., 2008b. Fluid characteristics of high- to
temperature metamorphism. Journal of Asian Earth Science 36, 209–222. ultrahightemperature metamorphism in southern India: a quantitative Raman
Shimpo, M., Tsunogae, T., Santosh, M., 2006. First report of garnet–corundum rocks spectroscopic study. Precambrian Research 162, 198–211.
from Southern India: implications for prograde high-pressure (eclogite–facies?) Tucker, R.D., Ashwal, L.D., Hamilton, M.A., Torsvik, T.H., Carter, L.M., 1999. Neo-
metamorphism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 242, 111–129. proterozoic silicic magmatism of northern Madagascar, Seychelles, and NW
Sinha-Roy, S., Malhotra, G., Mohanty, M., 1998. Geology of Rajasthan. Journal of India: clues to Rodinia’s assembly and dispersal. Geological Society of American
Geological Society of India, 278 pp. Abstract Programme 31, 317.
Sivaraman, T.V., Odom, A.L., 1982. Zircon chronology of the Berach granite of Chit- Tucker, R.D., Ashwal, L.D., Torsvik, T.H., 2001. U–Pb geochronology of Seychelles
torgarh, Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society of India 23, 575–577. granitoids: a Neoproterozoic continental arc fragment. Earth and Planetary Sci-
Spear, F.S., Kohn, M.J., Cheney, J.T., 1999. P–T paths from anatectic pelites. Contribu- ence Letters 187, 27–38.
tion to Mineralogy and Petrology 134, 17–32. Van Lente, B., Ashwal, L.D., Pandit, M.K., Bowring, S.A., Torsvik, T.H., 2009. Neo-
Srikarni, C., Limaye, M.A., Janardhan, A.S., 2004. Saphhirine bearing granulites from proterozoic hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks from Rajasthan, northwest
Abu-Balaram area, Gujarat State: implications for India-Madagascar Connection. India: implications for late Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Craton.
Gondwana Research 7, 1214–1218. Precambrian Research 170, 202–222.
Stacey, J.S., Kramers, J.D., 1975. Approximation of terrestrial lead isotopic evolution Verma, P.K., Greiling, R.O., 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW
by a two-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, 207–221. India): an inverted proterozoic rift basin? Geologische Rundschau 84, 683–686.
Stern, R.A., 2001. A New Isotopic and Trace-element Standard for the Ion Microprobe: Vielzeuf, D., Holloway, J.R., 1988. Experimental determination of the fluid-absent
Preliminary Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) U–Pb and Electron- melting relations in the pelitic system. Consequences for crustal differentiation.
Microprobe Data. 2001-F1. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 257–276.
Canada. Vielzeuf, D., 1983. The spinel and quartz associations in high grade xenoliths from
Stern, R.J., 1994. Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East Tallante (S.E. Spain) and their potential use in geothermometry and barometry.
African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwana. Earth and Plan- Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 82, 301–311.
etary Science Reviews 22, 319–351. Vijaya Rao, V., Rajendra Prasad, B., Reddy, P.R., Tewari, H.C., 2000. Evolution of Pro-
Stern, R.J., 2002. Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: a neodymium isotopic terozoic Aravalli Delhi Fold Belt in the northwestern Indian Shield from seismic
perspective. Journal of African Earth Science 34, 109–117. studies. Tectonophysics 327, 109–130.
Stern, R.J., Dawoud, A.S., 1991. Late Precambrian (740 Ma) Charnockites, enderbites Volpe, A.M., Macdougall, J.D., 1990. Geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of
and granites from Jebel Moya, Suidan: a link between the Mozambique belt and mafic (Phulad ophiolite) and related rocks in the Delhi Supergroup, Rajasthan,
the Arabian-Nubian shield? Journal of Geology 99, 648–659. India: implications for rifting in the Proterozoic. Precambrian Research 48,
Stoeser, D.B., 1986. Distribution and tectonic setting of plutonic rocks of the Arabian 167–191.
Shield. Journal of African Earth Science 4, 21–46. Waters, D.J., 1988. Partial melting and the formation of granulite facies assemblages
Sugden, T.J., Deb, M., Windley, B.F., 1990. The tectonic setting of mineralisation in the in Namaqualand, South Africa. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 387–404.
Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, NW India. In: N.S.M. (Ed.), Precambrian Waters, D.J., 1991. Hercynite–quartz granulites: phase, and implications for crustal
Continental Crust and Its Economic Resources. Elsevier, New York, pp. 367– processes. European Journal of Mineralogy 3, 367–386.
390. Weber, K., 1984. Variscan events: early Palaeozoic continental rift metamorphism
Thomas, R.J., De Waele, B., Schofield, D.I., Goodenough, K.M., Horstwood, M.S.A., and late Palaeozoic crustal shortening. In: Hutton, D.H.W., Sanderson, D.J. (Eds.),
Tucker, R., Bauer, W., Annels, A.E., Howard, K., Walsh, G., Rabarimana, M., Rafa- Variscan Tectonics of the North Atlantic Region. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 3–22.
hatelo, J.M., Ralison, A.V., Randriamananjara, T., 2009. Geological evolution of Wiedenbeck, M., Goswami, J.N., 1994. High precision 207 Pb/206 Pb zircon geochronol-
the Neoproterozoic Bemarivo Belt, northern Madagascar. Precambrian Research ogy using a small ion microprobe. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 58,
172, 279–300. 2135–2141.
Tobisch, O.T., Collerson, K.D., Bhattacharya, T., Mukhopadhyay, D., 1994. Struc- Wiedenbeck, M., Goswami, J.N., Roy, A.B., 1996a. An ion microprobe study of the
tural relationship and Sm–Nd isotope systematics of polymetamorphic granitic single zircons from the Amet granite, Rajasthan. Journal of Geological Society of
gneisses and granitic rocks from central Rajasthan, India—implications for the India 48, 127–137.
evolution of the Aravalli craton. Precambrian Research 65, 319–339. Wiedenbeck, M., Goswami, J.N., Roy, A.B., 1996b. Stabilization of the Aravalli Cra-
Torsvik, T.H., Ashwal, L.D., Tucker, B.D., De Wit, M.J., Eide, E.A., 1999. Geochronology ton of northwestern India at 2.5 Ga: an ion microprobe zircon study. Chemical
and paleomagnestism of Seychelles dykes; implications for Rodinia supercon- Geology 12, 325–340.

Tectonic Setting of The Balaram Kui Surp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tectonic Setting of The Balaram Kui Surp

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tectonic Setting of The Balaram Kui Surp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ARTICLE IN PRESS

Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Tectonic setting of the Balaram-Kui-Surpagla-Kengora granulites of the South

1. Introduction history of granulites, including deformation, metamorphism and

2 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 3

4 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Location in Fig. 1 Formation Age Method References

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 5

6 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 7

8 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 9

10 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 11

and mounted in epoxy resin together with zircon standard BR266

4.1. Analytical technique 4.3. Sample nos. TB-2 and TB-3

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 13

14 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 15

16 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 17

18 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 19

20 Y.K. Singh et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

You might also like