Egyptian mummy The arts manifested the

WESTERN ART mastaba influence of earlier civilizations, in

Prehistoric Period, Egyptian their linear, geometric tendency and
step pyramid
stylized forms.
Art, Greco-Roman Art The sprit of man was ka Pottery
PREHISTORIC PERIOD residing in the body, so to Kouros (nude male figure)
Before man knew how to ensure its continued existence Kore (fully clad female figure)
read and write, he was after death, it is preserved CLASSIC OR
already an artist. through paintings, sculpture and HELLENIC PERIOD (500 BC)
Cave Paintings mummification. Golden age of Athens/ Age
the most ancient of arts Egyptians devoted more of Pericles
❖discovered in Southwestern time and effort into the building mainsprings of Western
France and Northern Spain (as of tombs cultural tradition
old as 40,000 years) Pyramids works of Socrates, Plato
Lascaux, France: application of The great pyramids of the kings and Aristotle
(esp. King Khufu or Cheops), The Classical Ideals
natural pigments; drawings of
were the highest point of The term classicalin its strict
arrows and spears
pyramid construction –13 acres sense refers to its complex of
Altamira, Spain: suited the
base; 450 ft high aesthetic and philosophical
figures to the surface for a 3D
Great Pyramids ideals.
effect
Tomb emphasis on form –
How did it start?
Sarcophagus implies a rigorous artistic
Primitive man did cave
The interior is a chamber discipline in conforming to a
paintings because he believed it
of the royal dead, where the schema or to certain artistic
possessed magic that would
treasures of the Pharaoh are conventions
guarantee successful hunting
kept intellectual order–their
Hand tracing and figures
The king’s mummy was philosophical systems flourished
of wild animals
The Beginnings of Architecture concealed beneath several layers out of their love of reason
Menhir de Champ-Dolent of gold and silver sarcophagi harmony–manifested in
PRIMITIVE ARCHITECTURE Temples the unity of work
Dolmen Temples are massive and full of
proportion –deals with
Cromlech de Stonehenge visual arts
the relationship of the part to
Architecture began with the ❖The temple of Queen the whole and vice versa
practice of burying the dead Hatshepsut and the temple at
balance –nothing in
Gravestones were Abu Simbel were built on the
excess
arranged to form primitive sides of a cliff Sculpture
religious symbolism (menhirs, Abu Simbel temple fully three-dimensional figures,
dolmens) Temple of Hatshepsut interesting from every angle
Cromlechsserved many Karnak temple Lance bearer by Polycleitos
purposes: ancient religious rites, Luxor temple Discus Thrower by Myron
calendar, etc. The temples of Luxor and Phidias' works
Karnak were of the pylon type Architecture
EGYPTIAN ART
CLASSICISM AND THE Parthenon
Ancient Egypt grew along
GRECO-ROMAN TRADITION designed by architects Ictinus
the Nile River at about 3000
and Callicrates;ornamented
BC. GREEK ART
by Phidias
The Religious Function The civilization of ancient
Architecture (cont.)
Greece began about 1000 BC
The basic religious Three Orders
and the history of Greek Art is
scripture was the Book of the divided into three principal Doric
Deadwith its funeral prayers and periods. Ionic
rituals ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-600 Corinthian
Book of the Dead BC) Open-air theater
HELLENISTIC PERIOD (400- blend of realism, idealism, and Tragedies written by Seneca
100 BC) attention to detail
End of the Golden Age of ❖Related to ancestor-worship in THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Athens which the image of the deceased  Early Christian Art
was venerated for the Romans had
The term “Hellenistic”  Byzantine Art
a strong sense of family continuity
refers to the period after the  Romanesque Art
❖Also served to reinforce the
5thcentury BC when Greek image of authority  Gothic Art
culture intermingled with Bust of Julius Caesar
Oriental influences 1. EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
Augustus of Primaporta
Emotion replaced Equestrian statue of Marcus Because of their other-worldly
classical restraint and serenity Aurelius values, the early Christians
Paintings Architecture invited misunderstanding and
naturalistic paintings Roman architecture, a hallmark were persecuted by the
Artists: of ancient engineering and Roman emperors. They had
oZeuxis design, was characterized by its to live as fugitives, hiding in a
oParrhasius innovation, grandeur, and vast maze of underground
oApollodorus enduring influence on Western corridors known as
Encaustic Painting architecture. catacombs.
Representing Zeuxis’ Grape ❖The important features are the The walls of the
and the Birds, Johann Georg catacombs were
rounded arch, the vault and the
Hiltensperger decorated with frescoes
Sculpture dome
City planners designed and beautiful, glowing
Hermes and the infant Dionysus
roads radiating from Rome to mosaics in honor of
by Praxiteles
Apoxyomenosby Lysippos far-flung areas of the empire Christ, Mary, and the
Winged Victory of Samothrace Rounded arch converts own valiant
Dying Gaul Vault comrades in persecution.
ROMAN ART Dome Symbols- served as a
The Hellenistic world was kind of religious code
“all roads lead to Rome”
absorbed by Roman which enabled the
Architect (cont.)
expansionism in the first century Christians to identify
Huge public buildings
BC when Greece and Asia Minor themselves and to
were constructed to
were added to the Roman communicate with one
accommodate vast, idle crowds
Empire. another.
Painting ❖Roman architecture Early Christian architecture
Endowed with a keen, observant served a lot of purposes would be developed only at the
eye, the Roman artists painted Arch of Titus end of the era of Christian
their environment Baths of Caracalla persecution. The first known
Aqueduct Christian church is the old
❖It is influenced by Greek and
Etruscan traditions, evolved Colosseum Basilica of St. Peter in Rome
through different styles and Pantheon 2. BYZANTINE ART
techniques during the Roman Literature  The classical and Asian
Empire. Roman literature, artistic traditions merge
❖They developed new artistic spanning over a millennium, in Byzantine art.
subjects such as genre, still lifes, made significant contributions  Asian two-dimensional or
landscapes and architectural to Western literary traditions. It flat style- placing
motifs. can be categorized into several emphasis on clarity of line
Sculpture genres, reflecting the diverse and sharpness of outline
It is deeply influenced by Greek art, interests and talents of Roman  Western three-
evolved into a distinct form during writers dimensional style of the
the Roman Empire, showcasing a classical tradition.
Aeneid by Virgil
 Examples of Byzantine
 Artistic Representation: arts and culture. epics that told of the
The icons that are They excelled in daring, magic, and terrors
portraying: metalwork which of earlier times.
 Christ they executed Anglos-Saxon Beowulf- which
 The Crucifixion with geometric told of a Teutonic hero’s fight
 Mary as the Mother with the man-eating creature,
designs and
of God Grendel, and his mother, as
stylized animal
 Byzantine Style survived well as with the monster of the
forms, and they
for a long period in Russia deep.
covered the
in the Russian Orthodox Tales about King Arthur and
Churches entire surface of the Knights of the Round
 Saint Basil’s Cathedral the objects with Table in legendary Camelot.
in Moscow complex, In France, there was the Song
 Byzantine Architecture curvilinear of Roland, whose hero made
Hagia Sophia- built in the patterns. a valiant last stand against the
6th century in c. Dark Ages- the period of Saracens of the valley of
Constantinopole. Its plan strife and political Roncesvalles.
conforms to the Greek insecurity following the In Germany, there was the
cross with four equilateral collapse of the Roman Nibelungenlied, the dark
arms. Empire. and powerful tale about the
 Byzantine Capitals- are d. The feudalism of adventures of Siegfried.
ornamental and abstract the Middle Ages
with a typical gave rise to  Painting & Sculpture:
basketweave design. chivalry with its During the Medieval Period,
 The aim of the Byzantine rites of monasteries became important
artist and architect was to centers of learning.
knighthood and
create a reflection of the In the monasteries, the
its solemn monks copied the scripture
splendor of heaven.
pledge to render and other sacred writings by
3. ROMANESQUE ART
service, honor, hand and illustrated them
a. The triumphant
and loyalty to with marvelous and
tribes were the
God , to the elaborate paintings known
Goths, the
king, and to the as illuminations.
Huns, the The sculpture of the
chosen Lady.
Vandals, the Romanesque Period was found
The age of chivalry also saw largely in association with
Vikings, the
the strengthening of the architecture.
Teutons, the
social position of women who Whirlpool Patterns- it
Franks, and the
became honoured in some characterize the figures of the
Angels.
types, such as the Virgin saints of unlikely anatomy.
b. As the Mary, and in more Two-dimensional- were drawn
triumphant tribes contemporary models, in with tense, razor-sharp lines
lived outside the some types, such as the with nervous rhythms.
Hellenistic and remabrkable Eleanor of There, too, was a trend
Christian Acquitaine. towards abstraction in the
influence, they a. The medieval mind exploitation of line for itself,
were called was a such as is seen in the
barbarians by conglomeration of coiling patterns of the Irish
religion and Books of Kells.
the Romans. But superstition.  Architecture:
they, too, b. Literature: Romanesque art is often
needless to say, The early middle ages associated with the
had their own brought forth legends and
architectural style of the was  Dante Alighleri’s
period. Of its characteristics, translucent Divina Commedia- It
the most important are its stained glass, is the odyssey of a
massive quality and its and in the soul through hell
horizontal emphasis, since interior, and purgatory, to
the concept of the fortress ornaments celestial paradise
predominated. This was true of gold and where he joins the
for both religious and silver and beatific company of
secular architecture. precious
God, the saints, and
Strong Castle-fortresses- stones, and
was built by the lords for the beloved, the
exquisite
defense. incomparable
tapestries.
Beatrice.
Fortification- was extended  With its high,
to enclose an entire city of pointed spires
village with heavy stone MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE AGES
striving upwards
walls, so that the city with its to the sky, was a Two Kinds:
church, town hall, markets, symbol of  Religious
and shops became self- expression of  Secular
contained and self-sufficient. faith.
Picturesque Toledo and  All the 1. Early Christian music- is
Avila in Spain, and important monophonic, and also called
Carcasonne in France- an features of the plain-song or Gregorian chant.
example of cities that the structure served -consisted of psalms from the Old
walls had a number of gates, to emphasize its Testament.
and on the streets and vertically. 2. Ars Antiqua- The
squares the pebbles were  Sculpture: polyphony of Ars
neatly arranged to form an  The Gothic Antiqua was full of
overall design. cathedral became dissonances because
more richly the composers were
4. GOTHIC ART ornamented. Its more interested in
 Architecture: façade featured the horizontal flow
 Gothic Cathedral- rows of sculptured of the different
the architectural figures of the melodies and did not
triumph of the later saints and Biblical pay much attention
Middle Ages. It personages.
to the vertical
was, as John Ruskin  Again, sculpture and
(harmonic)
described it, “a architecture were in
relationships the
Bible in stone,” to close alliance.
tones sung together.
provide all people,  Significant features:
3. Ars Nova- The leading Ars
especially many  Within the church
Nova composer in France
who could not read were found not
was Guillaume de Machaut
or write – and only Christ and
whose most important work
printing had not yet saints as subject of
is the Mans of Notre Dame.
been invented – a sculpture, but also
In Italy, it Francesco Landini
lively visual kings, queens, and
who made use of native
narrative of Holy the nobility, who
Italian melodies and
Scriptures. were with the
Church, the patrons composed music meant to
 Aside from be accompanied by stringed
the stone used of the arts.
 Literature: instruments like the lute.
in building, there
  Selular Music Examples from Constantinople, of astronomy. The
o The songs of the goliards besieged in 1453, Copernican theory the
o Chansons de geste brought into Italy the heliocentric concept of
 Were in treasures of classical the universe- that is,
vernacular civilization. the earth and the
 Heroic tales of  The ideals of other planets revolve
which the Song classicism-balance, around the sun. It
of Roland is an harmony, proportion, replaced the medieval
important
and intellectual idea that the whole
example.
order-became the universe revolved
Relating deeds of
artistic standards of around the earth, as it
national heroes
the period. was man, the
and sung to
 The classical emphasis reflection of God, who
simple melodies.
 Were sung by on man as the measure inhabited it.
Jongleurs. of all things exercised a
o Love songs particular influence on  There was a transition
o Ballads of the Renaissance thought. from the feudal order
troubadours Furthermore, this trend of the medieval period-
 Were first heard of neo-paganism lord, knight, and vassal
of about the 12th coincided with the classes- based to a
century in Provence mercantile capitalist
decline of the authority
and Catalonia
of the Church, as it gave society on the new
 They adopted
fold material in way to the secular money economy which
ballads. power of the came with the rise of
 Their aristocrats and the the middle class, the
compositions were dynamic merchant bourgeoisie, in
built on modal scales class. combination with the
and used the deal
large aristocratic
with worldly
matters.  Cartographers became houses. Huge banking
busy mapping out the enterprises to finance
 Conductus- more new lands. In 1492, commerce and trade
secular than liturgical, Christopher Columbus were launched in Italy
can be regarded as set foot in America, the by the Medicis and in
the first completely New World, in 1521, Germany by rich
original polyphonic Ferdinand Magellan merchants.
work which does not and his men landed in  These social changes
contain any borrowed Cebu, Philippines. The soon led to a
material. era of colonization had reassessment of man
 Motets- were written to begun, the far-reaching and the world around
be sung outside the church effects of which would him Humanism,
services. be felt even to our revived from classical
time. times, pervaded
RENAISSANCE
 The navigational philosophy and the
 First, there was a revival explorations were arts, and man came
of classical learning in matched in science by into his own as master
the study of the ancient the discoveries of of his world.
Greek and Roman texts. Galileo and
The influx of scholars Copernicus in the field  The economic
 progress in the late gold or a space which with the emergence of
Medieval Period, was the controlled by the bourgeoisie,
which was brought any unifying principle. brought out the value
about by increased Formulation of of the human
trade and commerce, geometric or linear personality and
resulted in the perspective in which individuals unique
growth of cities and the principal lines of human being.
provided the painting converge at a
backdrop for the point on the horizon  The painters of the
remarkable period called the vanishing first half of the 15th
that is known as the point. century ( early
Renaissance. Renaissance) were
 Renaissance massaccio and piero
 Renaissance, a word perspective della Francesca.
borrowed from the provided a  The second half
French language, satisfactory of the 15th
literally means solution to the century saw the
"rebirth," and in the problem of evolution of
history of art it is applied portraying space landscape. The
to the 15th century on a two- figures wew
which is one of the dimentional arranged as
highest moments of surface. An though on a
civilization. The example of linear stage, and they
Renaissance was a perspective in assumed classic
period of rebirth, for it painting is poses.
ushered in a new Leonardo da
outlook on man and the Vinci’s “Last  Among the
world. Supper” painters were
 Renaissance Raphael and
 The scientific spirit is was also a Perugino, his
the new concept of period of teacher, who
space which artistic influenced him
manifested itself in experimentati with quiet and
painting and on were gentle
architecture as artists tried atmosphere of
geometric or linear new mediums landscape.
perspective. and  One of the most
Portraying space and techniques. equisite paintings of
depth on a two-  The asendance of man the renaissance is
dimensional surface can be seen in the Botticeli’s Birth of
brought the artist to many portraints and Venus which shows the
the threshold of selt-portraits that were slender goddess, with
science. painted during the long, flowing hair,
 Middle age paintings Florentine youth, the poised lightly on a shell
were flat and two- ladies of high ranks, the and wafted to the
dimensional with the scholars, the condotteri, shore by the winds
figures set against a and the burghers. Its gods.
background of plain emphasis on man, along
 The painting is an  Raphael’s large murals who designed
example of the called stanza in the the Medici-
linear tendency chambers of vatican Riccardi Palace
palace.
that persisted in in Florence for
the Early Cosimo de
 The sculptor dealt with
Renaissance in Medici , and
the problem of balancing
Sienna and the tensions contained in Leon Battista
Florence and which the various parts of the Alberi, who
contrasted with the figure. designed the
preoccupation with Rucellai Palace
volume in the  Architecture
works of Giotto and Architecture during  Brunellschi designed the
Massaccio. the renaissance was dome of the Florence
 In the High Renaissance, brought to the cathedral , while
Florence continued to be construction of Michaelangelo designed
center of art and was aristocratic that of St.
joined by Rome and residences or Peter’s Basilica in
Venice. palazzos, as well as Rome. The structures
churches. not only revived the
 Early classical orders, but the
The palazzos in Florence were
Renaissance ideals of balance
placed in a setting, Such as a
gave away to piazza(square), to set off their ,symmetry ,and
dramatic elegant facade. This generally proportions as well.
settings with consisted of arches above the
contrasting windows and, between them at  Music and Theater
lights and regular intervals Flat columns  Renaissance Italy
darks, as well called pilasters with capitals distinguished itself
as from classical orders. In the visual arts
mysterious, and architecture,
romantic  Sculpture England saw the
landscapes of  The long, straight golden age of
rocks and lines of the roof theater and music.
water. strengthened the  RENAISSANCE ART
 Human face became massive , horizontal  In this period,
even more emphasis of the William
expressive with the structure. Italian, Shakespear, the
use of sfumato a Spanish , English great dramatist of
modeling technique Renaissance all time, produced
introduced by buildings was the U- his memorable
shaped ground plan tragedies
Leonardo da Vinci
opening onto a (Hamlet,Macbeth,
which consisted of
court, garden,or King Lear) and
blurring sharp
park with sculptures comedies
outines with subtle
and fountains. (Merchant of
tonal gradations.
 Outstanding Venice, As You
Italian Like It, The
 Renaissance figures
assumed more dramatic architects of Tempest) for the
postures in paintings as in palazzos were Elizabethan stage.
sculpture. Michelozzi,  The
 Renaissa obscure and ambiguous, and
nce in The Sixteenth Century it may contain elements
England Mannerism one cannot account for. In
The Renaissance is often Parmigianino's Madonna of
is also said to be the beginning of
rememb the Long Neck, who is the
modern times because of its
ered for rationalism and scientific
attitude, as well as its thin man in the background
its
material progress. However, holding a scroll? And what
wealth does the large unfinished
the world-view of the
of songs Renaissance remained column signify?
and largely conservative and
madrigal idealist, as it was based on Then there may be mannerism of
s,which the idea of an unchanging space. The foreground, middle
contribu and eternal order. Nature was ground, and background of the
viewed as a permanent reality painting may seem to be
ted offered to man like a
greatly unrelated because of abrupt
spectacle or a closed field for
to the action.
changes in scale.
develop
This is again true in the above-
ment of It was this static order
mentioned Then there may be
secular govern- caught a glimpse of mannerism of space. The
music. new and unfamiliar foreground, middle ground, and
possibilities. For as background of the painting may
Shakespeare himself had seem to be unrelated because of
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
warned: "There are more abrupt changes in scale. painting
OF MIDDLE AGES
things in heaven and on where one observes the great
 The middle ages discrepancy in scale between the
earth than are dreamt of in
was the period in philosophy." Madonna and Child in the
European History foreground and the old man behind
from the Roman them. Thus the mannerist may treat
RENAISSANCE's classical
space arbitrarily or he may
Civilization in the composure was disrupted by
intentionally create unusual spatial
5th century CE to traumatic socio-political
effects, such as in El Greco's St.
the period of the circumstances, including the
Martin and the Beggar in which
Renaissance sacking of Rome in 1527,
there is an abrupt vertiginous
 The medieval society leading to the dispersion of
descent behind the two figures.
was primarily artists across Europe.
Christians, Agarian The painting may also show
,and feudal in nature This social breakdown and the
mannerism of value. The
. violence which attended it was
mannerist painter may employ
 The works that
soon reflected in the arts. The
strong contrasts of light and dark
decay of classicism in the visual
remain in large which the subject may not
arts took the form of mannerism,
numbers necessarily require and which
which expressed the insecurity,
include may be cultivated for special
anxieties, and escapist
sculpture , effects, as in El Greco's View of
tendencies of the aristocratic
illuminated
Toledo, or for sensationalist
class. Mannerism, although
effects, as in The Nativity by
manuscripts, based on classicism, was a
Beccafumi.
stained glass, perversion of it.
metal work and There is often found the
mosaics. Mannerism in the arts may
mannerism of line, in which
 Artists favored flat
assume various forms. First,
outlines are elongated and the
representations of there may be mannerism in
forms contorted and twisted.
people,animalsand subject. The meaning of a
This is commonly found in the
object. mannerist painting is often
works of Parmigianino, as well
as in the elegant figures in relief • the Renaissance was the great Value is an important element in
made by Primaticcio for Francis religious upheaval called the baroque art for it creates
I at Fontainebleau. reformation that shook the atmosphere and emotional
whole Europe out of its effects as light become symbolic
This manner of representation complacency of the interior life texture it is
involving distortion had, of another decisive element since
course, begun earlier with Religious leaders like Martin baroque art primarily aims at
Michelangelo's fres- coes, Luther, John Calvin and John reaching the emotions by
including the powerful Last knox Demanded religious seducing the senses.
Judgment and the Creation of reforms
Adam at the Sistine Chapel. Spanish art
The catholic church
Finally, there is the mannerism encouraged artists to assume o Sisters Open!
of the fantastic and the bizarre, task of stimulating religious
as in Arcimboldo's Allegory of fervor through art that appealed • Velasquez masterpiece, (Las
Winter, which is the double to the senses and the emotions meninas) one is amazed at the
image of a man and a gnarled large variety of objects, the
plant. The highly sensual dynamic texture of which are rendered
style that emerged from this with consummate skill.
There is, too, the mannerism of period of crisis was baroque art
gesture, in which the hands may style. What are its features? • In Zurbaran Still life
call attention to themselves by (bodegones), objects such as
their unusual, exaggerated, or Baroque paintings often use hard or varying materials
dramatic gesture, such as in diagonal lines or zigzags to and shapes placed at intervals
Parmigianino's Vision of Saint express vitality and movement, upon a dark background shine
Jerome. avoiding static appearances. with a fascinating glow.
Ares, spirals, and twisting lines
In painting, sculpture, and in these lines. Spaced was rediscovered in
architecture, the works of the baroque art.
Mannerist generally One very important feature of
characterized by a sense of baroque art is chiaroscuro. • In Italy however the treatment
instability and ambiguity, i n of space inopico religious
spite of the presence of Caravaggio, an early Italian painting is more elaborate and
classical features. baroque artist, utilized light as grandiose
Outstanding architects of the the primary element in his
period are Giulio Romano, who works, breaking down forms Related to its concept of space is
designed the unusual Palazzo del arbitrarily rather than modeling the development in baroque of
Te at Mantua; Vignola, who them. the open composition painting.
designed the Jesuit c h u r c h o f In contrast to the closed and self-
Il Gesu) in Rome; and In el greco who is more of a contained compositions of the
A n d r e a Palladio with his most mannerist artist light is a Renaissance that gave the
famous work, the Rotonda (Villa dramatic and supernatural impression of finality and
Capra) at Vicenza. His presence. flickering and shaping absoluteness. Thus, the space
architecture, which is based on the figures into many tongues of contained within the painting is
classicism but modifies it, is fire. only relative space in relation to
discussed in his treatise, The larger universe it implies.
Four Books of Architecture. Georges de la tour light has a
quiet and steady quality. Baroque having begun as a
17TH AND 18TH Emanates from an identifiable popular style for the edification
CENTURY source such as a candle shielded of the people, developed a
by a child's hand (joseph and the marked naturalistic tendency in
Baroque Art child Jesus) or burning on a table painting, as seen in the works of
with a skull
Caravaggio, Velasquez, and Chiaroscuro effects are created valuing decoration for its own
George's De la Tour. by deep recesses, niches and sake. Spanish baroque
loggias. Facade with alternating decorations initially focused on
Along with popular baroque convex and concave planes. It the high altar or retablo,
with its naturalistic tendency may also have curving featuring ornate wood carvings
was a baroque adapted by the balustrades and exterior staircase in the plateresque style. Later,
courts of the kings and the to create dramatic, Theatrical these decorations were applied
aristocracy. The ornate and effect. Fountains may be to church and building facades,
dynamic aspect of the baroque integrated with the building, and with the old University of
style was used by the aristocracy the building may be set in a vista Salamanca being an
for their own glorification. of gardens and fountains, on the outstanding example.
whole creating an impressive
SCULPTURE perspective. In the interior During the Reformation in the
especially is seen the fusion of 16th century, King Philip II
Baroque as a restless, dynamic architecture and sculpture rich ordered the Escorial, a royal
style with its diagonals and surface ornaments and in the monastery in Madrid, designed
floating curved lines, its striking marvelous paintings on the by Juan De Herrera in a neo-
chiaroscuro, and its sensuous ceiling classical style, despite a
textural effect set its indelible mannerist interior decoration
stamp on sculpture and Baroque architecture thrived in
architecture. Germany and Spain, with The 17th century Spanish
churches and buildings featuring baroque style, a blend of
Gian Lorenzo Bernini intricate interiors combining plateresque and mudejar
painting and sculpture for a styles, was characterized by
Classical subject in Daphne and highly decorative setting. Moorish sculptors' scalloped
Apollo ornamentation, contrasting
The stucco decorations with traditional curtain-like
The lines of the sculpture surge were still symmetrical; decorations used to conceal
upwards straining away from the later symmetry vanished in voids.
ground and one forgets the a profusion of ornaments
actual material which is marble, such as plants with vines From the Portuguese artist came
in the refinement of the artist and trellises growing in all the use of the glaze tiles called
treatment directions or jagged shell azulejos with their Geometric or
like motifs, when the plant design in blue on a white
The masterpiece of baroque baroque style gradually background.
sculpture is the famous (Trevi slipped into Rococo.
Fountain) in Rome done by the The churrigueresque style, a
sculptors Salvi and Bracci Interiors were painted with a final phase of Spanish baroque
white background and gold in the 18th century, was
ARCHITECTURE highlights, and with paintings influenced by Jose
in light and airy pastel hues. Churriguera, who introduced
In architecture the baroque style A high mark of German swarming ornamental motifs
is marked by a sculptural, highly baroque is the 18th century and large solomonic columns,
ornamented façade. It may have Church of Die Wies in such as those on the San
twisted columns, broken Bavaria with its magnificent Esteban Church in Salamanca.
pediments, and common interior. Baroque art in Spain
decorative motifs such as scrolls, and Portugal achieved The Transparente Chapel in
scallops, trellises, urns and significant success in the 15th Toledo Cathedral showcases
angels called putti. The building century, combining Flemish Spanish baroque architecture,
may have a curving surface, or a and German styles with blending ornament and light and
broken. indigenous features. This style dark effects on intricate
sought to apprehend the sculptures, creating an illusion
sacred through ornamentation, of infinity.
music, flowers, and incense,
Baroque was a style which ladies of leisure, whiling The French Academy was
applied not only to the visual away their time in courtly founded by Louis XIV, who
arts but also to music in music pleasures. promoted classicism as the
baroque refers to the rich official court style.
polyphonic music composed Francois Boucher preferred
about the period between 1600 classical subjects, especially THE PALACE OF
and 1750 it was the period of Venus with her attendant VERSAILLES
vocal forms such as the oratorio nymph and cupids;
and the cantata and of The Palace of Versailles, a 17th-
instrumental forms such as the 18th Century century art palace, was the venue
fugue the great composers of the for classical ballets, concerts,
baroque music were G.F Handel -Antoine Watteau was the and state power dramas that
and Johann Sebastian Bach. least superficial. -Often drew mixed with the rococo flair of
his subjects from theater, France.
Rococo Art especially the commedia
dell' arte with its characters • With the successors of Louis
The decadent court of the of Pierrot and Columbine XIV, there was less rigid
French kings Louis V and clowns, and saltimbanques. centralization style. The French
Louis VI developed a monarchs became more and
hedonistic style known as -His paintings express more decadent, and the French
rococo, comes from the melancholy and nostalgia, Revolution in 1789 dealt a
French word rocaille, which and his figures, of a severe blow to the monarchy.
means shell. langorous grace are exquisite
fragility. The leader of the movement was
- In fact, Rococo Art is an the painter Jacques-Louis David,
extension of baroque art in its -His use of colors is muted and who had his art education in
ornate aspect. highly sensitive. Rome.

- Rococo on the other hand, THE LATE The Oath of the Horatii
cast these aside, and EIGHTEENTH AND THE
ornament developed like NINETEENTH This artwork is an intriguing
organic growth with spirals CENTURIES study of lines, with opposing
and twisting lines, tendrils, diagonals indicating masculine
fantastic shapes, and shell- Neo Classical Art force and activity for the males
like motifs, becoming and curves showing feminine
increasingly ornate. During the centuries that marked softness and grace for the ladies.
the triumph of the baroque era,
ARCHITECTURE French artists Nicolas Poussin The dramatis personae are
and Claude Lorrain continued to placed against the austerity of
-Structure became pursue the classical tradition, Roman architecture.
subordinate to decoration, studying in Rome and
and solid walls seemed to influenced by the classical David's pupil and successor was
dissolve in the profusion of tradition. Ingres who represents the third
swarming figures. generation of French neo-
Claude Lorrain classical artists: Ingres
-Also made of optical specialized in portraits
illusion, and mirrors were Lorrain created "heroic characterized by an admirable
used extensively to fuse landscapes" with a balanced purity of line and an aristocratic
illusion, reality and to aesthetic, incorporating detailed elegance. In The Turkish Bath,
multiply images in infinite architectural settings from an the voluptuous subject matter is
perspective. Rococo, was an ancient Homeric period. tempered by precise outlines and
aristocratic art, as its subjects muted tones. Ingres is also
consisted of gentleman and
known for his cool portraits of Delacroix is best known for his CRONOS DEVOURING HIS
aristocratic ladies. Liberty Guiding the People, a CHILDREN
patriotic painting of the French
18TH AND 19TH Revolution. Franciso Goya black paintings
CENTURY show obsession in horror.
THE INTEREST IN SOCIAL
Romanticism ISSUES Powerful anti-war engravings
of Francisco Goya
Romanticism stressed The Industrial Revolution in
individual freedom of the England and the socio-political  LOS CAPRICHOS
artist and the subjective issues in France led to the  DISASTERS OF WAR
reaction to the world around development of social
the individual-- to nature, consciousness, which in THE LANDSCAPIST AND
people, and events. literature and the visual arts SEASCAPES OF THE
adopted the naturalistic aspects ROMANTIC PERIOD
The interest in social issues of romanticism.
that resulted in a greater  THE HAY WAIN
involvement and concern in Theodore Gericault used (JOHN CONSTABLE)
the social and political events chiaroscuro and diagonal, tense,  THE BURNING OF
of the day was another aspect and straining lines to create THEHOUSES OF
of romanticism. dramatic effect along with the PARLIAMENT (J.M.W
almost brutal realism in the TURNER)
Artist just like Eugene portrayal of the dying and the
Delacroix used techniques dead THE FRANCE
and process of artistic LANDSCAPIST OF THE
creation. Cultivated surface Romanticism had its passive PERIOD
texture, impasto, and used aspect, which gave rise to
rich palette of colors. emotional instability, feelings of Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
melancholy or despair, fatalism,
The romantic period spontaneity and here began serious THE BRIDGE AT NARNI
also came the cult of energy, and alienation of the artist from (1826)
even of power. society, sought relief in
escapism which took variety of As a response to rococo
The artistic movement known as forms Here could escape into ornateness under Napoleon's
romanticism emerged after the time, into former historical reign, classicism, with an
French Revolution. periods, such as the medieval, emphasis on formal discipline
specifically on Gothic period. and the rebirth of antiquity,
PAINTING further developed. It also served
Escapism also took the form of the goals of the new
The Romantic art style is interest in magic, the occult, or administration by exalting the
characterized by movement the fantastic. civic and patriotic values of the
which is the ideal freedom, early Romans for public
energy and power. The ideal THE GREAT SPANISH emulation.
freedom which was one of the PAINTER OF THE
catchwords of the movement, ROMANTIC PERIOD
encouraged spontaneity. Eugene
Delarcroix highly emphasized Francisco Goya showed
this with freer and looser brush powerful paintings and
strokes. engravings. Fearlessly satirized
royalty in unflattering portaits.
Eugene Delacroix In his black paintings, he
showed an obsession in horror.
WHAT IS REALISM and colors were technique involved
Realism is an art often bright and applying small dots
movement that emerged vibrant. or strokes of pure
in the mid-19th century color to a canvas,
Key figures includes the
as a reaction against the which would then
likes of
idealized and blend together in
 Claude Monet
romanticized depictions the viewer's eye.
 Pierre-Auguste
of the world in art. The result was a
Renoire
Realist artists sought to highly luminous
represent the world as it POST and vibrant image.
really was, without any IMPRESSIONISM &
INCLUDE THE LIKES
embellishments or NEO IMPRESSIONISM
OF
distortions. They  Post-Impressionism
 Vincent Van Gogh
focused on everyday was a movement
 Paul Signac
subjects, such as that emerged in
landscapes, people, and the late 19th ART NOUVEAU
objects, and depicted century as a  Art Noveau, or New
them in a straightforward reaction against Art, emerged in the
and objective manner. the limitations of late 19th century
CHARACTERISTICS Impressionism. as a reaction
OF IMPRESSIONISM Artists associated against the
 Impressionism is with this academic art of the
characterized by its movement sought time. It was
emphasis on to expand upon the characterized by its
capturing the Impressionist organic and flowing
fleeting effects of emphasis on the lines, often inspired
light and color in optical experience by natural forms
the natural world. of nature by such as flowers and
Artists sought to exploring new ways plants. The
capture the of representing movement was
essence of a form, color, and popularized by
moment in time, space. artists such as
often painting en  Neo- Alphonse Mucha
plein air, or Impressionism, also and Gustav Klimt.
outdoors, to known as  The moving spirit
capture the Pointillism, was a behind the art
changing light and style developed by nouveau was the
atmosphere. Georges Seurat and englishman,
Brushstrokes were Paul Signac in the William Morris, an
loose and visible, 1880s. This articulate theorist
 who strove to break down objects and psychological
repair the widening into their basic states of the artist.
gap between the geometric forms. Expressionist artists
artits and society Other important often depicted the
and between art Modernist darker side of life,
and function. movements include and their works
 In England the Art Fauvism, were characterized
Nouveau became Expressionism, and by a sense of
associated with the Surrealism. anxiety and
group of aesthetes alienation.
FAUVISM
led by Oscar Wilde
 Fauvism was an art CUBISM
and Aubrey
movement that  Cubism was a
Beardley.
emerged in France revolutionary art
 The influence of
in the early 20th movement that
symbolism on
century. It is emerged in the
subsequent art lay
characterized by early 20th century.
primarily on its
the use of bold, It was pioneered by
affiration of the
vibrant colors and Pablo Picasso and
theory of "art and
loose brushwork to Georges Braque,
artist sake" which
create an and it sought to
has sing peruaded
emotional impact. break down objects
the whole of
Fauvist painters into basic
modern art.
often focused on geometric shapes
RISE OF MODERNISM landscapes and still and planes. Cubist
 The rise of lifes, and their paintings often
Modernism in the works were feature fragmented
early 20th century characterized by a forms and multiple
marked a sense of joy and viewpoints,
departure from celebration of life. challenging
traditional art traditional notions
EXPRESSIONISM
forms and a move of perspective and
 Expressionism was
towards representation.
an art movement
abstraction and  Cubism had a
that emerged in
experimentation. profound influence
Germany in the
Artists such as on the
early 20th century.
Pablo Picasso and development of
It is characterized
Georges Braque modern art,
by the use of vivid
pioneered the inspiring other
colors, distorted
Cubist movement, movements such as
forms, and a focus
which sought to Futurism and
on the emotional
 Constructivism. Its inspiring other create their works,
emphasis on movements such as such as Marcel
abstraction and Surrealism and Duchamp's
formalism paved Constructivism. Its readymades, which
the way for non- celebration of were everyday
representational technology and objects that he
art, and its industry influenced declared as art.
rejection of the design of
SURREALISM
traditional everyday objects,
 Surrealism was an
techniques and from furniture to
art movement that
subject matter fashion. And its
emerged in the
opened up new emphasis on the
1920s and was
avenues for artistic present moment
influenced by
expression. and the future
psychoanalysis and
paved the way for
FUTURISM the works of
contemporary art,
 Futurism was an Sigmund Freud.
which continues to
Italian art Surrealist artists
explore the
movement that sought to express
complex
emerged in the the workings of the
relationship
early 20th century. subconscious mind
between art,
It celebrated the through their art,
technology, and
dynamism and often creating
society.
energy of modern dreamlike or
life, embracing DADAISM hallucinatory
technology, speed,  Dadaism was an images. Salvador
and anti-art movement Dali was a
industrialization. that emerged prominent
Futurist artists during World War I. Surrealist artist
sought to capture It rejected known for his
the essence of the traditional artistic melting clocks and
modern world values and other bizarre and
through bold embraced fantastical images.
colors, dynamic nonsense,
compositions, and irrationality, and
Asian Art
fragmented forms. anti-bourgeois
Chinese Art
 Futurism had a sentiment. Dadaists
Chinese Culture
significant impact used
China has a rich and
on the unconventional
ancient civilization which
development of materials and
began about 3000 B.C.
modern art, techniques to
with the settlement of
the valleys along the  As early as the The term TAOISM is
Yangtze and the Huang 3rd century B.C., derived from Tao, the
Ho Rivers two influential way or the order and
It reckons its long history tendencies in harmony in nature
by dynasties, beginning Chinese thought following an unfailing
with the: became pattern, as seen in the
 Xia Dynasty apparent – succession of day and
(2205-1767 B.C.)  the Confucianist night and in the cycle
and ending in tendency, of the season.
A.D. 1911 with practical and Perpetual motion and
the founding of moralistic, and; mutation. This is seen
the First  the Taoist in the cycles of nature.
Republic of Sun tendency, This universal rhythm
Yat Sen. contemplative is known as
 Dynasties in and mystical. “Returning to Tao.”
which the arts CONFUCIANISM
particularly The philosopher Related to the concept
flourished are Confucius (551-479 of perpetual motion is
the Shang B.C.) did not institute a that of the YIN and the
Dynasty (1766- religion but an ethical YANG, the two
1121 B.C.), system which placed aspects of Tao.
known for its importance on man Yang
bronzes. and the standards of - is generally
 Tang Dynasty personal and social conceived to be the
(A.D. 618-906), a conduct. active or male aspect
great period in Like the Greek - spring and summer
painting and thinkers, Confucius Yin
porcelain. advocated the Golden - is the receptive
 Song Dynasty Rule: “Do not do unto female aspect
(960-1276), the others what you do - autumn and winter.
golden age of not wish others to do Yin may be receptive
Chinese art. unto you.” as space which
 Ming Dynasty TAOISM contains everything in
(1368-1643), Given expression by nature, but space
followed by the Lao Tzu. A assumes the active
last; philosopher of about aspect of Yang when it
 Qing Dynasty the 5th century B.C., is filled with ch’i, the
(1644-1911), was of more pervasive Spirit or Vital Force.
which preceded influence to Chinese CH’AN BUDDHISM
the People’s art than Confucianism (ZEN)
Republic. was.
Ch'an Buddhism (Zen). as a profession but as round, or fan-
Buddhism was a form of expression shaped and
introduced into China of the art of living, framed on silk.
from India about the since it is a means of XIE HE’S SIX CANONS
first century. Merging achieving harmony As early as the 5th
with Taoism, it was of with oneself and with century A.D., Hsieh
great in fluence on the universe. Ho, a portraitist,
Chinese art, Chinese painting is formulated the
particularly in the closely related to following Six
works of the Southern writing or calligraphy. Principles of Painting,
Sung artists of the In painting as in which are of
13th century. calligraphy, the same importance in Chinese
Ch'an or Zen had a soft brush is used. aesthetic theory:
strongly anti-rational Most Chinese  First, creating a
character: instead of paintings are enriched lifelike tone and
placing importance on with verses or with atmosphere;
the formal study of the succinct observations  Second, building a
classical texts, it gave on man and nature, structure through
value to moments of written from right to brushwork;
intuition, flashes of left downwards in  Third, depicting
sudden enlightenment, graceful and vigorous the forms of things
and insight. characters. as they are;
In the visual arts, the Chinese painting,  Fourth,
artist had to go either on silk or paper, appropriate
through the long has three principal coloring:
process of learning to formats: the  Fifth, composition;
identify himself with  Vertical hanging and
the object, assuming scroll, which is  Sixth, transcribing
into himself the suspended on a and copying.
rhythms of life and wall; the
Chinese Painting
nature. The Southern  Horizontal
Manuals
Sung artists, many of handscroll,
Numerous Chinese
whom were Buddhist which unfolds a
painters have also
monks, such as M’u continuous
been theoreticians
Chi (Six Persimmons), series of images
writing on their art and
had the most sensitive viewed from
technique, so much so
awareness of right to left: and
that there is a wealth
meaningful space. finally, the
of Chinese writing on
Painting  Small album-
art.
The Chinese artist leaf, which may
considers painting not be square,
Chinese painting distinct the farther  Largely narrative
manuals, imbued with they are. Mists and served to
the spirit of Tao, are increase the effect of supplement
full of precious distance. accounts of the life
insights into the In perspective on the in court.
relationship of art and Level, one looks from  The subject,
nature that could have a place in the therefore, was
been drawn only from foreground into the far largely genre,
long and loving distance across a flat depicting men and
contemplation. plain. Details such as women of the
Perspective winding rivers, court in their
Chinese perspective is bridges, trees, and various activities.
related to the vertical houses create a  An example of this
and horizontal formats variety of interest as style is Ku K’ai
of the paintings. well as serve as Chih’s Admonitions
Furthermore, as in markers in the of the Imperial
reading calligraphy, landscape. Preceptress, a long
the eye is drawn from Styles handscroll
right to left, from up to Chinese painting in the
MONUMENTAL STYLE
down. At least three course of many
• Associated with
kinds of perspective centuries does not
the Northern
are distinguished. seem to have
Sung painters,
In perspective in undergone
known for their
Height, the verticality considerable change.
painting of lofty,
of a mountain is By the time of the
majestic
emphasized, and its Song Dynasty (960-
mountains.
precipitous view from 1276) – one of the
• This style lends
peak to base is great periods of
itself best to the
awesome and Chinese art - there at
vertical hanging
impressive. least five
scroll.
In perspective in distinguished styles in
• In this style
Depth, one views a painting.
worked Tung
series of mountains These styles, which
Yuan and Mi Fei.
from the one in the make up the tradition
LITERAL STYLE
foreground to the of Chinese painting,
• The Northern
others beyond it. The developed due to the
Sung Academy
system of rhythmic, strong influence of
of the Emperor
overlapping planes is certain outstanding
Hui-Tsung
often used here. As in individual artists.
cultivated the
aerial perspective, COURTLY STYLE
literal style.
objects become less
 • This style is more personal Henry Wadsworth
distinguished or Longfellow (Keramos)
for its clarity of expressionistic. Called the Porcelain
line and greater • It made use of Pagoda, it was an
realism. abbreviated octagonal structure
• The techniques with ornamented with
masterpieces in rapid three-color porcelain
this style, in brushwork, as in and a large gold ball
particular those paintings of surmounting the roof.
of the emperor bamboos. Henry Wadsworth
himself, are • The paintings Longfellow, amazed by
paintings of were in its unusual beauty,
flowers or birds monochrome. describe it in his
on a branch. • The principal poem, “ Keramos”
LYRIC STYLE artist of which KERAMOS
• Influenced by were M’u Chi And yonder by Nankin,
the preceding and Liang Kai. behold:
monumental and Architecture The tower of
literal styles, A Chinese building is Porcelain,
was romantic in usually identified by strange and old,
spirit and its curved tile roof. Uplifting to the
resulted from a However, it is common astonished skies
more direct and error to call any Its ninefold painted
intuitive structure a pagoda, for balconies,
relationship of the term correctly With balustrade of
the artist with applies only to a tower twining leaves,
nature. that serves a religious Hang porcelain bells
• One of its function. that all the time
artists, Ma Yuan, Like the Indian stupa, Ring with a soft
is known for his the pagoda served to melodious chime;
symmetrical, house Buddha’s relics, While the whole fabric
one-corner realizing a religious is ablaze
paintings with symbolism in its With varied tints all
their sensitive structure. fused in one
tonal quality and One of the famous Great mass of color
atmosphere. pagodas was that built like a maze
SPONTANEOUS by the Ming Emperor Of flowers illumined
STYLE Yung Lo in 1431 at by the sun.
• Developed from Nanking. Chinese Art in the
the lyrical style,  Porcelain Philippines
but it is even Pagoda
Although the served as grain or This type later
Philippines’ wine containers, and developed into the
relationship with China the smaller ones often Famille rose and
goes as far back as the contained charms. Famille verte, colorful
Sung Dynasty, These jars also served and highly ornamented
Chinese influence has ritual purposes. In vases of the Qing
remained largely in the some graves, the skull Dynasty.
economic rather that was surrounded by a During the Spanish
the social or cultural number of jarlets, regime in the
sphere. while the larger jars Philippines, Chinese
It is mentioned that the were sometimes used resident traders were
merchants brought to contain the bodies largely confined by the
such as porcelain, to be buried. Spaniards to the
damask, thin pongee Sung Celadons Parian quarter for
silk, bright-colored Among the security reasons.
beads, trade gold, iron predominant types of The Chinese proved
pots, lead fishnet Chinese porcelain themselves to excel
sinkers, tin, and iron found in the not only as traders but
needles in exchange Philippines were the also as master-
for local products. Sung Celadons -- gray- builders and
The trade in Porcelain bodied porcelains craftsmen. Many of
developed during the which had a pale them labored in the
Sung Dynasty and monochromatic sea- construction of
reached its climax green or olive-green churches and
during the Ming glaze over incised or residences.
Dynasty. molded decoration. A number of them also
Recently, The aim of the Chinese worked as sculptors.
archaeological potters was to create The stone lions at the
excavations in porcelain that would gates of San Agustin
Calatagan, Batangas, rival precious jade. Church in Intramuros
in the western end of Another type was the are examples of their
Laguna de Bay, in popular Ming porcelain work. They also
Mindoro, in which was white excelled in
Novaliches, Rizal, and porcelain with a rich woodcarving and
in Sta. Ana, Manila, blue decoration, often participated in the
have yielded a great of peonies, dragons, making of Santos, the
number of Chinese or fish. earliest of which
trade porcelain. The Hsuan Te flask is showed the influence
Chinese Porcelain an example of this of the Chinese Buddha
was highly priced by type. image.
our ancestors. They Japanese Art
The settling of Japan cultivated art and now began to
by the ancestors of the learning through the produce portable
Ainus, followed by the building of numerous paintings in the
Mongolian invaders, Buddhist temples. form of scrolls,
took place before the Sculpture in wood and albums, and
2nd century A.D. It was bronze developed. screens.
when they had NARA PERIOD (645-  Poetry, too, and
reached a degree of 793) literature in
social organization in During the Nara Period general, flourished
the Dolmen Period that (645-793), Chinese in this period
they could begin to cultural and artistic because of a
cultivate the arts. influence prevailed. deepened interest
DOLMEN PERIOD Numerous art objects in and
Japanese art started in were imported from understanding of
the Dolmen Period China. Meanwhile, the human nature.
when an imperial court Japanese arts of
This book was
was established in the lacquer ware and
illustrated in a new
province of Yamato, masks were
genre style which
the site of the capital encouraged.
would later influence
changing with each HEIAN PERIOD (794-
the art of printmaking.
reign. 1184)
KAMAKURA PERIOD
The first art objects The succeeding Heian
(1185-1337)
were the Haniwas Period (794-1184) was
The Kamakura Period
tomb sculptures found characterized by
(1185-1337) marked
surrounding the fastidiousness and a
the beginning of the
ancient graves. These highly refined
feudal period that
were images of men sensibility, especially
would last for 700
and animals done in a in the courtly circles
years.
vigorous, spontaneous controlled by the
The Samurai, the
style. powerful Fujiwara
Japanese warrior
ASUKA PERIOD (548- clan.
class, established the
645) These qualities are
ruling power of the
The Asuka Period found in the
shogunate, the first
(548-645) saw remarkable courtly
shogun being
Buddhism taking root romance, Tale of
Minamoto no
in Japan, with the Genji, by Lady
Yoritomo.
arrival of monks and Murasaki Shikibu.
Tea ceremony was
artists from China and  From the religious
born.
Korea. decorations of
This period also
The Buddhist Prince temples, artists
showed preponderant
Shotoku Taishi
Chinese influence, persecution of the culture for many
especially on Christians. centuries, Japanese
landscape, Ceramics EDO PERIOD (1615- art emerged with its
was also introduced to 1868) own distinctive
Japan from China, and The following Edo character.
along with the Period (1615-1868). The Tale of Genji was
increased production named after Edo or illustrated in the new
of porcelain Tokyo, opened with Yamato-e style in
MUROMACHI PERIOD Tokugawa Ieyasu as which the scene is
(1338-1573) shogun. viewed from above,
During the Muromachi This age was doing away with the
Period (1338-1573), the characterized by the roof, to show the
Ashikaga shoguns culture of the chonin, happenings within a
favored Zen the rich and influential domestic household.
Buddhism. There was bourgeoisie of the new But while the facial
the continuing thriving commercial features of the
influence of the centers, such as Sakai aristocracy were
spontaneous style of and Osaka. indicated sparingly by
Zen in painting. Bourgeois novels were a few strokes of the
Another style was the written and the kabuki brush, characters from
Yamato-e, theater portraying the the lower social levels
distinguished by its chonin milieu gained were given a more
gold background and widespread popularity. detailed and
use of bright colors. The haiku became the individualizing
MOMOYAMA PERIOD representative poetic treatment.
(1568-1615) form of the period. The Japanese
The Momoyama Period In painting, ukiyo-e or penchant for
(1568-1615) began with genre painters took caricatures expressed
the rule of the the continually shifting itself in the colorful
powerful Hideyoshi day-to-day life as their and lively figures of
who ordered the subject. the lower classes, as
building of great In in music, the new well as in paintings of
castles and palaces samisen replaced the animal characters with
with profuse more refined koto as human characteristics
ornamentation. the favorite instrument held up for satire.
The tea ceremony for accompaniment. Caricature also found
became established in Constants in Japanese expression in the vivid
Japanese life. Art theatrical masks.
The period was also Despite the The Influence of Zen
marked by the predominant influence Buddhism
of Chinese art and
Of the two enlightenment through things worldly,
predominant religions satori, which is the such as wealth,
in Japan, namely, flash of insight, of power, or this is to
Shintoism - with its intuition into the prefer a simple,
primary manifestation hidden nature of honest existence
of emperor-worship - things. and to feel content
and Buddhism, the There are two ways of to be within
latter has been of realizing satori. nature.
considerably greater One is the verbal way,  The second quality
influence on the arts. through Zen riddles is Sabi, which is
Another Buddhist cult (koan). the air of antiquity
was that of Amida, The second is by or primitiveness,
regarded as a direct action through the feeling of a
bodhisattva or holy which one may find historical period, a
figure. The essence of meaning, as one certain rustic
this cult was the learns by doing. imperfection
invocation and that stimulate the mind mingled with a
repetition of the name by posing dilemmas, sense of
of Amida. though words are not loneliness.
Zen is a Buddhist sect to be detached from
PAINTING
introduced into Japan things or experiences.
The spirit of Zen is
from China around the There are distinctive
found in the “one-
18th century. features of Japanese
corner” style which
Buddhism reached art that stem from the
originated from Ma
Japan around the 8th Zen world view.
Yuan, a Chinese
century in the form of The first is Wabi, the
Southern Sung artist.
the older sects. During spirit of poverty. The
In this style, the artist
the Heian Period, the second quality is Sabi.
uses only a few brush
aristocratic class This quality can be
strokes to convey the
cultivated its own found in a simple tea-
essentials of the
Buddhist sect, bowl, with
object. It is also an
Shingon, the True imperfections in
example of
Word. glazing that render it
asymmetry, which is a
The Samurai class unique, revealing the
common feature of
espoused it for its hand of the artist.
Japanese art.
discipline and its  The first is Wabi,
As in Taoism, the Zen
philosophy which the spirit of
artist had to go
could be applied to the poverty. This is not
through the long
art of swordsmanship. to place the
process of learning to
Central to Zen is the highest value on
identify himself with
attainment of
the subject to be able Zen gave rise to the An old silent pond
to give it the "dry landscape" A frog jumps into the
appearance of life. garden which replaced pond—
ARCHITECTURE AND the earlier "water-and- Splash! Silence again.
LANSCAPING hill" gardens. The Art of Tea
The principal Zen garden designers The Art of Tea (Cha-no-
characteristic of aimed to abstract yu)
Japanese architecture nature and to The Art of Tea (Cha-
is the intimate condense it-to cover a no-yu). There are four
relationship between distance of thousands principles governing
the building, be it a of leagues in a few feet the tea ceremony -
house or a temple, and inches. harmony, reverence,
with its natural setting. Poetry purity, and tranquility.
There is a feeling of The spirit of Zen also The way of cha-no-yu,
space in the light, finds expression in the therefore, is to
uncluttered interiors haiku, the shortest appreciate the spirit of
with sliding doors and poem in world a naturally harmonious
screens that reflect the literature. The haiku blending of Heaven
patterns of foliage in consists of only 17 and Earth.
the garden. syllables, but it is the to see the pervading
The main room has a concentrated presence of the five
recessed alcove, the expression of a satori. elements by one's
tokonoma, of an The poem is intuitive fireside, where the
asymmetrical rather than intellectual, moun- tains, rivers,
construction, which for the haiku poet does rocks, and trees are
contains a few not aim to express found as they are in
important objects that ideas but to give Nature,
are the focal points of images that reflect to draw the refreshing
interest. intuitions springing water from the well of
a vertical hanging from the submerged Nature, to taste with
scroll (kakemono), a realm of the one's own mouth the
vase with flowers unconscious. flavor supplied by
arranged according to In the second half of Nature.
a symbolic pattern, the 17th century, the As to purity, the
and a vessel, such as poet Basho developed teamaster Kazuma
an incense-burner. the poetic potential of says:
Since architecture is the haiku from the The spirit of Cha-no-yu
intimately related to its superficial form it had is to cleanse the six
environment, earlier been. senses from
landscaping it of great The following is his contamination.
importance. most familiar poem:
By seeing the descendants of the originated from the
kakemono in the gods. production of genre
tokonoma (alcove), In art, Shinto shunned screens (byubo),
one's sense of sight is pictorial showing people in
cleansed; representations and various activities,
By smelling the flower used symbols. usually in a household
in the vase, one's ISE SHRINE or in enclosed rooms.
sense of smell is The Ise shrine, a These prints came to
cleansed; representative type, be known as Ukiyo-e,
By listening to the rests on piles and has pictures of the
boiling of water in the a thatched roof. It is kaleidoscopic,
iron kettle and to the characterized by changing, or literally
dripping of water from simplicity and dignity “floating world,
the bamboo pipe, in the careful because of their wide
one's ears are observance of range of subjects,
cleansed; proportions. Since the settings, and
By tasting tea, one's 3rd century, the shrine situations.
mouth is cleansed; was torn down every The Japanese ukiyo-e
and twenty years and artists were masters of
By handling the tea replaced with an exact line, with an acute
utensils, one's sense replica. This unusual sensitivity to gesture,
of touch is cleansed. practice is related to expression, and an
When thus all the the purificatory aspect appreciation of
sense organs are of Shintoism. meaningful detail.
cleansed, the mind As to the Buddhist Japanese prints have
itself is cleansed of temples in Japan, they been roughly divided
defilements. copied Chinese into three groups.
SHINTO AND models closely, First Group belong the
BUDDHIST especially those of the popular commercial
ARCHITECTURE Tang Dynasty. The prints, consisting
SHINTO SHRINES Horyuji and Todaiji mainly of landscapes,
Shinto shrines are temple complexes portraits of beautiful
typical Japanese near Nara, with their women, actors,
structures, as pagodas, are examples wrestlers, and figures
Shintoism itself was of this second type. of ancient Japanese
the indigenous faith of PRINTS history and legend.
the people which Byubo Second Group belong
stressed love of One art form in which the erotic prints
nature, the family, and the Japanese have usually given as a gifts
the Japanese ruling excelled is the print. to be placed under the
class as direct Print-making
pillows of newly- - influenced the works stylized posture and
married couples. of Matisse, Van Gogh, dance.
The Third Group and Gauguin. It was essentially an
consist of the With the opening of aristocratic art for
Surimono , miniature the ports of Japan in nobles with a broad
woodblock prints 1853, Ukiyo-e prints cultural background.
usually designed to be found their way to KABUKI
given away as Europe where they Kabuki as an art
keepsakes on New were greatly admired started later in Kyoto
Year’s Day and on by Western artist. in the early 17th
congratulatory or They influenced the century with the rise of
other festive works of Matisse, Van the merchant middle
occasions. Gogh, and Gauguin, class.
Some of the who soon adopted the Chikamatsu
oustanding Japanese high off-center monzaemon, extended
printmakers; vantage point, as well the repertoire of
 Suzuki as the flat planes, kabuki plays to about
Haronubu linear emphasis, and 300 pieces.
Who was the first to decorative aspect of Kabuki play runs from
exploit the full the Japanese prints. morning to night; thus
possibilities of color THEATER many viewers choose
 Kitagawa The two main forms of to attend only the high
Utamaru the Japanese theater points of the drama
Known for his prints of are the Noh and the BUNRAKU
beautiful women Kabuki. A secondary Refers to the
 Ando Hiroshige form is the Bunraku or centuries-old tradition
A poetic landscapist, Puppet show. of Japanese puppet
whose greatest work NOH DRAMA plays.
was the series The Noh drama, As old as the kabuki,
Fifty-Three Stages of compared by scholars the bunraku often
the Tokaido to the Greek tragedies, adapts styles and
 Katsushita Hokusai evolved in the 14th plays from the kabuki.
century. Bungoro
Known best for his
The Noh is an art of
masterly series
illusion, referring to Indian Art
Thirty-Six Views of
local legends and  Indus Valley
Mount Fuji
historical feats. Civilization (3,000
Ukiyo-e prints B. C.)
Its acting was not
Western artist.
mimetic, as it About 3,000 B.C., there
consisted of highly was a flourishing
civilization in Indus About 1,500 B.C. warlike Vaisyas – class of
Valley, with two Aryans from the Iranian merchants and farmers
important centers of plateau entered the Sudras – consist of
cities the “Mohenjo- Indian peninsula. They laborers and serfs.
Daro” and “Harappa” subdued the indigenous Untouchables - Group of
cities in Noth Western people, known as the Pariahs, considered
India. dark-skinned Dravidians. men without caste
Artifact: Few evidences Aryan Religion and
of this early civilization Vedas  Transitional
are bronze, and copper The Aryans brought with Period (800 – 400
statuettes and steatite them their religion, B.C.)
seals. Vedism with its worship
Evolution of Vedism into
Sculptures of Indra, warrior god of
Hinduism or
Artistic Emphasis: thunder; Varuna, the
Brahmanism.
Sensuous surface god of sky; Surya, the
Main religious text is
texture over logical god of sun; and Agni,
Upanishads written in
structure. the god of fire.
Sanskrit.
Examples: The sculpture Literature
Brahma as the cosmic
of a nude torso found at Vedas, with the earliest
principle.
Harappa and being the Rig-Veda,
Atman (breath) as its
the statuette of a containing hymns to
counterpart in man.
dancing girl from nature gods and rituals
Two principal doctrines
Mohenjo-Daro. involving offerings and
are samsara, the
Steatite Seals sacrifices.
transmigration of souls,
Miniatures with intaglio Caste System:
and karma, the law that
carvings. Aryans instituted the
the actions of a man in
Subjects: Bulls, caste system, divided
one life will determine
elephants, ceremonial societies into four fixed
his future rebirths.
animals, primitive Indian classes:
The religious aim is to
deities. Brahmans – highest
attain nirvana, the
Found in Mesopotamia caste. It consisting of
absorption of the
Undeciphered educated priests and
individual spirit into the
inscriptions on the seals. scholars.
world soul
Kshatriyas – warrior
Hindu Trinity and Deities
Brahma (Creator),
class forming the ruling Vishnu (Preserver), and
 Period of Indo – Shiva (Destroyer).
Aryan Invasions class alongside the
Krishna as a favorite
(1500 – 800 B.C.) Brahmans.
reincarnation of Vishnu.
Kali Ma, the fierce That the escape from Conversion to Buddhism
consort of Shiva samsara to nirvana is and promotion of arts
Religious Education and through the destruction and learning.
Yoga of desire Architectural
Guru or master-guided That the destruction of Achievements
religious education. desire is to be achieved Palace at Pataliputra
One of the main school by Eight-Fold Path (Patna in Bihar)
of Indian thought yoga, namely; (a) right belief, modeled after
preached asceticism (b) right resolve, (c) right Persepolis
and control of the body. speech, (d) right Construction of sacred
behavior, (e) right columns with inscribed
2 great Indian epics, the occupation, (f) right teachings of Buddha
Mahabharata and the effort, (g) right Buddhist symbols on
Ramayana. contemplation, and (h) columns: Lion, Lotus,
The Mahabharata is the right concentration. Wheel (Mandala)
oldest of the two. Buddhism Branches: Stupas and Great Stupa
A primitive poem, Hinayana (Lesser at Sanchi
embraces the entire Vehicle) Numerous stupas built
cosmology of Hinduism. Mahayana (Greater to hold relics of Buddha
Relates the war between Vehicle) The classical Buddhist
two branches of Bharata Notable Buddhist Text structure the Great
family (the Pandavas Mention of the Stupa at Sanchi
and the Kuravas). Dhammapada and its Circular stone
focus on overcoming balustrade and four
Buddha – Birth of desire and moral gateways with carved
Siddhartha Gautama distinctions. toranas
He sat under the shade Maury Period (300 B.C. Another example is the
of Bo tree and entered – A.D. 100) “sculptured toranas”
into a period of Founded by scenes from the jatakas
meditation for 49 days Chandragupta Maurya period
during which he was Following the conquest Artistic Representation
tempted by the demon of the northwestern of Buddha
Mara, who assailed him portion by Alexander the Early Buddhist
with images of desire to Great in 326 B.C. reluctance to represent
no avail. The highest point of the Buddha.
Buddha’s Teachings period was the rule of Use of symbols like
The Four Noble Truths: Emperor Asoka (272- footprints and cushion
Life is sorrow 232 B.C.) impressions.
That the cause of sorrow Considered the greatest Emphasis on rich and
is desire ruler of India. prolific imagery in
narrative style.
  Period of the Realistic dynasty, ruled by liberal
Three Styles (2nd- features/Realism and Brahmanists.
4th Centuries close observation of Art combined Greco-
A.D.) nature Buddhist and native
Greco-Buddhist Style Characteristics of the Mathura styles.
Mathura Style Buddha representation Gupta Style in Art
Amaravati Style in the Mathura style Figure of Buddha
-Buddha's Figure and became majestic and
Greco-Buddhist Style – Style refined
Influence of Hellenistic • Expresses tranquility An image of tranquility
culture and the Silk but controlled tension. and inwardness
Route. A network of • Broad shoulders and Ineffable smile and
caravan routes that slimmer waist. delicate hand gestures
extended from Canton in • Dressed in finer, Masterpiece: Buddha
southern China, transparent garment. Preaching in a Deer
covering the territories of • Famous example: right Park
India and Arabia and hand upraised, left arm - Made in
reaching up to Rome in poised, feet upturned. sandstone in the 5th
the Mediterranean. Emphasis on narrative century Located at
Development of the quality and the portrayal Sarnath
Greco-Buddhist style in of the female form - Delicate and
Gandhara Amaravati Style – majestic figure
Mathura, the first Emergence of the third - Exudes warmth
representation of the style at Amaravati in and tranquility
Buddha were found. southern India - Transparent
Description of the Elongated and idealized drapery
Buddha's appearance, figures with controlled - Large decorated
resembling Hellenistic movement. halo framing the head
Apollo -Indian Art's Sexual Gupta Style in Painting
Marks of the holy figure Preoccupation In painting, the great
on his head and • Emergence at bodhisattvas in the
forehead Amaravati. Ajanta Caves show the
Significance of • Sinuous, provocative, fullness of the Gupta
Gandhara in the tense female style.
development of this style representations. With a fluidity of line and
 The Gupta or a subtlety of coloration,
Mathura Style – Classical Period they are expressive of
Coexistence of the (5th-6th Centuries) the highest ideals of
Mathura style in Buddhism.
The Gupta dynasty was
northern India. The bodhisattvas are
the second great Indian
images of serenity
attained through patient peristyle and a barrel Followed by Turks,
meditation and sacrifice roof. further contributing to
out of compassion for Example: Temples of confusion
suffering humanity. Mamallapuram Moslem Moguls from
The roof's emphasis Persia began making
 The Post-Gupta increased as it became inroads around 1000
Period (Beginning more elevated and A.D.
with the 6th elaborate. India's political
Century) Cut out, of the rock, the landscape with separate
In Gupta Period, roof repeats in a series feudal states
Brahmanism or of rows the thatch of the Babur, a descendant of
Hinduism began to early shrines found in Timurlaine, united a
reassert itself. relief on the walls of significant portion of
It gradually eliminated stupas. India, the largest empire
In poetry and drama since Asoka.
Buddhism from India
Kalidasa's contributions Akbar recognized
and reduced it to a small
to Sanskrit literature Hinduism as a religion
section of population.
Romantic drama equal to Islam
Sensualism and
"Shakuntala" the Encouraged art,
occasional eroticism
flowering Sanskrit learning, and the revival
Sense of
literature after the of Hindu literature and
movement/Dynamism
eclipse of Buddhism by art
and rhythm in art
Hinduism. Mogul Contributions to
Suitable for the cosmec
Characteristics of Indian Indian Culture
intensity and violence of
drama (romantic and Main contributions in
Hinduism
escapist) painting and architecture
Iconic figures like Vishnu
Absence of violence, Mogul miniatures and
and Shiva in various
deaths,marriages and Indo-Persian manuscript
avatars
rituals on stage illuminations
Colossal Sculpture
Kama Sutra- A treatise Description of Mogul
Example: Rock-cut
on love and miniatures, e.g., "Shah
temple of Elephanta
relationships Jahan Out Riding with
showing the huge three-
Reference to the art of His Son, Dara Shukoh"
headed Shiva as
painting in the text Mastery of line and
Mahadeva which rises
nearly 14 feet from the  The Mogul Period vividness of color
(16th Century) Moslem Architecture
floor.
Hindu Temple 5th century: Huns The most splended
Architecture overrun India, causing architecture in india is
Hindu temple consisted cultural destruction Taj Mahal, built in 1632
of a square cella with a by Shah Jahan in
memory of his wife
A large, white marble Indian dance is a The use of music for
mausoleum, it features a complex language in different aspects of a
horseshoe-shaped itself. performance
entrance, arabesques, a Elements of Indian Examples such as
pointed dome, and four dance: facial entrances, separations,
slender minarets, expressions, hand fatigue, and more
creating a light and gestures (mudras), and
graceful atmosphere. attire Indonesian Art
Use of Islamic Many dances require an  The art of
horseshoe-shape intricate painting of the Indonesia is
entrances and recesses face in many hues, permeated by a
 Expansion of elaborate costumes and strong Hindu-
Indian Art jewelry, including Buddhist tradition
anklets, to further enrich due to the
The Spread of
the dance rhythms. migration of Indian
Buddhism and Influence
Kathakali, an important culture
on neighboring Asian
dance,is of a virile  The influence of
countries
character. the great Indian
Hinayana and
-Description of actions, epics, the
Mahayana Buddhism
leaps, jumps, and Ramayana and the
(Architecture)
plunges Mahabharata is
Hinayana in Ceylon,
Throughout the entire seen in the wayang
Siam, and Burma
performance, a dancer's performances
Mahayana in Nepal,
hands are active.  The wayang is
Tibet, China, Korea, and
He forms with mudras performed to mark
Japan
and gestures, each word important
In Polonnaruwa in
the singer enunciates. occasions, such as
Ceylon or Sri Lanka is
Any competent a birth, a wedding,
found the colossal
Kathakali dancer knows or circumcision
figures 一 nearly 50 feet
about five hundred  It begins in the
long-of the Dying
mudras and can, if you evening and lasts
Buddha.
improvise a sentence on through the night
Anuradhapura, a great
the spur of the moment, until dawn
city with stupas
put it instantly, even  The puppets of the
One of the greatest
while you talk, into this wayang kulit are of
Buddhist monuments is
sign language of the leather with
the Borobudur in
dance. ornamental perfo-
Java,built in the 8th
Of course, Oriental rations and designs
century, after the decline
dance is always in gold and other
of Buddhism in India.
accompanied by music, colors
India Dance
always improvisatory.
  In Bali, religion is 10th century, that magic, and
intertwined with the former began astronomy
dance, of which the to pursue divergent
In Indonesia and Japan,
central figures are paths.
music is closely allied
Rangda, the witch  New musical
with the theatre and
of evil, and Barong, instruments were
ceremonial dance.
the good spirit developed, yet
Asian and Western
 All throughout hinting at their
music have many points
Indonesia, there is Asian origins.
of difference.
an interesting  Development of
-While Western music
dance-fight called musical
follows a definite time
the Penchak instruments with
signature -and triple
 Indonesia is also Asian origins
meter is particularly
known for its  With the later
Western —Asian music
beautiful textiles, development of
shows a different
especially batik major and minor
concept of time, marked
 Another technique, tonality, Western
by less urgency and
in Indonesian music apparently
drive, as found in feudal
textiles is that of broke away from
agricultural societies.
tie-dyeing, which is Eastern traditional
 Much of Asian
currently enjoying modes, while Asian
music lacks a
a vogue music further
pronounced metric
crystallized its
pulse.
character.
Asian Music  Melody in Asian
 Our reluctant Yehudi Menuhin on music largely
attitude to Asian Asian Music depends on
music may be  great violinist, improvisation while
modified by the onced remarked: following a
knowledge that ‘’The mathematical particular
Western music exercise becomes traditional form.
developed from an ecstatic kind of  Much of Asian
ancient Asian astronomy.’’ music has a
forms. hypnotic quality
The distinct experience
 The divergence of because it seems to
of appreciating Asian
Western and Asian wander endlessly
music
music after the while the
 The association of
Crusades performer
Asian music with
 It was after the improvises on set
religious ritual,
Crusades in patterns without
Europe, around the moving towards a
 development or  Archeological tools dating back
climax. findings and over 40,000 years.
artifact dating aid  The tools found
Pre-colonial Art and in identifying the range from crude
Southeast Asian origins of these stone implements
Cultures
cultural exchanges, to skillfully crafted
 Ancient Philippine
shedding light on blades, reflecting
culture existed
their historical the evolution of
independently,
context. human
shaped by locally
craftsmanship.
available resources Pre-colonial Art in the
 Tabon Cave in
and evolving Philippines
Evidences of Ancient Palawan yielded
distinctive
Human Presence in the Tabon Man’s
lifestyles.
the Philippines skullcap, dating
 Despite cultural
 Numerous daily use around 20,000 B.C.
exchanges with
objects found  Alongside the
Southeast Asia,
across the country skullcap, primitive
Philippine
testify to the cutting instruments
prehistoric life
antiquity of human were discovered,
retained its unique
habitation. providing insights
elements, adapting
 Crude stone tools into ancient human
external influences
have been activities in the
to local
excavated in Philippines.
environments,
skills, and needs. Batangas, Cagayan, Design
 The pre-colonial Central Luzon,  Safety from wildlife
period saw active Davao, and and harsh weather,
cultural exchanges Palawan, indicating along with access
with neighboring early human to steady food
Asian countries, activity. supply, prompted
facilitated by  Palawan and the formation of
migration and Batangas, in permanent
trade. particular, have settlements.
 Pottery, utensils, significantly  Early communities
and weapons are contributed to initially inhabited
among the artifacts defining the pre- natural caves in
that reached the colonial culture dense forests and
Philippines from through the settles near
other regions, artifacts discovered riverbanks and
while cultural items in these regions. shorelines.
from the  Excavations in  The establishment
Philippines were Lemery and Taal of settlements led
also disseminated Batangas reveal to the
to nearby lands. diverse manmade conceptualization
 of a more on the pottery that  A pierced cone
structured and humans began to shell, likely used as
planned way of life. create. an earring, signifies
 Cultural evolution the early use of
Textile Weaving
was evident shells as
 The exact origins of
through the adornments.
weaving in the
development of  Jewelry in ancient
Philippines remain
receptacles, time often
uncertain, although
including pottery, comprised natural
flat stone tools
and later, the elements such as
used for pounding
crafting of jewelry flowers, leaves,
and flattening tree
and artistic objects. feathers, and
barks into basic
shells.
Receptacles textiles have been
 Reflects early
 Early human-made discovered through
human creativity
containers initially excavations.
and cultural
served funerary  Some clay and iron
expression through
purposes, likely implements
the use of locally
enclosing and unearthed
available materials.
safeguarding the occasionally display
 Metals facilitated
bodies of the impressions of
easier completion
deceased. fabrics, offering
of daily tasks and
 These containers potential insights
ornamentation of
were often crafted into early weaving
pottery.
from tree barks, practices.
 Access to
woven fibers, and  Contemporary
sophisticated metal
natural materials woven artworks
tools enabled the
like leaves, wood, from cultural
intricate crafting of
and bamboo. minorities and rural
jade ornaments,
 Bamboo, due to its areas influenced by
seen in intricate
natural structure, Christianity provide
patterns like
became a popular hints about the
diamond shapes
choice, with each earliest textile
within larger ones
mode providing a designs in the
on jade artifacts.
sturdy base for Philippines.
 Inclusion of glass,
container
Jewelry cornelian, and
construction.
 Earliest known agate, along with
 The surfaces of
jewelry was found gold, marked the
these bamboo
in the Duyong Cave advancement of
tubes featured the
excavation in jewelry making,
earliest linear
Palawan, dated exemplified by
designs, which later
between 3000 and sophisticated
influenced the
2680 B.C. goldwork seen in
decorative patterns
Guri Cave (300-100
 B.C.) and later sites the pottery to Negros, and
in Marinduque and harden it through Mindoro
Batangas. controlled firing. showcased diverse
 Spanish  Pre-hispanic pottery shapes
colonization pottery and designs,
revealed pre- classification reflecting the
existing gold mines involved regional diversity
in Benguet and categorizing of artistic
Paracale, artifacts based on expression.
highlighting the their shape,  Transition from
prominence of decoration local pottery to
goldwork in Filipino methods such as ceramics imported
society, even impressed (using by foreign traders
among the slave objects to create before Spanish
class. texture) and colonization
incised (using indicates the
Pottery
sharp tools for cultural and trade
 2710 B.C.: Earliest
etching), and connections with
evidence of
designs ranging neighboring
pottery making in
from geometric regions.
the Philippines
patterns to  Imported ceramics
discovered in
stylized natural were considered
Masbate, referring
motifs. prestigious status
to the crafting of
 The Manunggul symbols in pre-
ceramic vessels by
burial jar, dating colonial Filipino
shaping clay and
back to 890-710 Society,
firing it at high
B.C., served as an representing
temperatures.
example of wealth, social
 Pottery shaping
intricate incised standing, and
techniques
design, depicting a cultural exchange.
included the use
soul-rowing boat,
of paddles (flat Design
a representation
wooden tools),  The safety of a
of the journey to
anvils (hard certain place from
the afterlife.
surfaces for wild animals and
 Some
support), and unkind weather, as
earthenware was
giant snail shells well as its nearness
painted of glazed,
for smoothing the to a more or less
enhancing the
surface. continuous source
visual appeal and
 Early firing of food are the
durability of the
methods involved major factors that
pottery.
the use of wood, made man form
 Flourishing
straw, and dried permanent
pottery centers in
leaves piled over settlements. They
Rizal, Masbate,
 first occupied belongings to implements bear
natural caves in accompany the impressions of
dense forests and dead on his journey fabrics. Perhaps the
settled along river to the other world. woven art products
banks or  These were made of our cultural
shorelines. With of leaves, wood, minorities, and
the first and bamboo. christianized rural
settlements, they Bamboo was areas offer a clue to
began to conceive probably the most the earliest textile
of life that could be popular material designs.
planned within a because it is a
Jewelry
long range of time. natural receptacle.
 A pierced cone
Aside from tools Every node of the
shell, presumably
and weapons, they bamboo is
an earring, is the
began to create equipped with a
most an- cient
cultural objects tough, circular base
sample of jewelry
such as that serves as bot-
dug up in our
receptacles, tom for every cut
country. It was
including pottery, tube. The surface
found in one the
and, later, jewelry. of these tubes was
layers of the
incised with the
Receptacles Duyong Cave
first linear designs.
 The first containers excavation in
When man began
were fashioned by Palawan, an of
to make pottery, he
early man probably archaeological
applied these
to enclose and
designs on the Representational Art:
protect the bodies
surface of the pots Sculpture
of his dead
he molded.  Man’s early
relations. For man
sculptural
began to believe in Textile Weaving
endeavors in the
the afterlife in  When weaving
Philippines where
order to endow his started in our
intertwined with
loved ones with country is yet to be
religious practices.
immortality. Thus, ascertained. Flat
 The Manunggul jar
the earliest stone tools
depicts a scene of
containers served a believed to have
souls rowing
funerary purpose: been used to
towards a
If they were not pound and flaten
Philippine Hades,
coffins made out of tree barks into
signifying the early
tree barks and primitive types of
link between art
fibers woven into textiles have been
and spirituality.
mats, they were excavated. Once in
 Ancient drawings in
receptacles of food a while, excavated
Angono, Rizal,
and other clay and iron
showcase linear
 incisions of insect- craftsmanship centuries in
like human figures, might have been association with
potentially dating destroyed during ceramics.
back around 3,000 the Spanish  This ancient script
years. colonial period. is one of
 Early Philippine  Some early Filipino approximately a
representational sculptures were dozen native
sculpture largely influenced by or alphabets
features effigies directly derived discovered across
representing spirits from foreign Southeast Asian
knownas anitos. models, including islands like
 The tagalogs statues of Hindu Sumatra, Java, and
referred to their deities. Celebes.
religious images as  Several significant  These alphabets
“likha”, “tuo-tao”, artifacts, such as are ultimately
and “larawan”. the Golden Image derived from
 Anitos were in Agusan and the ancient India and
believed to fulfill Bronze Lokesvara in share common
roles akin to later Cebu, date back to characteristics with
patron saints, with the 12th-14th Sanskrit writing.
specific ones centuries AD,  The old Philippine
dedicated to showcasing a alphabet comprises
various purposes cultural exchange 17 letters, including
such as good with other lands. 14 consonants and
harvests, 3 vowels.
Ancient Philippines
protection during
Syllabary  "A" is represented
voyages, and by one symbol,
 The indigenous
defense in battles. while "e" and "i"
Philippine alphabet
 Some surviving has captivated share a single
likha sculptures, various individuals, character, as do "o"
like those found in including 16th- and "u."
Calatagan, are century  Early writers
crude, lacking missionaries and utilized a fine point
refined features modern to inscribe their
and exhibiting a archaeologists. script on bamboo
serene yet lifeless tubes, following a
 Pre-Hispanic
quality. top-to-bottom, left-
evidence of this
 Wooden script includes an to-right pattern per
sculptures, possibly inscription on a vertical column,
more intricate, may clay pot found in a similar to the
have decayed over Calatagan grave, writing practice of
time, while stone dating back to the the Tagbanuas of
sculptures of 14th and 15th Palawan.
superior
  Examples of shouting pagrit, in fragments and
Tagbanua writings rhythmic calls, short tales.
are exhibited at the while clearing  Notable Philippine
Museum of forests, serving as epics include the
Traditional Culture warnings to spirits Bicol epic Ibalon,
at the Nayong in the area during narrating the story
Pilipino. tree felling. of the land Ibalon
 Pre-hispanic and its protectors;
Oral Tradition
Philippine Hinilawod,
 Pre-hispanic
celebrations often recounting the
Philippine literature
included the use of adventures of the
was primarily
proverbs, riddles, three sons of the
transmitted orally
and tanaga, with goddess Alunsina;
and intertwined
proverbs reflecting Lam-ang, an
with rituals and
social observations Ilocano adventure
communal
and nature's poem; and
gatherings.
simplicity, riddles Darangan,
 The mangaanito
portraying rich Maranaw narrative
ritual or pandot
visual metaphors, poetry with famous
was a significant
and tanaga stories like
ceremonial practice
conveying moral Bantugan and
lasting several days,
messages through Indarapatra.
often culminating
skillful metaphors  The epics from the
in trances or
or “talinghaga”. Mountain Province,
swooning.
 Myths and legends Hudhud, and Alim
 The babaylan, or
in the Philippines depict the feats of
head priest, would
served as early Aliguyon and the
intone invocations
attempts to explain lives of gods and
during the ritual,
the mysterious goddesses.
with the
forces affecting  The pamatbat,
worshippers
daily life, with known as epic tales
responding in
various regional of the Tagalogs,
unison.
groups having their described as
 Private recitations
own folklore, "genealogical
were also
providing unique histories and
performed to
explanations of superhuman
establish
life's origins in adventures,"
connections with
different dialects. unfortunately, have
environmental
 These myths were not been
spirits.
often embodied in preserved.
 Presently, the
epic narratives,
Hanunuo people of Music
some of which
Mindoro continue  Pre-hispanic
have survived only
the tradition of Filipino
 culture was instruments from the
steeped in include: Mountain
musical Province
traditions, 1. Gitgit - a played by
with various violin-like blowing
everyday instrument wind
activities with a through the
accompanie wooden nose.
d by body and 6. Diw-diw-as -
ritualistic pegs, thin
rhythms played with bamboo
that gave a bow made pipes tied
rise to an of human together,
array of hair. resembling
songs, 2. Bangs - a pan-pipes,
including three- played by
lullabies, stopped blowing
planting bamboo across the
songs, boat flute played open ends
songs, by blowing without
feasting and at the end. touching
mourning 3. Bowed harp the lips.
songs. or butting -
played with  Other
 The the mouth, instruments
Negritos resembling include
and other a bow, bamboo
indigenous utilized by zithers, pas-
groups like the Negritos ing,
those in the of Zambales kolitong,
Mountain and Isabela. gangsa,
Province 4. Kubing - a bilbil or
and the bamboo bungkaka,
Muslims in version of bangibang,
the south the ancient olbon,
utilized a jew's harp, sulibao, and
variety of played by Kalinga
musical the drums, as
instruments Dumagats. well as
that are still 5. Kaleleng or various
in use balingling - Muslim
today. a three- instruments
 Some stopped such as
notable nose flute palendag,
 sahundy,  The early for religious or
suling, inhabitants of the communal
tumpung, Philippines were purposes. However,
serogagandi known for their during worship,
ng, kudyapi, seafaring abilities, people would
and the relying on rivers gather in the chief's
ensemble of and seas for house and erect
gongs sustenance. The temporary shelters
known as houses of the datus attached to its
gamelan, and their relatives sides.
consisting faced the shore  Three types of
of agung, rather than being native dwellings
babandir, centrally located in from the 16th
gandingan, the community. century are still
kulintang,  During the 16th found in the
and century, the houses Philippines today:
gabbang, as were typically 1. Bahay Kubo - An
well as single-room architectural style
various structures made of influenced by
drums such bamboo walls and geographical
as the palm-leaf roofs. factors, utilizing
dabakan. Supported by four bamboo and nipa
posts, access was for construction,
 The gained through with bamboo posts
existence of bamboo ladders, supporting the sala
these native with the ground and sleeping areas.
instruments floor primarily The steeply sloped
, along with utilized for storage. roof extends
the primal Cooking and beyond the walls to
characteristi washing took place protect from heavy
cs of in the batalan. rains, while
indigenous  The homes of elevated flooring
music, chiefs were more provides protection
reflects the spacious, often from floods and
Philippines' featuring multiple ventilation during
connection rooms and the dry season.
to an older constructed on tree 2. Ifugao House -
and more trunks using Designed to
diverse hardwood, yet still withstand cold
Asian roofed with nipa, climates, Ifugao
cultural similar to other houses are built
heritage. houses. atop four tree
 Public buildings trunks, with the
Houses
were non-existent roof almost fully
 covering the walls. muslim region’s 9. Jama Mapun -
Beams and and mountain Adopted Islam in a later
supporting era, contributing to the
THE INDIGENOUS ART diverse Muslim Filipino
columns are
OF THE MUSLIM community.
intricately carved REGIONS AND THE
and painted, and Decorative Motifs in
MOUNTAIN PROVINCE Muslim Art:
the living area Muslim Mindanao • Sarimanok - A
features a platform The arrival of Islamic legendary bird holding a
for grain storage teachings in the fish, often placed in
and pegs for Philippines during the Maranaw villages.
hanging baskets. 13th and 14th centuries • Naga - A stylized
3. Maranaw House - shaped the region's dragon or serpent used
Characterized by its cultural and religious in gravemarkers and
boat-house landscape, influencing carvings.
appearance, the various aspects of the • Curls and Curves -
Maranaw house local communities. Patterns resembling
features Key Ethno-Linguistic flowers, leaves, and
"panolong" or Groups: vines.
1. Taosug - Original
prow-like beams
Muslim tribe in the Use of Color:
supporting the
Philippines. Color is a significant
floor. The beams
2. Maranaw - One of element in Muslim art.
interlock with the the original Muslim
columns, extending Highly saturated shades
tribes, known for their of:
from under the intricate brasswork. • Green
walls and often 3. Samal - Embraced • Yellow
intricately carved Islam at a later period. • Red
and painted, 4. Maguindanaw - • Violet
contributing to the Considered an original • Blue
house's distinct Muslim tribe, known for These enrich and
appearance. their distinct art forms. enhance wood carvings
 Some Muslim 5. Yakan- Embraced and other artistic
houses, dating Islam at a later stage of creations in the Muslim
back to the its arrival in the regions.
14th century, Philippines.
6. Sanggil: Group that Maranaw Brasswork:
still stand
adopted Islam later in • Kabul and Gadur - Jar-
today,
history. like containers with
showcasing the 7. Badjao - Initially
sophisticated dome-like covers,
regarded as pagan by featuring rich arabesque
architectural other Filipino Muslim motifs and geometric
achievements tribes. patterns.
of pre-hispanic 8. Malbog - Embraced • Okir - A general term
Filipinos. Islam at a later phase of for wood carving in
 The indigenous its propagation. Muslim art.
art of the
 Ibaloi, Apayao, materials used
Stylized and Geometric Tinguian or Itneg, for the eyes
Motifs in Various Kalinga, and and teeth of
Objects: Kankanay. the bihang, a
1. Kampilan - A long houseguard
sword with a handle idol, adding
resembling a naga's  Key Materials and
texture and
mouth. Artistic Traditions:
color.
2. Kris - A wavy, flame- Wood is the
 Metalwork Skills:
like blade reminiscent of primary
a serpent's body. Iron-
material used in
3. Barong - A leaf-like smelting
their art,
blade with geometric and bronze-
utilized to
designs on its hilt. casting are
create various
4. Musical Instruments important
items such as
like the kudyapi, kubing, skills among
shields, spoons,
kulintang, and gabbang the Ifugaos
ladles, bowls,
feature okir on their and
and human and
wooden bodies. Tinguians.
5. Gongs have animal figures.
Iron is used
arabesque designs on Woodcarving is
for making
their surfaces. an established
axes and
6. The framework of the vocation across
spears.
sagita, used in making all seven tribes,
Bronze,
mat fibers, showcases with skilled
brass, and
artistically designed sculptors in
gold are
sarimanok or naga.The every village.
diverse cultural used in
Narra, adda-an,
expressions, intricate art crafting
and lutmu trees
forms, and rich historical pipes, with
are abundant
heritage of the Muslim bamboo
sources of
Filipino community used for
materials.
highlight the profound ordinary
Mountain tribe
influence of Islamic pipes.
carving
teachings on the  Categorization of
emphasizes the
Philippines' cultural and Mountain Art:
artistic landscape. natural color of
Mountain
Mountain Province the wood,
art can be
 The Mountain enhanced by
divided into
Province people, rubbing with
two
often referred to as oil.
categories:
Igorots by Shields are
ritualistic
Christians, consist sometimes
and
of seven distinct painted in red
decorative.
ethnic groups: and black, with
Ritualistic
Ifugao, Bontoc, different
Art includes
 the "bulol" Characteriz centers engaging with
and the ed by Chinese, Cambodian,
"bihang," geometric and Siamese merchant
both idols simplicity, ships.
with featuring Interior tribes maintained
cultural abrupt a primitive lifestyle using
significance. angles at stone tools and limited
metal weapons.
The elbows and
1571: Beginnings of
"bihang" is knees.
Colonization:
meant to be Spoons and - Spanish colonization
fearsome to Ladles efforts begin in the
deter norm handles Philippines.
violations, may be - Coastal villages evolve
while the carved into into more socially-
"bulol" is a human conscious communities,
benevolent figures or leading to the
spirit body parts establishment of the
guarding like hands barangay system and
granaries or the development of
and phalluses. village laws.
ricefields.  Abstract Designs:
 Distinctive Artistic Abstract 16th Century: Cultural
Features: designs are and Religious
Developments:
Bowls come prevalent in
- Pre-Hispanic religion
in various textile
evolves into community
shapes, patterns, rituals, with a complex
often bamboo system of different types
carved to containers, of priests and carved
represent bamboo, representations of
animals brass, and anitos.
with gold pipes, - Spanish missionaries
stylized as well as in note high literacy rates
body parts gold and document local
functioning ornaments. poetry, songs, and tales.
as handles. - Spanish soldiers
Philippine Art during appreciate the natives'
Human and
Spanish Colonial wealth, including their
Animal Regime
Figures are garments and intricate
1521: Arrival of the metalwork.
mainly Spaniards: Challenges and
represented - Spanish arrival in the Resistance:
by the Philippines initiates the - Attempts to overthrow
Ifugaos, process of colonization. Spanish rule reveal the
Bontocs, - Seacoast villages were existence of small
and Ibalois. already active trade
"kingdoms" in Luzon church clerks and Hoyang," which was
forming alliances to prominent converts included in the
resist colonization. singled out by Explicacion de la
Despite efforts, limited missionaries for their Doctrina Cristiana en
weaponry and scattered artistic talents. Lengua Tagala by
positions contribute to - Members of the ruling Alonzo de Sta. Ana
the defeat of these class, such as the (Manila, 1628). It is a
kingdoms. cabezas de barangay, reconstituted dalit, a pre-
Early 1600s: Spanish who were exempt from Hispanic Tagalog song
Control and Christian forced labor and military reserved for significant
Conversion: conscription, played a occasions.
- Spanish sovereignty is significant role in the - Grammar and prayer
established over most of adaptation and books also featured
the lowland areas. dissemination of the verses in Spanish
- The lowland population colonial power's cultural written by the ladinos,
in Luzon and the practices. natives taught to speak
Visayas undergoes Poetry and write in Spanish.
baptism and nominal - The friars in the Fernando
conversion to Philippines played a Bagongbanta's poem,
Christianity. crucial role in "Salamat nang ualang
Seventeenth Century proselytizing the hanga-gracias se den
- The success of the colonized people. They sempiternas," was
propagation of the published devotional published in the
Catholic Faith in the and catechetical books Memorial de la Vida
Philippines was closely to spread the Catholic Cristiana en Lengua
linked to the introduction faith, as well as Tagala, accompanied by
of religious paintings, grammar books and its Spanish equivalent
engravings, sculpture, vernacular-Spanish written verse by verse.
as well as devotional dictionaries to facilitate - Tomas Pinpin, a book
hymns and verses, communication and printer from Bataan,
representing the earliest education. followed a similar
encounters with Western - These publications approach, publishing his
artistic styles. incorporated the first poem in Librong Pag-
- By the mid-17th examples of vernacular aaralan nang manga
century, indigenous poetry in the Roman Tagalog nang Uican
individuals began alphabet, with Castila (Bataan, 1610).
producing poems, contributions from both
paintings, and musical natives and
compositions echoing missionaries. The Early Comedia
Western artistic poems were deeply 1597: Festivities of St.
influences, marking the religious and didactic in Potenciana and Martyrs:
emergence of early nature. - Pompous celebrations
colonial artists in the - An example of a held for several days
Philippines. native's work is Pedro upon the arrival of the
- These colonial artists Suarez Ossorio's relics of St. Potenciana
were predominantly "Salamat nang Ualang and one hundred
martyrs and twenty prince and an Islamic - Fr. Antonio Sedeño, a
popes in the Philippines. princess from warring Jesuit, pioneered the
- Festivities included factions, concluding with use of lime in building
parades, processions, the triumph of the construction. He
poetry contests, and the Christians and the oversaw the
recitation of "loas," long subsequent baptism of construction of the
verses praising Mary the Islamic royalty and Nuestra Señora de Guia
and the saints. people. Fort in Manila and
Music played a key role in
1619: Comedias - Westernization during planning and building
Celebrating the Cult of the colonial period Manila's first secular
Immaculate Conception: influenced the residences. In the
- "Comedias" staged to transformation of pre- 1580s, he sought
celebrate Pope Urban colonial musical forms Chinese artisans to
VIII's authorization of the and the abandonment of teach the art of painting
cult of the Immaculate indigenous instruments for decorating newly-
Conception. in favor of Western built churches.
- Performances such as modes like plainsong - Early painting and
"Comedia de los and Western musical sculpture commissions
Martires del Japon" and instruments such as the for the church were
"Comedia de la flute, organ, harp, and often assigned to
Concepcion" marked guitar. Chinese artisans
this cultural celebration. - The choir became an residing in a community
essential element of outside Intramuros
1637: Staging of the Church rituals, with the known as the Parian.
First Moro-Moro: seminary serving as a - While natives also
- Governor-General natural training ground attempted these arts,
Sebastian de Corcuera's for choristers during this their works primarily
successful expedition period. served domestic
against the Muslims of - Numerous native purposes, leading to
Mindanao leads to the individuals aspiring for potential flaws in
staging of a play religious vocations found depicting human figures
depicting the skirmish their names listed in the due to the absence of an
between Christians and rosters of monasteries established Asian
Muslims in Cavite. from various religious tradition.
- This play serves as the orders, highlighting their
precursor to the moro- exceptional contributions
moro, featuring grand in the field of music.
parades of royal Visual Arts
characters and sword - Spanish colonization History of art in the
battles between introduced easel Philippines; 18th and 19th
Christian and Muslim painting, Western styles century handout
soldiers. in sculpture, and
- Typical moro-moro architecture to the 18th Century
plots center around the Philippines.
love between a Christian • first two centuries of
colonization, the local Saints as - refers to chanting
Spanish government
the only Ex. Florante at Laura
depended on the trade
of Chinese Silk and reading 3. Santacruzan- basis of
Mexican Silver dramatic presentations
matter •
• Galleon trade for Ex. The story of St. Helena,
maintenance and Spanish and her son, Emperor
subsistence Constantine
medieval
• Spaniards and Chinese THE TALES THAT HAVE
tales in
benefitted from the trade COME DOWN TO US:
verse Siete Infantes de Lara
• Profits reached the
natives from the buy-in- were
sell of their farm products Bernardo Carpio
introduc Doce Pares
• Principalia copied
Spanish customs as a ed Ibong Adarna
symbol of their rising
status • These works were Jose de la Cruz (1746-
1829)
• Intermarriage brought in by the • Popularly known as
Mexican soldiers and Huseng Sisiw
of Spanish and
sailors who came with • Master of the metrical
Mexican soldiers
romances
added to the the galleons • They
• NO work of his has been
Hispanization of were stories of knights preserved

our culture fighting for the Church • Jose Ma. Rivera

attributes the following
Metrical against the Moors works to him:

Romances Metrical Tales 1. Principe Baldovino

• the 1. Corrido- a metrical tale 2. Doce Pares de Francia

composed of octosyllabic
friars verses 3. Jason at Medea

approved -refers to narration 4. Reina Encantada

the lives Ex. Ibong Adarna Music and Dances

of Christ 2. Awit- a metrical tale • Dances showed

made of dodecasyllabic considerable European
and the lines influence
• The contradanza, Lyrics, of religious pictures
minuet, fundango
melody Ex.
enjoyed a vogue in the
islands but were , and A
interpreted here with
willowy grace and light rhythm map
manner, not with • Chore of the people’s of
Spanish fire and vigor ritualism temperament,
isla
• Native folk songs self-consciousness
acquired the duple mater nds
• Singing the passion, the
through Spanish harana, or the solo in
influences
recitation of a loa became
• Native pentatonic a matter of skill or social 173
musical sense was influence in the village 3,
transformed into its
Engraving 12
western counterpart,
the minor, and the • Printing from copper scen
diatonic scale plates
es
• • A few examples of
woodcuts are found at the depi
Spanish beginning of the 17th
century ctin
sounde
• Lithograph prints were g
d early
introduced in the first
repr
native half of the 19th century
and replaced engraving ese
songs
on copper
nta
derived
Some of the outstanding
tive
their gravers who signed their
prints: life
tones
• Nicolas de la cruz Bagay in
from
• Francisco de Herrera the
religiou
• Juan Correa de Castro isla
s
Nicolas Bagay and
nds
hymns Francisco Suarez
• Known for their design •
•
Pro • Usual subjects were Trini
Christ, depicted in many
udly scenes of His life ty,

wri • Ada

ting Mar m,

“Ind y in Eve,

io diffe and

Tag rent the

alo” con Apo

afte ven stles

r tion • Known as an estofado

thei s • Halo, the other
paraphernalia involved in
r repr making this realistic style
sign ese Examples: Dog beside San
atur Roque
ntin
es Rooster with St. Peter
g
Satan Crushed by St.
Santos vari Michael
• Once supplanted the ous Adam and Eve
likha
dev 19th Century
• In 1724, Juan de los
otio • A rise of national
Santos carved consciousness among
ns
several retablos for Filipinos
in
the Augustinian • Opening of Suez canal
her National Consciousness
church in Intramuros
hon • Was expressed
• Carved out of
or • through the reform
wood, the most movement following
The the execution of
available material
GomBurZa fathers
Holy
(Jose Burgos, Mariano Miniature n
Gomez, Jacinto
• Local landscape g
Zamora)
• Done by students of
• Reformist such as:
academia
t
Jose Rizal
Ex: Lorenzo Guerero’s
“The Fruit Vendor” & h
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
“Well at Marikina” e
Graciano Lopez Jaena

Visual Arts
S
c
• One of the aims of
i
h
the Sociedad
m
i
Economica de Amigos
o
c
del Pais, a civic-
n
k
conscious organization
e
• The society
F
n
established the
l
”
Escuela De Dibuio y
o
,
Pintura in 1821
r
• The first teacher was
Damian Domingo, a e
“
mestizo s
P
Academia de Dibujo y ’
Pintura r

• The first school of i

painting closed in 1834 for “
m
an unknown reason
f
• Opened 20 years later e
e
• Spaniards were the first r
teachers but later passed e
a
on to Filipinos
d
s
Ex. Portraiture
i
 ”
L B

e T e

t e g

r l g

a e a

s s r

” f ”

, o

r Felipe Roxas’ “Antipolo

Church”
& o
• also became the subject
of sculpture
“ S Known sculptors at the
G time:
u
u Bonifacio Arevalo, Isabelo
c
Tampingco, Jose Rizal
a g
Ex. Spoliarium, Juan Luna,
r a 1884, Oil on canvas

d n Felix R. Hidalgo’s
“Christian maidens
i g exposed to the Populace”,
a ’ “La barca de aqueronte”,
& “Seascapes”
s
• Luna and Hidalgo
c
also painted the
i “
Philippine genre,
v T
most were done
i h
before they went
l e
abroad Ex. “Two
Young Beggars” by - has a fenced open- country
air space before its - developed into the
Felix Hidalgo portals called the so-called
Atrium “Earthquake
“Tampuhan” by Juan Luna
- Convento, Baroque”
Architecture priest
Ex. Paoay Church in Ilocos
residence,
• Houses Norte
commonly seen
• Furniture in Central - The spiral
Luzon, Manila, motif is
- during Spanish times, Southern also
it was based on
Luzon, Visayas, found in
European
or separated the
counterparts
- thin and smooth webs from the historic
of rattan fibers church, as in Barasoain
replaced the heavy the towns of Church in
upholstery Northern Luzon Malolos
- Baroque carvings on - the with its
interior is curving
the back, legs, arms,
elaboratel pediment
and side of the chairs y extending
decorate to the
were retained -the d with sides like
gallinera, originally a trompe- wings
l’oeil, - the
pre-hispanic bamboo rosettes, church
cornices, designed
chicken coop was
and by
transformed bamboo moulding Miguel
by Italian Paladino
slats were replaced
decorator has an
with carved wooden s Alveroni ornate
and sculptura
balustrades l façade
Dibella
- many Philippine and
• Churches churches show the graceful,
influence of the curving
- first churches were
Baroque style balustrad
parts of mission
- adapted to the es on
complexes which
geographical both side
were also
conditions of the
fortresses
Ex. Barasoain Church in • Zarzuela, Poetry
Malolos derived from
• Subjects were derived
zarza, a Spanish
- other churches
have a restrained worm meaning from the metrical
neo-classical “Bramble bush”,
such occasions romances which were
façade
eventually very popular in the 18th
Ex. San Agustin Church in known as Fiestas
Intramuros (one of the de Zarsuela century • La India
oldest)
Music and Dance Elegante y el Megrito
Theater
• Native songs manate and Principe
• Early
such as the
Baldovino counted
manifestation of kumintang,
kundiman, and among his work •
drama in our balitaw had ceased
Pasiong mahal ni
country may be to be simply folk
expressions in the Jesucristong Panginoon
seen in some 19th century
natin was the most
features of the • Kumintang is always in
the minor mode having popular
duplo • Early
3/4, 2/4, or 6/8 time
• Jose Rizal wrote La
Filipinos became signature
• Kundiman is believed to Juventud Filipina, Noli
aware of have been coined from Me Tangere, El
the phrase kung hindi Filibusterismo and his
dramatic form of last poem Mi Ultimo
man, always sung in minor
the comedia mode and in 3/4 time Adios

• Balitaw is known in two Art during the American

• The cenaculo is a
forms: the balitaw mayor Regime up to the Japanese
dramatic presentation
and balitaw menor Occupation
recalling the Passion of
Jesus Christ • The 1898 treaty of Parish
Literature
turned the rule of the
• Cardboard figures
• Sainetes (farces) and Philippines by the
projected on screen,
other dramatic works Spaniards over to the
manipulated to execute Americans
was written by
movements and gestures,
Francisco Baltazar • The 1901 Sedition
called carillo, a shadow
(Balagtas) (1788- Law resulted in the
play derived from
1862), he is known as deportation of
metrical romances
the father of Tagalog
Apolinario Mabini and • Fashionable in the Tolentin
other nationalists who United States and the
planning o
advocated
independence Ex. Congress, the post finished
• 1907 Flag Law office
his 45 ft.
prohibited the advocacy of The Supreme Court
independence tall
Philippine General
• In 1901, Americans Andres
Hospital
introduced the public
school Bonifacio
• Other buildings
were executed in this monume
• On December 30,
tradition-bound style,
1937, President nt in
featuring colonnades,
Manuel Quezon
Ionic and Corinthian 1933
proclaimed the
columns, pediments,
institution of the Painting
and a central portico
national language
based on Tagalog Ex. Perez Samanillo • Filipino painters turned
Building to depict the countryside
Architecture Metropolitan Theater rather than the horrors
• The American and turmoil
Far Eastern University
colonial regime Administration Buildings • The trend toward
necessitated the genre painting, which
construction of new Rizal Memorial Stadium
began in the 1890’s,
buildings to house the Manila Jockey Club reached full maturity
various services of the during the first 3
new government, as Sculpture
decades of American
well as civic buildings, rule
• A year after the success
schools, hospitals,
of the Philippine-American
commercial and semi- • In
War, in 1903, Americans
industrial buildings, and
ordered the erection of 1928
more residential
monuments to Jose Rizal
houses ,
in all the Plazas of the
• Introduced new Country mod
materials such as
• ern
reinforced concrete,
glass, steel, and in Guillerm art
the neo-classical
o bega
architectural style
n to genre paintings sa Kalangitan”
• Santiago in his
threa • Their recurrent subjects
“Tagailog, Symphony
found high commercial, in D Major”,
ten
idealized scenes of rice introduced native
the planting, plowing, palay instruments such as
harvesting and pounding, the barimbaw and
domi river and street scenes the muslim gongs
nanc Ex. Fabian de la Rosa and Cinema
e of Amorsolo’s “Planting Rice”
• Marked the early
cons Edade’s “The Builders”
history of cinematic art in
Music and dance the Philippines by the
erva
creation of a national
• Sandugong audience, technical
tism
Panaginip by Pedro developments, and social
art • Paterno and music consciousness
composed by
Mod • The
Ladislao Bonus, first
ern opera written by a
earliest
Filipino under
art American regime motion
ende • Jose Estella’s “Ang picture
d in Maya”
exhibition
• Niconar Abelardo’s
trium was held
“Bituing Marikit” was
ph in originally written for near the
Servando de los Angeles
the Escolta
zarzuela, “Dakilang
post- Punglo” in1897 •
war • “Kundiman” by Bonifacio
In 1903
Abdon, songs based on
years traditional forms American
• Fabian de la Rosa and • Nicanor Abelardo’s cowboy
Fernando Amorsolo “Mutya ng Pasig”
dominated and movies
• Francisco Santiago’s
influenced the art scene began to
“Anak Dalita”
of the first 3 decades
with their landscape and • Abdon Cantata’s “o Dios be shown
to mass e Spanish administration
sentiments
audiences Fa
Ex. Jesus Balmori
for free th
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
• Local production of er
silent movies was Julian Balmaceda
of
initiated in the mid-
1912 by two Americans, Ph
who separately The Post-War Period to
ilip the Present
produced films on Jose
Rizal: Life of Dr. Jose pi Rehabilitation and
Rizal by Yearsly and The reconstruction confronted
Great Malayan by E.M, ne the new Philippine
gross government during the
M
immediate post-war years.
• ovi Industry and agriculture
were greatly damaged,
Jo es, and the loss of lives and
se property was incalculable.
in
American aid for
Ne 19 rehabilitation increased
fascination for the
po 17 Holywood version of the
m American way of life and
Th things American.
uc ea The Cultural Center of the
en Philippines is a theatre-
ter
gallery-museum complex,
o a brainchild of Mrs Imelda
• Zarzuela replaced the
moro-moro in R. Marcos, designed by
Jr., Leandro Locsin. It has
popularity during the
kn exhibited prestigious local
last decades of Spanish
artworks and presented
o sovereignty over the concerts and a wide
Philippines variety of theater arts.
w
• The playwrights The Nayong Pilipino is a
n expressed the Filipino collection of replicas of
people’s anti- house styles found
as
Americanism as well as throughout the
th anti-friar and anti- archipelago.
Historical Monuments as interpretations of Andres
Cultural Shrines: ”modern Luna
architecture”. ● Suburban
● Taal Church inn
- Latest areas such
Batangas
developments in as Quezon
● The Bacarra Church
the International City (around
Tower in Ilocos
Style Quezon
Norte
● Cantileverin Circle and
National Artist Awards - g, Pierced the Cubao
honored outstanding screens, area)
Filipino artists Steel ● Makati
reinforceme ( along
● Francisca Aquino - nts, Glass, Ayala
native folk dances Brise-soleil Avenue)
● Guillermo or Sun ● And along
Tolentino - deflectors(n Epifanio de
sculpture ew los Santos
● Fernando materials), Avenue
Amorsolo and Movable - Government
Carlos V. Francisco louvres, Buildings
- painting Prefabricate
● Juan Nakpil - modernity of
d concrete
Architecture design, method of
moldings,
● Antonio Molina - construction, and
Constructio
music construction
n Devices
● Jose Garcia Villa materials, as well
- Construction
and Amado V. as concern for
Activities:
Hernandez - function, are
● Botica Boie
literature evident in most
(Escolta) by
new structures:
ARCHITECTURE Luis Ma.
Araneta, ● Quezon
- The early post-war ● Philippine Circle,
years were marked Bank of Academic
by the restoration Commerce Institutions,
of destroyed and Commercial
government Reconstruc Buildings,
buildings to their tion Finance Industrial
old forms, and by a Corporation and office
“mad display of by Juan buildings,
architectural trash Nakpil and Cultural and
ranging from Sons, entertainm
classic to garnish ● Regina and ent
and hopelessly Samanillo buildings,
misunderstood Buildings by private
 residences Tikbalang, - Environmen
in the 1971, tal or
affluent bronze) situational
communitie - Gomburza sculpture
s Monument - hanging
in front of metal and
SCULPTURE
the Manila paper
● Napoleon Abueva - Cathedral.
- This type of sculpture, as
Father of modern ● Eduardo Castrillo
its advocates claim, is
Filipino sculptor. - most
“liberated”, it is “lived-in”
- “pure form massive
and good sculpture PAINTING
design” - Last
Supper(Loy - The establishment
- He is a
al Memorial of the Art
pioneer of
Park in Association of the
modernism
Marikina), Philippines in 1948
in
Pieta (1969- and the Philippine
sculpture.
1970, brass) Art Gallery in 1950
- Buoyant
- designs for helped to
sculpture
trophies introduce modern
(Baby
and jewelry, art to the
Moses,
reliefs, and populace, support
1951)
environmen its struggle against
- Allegorical
tal conservative art,
Harpoon
sculpture and create
and
● Roberto Chabet patronage among
Crucifix(195
- Environmen anti-buyers.
7)
tal or - Early post-war
● Abdulmari Imao -
situational modernists: NEO-
A sculptor from
sculpture REALISTS
Jolo, Sulu
- painted ● Sarimanok,
- embossed
metal and 1948 by
brass of the
wood Hernando
sarimanok
planks Ocampo
motif, and
● Virgilio Aviado ● Mujer, 1956
wood
- Environmen by Romeo
sculpture
tal or Tabuena
● Solomon Saprid
situational ● Madonna of
- Known for
sculpture the Slums &
his
- rubber Jeepneys,
treatment
foam cut- 1956 by
of tikbalang
outs Vicente
(Peace-
● Ray Albano Manansala
loving
 - Their works ● Hard-and- M
demonstrat soft-edgism a
e the ● Colorschooli l
influence of sm a
various ● Abstract t
Western art Expressionis e
styles such m )
as post- ● Constructivi - s
impressioni sm p
sm, ● Environmen e
abstraction, tal Art c
cubism, ● Magic i
expressionis Realism a
m, and li
PRINTMAKING
surrealism. z
- Succeeding ● Manuel Rodriguez, e
painters in the 50's Sr. - Pioneer and d
and early 60's mentor in i
● Carroza, Philippines graphic n
1972 by arts. e
Fernando - C t
Zobel o c
● Sheaves, n h
1958 by t i
Anita e n
Magsaysay- m g
Ho p - T
- Explore o h
ramification r r
s and a e
refinements r e
of the y o
modernist G f
tendencies r h
a i
- In the mid-sixties and
p s
the seventies, further
h s
developments in the
i o
international art
c n
movement
A s
● Pop r -
● Op t M
● Minimalism s a
● Maximalism ( n
 u ● The proliferation of orchestra and
e cumbancheros or native
l, combos, eased out instruments(kubing
J the rondalla in and kudyapi)
r popularity.
● On January 1, 1974,
., ● harmonicas,
Jose Maceda
M ukeleles, maraccas,
performed his
a drums, guitars,
“Ugnayan”.
r gourds, jawbones
- Indig
c of asses, and
eno
e portable army
us
li gasoline tanks.
Instr
n (musical
ume
o instruments)
nts:
, ● In the dances,
bang
a Zamba, rhumba,
iban
n guarracha,
g,
d appalachicola,
kolit
R mambo, and
eng,
a calypso (popular
agun
y steps)
g,
● Philippine ● American cultural
and
Association of influence resulted
bun
Printmakers - a in the formation of
gbu
workshop in the several native
ng.
various graphic dance troupes.
- servi
mediums (1968, ● Dr Eliseo Pajaro
ces
Philippine introduced his
of
Women’s “Lam-ang Suite,” a
20
University) symphony
radi
● Raul Isidro, combining Western
o
Orlando Castillo, concepts and
stati
Imelda Cajipe native themes.
ons
Endaya, and many ● Lucrecia Kasliag -
to
others. Muslim folk
play
● Rodolfo Paras rhythms and
the
Perez (woodcut); instruments
tape
Rodolfo Samonte (kulintang,
s
(serigraphy); and dabakan, gongs,
sepa
Virgilio Aviado and and gamelan)
ratel
Ofelia Gelvezon-
- “Legend of y
Tequi (etching)
Sarimanok” (1963), and
MUSIC AND DANCE a suite for chamber simu
 ltan compositions(danc a(to
eous e dramas, The mak
ly. Golden Earth, and e
- Ugm Sultan Kudarat.) peo
a- ● Ramon Pagayon ple
Ugm Santos: awar
a, - a e of
Agu grou the
ngan p of musi
, avan cal
Pag- t- valu
sam gard e of
ba, e com
and musi mon
Cass cian plac
ettes s in e
100 the soun
● Younger Phili ds)
generation, ppin
CINEMA
composers of note es.
are Jerry Dadap, - Ding ● Post-war movie
Bayani de Leon, Ding productions in the
and Ramon nga Philippines, like
Pagayon Santos. Diya those in other
● Jerry Dadap: wa(c Southeast Asian
symphonic Ode No. omb countries, dealt
1 for Chorus, inati with Japanese
Rondalla, & on atrocities and the
Orchestra of people’s
- Lam Wes resistance.
-ang, tern (Example:
Tom and “Gerilyera” &
aneg Asia “Kaaway ng
at n Bayan”)
Ani perc ● 50’s introduced
way, ussi characters such as
and on Kulafu, the Filipino
Sulta instr Tarzan, and
n ume Bondying, and
Kud nts) revived the series
arat. - Nab on Juan Tamad
● Bayani de Leon: asag “Juan Tamad Goes
uses Filipino and to Congress”, 1959,
materials for his Bang a satire on the
 political life of the Joaquin, 1952 traditional forms
nation, Horror ● The Arena Theater, such as the duplo,
movies (“Gabi ng headed by Severino balagtasan, and
Lagim,” “Pagsapit Montano, in 1953, sainete.
ng Hating Gabi”) sponsored ● My Fair Lady
● Asian Film Festival playwriting (Broadway musical)
(“Ang Asawa Kong contests and is often performed
Amerikana,” 1954, toured rural areas. at the Cultural
“Anak Dalita,” ● 1955, Palanca Center of the
1956, and Literary Contests Philippines.
“Badjao,” 1957) one-act plays ● Modernization of
● 60’s thrived on among the entries. the old zarzuela
action picture Alberto Florentino form is exhibited in
imitations of James and Wlifrido such attempts as
Bond, Napoleon Nolledo were Kamandag, billed
Solo, and Bruce consistent winners. as the first rock
Lee. sex films ● Cecile Guidote zarzuela devised at
(“Uhaw”), Nora founder of the the Philippine
Aunor-Vilma Philippine College of
Santos Educational Commerce, and
● The film was used Theater Association Magpamilya’y Di
as a medium for (PETA) Biro, the new
election ● By encouraging the zarzuela on family
campaigns. (e.g. writing and planning.
“Dugo at Luha,” production of
1961, “Moises Philippine historical
Padilla Story,” dramas and LITERATURE
1961, “Iginuhit ng folklore. It
Tadhana,” 1965) contributes to the ● Post-war writing in
● The seventies saw improvement of English was
the exhibition of the directing, bolstered by
films of great social playwriting, and literacy
and artistic acting skills of its conferences
significance. (e.g. members. (PEN(1958),
“Elias, Basilio at ● Television, Congress for
Sisa”, “Krimen: Balintataw series, Cultural
Kayo ang up to early 1972, Freedom(1962),
Humatol”, Cinema (Cine USIS(1964),
“Tinimbang Ka Manila) Directed by university
Nguni’t Kulang”) Lino Brocka workshops (U.P.,
● zarzuelas as Ang Silliman),
THEATER scholarships to
Kiri (1927) by
Servando de los American centers
● Portrait of an Artist
Angeles, other of writing, and
as Filipino by Nick
 publication locally remarkable
and abroad. progress. Tagalog-
● Watch in the Night based Pilipino -
by Edilberto official language in
Tiempo, 1953 1946. Rapid
● Without Seeing development of
the Dawn by Tagalog literature
Stevan Javellana both in technique
1947 and social
● The Woman Who significance
Had Two Navels by ● Written by Amado
Nick Joaquin, 1961 V. Hernandez
● A Season of Grace - Isang
by N.V.M. Dipang
Gonzalez, 1956 Langit,
● The Hand of the 1961, a
Enemy by Kerima collection of
Polotan, 1962 poetry
● Short stories - Mga Ibong
- Edith Mandaragit,
Tiempo 1964, a
- Estrella novel
Alfon ● Sixties and the
- Francisco early seventies
Arcellana - witnessed a
- Bienvenido dynamic upswing in
Santos Tagalog writing as
- Gregorio its role in social
Brilliantes development
- Gilda became clearer to
Cordero the writers in both
Fernando English and
● Poetry Tagalog. Writers
- Carlos who previously
Angeles wrote only in
- Ricaredo English now began
Demetillo to do translation
- Virginia work into Pilipino,
Moreno or write short
- Emmanuel stories, poetry, and
Torres plays in Pilipino.
● In the sixties
onwards Tagalog
literature showed