The ocean depths have evoked wonder and fear since their expansive.

mobile was viewed by an ancestor millennia ago. These emotions

ENGINEERING actually have magnified with time and with growing sophistication in
and exploiting the deep Thus our
sampling, and man-carrying-have found forms existing,
apparently contentedly, in an ever-changing, high-pressure liquid environ-
ment, and scientific, technological and economic challenges to keep
whole populations gainfully and happily engaged for many more
And replacing (almost completely) the imaginary monsters of arc
well-authenticated ones, casually and ceaselessly crisscrossing and
Copyright with enough to any surface ship and, whole
cities and nations hundreds of miles away.
COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC.
has reacted to such stimuli. Survival elicited more vigorous
response, and underwater-missile weapons, called are
Printed in United States of America readied to destroy the current monsters, called submarines, by an explosive
All Rights Reserved. This book, or any part thereof charge carried to their sides. A similar missile with instead of
may not be reproduced in any form without can also explore the depths and so man’s fear may bc
permission of the copyright owner, except brief and his curiosity satisfied by a single technology: that of underwater guided
quotations for inclusion in a review.
missiles.

of Congress Catalog Card Number In contrast to space, where new propulsion methods required to
perform first-generation tasks, state-of-the-art could be adapted to
propel the first underwater missiles. But as underwater performance require-
ments increase, more specialized propulsion will be first in
torpedoes and then in probes. This volume a technical and
descriptive background on propulsion of unmanned missiles.

Because lion’s share of underwater missile propulsion technology has

been for a weapon and therefore in a area.
this book did move to press quickly: the quasi-legal of
appropriate required over two years. Although, necessari-
ly, information on actual torpedoes is basic on under-
water missile propulsion, including is contained in book.
PUBLICATIONS, INC .
The book comprises thirty-one articles prepared by experts. are from
Sum N. 22209 originally at classified of the American of
. Aeronautics Astronautics, a from previous publications, and
a number newly Virtually all were for
book. They arc grouped in the order next

initial of book is an “Introduction to Underwater Missile

Propulsion.” It discusses objectives of torpedo propulsion and some
 of based on selected examples. A purpose of the missile is to destroy or to obscrvc.
comparison of and for underwater internally are distracting in an
is the of various missiles optimum a primary pcrccption. Impacts of
also arc types major source noise at a spectrum of frequencies. The background of
to fit virtually any missile Certain powerplant adaptations are very noise reduction, some of its theory, and means to its minimization arc
efficient in the underwater cnvironmcnt, and even some rockets have discussed in on “Gear Noise of
propulsive at great depths that far exceed capabilities in
air, despite the greater back pressure underwater. Initial testing of new underwater missiles and is best performed
out of the As a result, a testing regime has from static to
As indicated in the section on “Underwater Missile rotating tethered to free-flight. Examples are described in section on “Propulsion
are generally used, since they are at the relative low Test Facilities for Underwater Missiles.” Al! such facilities are very
that are common underwater. Shrouding the propeller to produce a ized, including final one described whose purpose is to elucidate torpedo
provides means to better match the thruster and powerplant, gear noises.
and fundamental-empirical methods in designing is covered.
Dcspitc inefficiency underwater, rocket thrusters may have their As is probably of all such compilations of papers, this one does nor
place, if new propellants are together in some instances completely its subject. Nevertheless, it the best
with missile staging. modern undcrwntcr propulsion. is Editor’s
that it will appctities of its readers for further information on
“Underwater Missile three of magnitude greater than in growing discipline and provide an of what can be done.
sea-level air, is obstacle to movcmcnts. of
The Editor has many a you” to Thcsc arc to
ing drag of are described; these are not simple exercises for the United Technology Center,
Corporation, Mountain View,
uninitiated. Specialized shapes reduce drag by delaying and
and to Experiment, Inc., Richmond, Va.; all organizations
certain materials introduced into the boundary layer reduce drag of normal who have furuishcd direct assistance to him in preparing the book. Thanks
body shapes by mechanisms as yet unknown. also go to Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, who
graciously many papers available, and most important, to
Batteries are commonly used to power “Electrical Engines for Underwater authors and to their organizations, half Naval and half industrial, who
Missile Propulsion.” However, their performance potential would improve if labored so long and hard on manuscripts; to them I also say, done!”
they better fitted the available space in missile, if only primary types
were used, and if more couples were dcvelopcd. December 1967
Alternatively, electricity can be supplied to the missile engines by a thin wire
from a generator located at launch platform. Whatever electrical system Leonard
is used, the combination must be optimized CETEC
as a unit. A wild-blue-yonder electrical propulsion possibility, also discussed, Mountain View, California
is an MHD-powered water pump may be entirely silent.

The state of the art of and turbine “Heat Engines for

specialized propellants
and thermodynamic cycles. the usual open-cycle system, the
engine gases exhaust directly to the and performance decreases
with depth. The most underwater propellant combinations are
. . . .
metal fuels tnat react with sea at great depth in an
system, propellants sh
15,000 psi / W o n - to provide a high ratio--for the engine.
cycles in the products to the
engine working fluid are also for underwater missiles. Nuclear
energy, used in this same manner, can provide virtually unlimited range.
Contents MISSILE DRAG

SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR ESTIMATING TORPEDO DRAG

John D. Brooks, Physicist, Underwater Ordnance Dept., Naval
Undersea Warfare Center, Pasadena,
Thomas G. Lang, Mechanical Engineer, Underwater
Ordnance Dept., Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Pasadena,

INTRODUCTION TO TORPEDO PROPULSION UNDERWATER DRAG REDUCTION THROUGH OPTIMUM SHAPE

Leonard Grciner, Scientist, and Development, Bruce H. Carmichael, Senior Technical Specialist, Research and
. . ,. Engineering, Autonetics Div., North American Rockwell Corp.,
Anaheim,
DESIGN OF UNDERSEA INSTRUMENTED MISSILES 13
J. M. Allison, Senior Technical Missiles Engineering, EFFECT OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON FLUID
North American Aviation, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. J. W. Hoyt, Head, Propulsion Div., Underwater Ordnance Dept.,
Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Pasadena,
A. G. Staff Scientist, Applied Science Div., Naval
THEORETICAL PERFORMANCES WITH HYDROGEN-OXYGEN AS Undersea Warfare Pasadena,
PROPELLANT OF PERFECT ROCKET, HEAT, AND
FUEL-CELL ENGINES IN UNDERWATER MISSILES
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL STUDIES OF NON-NEWTONIAN
Leonard Greiner, Technical Assistant to Manager, Research and
Advanced Technology Department, United Center, Sunnyvale, SOLUBLE COATINGS FOR DRAG REDUCTION
S. Thurston, Advanced Systems Group,
Div., Northrop Corporation, Hawthorne,
D. Jones, Engineer, Nortronics Div., Northrop Corp.,
Hawthorne,

A METHOD TO DESIGN
R. E. Henderson, Assistant Professor of Engineering Research,
Ordnance Rescarch Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pa. BATTERIES FOR TORPEDOES
I Francis G, Murphy, of the Engineering Div..
J. F. Research Assistant, Ordnance Research Laboratory,
Pennsylvania State University, Park, Pa. Research Dept.. Weapons and Engineering
Station, I.
G. F. Wislicenus, Department of Aerospace Engineering and
Director, Garfield Thomas Water Ordnance Research
Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. WIRE TRANSMITTED ELECTRICAL POWER FOR
TORPEDO PROPULSION
R. M. Director for Research, Naval Underwater
APPLICATIONS OF NEW SOLID PROPELLANTS TO 91 Weapons Rcscarch and Engineering Station, Newport, R. 1.
UNDERWATER ROCKETS
W. R. Cox, Power Branch, Div.,
Donald E. Tryk, Chief, Technology Projects Section, United Naval Rcscarch and
Technology Center, Sunnyvale, Engineering Station, Newport, R. I.

RANGE OF UNDERWATER ROCKETS 105 ANALYSIS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC

William C. Ragsdale, Engineer, Applied Aerodynamics TORPEDO POWERPLANTS
Division, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Silver M. L. Hcndcrson. Electromechanical Systems,
Spring, Md. Co., Mass.
I
VII
APPLICATION OF A SPECIAL 249 AND REACTOR NUCLEAR POWER
INDUCTION COMPRESSOR TO UNDERSEA PROPULSION FOR UNDERSEA MISSILE PROPULSION
Migotsky, Senior Consulting Scientist, Physics K. E. Buck. Nuclear Engineer, Nuclear
Section, AVCO Corporation, Wilmington, Mass. Manufacturing Operations, Aerojet-General Corp., San
Joseph L. Senior Consulting Applied
Physics Section, Corporation, Wilmington, Mass. H. K. Senior Engineer, Engineering
and Manufacturing Operations, Corp., San

GEAR NOISES

INTRODUCTION TO ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING

OF GEAR TRANSMISSIONS
Darle W. General Electric Company, Lynn, Mass.
TORPEDO PROPELLANTS 269
Leonard Greincr, Technical Assistant to Manager, Research and
Technology Technology Center, Sunnyvale, ACOUSTIC STUDIES ON POWER TRANSMISSIONS
Moe Senior Propulsion Research Engineer and
Scientist, Propulsion Div., Naval Undersea Warfare Center.
Pasadena,
LITHIUM AND SODIUM AS WATER-REACTIVE FUELS
FOR TORPEDO PROPULSION GEAR NOISE CONTROL BY MANIPULATING TOOTH
William D. White, Thermodynamics Branch, Naval COMPRESSIVE STRESSES
Warfare Center, Pasadena, John Consulting Engineer, Lomita,

A SEA-WATER-ALUMINUM TORPEDO PROPULSION

Leonard Greiner, Research Associate, Texaco Experiment, Inc.,
Richmond, Va.
F. A. Hansen Jr., Project Engineer, Texaco Experiment Inc.,
Richmond, Va. TORPEDO PROPULSION TEST FACILITY
G. E. Project Engineer, Experimental Rcscnrch
Dept., U. Naval Undcrwatrr Ordnance Station, Newport, R. I.
A CLOSED-CYCLE PROPULSION SYSTEM FOR DEEP SUBMERGENCE
K. E. Smith, Head, Torpedo Branch, THE GARFIELD THOMAS WATER TUNNEL
Div., Underwater Ordnance Dept., Naval Undersea Center, August F. Water Division. Inc.:
Pasadena, Professor of
Propulsion Div., University, University Park,
Underwater Ordnance Dept., Naval Warfare Center, Thomas Drag Reduction
Ordnance Rcscnrch Laboratory, Pennsylvania
University Park, Pa.

OF A STEAM GENERATOR THE HIGH SPEED BASIN AND

E. Karig, Ordnance Naval R ES E A R C H A N D D E V E L OP ME NT C E N TER
Undersea Warfare Pasadena,
K. E. Past
D. N. Jackley, Mechanical Underwater Ordnance Ship Research and
Dept., Naval Ccntcr, Pasadena, C.
L. G. Engineer, Underwater W. F. Assistant Hydromechanics Laboratory.
Dept., Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Pasadena, Ship Research and Development Center, Washington. C.
VIII
 Levy, Manager, Hydrodynamics Aerojct-General
Corp.,

Head, Applied Science Div., Ocean Technology Dept.,

Naval Undersea Warfare Center,
.

Eric D. Swanson, Mechanical Turbomachinery Branch,

Propulsion Div., Dept., Naval
Undersea Warfare Center, Pasadena,
H. Head, Turbomachinery Branch, Propulsion Div.,
Ordnance Dept., Naval Warfare Center,
Pasadena,

W. M. Sandstrom, Director, Applied Physics Laboratory,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.

William Propulsion Research Engineer

Scientist, Prop&ion Div., Naval Undersea Warfare Center,

X
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