Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 41 views

    Josephus 02 War 1-3

    Uploaded by

    BernardiMatheus
    This document provides an introduction and overview for Volume II of Josephus's work "The Jewish War". It discusses the original title of the work, its composition in both Aramaic and Greek, and its purpose. The introduction notes that Josephus first wrote the work in Aramaic for eastern audiences like the Parthians, and later produced a revised Greek version with Roman assistance, intending to deter further revolts against Roman rule. It also suggests that an early Aramaic edition may be preserved in the Old Russian translation of the text, which contains some differences from the Greek versions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Josephus 02 War 1-3

    Uploaded by

    BernardiMatheus
    41 views782 pages
    This document provides an introduction and overview for Volume II of Josephus's work "The Jewish War". It discusses the original title of the work, its composition in both Aramaic and Greek, and its purpose. The introduction notes that Josephus first wrote the work in Aramaic for eastern audiences like the Parthians, and later produced a revised Greek version with Roman assistance, intending to deter further revolts against Roman rule. It also suggests that an early Aramaic edition may be preserved in the Old Russian translation of the text, which contains some differences from the Greek versions.

    Original Description:

    Flavio Josefos - Bilingue - Loeb Classical Library - Domínio Público

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an introduction and overview for Volume II of Josephus's work "The Jewish War". It discusses the original title of the work, its composition in both Aramaic and Greek, and its purpose. The introduction notes that Josephus first wrote the work in Aramaic for eastern audiences like the Parthians, and later produced a revised Greek version with Roman assistance, intending to deter further revolts against Roman rule. It also suggests that an early Aramaic edition may be preserved in the Old Russian translation of the text, which contains some differences from the Greek versions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    41 views782 pages

    Josephus 02 War 1-3

    Uploaded by

    BernardiMatheus
    This document provides an introduction and overview for Volume II of Josephus's work "The Jewish War". It discusses the original title of the work, its composition in both Aramaic and Greek, and its purpose. The introduction notes that Josephus first wrote the work in Aramaic for eastern audiences like the Parthians, and later produced a revised Greek version with Roman assistance, intending to deter further revolts against Roman rule. It also suggests that an early Aramaic edition may be preserved in the Old Russian translation of the text, which contains some differences from the Greek versions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 782

    JOSEPHUS

    WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY


    H. ST. J. THACKERAY, M.A.
    HON. D.D. OXFORD, HON. D.D. DURHAM

    IN NINE VOLUMES

    II

    THE JEWISH WAR, BOOKS I-III

    LONDON
    WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD
    CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
    HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
    MCMLVI
    First printed 1927
    Reprinted 1956

    s.w

    Printed in Great Britain


    CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
    PAGE
    Introduction vii

    THE JEWISH W AR—


    Book I 2
    Book II . 322
    Book III . 574

    The Herodian Family . at end of Book


    — Galilee
    Maps
    District
    Central
    and
    ....
    and
    Surrounding

    Southern
    Palestine
    Jerusalem
    :

    INTRODUCTION
    The History of the Jewish War is the earliest and the
    most famous of the works of Josephus. The first-
    fruits of the leisure which he found in Rome after the
    war, it was written with all the advantages possessed
    by an ex-combatant and eyewitness, now a pensioner
    quartered in the former palace of Vespasian, with the
    " commentaries " of his imperial patrons, the comman-
    ders in the recent campaign, placed at his disposal."
    The title by which the author refers to his work is Title.

    "Concerning the Jewish War" (Ilept tov 'lov^alKov


    TTokifjiov Vita 412, A. xx. 258, cf. xviii. 11). Laqueur,
    Der Jild. Hisioriker Flavins Josephus, Giessen, 1920,
    p 255 and p. 98, considers that this heading plainly
    betrays the purely Roman point of view of the Jewish
    turncoat. The expanded form, 'loi'SaJKov iroXe/xov Trpos
    'Poj/zaiovs, found at the head of the first two books in
    Niese's principal ms P, may, it has been suggested,
    be an attempt of the author to neutralize the
    offensive character of the former superscription. But
    the majority of the mss employ another title,
    " Concerning (the) capture " (Ylepl aAolcreojs), often
    with the addition of 'lov8al'Ky]s l(rropia<i. The title
    Ilepi found also in Origen and Jerome,
    aAcuo-ews is
    the latter of whom attributes it to the author himself
    *
    quae Josephus Judaicae scriptor historiae septem
    explicat uoluminibus,quibusimposuittitulumCaptiui-

    <'
    Ap. i. 50, Vita 358, 423.
    vii
    —
    INTRODLXTION
    tatis Judaicae id est Oepi aAojo-€oj? " {Comm. in Isaiam,
    cap. 64-, sub Jin.). Niese (vol. i. p. vi) regarded this
    as a title of Christian origin, introduced at a time
    when our author's principal works, the IVar and the
    Antiquities, were collected into a single corpus, bearing
    the general •, and sub-titles llf/.t
    title 'loidatKT) t'o-ropt
    oAa^cr<tL«9 and ^^^ the short title is one
    'Apx"^'0'^°7''"'
    which the author might well have employed himself;
    aAioo-t9,often without the article, is constantly used
    of the tragedy, e.g. ii. 454 (-poointov aAtucrecjs),
    final
    iv. 318, and v. 3 (uAojaews ap^ai, a A. Ka-iipqiv nj TrdAei).
    Dr. Robert Eisler, to whom the present writer is
    indebted for many suggestions in this Introduction,
    and whose forthcoming volume on the important Old
    Russian version of the IVar will throw much light on
    the genesis of the work, draws a distinction between
    an older and simpler draft, the Halosis, and a later
    and more elaborate edition, the Polemos.
    " Jewish history " or *' histories "
    He thinks that
    (ioTop/ai Vita345 Euseb. Histnr. EccL i. 8) was the
    :

    general title of Josephus's " collected works " as they


    were finally published by Epaphroditus. He emphasizes
    the fact that all mss of the Russian version are entitled
    " On the Capture of Jerusalem " and that a hitherto
    unidentified quotation from Josephus, iv tJ5 Trt/xwTw Xo-ycj
    TTjs aM-aoL'^, in the Chron. Pasch. i.363 Dind.,can be traced

    to certain of those .mss. He hopes to prove in his forth-


    coming work that the Russian version, as well as the
    so-called " Egesippus " —
    (Heg.) a Christianized Latin
    translation by a converted Jew. Isaac alias Gaudentius
    or Hilarius, a contemporary of Pope Damasus is based —
    on a lost earlier, somewhat different edition of our work
    first published in a.d. 12 for the celebration of the
    triumph of Titus — which bore the title 'i^\aviov 'lijcrrj-rrov
    TTfpl aXJvTfws Tr/s 'l(povaa\r)u..This was gradually added
    to, revised, curtailed, and expanded
    in subsequent years.
    He considers lotoaiVos ir6\(tx.os to be the title of the
    viii
    INTRODUCTION
    thoroughly revised edition, published during the reign
    of Domitian, as it survives in the mss PA and L, while
    VR and MC
    represent earlier, less carefully revised
    editions of the original "AXwjij, such as were used also
    by the Slavonic translator.

    We learn from the proem that the Greek text was First
    not the first draft of the work. It had been preceded ^Jfuonf
    by a narrative written in Aramaic and addressed to
    " the barbarians in the interior," who are more
    precisely defined lower down as the natives of
    Parthia, Babylonia, and Arabia, the Jewish dispersion
    in Mesopotamia, and the inhabitants of Adiabene,
    a principality of which the reigning house, as was
    proudly remembered, were converts to Judaism
    {B. i, 3, 6). Of this Aramaic work the Greek is
    described as a " version" ("EAAa'St yXwcrcrr] /aeTa/iaAuJi),
    made for the benefit of the subjects of the Roman
    Empire, i.e. the Graeco-Roman world at large.
    The Aramaic is lost, but two probable inferences
    may be drawn with regard to (i) its relation to the
    Greek text, and (ii) its purpose. First, the Greek was
    not a literal translation. This may be inferred from
    the language of the historian elsewhere. He describes
    his Antiquities as a translation from the Hebrew Scrip-
    tures (€K Tuju 'Ef3paLKii>v iJLedrjp/j.-)]ieviJLei'-i]u ypo.iJ./xdTwUf
    A \. and again as a rendering of the Hebrew books
    5),
    into Greek (/^erac^pa^eii/ et's Tt)v "EA/VaSa yAwTTai')
    without material addition or omission on his own part
    (A. X. 218) but we know in fact that that work is a
    ;

    free paraphrase of the Biblical story, made with the


    assistance of the LXX
    translation, and including con-
    siderable additions derived from other sources. The
    Jetvisk War in its Greek form was, we are told, pro-
    duced with the aid of Greek assistants and shows no
    VOL. II A 2 ix
    INTRODUCTION
    trace whatever of Semitic phraseology we may infer
    ;

    that the older work has been practically rewritten.


    With regard to its purpose, written as it was
    almost immediately after the war under the patronage
    of Vespasian, there is good ground for believing that
    it was officially "inspired" (see L?iqueuT, Der jUd.

    Historiker Fl. Josephus, 126 f.). It was a manifesto


    intended as a warning to the East of the futility of
    further opposition and to allay the after-war thirst
    for revenge, which ultimately led to the fierce out-
    breaks under Trajan and Hadrian. The danger of a
    Parthian rising was a constant menace, and it is
    significant that the Parthians stand in the forefront
    of the list of contemplated readers (i. 6). Such a
    motive is in fact admitted in the remark with which
    Josephus closes his description of the Roman army :

    If I have dwelt at some length on this topic, my


    intention was not so much to extol the Romans as
    to console those whom they have vanquished and to deter

    others who may be tempted to revolt " (iii. 108 cf. ;

    Agrippa's speech ii. 345 ff., with the reference to the


    Jewish hopes of aid from Mesopotamia).

    rhe Old Theoriginal Aramaic edition was at an early date lost


    Russian to ttieWestern world. A theory advanced byH. Kottek
    yersiOD.
    in 16S6 that part of it has survived in the 6th century
    Syriac version of Book vi was shown by Noldeke to
    be untenable. More recently, however, A. Berendts (ap.
    Harnack. Tf^xte und Cnfersuchungen, xiv. 1, 1906) has
    maintained that it survives in the Old Russian version.
    That version contains some remarkable deviations from,
    and additions to. the Greek text of the Har. including
    in particular passages relating to John the Baptist, Christ,
    and the early Christians.
    The full text of the Slavonic version has not yet been
    made available to scholars but the first four books of the
    :

    War have appeared in a German translation by the late


    INTRODUCTION
    A. Berendts. edited by K. Grass (Dorpat, 1924-27).
    This work reached the hands of the present translator
    too late for use to be nnade of it in the volume now issued.
    He hopes, however, to print in an Appendix to vol. iii a
    translation of the more important additions in the
    Slavonic text, together with a list of the passages which
    it omits.

    The theory of Berendts can. according to Dr. Eisler, be


    accepted only with reservations. The Slavonic text is
    interpolated, but even after certain Christian interpolations
    have been detected and set aside, it cannot be derived
    directly from the lost Aramaic : numerous indications
    prove that it is a translation from a Greek text, allied to
    that contained in the mss VRC. But below this Greek
    text Dr. Eisler finds, in certain transliterated words,
    traces of an underlying Semitic original. According to
    him." the Greek was translated into Slavonic in Lithuania
    between a.d 1250 and 1260 by a Judaizing heretic priest
    of the Russian Church, who by chance obtained a copy.
    or copies, of Josephus's first rough Greek version of the
    original Aramaic (the Halosis), before it was rewritten
    in the form in which it has come down to us.

    The draft of the Greek work was produced in


    first Producti
    parts and formed the subject of a long correspond- eiiuo^n.''
    ence between the author and King Agrippa, two of
    whose 62 compUmentary letters, one offering further
    oral information, are reproduced {Fita 364 ff.) we ;

    may suspect that Agrippa was also consulted on the


    earlier Aramaic edition. On its completion copies
    were presented by the author to his imperial patrons
    and others, Titus giving it his imprimatur " indeed:

    so anxious was the Emperor Titus that my volumes


    should be the sole authority from which the world

    " " Les Origines lade


    traduction slave de Josepiie,
    I'heresie judaisante enRussie et la secte des Josephinistes en.
    Asie Mineur. en Italie et en Provence." Communication au
    Qongres des Historiens Franqais le 22 Avrii 1927 {Revue des
    Etudes slaves^ Paris, 1927).
    INTRODUCTION
    should learn the facts, that he affixed his own sigra-
    "
    ture to them and gave orders for their publication
    (ib. 363, Ap.i. 50 ff.).

    The date of publication is commonly regarded as


    falling within the latter half of the reign of \>spasian,
    between a.d. 15 and 79, before the death of that
    Emperor, who received a copy, but after the dedica-
    tion of the Temple of Pax {B. vii. 158 ff.) in the
    year 15 (Dio Cassius, Ixvi. 15). It had, we know, been
    preceded bv other narratives of the war [B. i. 1 If.,
    A.'i.^).
    These limits cannot, however, be pressed and may be
    applicable only to a single edition. Josephus, as we have
    come to learn, like other ancient authors, must have
    constantly retouched and added to his works as fresh
    copies were called for. We know that in a.d. 93-4,
    towards the end of his life, he was contemplating a new
    edition of the ^Vor, which was to include the after events
    of his nation's history brought up to date {A. w. 267).
    Similarly our extant text was not improbably preceded
    by a shorter draft. From the fact that the " table of
    contents" in the Greek proem {B. i. 39) concludes with
    the triumph. Dr. Eisler infers that the first Greek
    edition ended with that event and appeared as early as
    AD. 71. He acutely suggests that Josephus strove to
    complete his work by the day of the triumph and to
    present a copy to the two emperors on that memorable
    occasion. The sequel, including the penultimate chapter
    about the destruction of the other Jewish temple, that of
    Onias in Egypt, in a d. 73 (B. vii. 420-436), was, in
    Dr. Eisler's opinion, added after that event, the oppor-
    tunity being taken at the same time to prefix to the whole
    work a corresponding chapter about its foundation
    (5. i. 33) and contemporary Hasmonaean history.

    A brief preface includes a somewhat inadequate


    and unsystematic summary of the whole work
    (i. 19-29) ; the topics mentioned are probably selected
    primarily to catch the imperial eye and also to
    zii

    I
    INTRODUCTION
    attract the general reader. Then follows an in-
    ordinately long introduction, occupying the whole of
    the first and nearly half the second Book, containing
    a sketch of Jewish history from the previous capture
    of the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes down to the
    outbreak of the war with Rome, nearly 250 years
    later. When in later life the author undertook a
    complete history of his nation, this portion of the
    narrative was expanded in the Antiquities, where it
    fills seven and a half books {^A. xiii-xx). A comparison
    of these two narratives forms an instructive study ;

    the parallel passages in the Antiquities are indicated


    at the head of the pages of the present translation.
    Book i extends from the time of Antiochus
    Epiphanes (c. 170 b.c.) to the death of Herod ;

    ii continues the history down to the outbreak of war

    in A.D. Q>Q, the rout of Cestius, and the preparations


    of Josephus for a campaign in Galilee. Book iii
    narrates Vespasian's Galilaean campaign of a.d. 67,
    including the siege of Jotapata and the capture of
    Josephus ; iv the conclusion of the Galilaean
    campaign, the isolation of Jerusalem, and the inter-
    ruption of operations by the acclamation of Vespasian
    as Emperor (68-69) ; v and vi describe the siege and
    capture of Jerusalem by Titus in a.d. 70 ; vii the
    return of the conquerors to Rome, the triumphal
    procession, the extermination of the last strongholds
    of the rebels and some later events.
    Considered as a literary work the Jewish War as Greek s

    a whole possesses great merits. The style is an


    excellent specimen of the Atticistic Greek fashionable
    in the first century, introduced by the school which
    sought to stem the development of the language that
    set in with the Alexandrian age and to revive the
    INTRODUCTION
    Attic of the age of Pericles. A choice vocabulary,
    well-knit sentences and paragraphs, niceties in the
    use of particles and in the order of words, a uniformly
    classical style but without slavish imitation of classical
    models, these and other excellences tax and often
    defy the powers of a translator

    Vocabulary. — The following: words, among others, are


    characteristic of the \yar, and do not occur elsewhere
    inJosephuS: d5idXfi7rTos (a;?), d^fSTj^, d-rocos i-wj ,
    /SaatXftdi',
    dr]LU)Tris, ^if/cTratfif, 5iex(iv [distare, in preference to dTre'xf"'),
    iUoilos (ws), f^aTrifTjs (in preference to ei,ai(pvr)<i), eiiodivos,
    dauardi', KaTaXrj-ydu, KaravTi^oXdv, KaToppu}5(if and oppwbuv,
    KOTTidf, \a6palos (ws), Xeuxpopoi, /xfarjtx^pivos ("southern"),
    /xfTayeueaTepo^ and irpoyefearepos, fibvov ovk ("almost"),
    6X60i'pcrts (from Thuc), iraXifdpofj.di', vavovpyos (and deriva-
    tives), TrapdcTTTjixa ("intrepidity"), iroXixur) and 7roXiX'''Of,
    vpbs 6i (adverb: where ^nf. uses nai wpojin), npoaaixvudv,
    TrpoadpKTLOs, TTpoatros, tnoelaOai., ai/j./j.ij^,eiv, aiffTddrif, 5id
    TQXOi'j and Kara rdxo':, tovoi/Uj uirodeibitv (epic), x^'^Z-^O'^os,
    Xti'picTMOs ("departure"), x^^po'.

    Writing for educated readers, Josephus boasts of


    having immersed himself in Greek literature {A. xx.
    ^ ,
    263), and taken extraordinary pains to cultivate
    style. "Among other qualifications," he writes, "the
    PP^ historian needs charm of style, in so far as this
    ^t^ ' is attainable by the choice and nice adjustment
    {apfxovia) of words and whatever else may serve to
    embellish the narrative for his readers " {A xiv. 2) in ;

    the " nice adjustment " he refers to the careful avoid-


    ance of hiatus or harsh clashing of vowels, which is a
    marked feature, particularly in the War But such
    mastery could only have been gradually acquired,
    and that an author, who had hitherto written solely
    in Aramaic, should open his literary career with a
    work showing such a thorough command of Greek
    xiv
    INTRODUCTION
    niceties would be astonishing, were it not explained
    by an dictum in a later work.
    obiter
    In the Contra Apionem, written perhaps a quarter Ltterar
    ^^^'^tau
    of a century after the War, the historian makes a
    welcome, if tardy, acknowledgement of the help
    which he had received in the composition of the
    earlier work. He employed, he tells us, some
    assistants for the sake of the Greek {xpy)(Ta^€.v6% no-i
    Trpo<; Ti)u 'KWy-juiSa (fiojin^v crvvepyoU, Ap. i, 50). The
    immense debt which he owes to these admirable
    collaborators is apparent on almost every page of
    the work. Book vii stands apart ; the style here
    shows many of the characteristics of the Antiquities,
    and the author seems to have been more dependent
    on his own resources. The author's own style may
    also perhaps be detected in some autobiographical
    passages and occasional insertions.
    The admission made in the Contra Apionem serves to
    explain the inequalities in the work of Josephus as a
    whole, and puts us on the track of other "assistants."
    The cruder style of the Life appears to represent the
    ipsissima verba of the author. The Antiquities also seem
    to have been largely written with little assistance, until
    towards the close, when, having reached the narrative
    already partially covered in the War, the author for
    nearly five books (xv-xix) entrusts the work to other
    hands : xv-xvi appear to betray the style of one of
    the able assistants in the War-, xvii-xix. 275 exhibit
    the marked mannerisms of a hack, a slavish imitator of
    Thucydides. In the Contra Apionem the choice diction,
    recondite classical lore, and excellent arrangement ot
    subject matter again suggest that assistance has been
    obtained.
    Josephus, by the time that he wrote the Antiquities, ciassica
    "'°^^'*-
    claims to have been thoroughly conversant with the
    best Greek literature, including, according to the
    reading of some mss, Greek poetry; rC)u'KX\rjviK(^>u
    XV
    INTRODUCTION
    06 ypafxfxdrtjjv ia—oiSo.rra neTa(T\ui- ti]v ypan/xaTLKi^v
    €fx-€ipiai> where after ypafifxaTiov
    avaXafthjv A. XX, 263.
    Cod. A
    and the epitome add the words K-at 7roi?;rtKwv
    [laSrjixciTMv ( + -oAAa A). The last words may have
    dropped out of the other mss through homoiote-
    leuton, or possibly, as Dr. Eisler suggests, through
    the deliberate malice of his assistant slaves, who knew
    the truth about these boasted achievements of their
    master. In his earlier work we may well believe that
    he is indebted for an occasional classical phrase or
    allusion to his learned secretaries. Thucydides was
    naturally a model to which most historians turned.'*
    In the Antiquities Joseph us quarries freely from this
    mine, and his assistant in Books xvii-xix deserves
    the ridicule already cast by Cicero on such plagiarists
    (" ecce autem aliqui se Thucydidios esse profitentur,
    novum quoddam imperitorum et inauditum genus,"
    Orator 30). In the War, on the contrary, the use of
    this source is far more restrained, being confined to an
    occasional reminiscence or phrase. Similar use is made
    of Herodotus, Xenophon, Demosthenes, and Polybius.
    More interesting is the familiarity shown with
    Greek poetry, Homer and the tragedians. The
    poignant narrative of the domestic troubles of Herod
    the Great is told in the manner of a Greek drama :^
    we hear of Nemesis at the outset (i. 431), of the pollu-
    tion of the house (/xi'cro^ 6S^. cf. 4-4-5). the tempest
    lowering over it (488), the villain and stage-manager
    " Dr. P>isler draws my attention to Liician's strictures on
    such borrowing in his Qvomodo historia sit conscribenda.
    The quotation from Cicero I^owe to Driiner, Untersuchungen
    vber Josephus, 1S!'6.
    " Eusebius describes this portion of the narrative as rpayiKTj

    dpa/xarovpyia {II. E. i. 8), I am again indebted for the refer-


    ence to Dr. Eisler.
    xvi
    INTRODUCTION
    of the plot (roi' Xvfxeujva Tr]<i oiVtas Kat SpafiaTovpyov
    6/\ov Tov fjivcrovs 530), the anxious waiting for " the
    end of the drama " (54'3), the avenging deity (KaO'
    aSov (fiepetu Toi/ dXdcTTopa 596), the ghosts (Saipoveq) of
    the murdered sons roaming the palace and dragging
    secrets to light (599) or sealing the lips of others (607).
    But there are other more precise allusions. Sophocles
    was evidently a favourite ; the allusions to this
    tragedian, being mainly confined to the JVar and to
    portions of the Antiquities, especially Books xv-xvi,
    written in the style of the War, are probably attri-
    butable rather to the assistant than to the historian.
    From him also doubtless come some apparent
    allusions to Virgil.

    Thucydides.—The proem of Josephus (i. 4 yevoixlvov


    yd.p . . . jxeyiaTov Tovbe tov KLvrifxaTos . . . dK/j.d^ou) echoes
    that of Thucydides (i. 1 Kivrfais ydp olvti) /xeyicmj . . .

    e7^j'erowith preceding o.Kfj.d^oi^Tes) ; Herod's speech to his


    troops disheartened by defeat followed by earthquake
    (i. 373 fF.) recalls that of Pericles to the Athenians
    exasperated by invasion and the plague (ii. 60 ff.); the
    reception at Jerusalem of the news of the fall of Jotapata
    (iii. 432) is reminiscent of the reception at Athens of the

    news of the Sicilian disaster (viii. 1). In phraseology


    the following parallels are noteworthy: /Si'-fr?// D. u\. -296,
    vi. 326, Thuc. iv. 8; di^appnrTeli' kIuSvi'oi^ B. iv. 217,
    Thuc. vi. 13; irepLaXyeli^ tw -rrddei B. iv. 590, Thuc. iv.
    85, 95; dovXeia dKii^dvi^o's B. vii. 324, cf. Thuc. vi. 80; to
    {ixT]) ^ovXbixevou rijs yuiJjp.Tjs B. vii. 338, Thuc. i. 90;
    (TTepL(pujT€p{ou) TToielv B. wu. 314, Thuc. vii, 36.
    Herodotus supplies the following: t€/j.€i^os dwodaKuui'aL
    B. i. 403; irpoKaBi^iLV (eVt dpouov) ii. 27, cf. Hdt. i. 14 (e'j
    dpbvov)\ TTju ewi BavdTLO {sc. bbov) ii. 231, vi. 155: Trdtres
    rj(3r)5bu iii. 133, cf. iv. 554; rpoxoetSr^s Xifxfy] iii. 511; aKecns

    "cure" iv. 11, vii. 189; irpbs d\Kr]i^ TpeneaBaL vi. 14, vii.
    232; dvajxdpTriTO'i irposvii. 329; Xr/paTOS
    tlvo, yiueadai.
    irXripy]^ vii. 340, Hdt. V. 111.
    cf. Xrifxaros jrXeos
    Xenophov, Cyropaedia, probably furnishes dqyuv \pvxds
    xvii
    ;;

    INTRODUCTION
    iv. 174: avTifjifT'jjiros V. .56 and di/Tnrp6crw7roj v. 63, 136;
    rdpaxos (for rapaxv) i^'- 495; OLaOwpdaOai vi. 418; pi\/0-
    Kifovfos vii. 77.
    Demosthenes provides phrases for speeches such as
    (WLTeTiiy^i^/Jiei'r) Tvpauvis iv. 172, Ttuwpt'as 5iaKpovea6ai iv.
    257; perhaps also dvaicrdrjTeli' iv. 165, (k tC:v (vovtlou
    vi. 183, ^poxov 250, aKev(Jjpr}iJ.a vii. 449.
    iTTKjirdiv vii.
    From Homer come dfaiaurt ii. 495, iv. 40 etc.
    eixovTo Kal fiera kijJkvtCjv iii. 202, cf. kcjkvtu t' etxovTO
    II. xxii. 409; ^/c0oper;' = " carry out corpse for burial,"
    iv. 330; d/voXos "morsel" v. 432; dpiapa "conduit" and
    dudos "dunff" V. 571; Tr€irappLit'{a) rjXois vi. 85; q>v\aKTTjp
    (for 0i'Xat) vii. 291.
    Sophocles. —
    From the Elecfra come dcpade^v \pvxvs B.
    iii.212, El. 980, and Opaaos 6ir\i^(Lv B. iii. 153, EL 995 f.,
    and we may confidently infer that we have a paraphrase
    of a line in the near context of that play (opa ttovov
    TOL x^'P'5 ovbkv evri'xd El. 945) in B. iii. 495, v. 501
    reminiscences of this play and of the Ajax occur also in
    A. xv-xvi. We
    tind also ddp^Tos npo^euslu B. v. 66 from
    Track. 726 ; ivaK-qiTTeiv Oeoi B. v. 408, probably from
    O.T. 27; Trpoa-4yaOeiu B. vii. 348, c/. O.C. 330 etc., and
    immediately after f?? Kai liUqXtv from Track. 235 ovbkv ;

    vyu^ (Ppoi'dv, B. V. 326, cf. Phil. 1006.


    X'rRGiL. —
    Like a rather younger historian of the same
    — —
    period Tacitus the civ^pyb^ (for Josephus can here
    hardly be responsible) seems to have interwoven some
    \'irgilian reminiscences into the narrative. The sack of
    Jotapata (as in Tacitus the siege of the Capitol under
    Vitellius, Mackail, Latin Literature 219) recalls the sack
    of Troy. Compare B. iii. 319 -rrfpl ydo r'qv {crxdriqu (pvXan-qv,
    Kad' rjv duetriu re twj/ OeifCJi' (Ookovv ^x^'" '^^'^ KaddirreTaL
    fxd\i(TTa K^KOTTUiixevujv [=mortalibus aegrisj ewdivbs virvos
    . . . 323 flF. vffvxv '"'pos ro reixos. Kal wpuiros fTn^aivei
    jecraj'
    TlItos . . .
    • d7ro(70d^afTes de rovs (pvXaKas daiacrii' els tt]v
    iroXiu with Aen.
    ii. 263 " primusque Machaon fiF. . . .

    . . Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam


    .

    I
    caeduntur uigiles. Tempus erat quo prima quies
    . . .

    mortalibus aegris incipit et dono divum gratissima '

    serpit." The personified 'i'-qurj B. iii. 433 f. (with the


    allusion to facts embroidered by fiction, TrpoTfa-xfSidfeTo ye
    pLr]v Tots Treirpa-^/ieVoiS Kai rd /xtj ya/o/xeva) recalls the picture
    INTRODUCTION
    of Fama in Aen. iv. 173 ff. ("et pariter facta atque
    infecta canebat " 190) ;cf. B. i. 371.
    The portrait of John of Gischala in B. ii. 585 flF.
    curiously resembles that of CatiHne in Sallust, Cat, 5.

    The War contains no allusions to authorities such Sources,

    as are interspersed throughout the Antiquities. The


    historian in this earlier work is silent as to his sources,
    merely leading us to infer from his proem that his
    information is largely first-hand and based on his own
    recollections as an eyewitness (i. 3), that he had new
    materials and constructed the framework of the
    narrative himself (cfakoTrovos ... 6 /xera tov Kan^a
    Aeyeti/ Kal to aojfxa Trj<; IcTToptas KaracTKeva^'cuv I'Sioi'),
    and that he collected the facts with laborious care
    (i. 15 f.).

    These scanty hints can be supplemented by a few-


    notices in the works produced in later life, the
    Contra Apionem and the Life. Here again he empha-
    sizes the personal part which he took in the contest, as
    commander in Galilee in the opening campaign, after
    his capture in constant touch with the Roman generals,
    and during the siege of Jerusalem associated with
    Titus behind the Roman lines. He tells us that
    throughout the siege he made careful notes of the
    proceedings in the Roman camp and was kept aware
    of events within the city by deserters, whose in-
    formation he was alone in a position to understand
    {Ap. i. 47-49). We know, moreover, from the War^
    that he was employed on more than one occasion as
    intermediary to urge his besieged compatriots to
    surrender. We learn further that King Agrippa, who
    was kept supplied with a copy of the War as it
    appeared in parts, was in correspondence with the
    author throughout its production and offered to
    INTRODUCTION
    furnish him with information about facts not generally
    known {I'ita 364- ff.).

    But, besides his own notes and recollections and


    such further information as he may have obtained
    from Agrippa, the author appears to have had access
    to another document of the first importance, the
    " memoirs " or " commentaries " (t'-o/jU'vy/jta-a) of
    Vespasian and Titus. No reference to this source is
    made in the JVar itself; this silence is In accordance
    with the historian's consistent practice of naming no
    authorities in this work, but may, perhaps without
    injustice, be partly attributed to vanity. He would
    have us know that the framework of the narrative is
    his own (o-oi/ja Toior), and a mention of this source,
    whatever weight it might add to his authority, might
    detract from his personal fame. At any rate, like
    his acknowledgement of indebtedness to his Greek
    assistants, his to the Commentaries only
    allusions
    appear in his laterworks, in reply to the adverse
    criticism which his Jenish War evoked from Justus
    and other rival historians. His previous silence on
    other matters (ra /xexpl ivv a-ea-LOiinjixeia) evidently
    formed one of the complaints of his critics (Fiia 338 f.).
    Tlie Commentaries are thrice mentioned. Replying
    to the criticisms of Justus of Tiberias, Josephus
    reminds him of hostilities for which he and his
    fellow-citizens were responsible at the opening of the
    war before \'espasian's arrival, and which were after-
    wards brought to that general's notice. He adds:
    " This is no unsupported assertion of my own. The
    facts are recorded in the Commentaries of the emperor
    \'espasian, which further relate how insistently the
    inhabitants of Decapolis pressed Vespasian, when at
    Ptolemais, to punish you as the culprit " {Vita 342).
    INTRODUCTION
    Ptolemais was the first place to which Vespasian led his
    army from Antioch, his original base (B. iii. 29) we ;

    here learn that the Commentaries went back to the


    opening of the campaign. Again, attacking the
    same opponent, Josephus writes " Perhaps, how-
    :

    ever, you will say that you have accurately narrated


    the events which took place at Jerusalem. How,
    pray, can that be, seeing that neither were you on
    the scene of action, nor had you perused the Com-
    mentaries of Caesar, as is abundantly proved by your
    "
    account which conflicts with those Commentaries ?
    {Vita S5d>). Again, of certain malignant critics who
    have dared to compare his Jewish War to a school-
    boy's prize composition {ioa-n-ep eV ct^oA?/ jxiipaKLwi'
    yv/j.i'oa-fjLa TrpoKdcrBai vo/jLi(ovTi^), the author writes :

    " Surely, then, one cannot but regard as audacious


    the attempt of these critics to challenge my veracity.
    Even if, as they assert, they have read the Commen-
    taries of the imperial commanders, they at any rate
    had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the
    opposite camp" (Ap. 1.53-56). These two last passages,
    in which Josephus is contrasting his own qualifica-
    tions with those of others, clearly imply that the Com-
    mentaries were before him when he wrote the War.
    Indeed, as has been suggested by a recent writer
    (VV Weber, Josephus und Vespasian, 1921), there is
    reason to think that our author has made extensive
    use of these documents. The Commentariiprincipales,
    itmay be supposed, were the notes, presumably in
    Latin, made on the field of action by the Roman com-
    manders and their staff, which might sometimes be
    put out in a more literary shape as the official record
    of the campaign, like the Commentarii de Bello Gallico
    of Julius Caesar. From this or from some other official
    INTRODUCTION
    source must come the information with regard to the
    disposition of the Roman legions in a.d. 66, which is
    strikingly confirmed by other evidence and is here
    worked up into the great speech of King Agrippa
    {B. ii. 3i5 tf.) Another passage which looks Hke a
    direct extract from the Commeritaries of Titus is the
    concise itinerary of the march of that general from
    Egypt to Caesarea, with its bare enumeration of the
    various stages, though it must be remembered that
    Josephus accompanied him (B iv.658-end). Whether
    Weber is right in referring to this source the geo-
    graphical sketches of Palestine interspersed through-
    out the narrative may perhaps be questioned, but
    the description of the Dead Sea with the mention of
    Vespasian's visit of inspection (B iv. 477) lends
    support to his view {cf. the rather similar account in
    Tacitus, Hist. v. 6).
    Weber goes so far as to maintain that the backbone
    of the whole history is a *' Flavian work." of which the
    theme was the rise to power of the Flavian dynasty.
    In his opinion, this work opened with a sketch of the
    disposition of the legions in a.d. Q& (utilized in Agrippa's
    speech), included much of the material of B. iii-vi.
    and ended with the passage which stands in Josephus at
    vii. 157 : it was used by Pliny the Elder and Tacitus. In
    his review of Weber, Laqueur denies the existence of any
    such literary work, on the ground that Josephus severely
    criticizes all previous publications on the war (B. i.
    ad init.).

    las of For the pre-war period (Books i-ii) we can confi-


    iSCU«.
    dently name one writer, frequently mentioned in the
    Antiquities, as having furnished material also for the
    —
    JVar Nicolas of Damascus (c. 61- B.C. to the end of
    the century), the intimate friend of Herod the Great
    and of Augustus, and author of a universal history
    in 144 books and other works, including probably a
    xxii
    INTRODUCTION
    separate life of Herod. From Nicolas undoubtedly
    is derived the detailed history of Herod's house,
    which fills two-thirds of Book i, and of the accession
    of Archelaus (opening of Book ii), in which he him-
    self played an important part. Here again Josephus
    had the advantage of a first-rate, if somewhat biased,
    contemporary authority After Archelaus the nar-
    rative unfortunately becomes meagre, expanding into
    rather greater fullness when the reign of Agrippa I
    is reached. With regard to him the historian would
    obtain information from his son, Agrippa II, and for
    the events leading up to the war he might draw on
    his own recollections. For the slight sketch of the
    Hasmonaean house the history of Nicolas is perhaps
    again the authority ; the historian shows no acquaint-
    ance in the War with the first book of Maccabees, of
    which he afterwards made large use in the Antiquities.
    As historian of the Jewish War Josephus thus credibi
    comes before us with apparently high credentials ;

    at any rate few war historians in ancient or modern


    times can have enjoyed so rare a combination of
    opportunities for presenting a veracious narrative of
    events. How does his work appear when tested by
    the highest of standards, the Historic of ike Pelopon-
    nesian War ? It is natural to compare the Jew and
    the Athenian because, widely different as were the
    characters of the two, there were points of similarity
    in their careers. Like Thucydides, Josephus com-
    bined the functions of general and historian like ;

    him he failed as a commander and was consequently


    brought into close contact with the enemy and enabled
    to view the war from the standpoint of both belli-
    gerents (Thuc. iv. 104 ff., V. 26 " associating with both
    sides, with the Peloponnesians quite as much as with

    xxiii
    —
    INTRODUCTION
    the Athenians, becau-e of my exile," cf. Jos. B \. 3);
    ^vhile the Jewish historian, unlike the Greek, had the
    further advantage of the use of the official record of
    the campaign compiled by, or under the supervision
    of, the enemy's generals.
    With access to these first-hand sources, with the
    weighty authority both of his imperial patrons and
    of King Agrippa behind him, and with the possibly
    more questionable benefit of good literary assistants,
    the historian's narrative as a yihole cannot but be
    accepted as trustworthy. Unfortunately reserva-
    tions must be made. Josephus lacks the sober im-
    partiality of Thucydides and, with all his boasted zeal
    for truth, shows on occasions, when his statements
    are subject to control, a lax sense of the meaning
    of that word. The Comme?itaries themselves were
    written from the Roman standpoint, and the pro-
    Roman bias of this client of the conquerors, who
    from the first had recognized the hopelessness of
    resistance to imperial Rome, is frequently evident.
    His repeated references to the clemency of the
    Roman generals, his hero Titus in particular, and his
    representation of them as the saviours of an oppressed
    people, are specially open to suspicion.
    In one crucial instance, a statement of Josephus
    that Titus desired to spare the temple — is directly

    contradicted by a later historian. The fourth-


    century Christian writer, Sulpicius Severus, who has
    been thought to be here dependent on the lost work
    of Tacitus, states, like Josephus, that a council of war
    was held on the subject, at which different opinions
    were expressed, but here the roles are reversed and
    it is Titus who sanctions the destruction of the
    building. The passages are as follows :
    xxiv
    INTRODUCTION
    Josephus, B. vi. Sulpicius, Chron. ii. 30.

    238 ^ovXrjv Trepl tov vaoii Fertur Titus adhibito consilio


    239 irpovTldei. To'i.% ixiu ovv prius deliberasse, an templum
    tanti operis euerteret. Etenim
    nonnullis uidebatur, aedem
    TTOTf 'lovbaiovi wavaacdai sacratam ultra omnia mortalia
    f fajTeptfoi/Tas tov vaou illustrem non oportere deleri,
    fxivovro%, (0' 5p oi vau- quae seruata modestiae
    24-0 raxddev crvWeyovTai. tlu(s Romanae testimonium, diruta
    d( iraprjuovv, ii fxev Kara- perennem crudeJitatis notam
    XivoLeu avTou '\ohbaioi Kai praeberet. At contra alii et
    fi-qbels f7r' avrov to. oirXa Titus ipse euertendum in pnmis
    Oiiri, a Cj^eiv. d de iroXeuLoleu templujn censebant, quo plen\us
    (7n^6.i'T(s.KaTa(p\€y€Lu . . . ludaeorum et Christianorum
    241 6 5( Tiros Qv8' av €Tnl3(xpT6<i religio tolleretur: quippe has
    eV avTou TroXffxCjaiu ']ov- religiones, licet contranas sibi,
    5aloi 0rj<jo.% avTLrCjvapbpCov isdem tamen ab auctoribus
    dfjivpeladai. to. d\pvxo- ovbe profectas; Christ ianos ex
    xara^Xe^eiP Trore ttjXikoij- ludaeis extitisse: radice sub-
    TOV ?p-yov Vw/jLaiup yap lata stirpem facile perituram.
    ^ofadai T7]v I3\d(3rip. Cbatrep
    Kal Koap-OP Tr}% r]y(/j.opias
    avTOv pJpopTo^ .

    The evidence of Sulpicius is somewhat vitiated by


    the which can hardly be
    final allusion to Christianity
    correct ^ but the known partiality of Josephus leaves
    ;

    him under the suspicion of having misrepresented


    the attitude of Titus, in order to clear him of the
    imputation of cruelty. Weber (Josephus u?id Ves-
    pasian 72 f.) wMth others upholds Sulpicius against
    Josephus Schiirer {Gesch. des jild. Folkes, ed. 3,
    ;

    i. 631 f.) inclines to the middle view of Valeton


    that Josephus, without actual mendacity, has by
    the suppression of important facts created a false
    impression.
    " Dr. Eisler suggests that " Christian! " may be a general

    designation for Jewish " Messianist " rebels; but here I


    hesitate to follow him.

    XXV
    INTRODUCTION
    For the earlier pre-war history Josephus has him-
    self provided us ^vith a certain check upon his state-
    ments and enabled us to form some estimate of his
    treatment of his sources by the double narrative
    which he has left us. The precise relation between
    the two narratives cannot here be considered. The
    fuller account in the Antiquities was based partly on
    the same sources which he had used in the JVar,
    partly on new information since obtained. The
    subject matter has sometimes been re-arranged,
    notably in the latter part of Herod's reign, where
    the JVar separates the external history from the
    domestic tragedies, while the Antiquities keep the
    chronological order. There are, as is natural,
    inconsistencies between the two accounts but,
    ;

    generally speaking, it may be said that the author


    faithfully follows his written authorities.
    It is otherwise with the passages in which the War
    overlaps with the Life. Here there are unaccount-
    able discrepancies, and the autobiographical notices
    of the historian must be pronounced the least trust-
    worthy portion of his writings. The numerous in-
    consistencies, of a minor or a graver character,
    between the two accounts of his command in Galilee,
    to which attention is called in the footnotes to B. ii.
    569-64:6, betray either gross carelessness or actual
    fraud.'' Laqueur, who holds the Life, or certain
    portions of it, to be the earlier and more faithful
    record, suspects the author of deliberate mis-
    representation of some details in the War in order

    " The latteralternative. Dr. Eisler informs me, is


    rendered a certainty through his critical comparison of
    the third, and again quite distinct, account in the Slavonic
    Halosis.
    xxvi
    ;

    INTRODUCTION
    to ingratiate himself with another patron, King
    Agrippa.
    Nothing, unfortunately, has survived of the earliest, other
    narrative
    probably Roman, histories of the war criticized by of the wa
    Josephus in his proem, nor yet of the Jewish history
    of Justus of Tiberias produced soon after a.d. ]o6,
    in which his own work was criticized. We possess,
    however, from the pen of Tacitus early in the second
    century a brief sketch of the campaign up to the
    preparations for the siege of Jerusalem {Hist. v. 1-13)
    the sequel is lost. We have also the hves of Ves-
    pasian and Titus written at about the same time by
    Suetonius, and an epitome of this portion (Book Ixvi)
    of the great Roman history of Dion Cassius (early
    third century) made in the eleventh century by
    Xiphilinus. The account of Tacitus presents some
    interesting parallels not only with the War, but also,
    on the origin of the Jewish nation, with the Contra
    Apionem of our author. Though the Histories were
    written at Rome almost within the hfetime of
    Josephus, the Roman's antipathy to the Jews makes
    it improbable that he ever consulted his works. But
    both writers may be dependent on a common source,
    such as the Flavian Commentaries.

    The Greek text here printed is based on that of Greek tej


    Niese, but is the outcome of a careful and independent ^"^ "^^'
    investigation of the ms evidence collected in his great
    edition. The mss and other ancient authorities
    for the text, in so far as they have been used by
    Niese, are quoted in the present work M'ith his
    abbreviations as follows ^ :

    " For particulars with regard to the versions I am indebted


    to Dr. Eisler.
    P Codex Parisinus Graecus 14-25, cent. x. or xi.

    A Codex Ambrosianus (Mediolanensis) D. 50 sup.,


    cent. x. or xi.
    ^J Codex Marcianus (Venetus) Gr. 383, cent,
    xi. or xii.

    L Codex Laurentianus, plut. Ixix. 19, cent. xi.

    or xii.
    V Codex Vaticanus Gr iS, about cent.
    1 xi.
    R Codex Palatinus (Vaticanus) Gr. 28i, cent. xi.
    or xii.

    C Codex Urbinas (\'aticanus) Gr. 84, cent. xi.


    Exc." Excerpts made in the tenth century by order
    of Constantine \'II Porphyrogenitus.
    Lat. A Latin version known to Cassiodorus in the
    fifth century and commonly ascribed to
    Rufinus in the preceding century.
    Pleg. Hegesippus, a corruption of Josepus or
    Josippus another Latin version, wrongly
    :

    ascribed to S. Ambrose, written about


    370 A.D. by a converted Jew, Isaac, as a
    Christian called Hilarius or Gaudentius, the
    so-called Ambrosiaster, a contemporary of
    Pope Damasus (see Jos. Wittig in Max
    Sdralek's Kirchengesch. Ahhandlungen iv ;

    ed. Keber-Caesar, Marburg, 1864). A new


    edition by Vine. Ussani for the \'ienna
    Corpus is forthcoming.
    Syr. A Syriac translation of Book vi in Translatio
    Syra Pescitto \'et. Test, ex cod Ambrosiano
    sec. fere vi phololith. edita cura et ad-
    notationibus Antonii Maria Ceriani, Milan,
    1876-1883.

    To these may be added :

    xxviii
    Yos. =Josephus Gorionides or Yosippon, a Hebrew
    paraphrase, derived from Heg., ed. Breit-
    haupt, Gotha, 1727.
    Slav. A critical edition of the Old Russian Version
    by Vladimir Istrin is nearing completion.
    The first four books are published in a German
    version by Konrad Grass (see above, p. xi).
    Among other mss occasionally quoted by Niese
    are :

    N Codex Laurentianus, plut. Ixix. 17, about


    cent. xii.
    T Codex Philippicus, formerly belonging to the
    library of the late Sir Thomas Phillips,
    Cheltenham, about cent. xii.

    The MSS fall into two main groups, PA(ML) and


    VR(C) M, L, and, to a less extent, G are inconstant
    ;

    members, siding now with one group, now with the


    other. The first group is decidedly superior to the
    second. The two types of text go much further back
    than the date of Niese's oldest mss, since traces of
    the " inferior " type appear already in Porphyry
    (3rd century) the diversity of readings must there-
    ;

    fore have begun very early. Indeed some variants


    appear to preserve corrections gradually incorpor-
    ated by the author himself in later editions of
    his work." Mixture of the two types also began
    early, a few instances of " conflation " occurring
    " A striking instance occurs in B. vi. 369, where, beside

    the neater tovoi ttSj Xi/ulou viKpbu etx^" v (Trdafcj?, a more


    . . .

    prolix and apparently older phrase Kal wevXrjpcoTo veKpCju >) 5ta
    (jTaaiv i) been left undeleted. See
    8ia Xiiubu dTroXwXora-i/ lias
    Laqueur, Der Historiker Fl. Josephus, p. 239, whose
    jitd.
    theory is confirmed, 1 am told, by Dr. Eisier's analysis of
    the did Russian.
    j.> 1 n-WJ^L. \^ 1 iw->

    already in the fourth-century Latin version. P and


    A, on which Niese mainly relies, appear to have
    been copied from an exemplar in which the termina-
    tions of words were abbreviated, and are to that
    extent untrustworthy. The true text seems to have
    been not seldom preserved in one of the mss of
    mixed type, L in particular. The mixture in that ms
    is peculiar : throughout Book and down to about
    i

    ii. 24-2 it sides with \'RC, from that point onwards


    more often with the other group or with the Latin
    version. In the later books L becomes an authority
    of the first rank and seems often to have preserved
    alone, or in combination with the Latin version, the
    original text.

    The translator must finally express his grateful


    acknowledgement for the assistance which he has
    received from the labours of many previous workers,
    of various nationalities, in the same field notably
    :

    Dr. Robert Eisler, of whose forthcoming work on the


    Slavonic version an English version is expected from
    Messrs. Methuen, Benedict Niese (on whose edition
    the Greek text is based), the Rev. Robert Traill, D.D.,
    who fell a victim to his devoted exertions for his
    parishioners during the Irish famine of 1 84-6—t? (for his
    excellent translation), the Rev. William Whiston (for
    his pioneering version, produced nearly two centuries
    ago, as revised by the Rev. A R. Shilleto, 1889-90),
    and last, but not least, Dr Theodore Reinach and his
    collaborators (for his French translation and invalu-
    able notes, (Euvres completes de Flavins Josephe^
    tome V, Guerre des Juifs, livres i-iii, Paris, 1912).
    Dr. Reinach has graciously permitted me to make
    use of this work with its admirable commentary, and
    XXX
    ;

    my constant indebtedness to this brilliant scholar


    willbe evident to the reader from the references in
    the footnotes throughout this volume. The works of
    R. Laqueur and W. Weber must also be mentioned.

    The Map of Jerusalem is based partly on that


    contained in the article Jerusalem in the Encyclo-
    paedia Biblica (vol. ii), partly on one published by
    the Palestine Exploration Fund. The translator
    gratefully acknowledges the kindness of Messrs.
    A. & C. Black and of Dr. E. W. G. Masterman, the
    Hon. Secretary of the Palestine Exploration Fund,
    in permitting him to make use of their respective
    publications. He is further indebted to Dr. Master-
    man for much helpful advice in the matter, as well
    as to Mr. C. E. Mott, the Hon. Secretary of the
    British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem but the;

    responsibility for the form in which the map is here


    presented rests solely with himself. The invaluable
    Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land by
    Sir George Adam Smith and Dr. J. G. Bartholomew
    (Hodder & Stoughton, 1915) has been in constant
    use.

    Abbreviations

    A = Antiquitates
    . Judaicae.
    Ap.= Contra Apionem.
    B.= Bellum Judaicum.
    V.= Vita.
    cow;'.= conjectural emendation.
    ed. pr. = editio pri?iceps (Basel, 1544.).
    Eus. {HE. ; jP.£.) = Eusebius {Historia Ecclesiastica
    Praeparatw Evangelica).
    ins. = inserted by. om. = omit.
    Conjectural insertions in the Greek text are
    indicated by angular brackets, > doubtful ms read-
    <: ;

    ings and apparent glosses by square brackets, [ J.


    The smaller sections introduced by Niese are
    sliown in the left margin of the Greek text. Refer-
    ences throughout are to these sections. The chapter-
    division of earlier editions is indicated on both pages
    (Greek and English).

    xxxii
    THE JEWISH WAR

    VOL n
    UTOPIA lOTAAlKOT nOAEMOT RPOS
    PaMAIOVS
    BIBAIOX A

    (1) 'ETTeidr) TOP- ^lovSaicou Trpo^ 'Poj^atou?


    TTo'AejLtoi^ avdTdura jxeyiGTov ov ixovov ruju KaQ*
    rjjxd?, axeSou de Kai (Lv OLKofj 77ap6tArj0a^€i^ ^
    TToAeojv 77p6? TToXeL? Tj idvcov edueac ovppayeurcov,
    01 fj-kv 01) 77apaTV)(6vr€s TOL<i TrpdyfiaGLV, dAA* aKofj
    ovXXeyovre^ eiKala /cat dGVfj.(f)OJva SirjyrjfjLara ao(f>i.

    2 ariKU)'; dvaypd(fiovGiv, ol 7Tapay€p6fjL€voi 8e ij

    KoAaK€La rfi Trpog 'Pajfiaiovs rj p-ioei rep rrpog

    ^lovSaiovs KaraipevSourai tojp TTpayp-drojv, nept'


    €)(€( §e airroh ottov p,kv Kar-qyopiav ottov 8e iyKUJ-
    jiLov rd GvyypdfjLfxara, to S' aKpt^kg ttJ? tcTToptas'

    3 ovba/jLOV, TTpovdefirjv eyco tol^ Kara rrju 'Pcofxalajv

    rjyefjLOPLav, 'EAAaSt yXajoarj fiera^aXdw a roTs


    dvoj ^ap^dpoi<; rfj rrarpLcp ovvrd^ag dve-nepiijja,

    rrporepov, d(f)rjyT^Ga(jdaL, 'IceJcrr^TTO? Slardiov rraX?


    [yeVet 'EjSpato?,]^ cf 'lepoGoXufxatv iepevg, avros
    ^ om. P Eus.
    3
    —

    HISTORY OF THE JEWISH WAR


    AGAINST THE ROMANS
    BOOK I

    (1) The war of the Jews against the Romans — the prefm
    greatest not only of the wars of our own time, but,
    so far as accounts have reached us, well nigh of all
    that ever broke out between cities or nations has —
    not lacked its historians. Of these, however, some, [nadeq
    having taken no part in the action, have collected 5lLtorii
    from hearsay casual and contradictory stories which
    they have then edited in a rhetorical style while ;

    others, who witnessed the events, have, either from


    flattery of the Romans or from hatred of the Jews,
    misrepresented the facts, their writings exhibiting
    alternatively invective and encomium, but nowhere
    historical accuracy. In these circumstances, I

    Josephus, son of Matthias, a Hebrew by race, a Joseph


    *^''^'*®'^
    native of Jerusalem and a priest, who at the opening
    of the war myself fought against the Romans and in
    —
    the sequel was perforce an onlooker propose to
    provide the subjects of the Roman Empire with a
    narrative of the facts, by translating into Greek the
    account which I previouslycomposed in my ver-
    3
    JOSEPH us
    T£ *PojfJLaLOV<; 7ToX€iJLrjoa<i TO. TTptora kol rols vcne-
    pov TTaparvx^Jv i$ dvdyK-qg-
    4 (2) yevofjievov yo-p, cu? e</»r]i/, pieyiorov rovSe
    Tov KLvqpLaro? , iv 'Pa»/Ltatot? pikv €v6g€l rd OLKela,
    *lovSaLOJU be ro vecjrepil^ov rore rerapaypievoL?
    eTTavioTT) rols Katpolg OLKpid^ov /caret re X^^P^ '^^^
    XP^JP-O-OLU, cos St' VTTep^oXrjv dopvf^oju tols pi€v iv
    eX—lSi KTi]G€Ojg Tols S' eV d^atpccreoj? Seet yive-
    5 odai rd Trpos ttjv dvaroXrjv iTretSr} 'lofSatot pLev ,

    aTTav TO V77€p Kv(l)pdrr)u 6pi6(j)vXov ovverrapdrjaeo-


    Bat rjXmGap, 'PajpLatovg S' ol re yeiroves
    G(j)LOLv
    TaXdrai TrapeKivovv /cat to KeXriKov ovk rjpe-
    pL€L, pL€(jrd S' "^u Trdvra Oopv^ojv pLerd ^cpcoua, /cat
    TToXXovs pL€v ^aoiXeLav 6 KciLpos dv€7T€L9ev rd ,

    arparLCjTLKd Se yjpa pera^oXrjg cXttlBl XrjpLpLarcxju'


    C droTTOv r^yrjodpevos^ TrepLidelv TTXal^opevrjV eVt
    nqXiKO'tnoLs Trpdypaoi ttiv dXiqdeiav, /cat Yidpdovs
    pL€v /cat Ba^vXojPLOvg Wpd^ow t€ rovg TToppcordrco
    /cat TO VTTep ¥lv(f)pdrr)v 6p.6<f)vXov r]plv WSta^r^vovs
    T€ yvojvat 8td rrjg eV^^" eVt/xeActa? d/cptjSojs", odeu
    re yjp^aro /cat 8t' oacop excop^creu Tradcvu 6 TToXepLO^
    /cat OTTcog Karearpeijjeu, dyuoelv Se "KXX-qvag ravra
    /cat 'PajpLaioju rovg prj eTnarparevaapievovg, evrvy-

    Xdvovrag rj /coAa/cetat? rj TrXdopiaoL.

    ' Some Mss. have arowov ouu riyTjad/x-ni'. But chaps. (1) and
    (-2) apparently form a single sentence, §§ 4 and 5 being a
    parenthesis.

    " Aramaic or Hebrew.


    " The " up-country barbarians " intended are more pre-
    cisely specified in § (3.

    As Reinach points out, this is exaggerated. At the out-


    '

    break of war the Roman Empire was free from disorder.


    i.e. the Germans.
    <*
    The references are respectively to
    4
    JEWISH WAR, I. 3-6

    nacular tongue ° and sent to the barbarians in the


    interior.^
    (2) I spoke of this upheaval as one of the greatest Critical

    magnitude. The Romans had their own internal Sairs k


    disorders. The Jewish revolutionary party, whose East am
    numbers and fortunes were at their zenith, seized
    the occasion of the turbulence of these times for
    insurrection.'' As a result of these vast disturbances
    the whole of the Eastern Empire was in the balance ;

    the insurgents were fired with hopes of its acquisi-


    tion, their opponents feared its loss. For the Jews
    hoped that all their fellow-countrymen beyond the
    Euphrates would join with them in revolt while ;

    the Romans, on their side, were occupied with their


    neighbours the Gauls, and the Celts ^ were in motion.
    Nero's death, moreover, brought universal confusion juneA.i ;

    many were induced by this opportunity to aspire to


    the sovereignty, and a change which might make
    their fortune was after the heart of the soldiery.
    I thought it monstrous, therefore, to allow the
    truth in affairs of such moment to go astray, and that,
    while Parthians and Babylonians and the most re-
    mote tribes of Arabia with our countrymen beyond
    the Euphrates and the inhabitants of Adiabene ^
    were, through my assiduity, accurately acquainted
    with the origin of the war, the various phases of
    calamity through which it passed and its conclusion,
    the Greeks and such Romans as were not engaged
    in the contest should remain in ignorance of these
    matters, with flattering or fictitious narratives as
    their only guide.

    the revolt of Gaul under Vindex (a.d. 68) and to that of the
    Batavi under Civilis (69).
    « In the upper Tigris region.
    JOSEPHUS
    7 (3) Katrot ye laropiag auras €7TLypd(f)€LV roX-
    fjLcoGLi', if ah 77/30? TO) fiTjSeu vyieg SrjXovf /cattou
    OK07T0V hoKOVGLV euLOLye OLafj^apTOLUCLV. ^ovXovraL
    jikvyap fieydXov? rovg 'Poj/xat'ous" aTToSeiKi'veLU,
    Kara^aXXovcnu Se del rd ^[ovSaioju Kal raTretvov-
    8 GLW ov)( opo) Se, TTcos du eluai fieydXoL Sokol€v ol
    fjLLKpovg vevLKTjKore?- Kal ovre to firJKO? atdoui'rat
    rod ovre ro TrXrjOog rrjs 'PcofjLaLa>v Kafjiov-
    TToXe/jLOV
    crrjs orrparLas ovre ro pueyedos rcjv arpar-qydjv, ol
    TToXXd TTepl rots 'lepoaoXvfjLOt? ISpcocraures, oip^ai,
    raTTetvovfjievov rod Karopdojp.arog avrol? dSo-
    ^OVGLU.
    9 (4) Ov fjirjv eyoj rol? eTraipovGL rd 'Pcop^alajv
    dvrixjiiXoveiKcov av^ecv rd rcJov 6pL0(f)vXa>v SLeyva)v,
    dXXd rd fjueu epya /Ltcr' d/cpt/Seta? dfi(j)orepajv St-
    e^eLf.u, rovs S' eVt rolg TrpdyfxaGi Xoyovs dua-
    rtO-qpLL rfj^SLadeaet, Kal rotg efiavrov Trddecn StSous"
    10 erroXoSvpeod at rat? rrjs TrarplSos Gvp,<f>opals. on
    ydp avrr]v GraGL? OLKela KadeiXev, Kal ra? 'Pco-
    piaiojv -x^elpas d/coJaa? Kal ro rrvp inl rov [dytov]'
    vadv elXKVoav ol ^Xovhaicov rvpavvoi, pudprvs avros
    6 TTopdrjGas KaLGap TtVo?, eV Travrl roj TToXepLCx)
    rov iiev SrjpLov eXerjOas vtto row crracrtacrrajv ^pov-
    povpLevoVy TToXXaKLS he Ikojv r-qv oXcoglv rrjs
    TToXecjs V7Tepridep.evos Kal SiSou? rfj TToXiopKia
    11 Xpouov els pLerdvotav rojv alritov. el he ti? oaa
    77po9 rovs rvpdvvovs rj rd XrjGrpLKOV avrdjp Kariq-
    yopLKOJS Xeyotfiev rj rolg hvGrvxrjiiaGL rrjs rrarpihos
    eTTLGrevovres GVKO(j>avroirj, hthoroj irapd rov rfjs

    ^ Holwerda inserts <i5Lq.>, - oni. PM*.


    6
    JEWISH WAR, I. 7-11

    (3) Though the writers in question presume to Erroneou


    give their works the title of histories, yet throughout menroP
    them, apart from the utter lack of sound information, -^ews by
    they seem, in my opinion, to miss their own mark. SstodaL
    They desire to represent the Romans as a great
    nation, and yet they continually depreciate and dis-
    parage the actions of the Jews. But I fail to see
    how the conquerors of a puny people deserve to be
    accounted great. Again, these writers have respect
    neither for the long duration of the war, nor for the
    vast numbers of the Roman army that it engaged,
    nor for the prestige of the generals, who, after such
    herculean labours under the walls of Jerusalem, are,
    I suppose, of no repute in these writers' eyes, if

    theirachievement is to be underestimated.
    (4) Ihave no intention of rivalling those who extol Theautno
    the Roman power by exaggerating the deeds of my flfehugs!
    compatriots. I shall faithfully recount the actions
    of both combatants but in my reflections on the
    ;

    events I cannot conceal my private sentiments, nor


    refuse to give my personal sympathies scope to
    bewail my country's misfortunes. For, that it owed
    its ruin to civil strife, and that it was the Jewish
    tyrants who drew down upon the holy temple the
    unwilling hands of the Romans and the conflagration,
    is attested by Titus Caesar himself, who sacked the

    city ; throughout the war he commiserated the


    populace who were at the mercy of the revolu-
    tionaries, and often of his own accord deferred the
    capture of the city and by protracting the siege gave
    the culprits time for repentance. Should, however,
    any critic censure me for my strictures upon the
    tyrants or their bands of marauders or for my
    lamentations over my country's misfortunes, I ask
    7
    JOSEPHUS
    icTTopta? I'Ofjbov GvyyvJjjx-qv ro) Trddei' ttoXlv [{JLevY
    yap 817 Toju VTTO 'Poj/i.atot? Traocvv rrjv -qixeripav
    €771 TrX^iorov re evSaifjiovLa? crvve^-q rrpoeXSeZv kol
    12 Trpo? eoxarou oviJL(f)op6jv avdc? KaraTreaelv . ra
    yovv TrdvTOJv (ztt' alojvo? aTV^i^P'O-'^O- Trpos tq
    ^lovhaiojv rjTT-qadai Sokw Kara GvyKpcoLV, Kal
    rovTcov OLTLOs ovhel<^ dXX6(j)vXoSy wore df.LT]xavov
    -qv oSvpfxojv eTTiKparelv. €l 8e ri? olktov okXt)-
    porepog StKaarij?, rd fxkv Trpdyfjuara rfj IcrropLa
    e'i-q

    TrpouKpiviroj, rag 8' 6Xo(l)vpG€L<; ra> ypd(f)OVTi.


    13 (5) KairoL ye i7nrLixi-jGaLi± dv avros hiKaiojs
    TOLS 'RXXr/vajv XoyloLQ, ol nqXtKovrajv /car' avTOVs
    TTpayfidrajv yeyeuqfMevojv, d Kara GvyKpiGiv iXa-
    XLGrov? dTToheLKvvGL rovs TrdXai rroXefiovg, rovrojv
    /lev KddrjvraL Kpiral rols (j>LXorLp,ovpLevois cTT-qped-
    C,ovr€?, ojv Kal rcij Xoyw ttXcovcktovgl, Aet-
    €L
    TTovrai rfj TrpoaipeGCf avrol 8e rd AGGvplojv Kal ^

    M-t]Sa)V Gvyypd(f>ovGLV cjGTrep rjrrov KaXcos vtto


    14 rojp dp)(ai(jjv Gvyypa(j)eojv dTnqyyeXfjLeva. Kairoi
    roGOvrco rij? iKeivcov rjrrdjuraL Svvdfji€w? eV rco
    ypd(f)€Lv, OGCp Kal rrjg yvajfir]?- rd ydp Kad^ ainovs
    €G7TovSail,ou €KaGroL ypd(f)€LV, OTTOV Kal rd vapa-
    rv)(eLV TotS" rrpayfiaGiv €7tol€l rrju arrayyeXiav
    ivapyij Kal rd ifjevheadaL Trap* €lS6glv aLG\pdv tjv.
    15 rd y€ p.T)v /xi^-qixr] rd [lJ.r}Y TrpoiGropijOevra 8i8ovat
    Kal rd rdjv ldia>i> xpdvojv rols p-ed^ lavrdv gvv-
    LGrdv€iv irraivov Kal fiaprvpiag d^Loi^' (jyiXoTTovos Se
    ov^ d (lerarroLcou OLKOx^op^iav Kal rd^tv dXXorpiaVy
    ' PAM : on), the rest : Destinon conj. ulav (after Lat.
    solam). 2 A'^^'^"^ Lat, : om. the rest.

    "Literallv *'
    which is contrary to the law of history " :

    cf. B. V. 20/

    8
    ^

    JEWISH WAR, I. 11-15

    his indulgence for a compassion which falls outside


    an historian's province.^For of all the cities under
    Roman rule it was the lot of ours to attain to the
    highest felicity and to fall to the lowest depths of
    calamity. Indeed, in my opinion, the misfortunes
    of all nations since the world began fall short of
    those of the Jews and, since the blame lay with no
    ;

    foreign nation, it was impossible to restrain one's


    grief. Should, however, any critic be too austere
    for pity, let him credit the history with the facts,
    the historian with the lamentations.
    (5) Yet I, on my side, might justly censure those historian c
    erudite Greeks who, living in times of such stirrinff contempoi
    C5
    . .
    f, , ary events
    actions as by comparison reduce to insigmricance the is superior
    wars of antiquity, yet sit in judgement on these ^^^^^^^'j^^j.
    current events and revile those who make them their ancient
    special study —
    authors whose principles they lack,
    "^^^ ^^^'

    even if they have the advantage of them in literary


    skill. For their own themes they take the Assyrian
    and Median empires, as if the narratives of the
    ancient historians were not fine enough. Yet, the
    truth is, these modern writers are their inferiors no
    less in hterary power than in judgement. The
    ancient historians set themselves severally to write
    the history of their own times, a task in which their
    connexion with the events added lucidity to their
    record ;while mendacity brought an author into
    disgrace with readers who knew the facts. In fact,
    the work of committing to writing events which have
    not previously been recorded and of commending to
    posterity the history of one's own time is one which
    merits praise and acknowledgement. The indus-
    trious writer is not one who merely remodels the
    scheme and arrangement of another's work, but one
    VOL. II B 2 O
    JOSEPHUS
    dAA' o /Ltera rod Kaiva \iyeiv koX to atu/xa tt^?
    IG LOTopLag KaraGKevd^ojv lSlov. Kayoj fxev dua-
    Xcvfiacn /cat 7701^01? fJLeyLCTTOL? dXXochvXo? a)u "EA-
    XrjGL T€ Kal 'Pco^taioi? tt7i^ ^vrj^rjv tojv Karopdoj'
    fj-drcou Tolg Se yvr]GLOig Trpo? fjikv rd
    dvariBrnML-
    Kal rag St/ca? Ke^-qvev evdeojs ro orojia
    X-q/jL/jLara

    Kal r) yXdJaaa XeXurat, 7Tp6<; he rrfv loTopiav, evda


    \pr] rdXrjBrj Xey€Lv Kal fxerd ttoXXov ttovov rd
    TTpdyfiara ovXXeyen', 7T€<j)i}xa>vTaL Trapevre^ rot?
    dodeueoTepoL^ Kal fxrjSe ywcoGKOVOi rd? Trpd^ei?
    70JW ypd^eiv. TLfjcdaOo) Sr) ttq/d' tjulu to
    rjye/JLOucoi'

    T7J<; LGToplag dXy]d€^, errel nap* "EaXXtiglv rjfjLeXrjTaL.

    17 (6) WpxatoXoyelu fxev S?) rd ^lovSatcov, TiVes" t6


    6i^T€? Kal 07TC0? drraviGnqGav AlyvTTTLOJU, ^copav
    re 00171^ €7TrjXdou dXcofxeuot Kal iroGa €^i]9 Kar-
    eXa^ov Kal ottoj? fxeraveGTTjGav, uvu re aKaipov
    (hrjB-qv elvat Kal dAAcu? TTepirrov, €7T€lSi]7T€P Kai
    \ov8aLCxju 77oAAot TTpo ijjLOV rd row Trpoyoviov
    avverd^avro ftcr' dKpt^eiag Kai nve? 'EAAt^vcov
    €K€Lva rfj TTarpicp cfycoufj fxera^aXoi^reg ov ttoXu
    ]S rrjg dXi]0€La<^ hn^fiaprou. ottov S* ol re rovrojv
    Gvyypa(f)els eTravaavro Kal ol -qp-erepoi 7Tpocl)rjraL,
    rrjv dpx-qi> eKeldev TTonjGoixai rrj'i Gvvrd^etog.
    rovr ojv Se rd rod Kar^ ifxavrou TToXepLOV 8t-
    fieu
    e^ohiKojrepov Kal p.ed^ do-qs dv e^epyaoias hvvuj-
    p.aL 5tet/Ltt, rd Se rrpoyeveorepa rrjs ^P-'rj? rjXiKLag
    e-Lhpap,(jL) Gwrofxajs'
    19 (7) cLs 'Avrloxog 6 KXrjOel'i 'K7n(f)aurjg eX(l)v\

    * Perhaps " successively."


    " An
    allusion to the works of Demetrius, Philo the elder,
    Eupolemus, etc.; c/. Ap. i. '218, where Josephus speaks
    in the same terms. Subsequently he thought that these
    10
    JEWISH WAR, I. 15-19

    who uses fresh materials and makes the framework


    of the history his own. For myself, at a vast ex-
    penditure of money and pains, I, a foreigner, present
    to Greeks and Romans this memorial of great achieve-
    ments. As for the native Greeks, where personal
    profit or a lawsuit is concerned, their mouths are
    at once agape and their tongues loosed but in ;

    the matter of liistory, where veracity and laborious


    collection of the facts are essential, they are mute,
    leaving to inferior and ill-informed writers the task
    of describing the exploits of their rulers. Let us at
    least hold historical truth in honour, since by the
    Greeks it is disregarded.
    (6) To narrate the ancient history of the Jews, the Limits o
    origin of the nation and the circumstances of their So^ij'J^j
    migration from Egypt, the countries which they Jewish
    traversed in their wanderings, the extent of the negiectec
    territory which they subsequently" occupied, and the
    incidents which led to their deportation, would, 1
    considered, be not only here out of place, but super-
    fluous seeing that many Jews before me have
    ;

    accurately recorded the history of our ancestors, and


    that these records have been translated by certain
    Greeks into their native tongue without serious
    error. I shall therefore begin my work at the
    **

    point where the historians of these events and our


    prophets conclude. Of the subsequent history, I
    shall describe the incidents of the war through which
    I lived with all the detail and elaboration at my
    command for the events preceding my lifetime 1
    ;

    shall be content with a brief summary.


    (7) I shall relate how Antiochus, surnamed

    earlier works still left room tor a new " archaeology "
    {A. i. proem).
    n
    ' :

    JOSEPHUS
    Kara Kpdro? 'lepoaoXvfia Kal Karao^ajv ereat
    rpioi Kal fjLrjcrlv e^ vtto tojv Waafiajvalov Traihojv
    eV^aAAerat -717? ;\;c(j/)as" erreid^ ojs ol rovrcov ey-
    yovoL TTcpl rrj? ^aatXeta? StacrraCTtaaavre? ctA-
    Kvoav els ~o. Trpdyfiara 'Pa>p,aLOvg Kal YIojjl-
    TTTjiovKal CO? 'HpcoSrjs 6 Wi'TLTrdrpov KareXvoe
    20 T-qu hvvaoTeiav airrcou errayayoju ^octolou, ottojs
    re o Aao? ftera rriv 'Wpa'jhov reXevTrju Kareara-
    aiaaev \vyovGTOv pkv 'Pco/xatcov -qyefjiOvevovTOS,
    KvlvtuXlov Be Ovdpov Kara rrjv ^copav ovtos, Kal
    (jjs €Tet hojheKdroj rrjg Sepa>vos apx^js o rroXepios

    dveppdyrj, rd re ovpL^dvra Kara \\eoTLOv Kal oaa


    Kara} rds Trpcvrag 6pfj.d? eTrrjXdov ol ^lovSaloL rot?
    OTrXotg
    21 (8) OTTOJ? re rd? TrepiOLKovs ireix^aai'TO, Kal
    cu? yepojv eirl rols Keariov TrraiajJiaoL heiaas Trepl
    TOJV oXuju OveoTTaoLavov i(f)LarrjOL toj TroXefjLco,
    Kal ojs ovTos fxerd rod Trpea^vrepov rcov Traihcov
    €iV TTjv ^lovhaiojv x^P^^ eve^aXeu, oarj re XP^'
    pL€vog 'PojfjLaLOJv or par La Kal tocrot? avfifiaxoLS
    eloeTTaLoevT' el? oXyji' r-qv FaAtAatW, Kal oj? rcov
    TToXecou avrrjs d? fieu oXoax^pco? Kal Kara Kpdros
    22 d.g 8e 8t' ofioXoylag eXa^ev evda b-q Kal rd rrepl
    rrjs 'Pcoiiaccjov ev TToXepLois evra^ia? koI rrjv daKTj-
    OLU rcjjv rayjjidrcov y r-qg re FaAtAata? eKarepas
    rd hiaor-qp^ara Kal r-qv <f)V(7LV Kal rou? rrj? 'lou-
    Sata? opovs, ert re rrj? x^P^^ '''W IBtor-qra,
    XtfjLva? re Kal Trrjyd? rdg ev avrfj, Kal rd rrepl
    eKaorqv ttoXlv rcov dXiOKopLevcuv Trddrj fierd aKpi-

    » irapd LVXC.
    ' 0001% avfjLpLdxois €i<T^-irai<Tei> conj. (after Niese and Kaber)
    5aoi aufi^axoi (KOirrjaay MS3.

    12
    JEWISH WAR, I. 19-22

    Epiphanes, took Jerusalem by storm and, after hold- Summar


    ing it for three years and six months, was expelled Book i.

    from the country by the Hasmonaeans next how ** ;

    their descendants, in their quarrel for the throne,


    dragged the Romans and Pompey upon the scene ;

    how Herod, son of Antipater, with the aid of Sossius,


    overthrew the Flasmonaean dynasty of the revolt Book
    ; ii.

    of the people, after Herod's death, when Augustus


    was Roman Emperor and Quintilius Varus provincial
    governor ; of the outbreak of war in the twelfth
    year of Nero's principate, the fate which befell
    Cestius and the success which attended the Jewish
    arms in overrunning the country in the opening
    engagements.
    (8) Then I shall proceed to tell how they fortified
    the neighbouring towns how Nero, apprehensive for Book
    ; iii.

    the Empire in consequence of the reverses of Cestius,


    entrusted the conduct of the war to Vespasian of ;

    his invasion of Jewish territory, accompanied by his


    elder son ; of the strength of the forces, Roman and
    auxiliary, with which he penetrated into Galilee, and
    of the towns of that province which he captured
    either by main force or by negotiation. In this
    connexion I shall describe the admirable discipline "o iii- fr.

    of the Romans on active service and the training


    of the legions the extent and nature of the two
    ; 35 iii. ff.

    Galilees,^ the limits of Judaea, the special features


    of the country, its lakes and springs. I shall give a c/. iii. so
    precise description of the sufferings of the prisoners
    taken in the several towns, from my own observation

    <»
    Or. " the sons of Asamonaeus."
    * Upper and Lower.
    13
    JOSEPHUS
    ^€ias, d)S cidou rj erraOov, dleLUL. oide yap tojv
    ifiavrov tl avfi6opow aTTOKpuipofJiaL, fieXXcov ye
    rrpos eldorag epelv.
    23 (9) "Ettci^* 6u? rjhrj Kafivovrajv ^lovhaioLS rcov
    Trpay/jLOLTajv dvrjOKeL fxev Xepcov, OveGTraGtavo? he
    irrl 'lepoGoXv/jLOJi' copfirj/jievo? vrro rrj? rjycfiovLa?
    avdeXK€Tai' rd re yevofjieva rrepl ravrrjs avrcp
    24 Giqfiela Kal ra? eVt 'Poj/xrj? piera^oXds , kol (hs
    avros V7TO row GrpaTLCxJTOJU aKOJV avTOKpdrojp
    dTToheLKVVTaL, KOL dTToxojprjGavTos €7TL Slolk-^G€L
    Tcov oXojv €L? rrjv AlyvTrTOv eGraGLaGdr] rd rcbv
    ^lovhaiaw , ottoj? re eTraveGrrjGav avroLS ol rvpav
    VOL, Kal rd? tovtujv npo? dXXijXov? hiaSopds'
    25 (lO) Kal d>g dpag aTTO rrj? AlyvTrrov Tlrog
    bevrepov el? t7]v )(wpau eveBaXev, orrajg re rag
    SwdfieL? Kal OTTOV crvvrjyaye Kal OTTOGag, Kal
    OTTOjg tV rrjs GrdGeojs r) TToXig SieKecro rrapovrog
    avrov, rrpoG^oXdg re OGag eTTOLrjGaro Kal oTTOGa
    Xojfjuara, rreptftoXovg re rojv rpccov reixow kol rd
    fierpa rovrojv, r-qv re rrjg TToXeojg oxvporrjra Kal
    26 rod lepov Kal rov vaov r-qv StddeGLv, en Se Kal
    rovrojv Kal rod ^ojfxov rd fierpa rrdvra /xer'

    aKpij^etag, eOq re eoproju evLa Kal rdg enrd


    dyveiag Kal rdg rwv lepecov Xetrovpyiag, en
    he rdg eodrjrag rwv Upeow Kal rov dp^t-^peajg,
    Kal olov Tjv rov vaov rd dyiov, ovhev ovre

    " Lit. " the seven purifications," referring doubtless, as

    14
    ;

    JEWISH WAR, I. 22-26

    or personal share in them. For I shall conceal


    nothing even of my own misfortunes, as I shall be
    addressing persons who are well aware of them.
    (9) I shall next relate how, at the moment when Book i\
    '^'^^'
    the Jewish fortunes were on the decline, Nero's death
    occurred, and how Vespasian's advance upon Jeru-
    salem was diverted by the call to imperial dignity ;

    the portents of his elevation which he received, and


    the revolutions which took place in Rome his ;

    proclamation by his soldiers as Emperor against his iv. eoi.


    will ; the civil war which, on his departure for Egypt 656. '\'-

    to restore order to the realm, broke out among the


    Jews, the rise of the tyrants to power and their Book v
    '^- ''' ^
    mutual feuds.
    (10) M}^ narrative will proceed to tell of the second iv. 658.
    invasion of our country by Titus, starting from Egypt
    how and where he mustered his forces, and their v. 47.
    strength; the condition to which civil war had v. 1.
    reduced the city on his arrival his various assaults
    ;

    and the series of earthworks which he constructed ;

    further, the triple line of our walls and their dimen- v. i36.
    sions the defences of the city and the plan of the
    ;

    temple and sanctuary, the measurements of these v. 184.


    buildings and of the altar being all precisely stated ;

    certain festival customs, the seven degrees of purity,'^


    the ministerial functions of the priests, their vest- v. 231.
    ments and those of the high priest, with a description
    of the Holy of Holies.'' Nothing shall be concealed,

    Reinach suggests, to the zones or rings into which the Holy


    City was divided, and accessible to persons of various degrees
    of ceremonial purity. A list of these, omitting the innermost
    ring (the Holy of Holies), is given in the Mishna, Kelim, i. 8
    (quoted in Schiirer, GJV^, ii. 273); Josephus gives an
    incomplete enumeration in B. v. 237, cf. Ap. ii. 102 fF.
    * " The holy [place] of the sanctuary."

    15
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    aTTOKpuTTTOfievos ovre TrpooTidei'^ rot? 77€<f)Ojpa-

    27 (11) "ETietra hU^eiiu r-qv re row Tvpdvvow irpos


    Tov? ofioc^vXov? Kal rrju
    (xjfiorrjTa 'Poj/jLalajv

    (f)€LSaj Trpos rov? d?^o(f)vXovg , Kal ogolkls Ttro?


    oworaL rrjv ttoXlv Kal rov vaov eTndvfiojv irrl Sc^ta?
    rovs orraGLal^ovTa? TrpovKaXeaaro. hLaKptvo) 8e
    rd Trddrj rod S-qfiov Kal ra? cn-'fi<f>opd?, ooa re
    VTTO rod TToXefiov Kal ooa vtto rrj^ crrdaeajg Kal
    28 ocra vtto rov Xiixov KaKOjOevreg idXojaav. Trapa-
    Xeli/jco 8e ouSe rd? row avrofxoXajv drvxias ouSe

    rds rojv aL)(iiaXojrojv KoXdcrei?, ottojs re 6 vao?


    aKOvros iveTrp-qodri Kalaapo? Kal ooa rcov Upojv
    KeLiirjXlajv eV rov rrvpos rjpTrdyr), r-qv re rrj? oXrj?
    TToAecos" dXojGLv Kal rd rrpd ravrrj? cn^/xeta /cat
    repara, Kal r-qv alxfJiaXcoGLav rojv rvpdwcov, rcov
    re dyhpaTTohiGdevrcov rd ttXtjOos Kal els tjv eKa-
    29 GroL rvx'qi' hLevepL-qOrjGav Kal oj? 'Poj/jLaloL fiev
    e7Te^rjX£ov rd Xetipava rov TroXefiov Kal rd epv-
    fiara rcov -xcjjpicov KaOelXov, Tiros Se iraGav eV-
    eXdcjjv r-qv )(copav Kareonqoaro, r-qv re vtto-
    Grpo^-qv avrov rrjv els TraXlav Kal rov dplafjL^ov.
    30 (12) Tavra Trdvra nepiXa^cjjv ev eTrrd ^l^Xlols
    Kal fjL-qSefxlav rots emGrajievoLs rd TTpdyfiara Kal
    Traparv^ovGL rco TToXefxa) KaraXtTrcjw -q fxepufjecos E
    d(f)opiJLrjv Tj Kar-qyoplas, rots ye r-qv dX-qdeiav
    dyaTTOJGU', dXXd fi-q TTpds -qhovrjv^ dveypaipa. TTOiiq-

    GOfiaL he ravr-qv rrjs e^rjy-qGeojs dpxrjv, -qv Kal


    rcov KecfyaXalojv eTTOfqGd/jLrjv

    31 (i. l) SrciCTeoj? rols hvvarois ^lovbalcov ep,TTe-

    16
    JEWISH WAR, I. 26-31

    nothing added to facts which have been brought to


    hght.«
    (11) I shall then describe the tyrants' brutal treat-
    ment of their fellow-countrymen and the clemency
    of the Romans towards an alien race, and how often
    Titus, in his anxiety to save the city and the temple,
    invited the rival parties to come to terms with him.
    I shall distinguish between the sufferings and
    calamities of the people, culminating in their defeat,
    as attributable respectively to the war, the sedition,
    and the famine. Nor shall I omit to record either Book vi.
    the misfortunes of the deserters or the punishments
    inflicted on the prisoners the burning of the Temple,
    ;

    contrary to Caesar's wishes, and the number of the


    sacred treasures rescued from the flames the taking ;

    of the whole city and the signs and portents that vi. 288.
    preceded it the capture of the tyrants, the number
    ;

    of the prisoners and the destiny allotted to each vi. 414. ;

    nor yet how the Romans crushed the last remnants Book vii

    of the war and demolished the local fortresses how ;

    Titus paraded the whole country and restored order ;


    and lastly his return to Italy and triumph.
    (12) All these topics I have comprised in seven
    books. While I have left no pretext for censure or
    accusation to persons who are cognisant of the facts
    and took part in the war, my work is written for
    lovers of the truth and not to gratify my readers.
    I will now open my narrative with the events named

    at the beginning of the foregoing summary.

    (i. 1) At the time** when Antiochus, surnamed


    " C/. Ap. ii. 80, 107, for the " discoveries " of Antiochus
    Epiphanes in Holy of Holies and the " unspeakable
    the
    mysteries " supposed to take place there. c. 171 b.c. ''

    17
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    aovoTjg KaS^ ou Kaipov 'AvTto;^o? o KXrjdel^ 'Etti-
    (f>avrjg hL€(f)€p€TO TTcpl oXtj? Hvpla? TTpog UroXe-
    pLOLOv TOP eKTOv {t) S' -qv avroig Trepl
    (jyiXoripia
    hvvaoTeia?, eKdcrrov row eV d^LcofJiaTL purj (})epov-
    Tog Tols op-OiOLS V7Tor€TdxOo.L) ^OvLa? pikv els tojv
    ,

    dpxiepeojv eTTLKparrjoa? e^e^aXe rrjg 7t6X€Cj<; rovg


    32 Toj^la vlov?. ol Se Karacfyvyovreg Trpo? ^Avtloxov
    LK€T€Voav airrols rjyepLOGL )(poj/x€vov etV ttjv 'loi;-
    Saiav epi^aXelv. TreiOeraL §' o ^aoiXevs chppLT]-
    pLev'os TrdXat, /cat pcrd TrXeLGTrfs hvvdpieojs ainos
    opp^Tjoas TTjv re ttoXlv alpel Kara Kpdros kol ttoXv
    ttXtjOos roiv YlToXefJiaLOj Trpooexovrajv dvaipel,
    raZs re dpTrayals dveh-qv eVa^iet? rovs orpar no-
    ras avros kol rov vaov eavX-qcre Kal rov ivSeXe-
    Xi-op-ov ra)v Kad^ -qpuepav evayiapLow eTravaev €77*
    33 er-q rpia kol pbijva? e^. 6 8* apxtepev? 'Oi^tW
    Trpos YlroXepialou biacfyvydw Kal Trap' avrov Xa-
    ^(jjv roTTOv ev rep ' HXcoTToXirrj vopLOj ttoXixvtjV re
    roZs ^lepoooXvfioig aTreiKaGp^ev-qv Kal vaov eKrioev
    opLOLOv TTepl d>v avdt? Kara ;;^c6pav SrjXojoopiev
    34 (2) 'AvTid^w ye p-rjv ovre ro Trap* eXrriha Kpa-
    rrjooL rrjs TToXews ovd^ at dpTrayal Kal 6 rooovrog
    <f)6vo9 rjpKeoeu, vno 8e aKpaoias rradcov Kal Kara
    pLvqpLrjv (hv Trapo} rrjv rroXiopKLav eiradev rjvdy-
    Katev ^lovhaiovs , KaraXvoavrag rd Trdrpia, ^pe<j)7j
    re avrojv cbvXdrreiv aTrepirpirira Kal ovg eTndveiv
    35 roj jjojpLoj' 77 pos a Trdvres p^eu 'qneidovv , eo(f>dr-
    rovro he ol boKLpLOjraroL. Kal HaKXthr]? 6 7re/x-

    ^ Trapd Naber, Niese: irepl mss.

    " " The refrular course," literally " continuity," i.e. the

    Tdwui or continutus (standing) burnt offering. "Sacrifices";


    18
    JEWISH WAR, I. 31-35

    Epiphanes, was disputing with Ptolemy VI. the Antiochn


    suzerainty of Syria, dissension arose among the EpiphaiK
    Jewish nobles. There were rival claims to supreme t^^'^'^
    power, as no individual of rank could tolerate sub- and inter
    jection to his peers. Onias, one of the chief priests, ™m^pie^*^
    gaining the upper hand, expelled the sons of Tobias worship.
    from the city. The latter took refuge with Antiochus
    and besought him to use their services as guides
    for an invasion of Judaea. The king, having long c. 170 b.c
    cherished this design, consented, and setting out at
    the head of a huge army took the city by assault,
    slew a large number of Ptolemy's followers, gave his
    soldiers unrestricted licence to pillage, and himself
    plundered the temple and interrupted, for a period
    of three years and six months, the regular course of
    the daily sacrifices." The high priest Onias made
    his escape to Ptolemy and, obtaining from him a site
    in the nome of Heliopolis, built a small town on the
    model of Jerusalem and a temple resembling ours.
    We shall revert to these matters in due course.^
    (2) Not content with his unlooked for success in Religious
    capturing the city and with the plunder and whole- P^^secuti
    sale carnage, Antiochus, carried away by his un-
    governable passions and with the rankling memory of
    what he had suffered in the siege, put pressure upon
    the Jews to violate the code of their country by leav-
    ing their infants uncircumcised and sacrificing swine
    upon the altar. These orders were disobeyed by all,
    and the most eminent defaulters were massacred.
    Bacchides,^ who was sent by Antiochus to command
    the Greek word is that elsewhere used for the Lat. parentatio
    or offering to the manes of the dead. B. vii. 421 ff.
    **

    " The mention of Bacchides is, as Pteinach notes, an


    anachronism ; he did not appear on the scene till some
    years later, A. xii. 393, 1 Mace. vii. 8.
    19
    JOSEPHUS
    ^^et? VTT^ ^ AvTioxov (f)povpapxo?, rfj (f)uaLKi^ irpoG-
    Xa^ojv (hfioT-qri to. doe^rj TrapayyeXfjLara napa-
    vop.ia<i ovhepLiav KareXiTrev vrrep^oXrjV, /cat /car
    avhpa rovs d^toAdyou? atVt^d/xevo? Kal KOLvfj KaO^
    Tj/jiepav ivSeLKvvfjLcvo^ oiJjlv dAojcreaj? rfj ttoXcl,
    fJi^xpi-rat? VTTep^oXalg tojv dhiKrjpbdrojv tovs tto.-
    oxovras ch djivvrfs roXpiav rjpediGC.
    36 (3) Mar^ta? yovu vlo? WcraficovaLOV tojv Upeojv
    ef? aTTo Kcofjirjg McoSeelv 6Vo/xa, ovvauTrioas fJLerd
    X^^pos OLK€Lag, rrevre yap vUls rjaav avrcp, kottLoiv
    dvaipeL rov BaKxi^^^]^- Kal Trapaxp^P'd jjlcv Setaas
    ro TrXijdog tojv (f)povpwv els to, oprj KaTa(f)€vy€L,
    37 TrpooyevojjL^vcov he dno rod hrjpuov ttoXXcov dvadap-
    OTjoas KdreiGi Kal GVjji^aXdw p^dx'O vlko. re rovs
    ^AvTLOxov Grpar-qyovs Kal rrjg 'louSata? e^eXavvei.
    TTapeXddw he dno rrjs evrrpaytag els hvvaGreiav
    Kal hid rrjv dTraXXayqv rwv dXXo(l)vXa)V dp^ag rcjv
    a<f)erepa)V eKovrojv, reXevra *Iou8a roj rrpeG^v-
    rdrcp rcjv Traihojv KaraXiTrajv rrjv dpxT]i^.
    38 (^) '0 he, ov yap rfpefJU^GeLv ^Avrloxov vtt-
    eXdfjL^ave, rds r' eTTixojpiovs GvyKporel hwdfieis
    Kal TTpds 'PojfjLalovs TjpvJros enoL-qGaro (jjiXiaVy
    Kal rov ^K7TL(i>avrj TrdXtv els rrjv x^P^^ e/x^dA-
    39 Xovra^ fierd Kaprepds TrXrjyrjs dveoretXev. dno he
    depjjLov rov KaropdaypLaros wppLrjoev enl rrjv ev rfj I
    TToXei <f)povpdv, ovTTCo yap eKKeKonro, Kal eK^a- '*

    AtL»i^ dno rrjs dvoj noXews Gvvojdel rovs Grpanoj-

    ras els rrjv Kara)' rovro he rov aGreos ro fiepos


    ^ A Lat. (vid.) : da^oKbvTa the rest.

    « Mattathias (1 Mace).
    " Apelles according to A. xii. 270 ; the officer is unnamed
    in 1 >lacc. ii. 25.
    20
    JEWISH WAR, I. 35-39

    the garrison, with these impious injunctions to back


    his innate brutahty, was guilty of every excess of
    iniquity, torturing distinguished individuals one after
    another, and daily parading before the eyes of all
    the appearance of a captured city, until by the
    extravagance of his crimes he provoked his victims
    to venture on reprisals.
    (3) These began with Matthias," son of Asa-
    Rising of
    ^
    monaeus, a priest of a village called Modein, who hiL.
    forming an armed band of himself and his family of
    five sons, slew Bacchides " with choppers. Fear of
    the large garrison drove him to seek refuge at the
    moment in the hills but, on being joined by many
    ;

    of the common people, he summoned courage to


    descend, fought and defeated the generals of
    Antiochus, and drove them out of Judaea. This
    success brought him supreme power his expulsion ;

    of the foreigners led his countrymen willingly to


    submit to his rulersiiip, which, on his death, he be- c i67 b.c
    queathed to Judas, the eldest of his sons. '^

    (4) Judas, assuming that Antiochus would not re- Exploits


    mam mactive, besides recruiting a native force, of Judas
    —
    made an alliance he was the first to do so with -^Iacca- —
    the Romans ^ and when Epiphanes ^ again invaded
    ;

    the country struck hard and forced him to retire.


    Flushed with this success, he attacked the garrison,
    not yet ousted from the capital, expelled the troops
    from the upper city and confined them to the lower
    portion of the town, known as Acra. Being now i65 b.c.
    " According to 1 Mace. ii. 4, Judas was the third of the
    five sons.
    ^ Another anachronism : the treaty with Rome, if the
    narrative ofI Maccabees (viii.) is to be trusted, fell under
    Demetrius (162-150 b.c).
    * Or rather his generals Lysias and Gorgias (I Mace).
    21
    JOSEPHUS
    "A/cpa KeKXrjTat- Kvpcevaa? de rov Upov rov re
    Xojpou iKddrjpe Travra kol TTeptereixioe, /cat to.

    TTpos Tas XeLTOVpyias OKev-q Katva KaraaKevdaa?


    €tV Tou vaou €LGrjV€yK€V ojs" rcov rrporepajv /xe/zta/x-
    jjievojv, ^ajfiov re ojKoh6}xriGev ercpov Kal tcop
    40 evaytopLoyv rjp^aro. XafjiBavovcrrjg Se dprc ro lepov
    KaTCiarrjiJLa rrj^ TToXeoj? reXevra fxev WvrLO)(o^^,
    KXrjpovoixog he rrjg ^aGiXeiag avrov Kal r-fj? Trpog
    ^lovSalovs aTTey^deias 6 vlos Avrloxos yiveraL.
    41 (5) YiVvayaycjv yovv irel^wv fxev^ fjLvpidSas Trevre,

    1777761? S' €19^ TTevTaKLorxf-Xiovs , eXe(f>avras he dyhoij-


    Kovra ifJi^dXXei hid rrj? ^lovhatas el? ttjv opeiv-qv.
    Srjdaovpoi' fxev ovu TroXixvqv alpel, Kara he tottov
    o? KaXelrai UedLaxapla, OTevrjS ovGiqs rrj? rrapohov,
    42 'louSas- vTTai'Ta fierd rrjg hwd/jueoj? . Trplv he gvu-
    di/jat TOL? cf)dXayya? 'EAca^apo? o dheX(f)6? avrov
    TTpoihoju rou viprjXorarov rcjv eXecbdvrojv nvpyoj
    re fjLeydXo) Kal irepixpyGOis TTporeLX^GfJiaGL kcko-
    Gfji-qfieuou, VTToXa^ujv err* avrov rov Wvrloxou eluai
    rijjv re Ihiojv e/CTpe;^ct ttoXv Kal htaKoiJjas rd
    Grl^os row TToXefJLLOJV errl rov eXe(pavra hLt]vvGev.
    43 e(j)LKeGdaL fiev ovv rod hoKovvros elvai ^aoiXeaj?
    ov)( olog re yjv hid rd v(po?, 6 he rd Orjplov vtto
    rr)v yaGrepa rrX-q^ag emKareoeLGev eavrw Kal gvv-
    rpi^el? ereXevrTjGeu, fxrjhev irXeov hpdGag rov fxe-
    ydXoL<; e-TTL^aXeGdaL, Oefxevos evKXeias ev hevrepco rd
    4 1 Lrjv. o ye fjirjv KV^epvojv rdv eXecfiavra Ihidjriqs rjv
    Kav el Gvve^rj he etvai rdv WvrLO^ov, ovhev TrXeov
    '
    Text emended by Destinon. ^ om, eij AM.
    22
    JEWISH WAR, I. 39-44

    master of the temple, he cleansed the whole area and


    walled it round, replaced the old and polluted vessels
    for the services by others which he caused to be made
    and brought into the sanctuary, built another altar
    and reinstalled the expiatory sacrifices." The city
    was just recovering its hallowed character when Anti-
    bchus died, leaving his son Antiochus heir, alike to i64 b.c.

    his kingdom, and to his detestation of the Jews.


    (5) The latter, accordingly, having collected 50,000
    infantry, some 5000 horse and 80 elephants, pushed
    through Judaea into the hill country.^ After cap-
    turing the small town of Bethsuron,^ he was met at
    a spot called Bethzacharia, where there is a narrow
    defile, by Judas at the head of his forces. Before
    the opposing armies came into action, Eleazar,
    brother of Judas, observing the tallest of the ele-
    phants, surmounted by a huge howdah ^ and an
    array of gilded battlements, and concluding that it
    bore Antiochus, rushed out far beyond his own
    lines and, cutting through the enemy's ranks, made
    his way to the elephant. Being unable to reach the
    supposed monarch because of his height from the
    ground, he struck the beast below the belly, brought
    its whole weight down upon himself, and was crushed
    to death having achieved nothing more than to
    ;

    attempt great things, holding life cheaper than re-


    nown. The elephant-rider was, in fact, a commoner ;
    yet, even had he happened to be Antiochus, his

    " See note on § 32.


    *»
    There is an independent account of this battle of the
    elephants in 1 Mace. vi. 28 if., of which Josephus made use
    in his later work {A. xii.).
    " According to Mace. vi. 50 {A.
    1 xii. 376) Bethsuron
    was not taken until after the battle.
    ** "
    Greek tower."
    23
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    rjuvaeu 6 ToA/xv^aas" rov doKelv err^ eArrtSt l^ovrj
    ciu

    XafjLTTpov KaropdcofiaTOS iXeadai rov Bdvarov.


    45 yiv^rai he kol KXrjhujv TaSeA</)tZ» ttjs oX-qg napa-
    rd^eco?' KapT€p(Jo<; p-kv yd.p ol 'louSatot koX />te;(/3t
    TToXXov btrj-yajVLGavro, TrXrjdeL 8e V7T€pe)(ovT€£ ol
    ^aaiXiKol /cat Sc^ta xpiqadpievoL rv)(rj Kparovai,
    /cat TToXXcjv dvaipedevrcuv rov? Xolttov? e)(Ojv
    'IoJ8a? etV rrfv To(f)VLrLKrjv rorrapxLCLV <f)evy€L.
    46 'Ai^Tt'o;^©? 8e TrapeXdojv el? 'lepoaoXvp^a /cat Kad-
    ioas oAtya? iqfiepa? eV aur?] /cara OTrdvLv rd>u
    eTTLrriheicov dTTavicrraraL, KaraXiTTow p.kv <f)povpdv
    ocrrju d-TTOXP'TjueLV vTreXdp^^aue, rrjw 8e XoLTTrjv bwa-
    piiv aTTayayajv x^tpiepLOVGav el? rrjv Hvplav.

    47 (6) ripo? he rrjv vttoxo^P'QOlv rov ^aGiXeoj?


    'louda? ovK rjpefxei, Trpooyevopevajv §' e/c rov
    eBvov? TToXXojv /cat rov? hi.aooj6evra? e/c ri]? pLd^r]?
    e-LGvyKporrjcra? Kara KOjp.rjV WKehaoav^ ovpL^dX-
    Xet rol? ^ Avrio^ov crrpar-qyoZ?, /cat <f)auei? dpioro?
    Kara rrjv pdx'qu ttoXXov? re rojv rtoXe\.iiojv drro-
    Krelva? dvaLpelrai. /cat /xe^' rjp.epa? oXlya? 6
    dheX<f)6? avrov ^lojduvrjg eTTif^ovXevdel? vrro rtov
    ra ^AvrLo^ov (j^povovvrojv reXevra.

    48 (ii. 1) Atade^a/xet^o? he rovrov 6 dheX(f)6? 'Icu-


    vddrj? rd re dXXa npo? rov? e7TL)(copLov? hcd (f)v-
    XaKT]? Tjyev eavrov, /cat rfj Trpo? 'Ptu/xatou? (;^tAta
    rrjV dp)cqv eKparvvaro, "Trpo? re rov W^no-^ov
    ^ Adasa Lat., perhaps rightly ; cf. A. \\\. 4-0;^.

    * One of the eleven sub-districts of Judaea {B. iii. 55)


    according to A. xii. 375 Judas withdrew to Jerusalem and
    prepared for a "^iege.
    ^ Strictly Nicanor, the general of Demetrius, 1 AMacc.
    vii. 39 fF.

    24
    JEWISH WAR, I. 44-48

    daring assailant would have gained but the reputa-


    tion of courting death in the bare expectation of a
    brilliant exploit. To Eleazar's brother the incident
    proved an omen of the issue of the engagement.
    For, long and stubborn as was the resistance of the
    Jews, the king's forces, with superior numbers and
    favoured by fortune, were victorious and, after
    ;

    the loss of many of his men, Judas fled with the


    remainder to the province of Gophna." Antiochus
    proceeded to Jerusalem, where, owing to a shortage
    of supplies, he stayed but a few days he then left
    ;

    what he considered a sufficient garrison and with-


    drew the rest of his army to winter quarters in Syria.
    (6) After the king's retreat, Judas did not remain
    inactive. Rallying the survivors of the combat and
    joined by numerous new recruits from his nation, he
    gave battle to the generals of Antiochus ^ at the
    village of Acedasa where, after winning the honours
    ;

    of the day and slaying a large number of the enemy,


    he was slain himself.^ A few days later his brother lei b.c.

    John also perished, a victim of a conspiracy of the


    partisans of Antiochus.**

    (ii. 1) Jonathan, his brother, who succeeded him, Jonathan


    amongst other safeguards against his countrymen, ^fg^de?
    strengthened his authority by an alliance with 161-143 b.

    Rome ^ and made a truce with the young Antiochus.-^


    <"
    Judas was slain, not at the battle of A(ce)dasa, but in
    a later engagement at Elasa (1 Mace. ix. 5) or Berzetho
    {A. xii. 422). Cf. 1 Mace. ix. 35 f ; A. xiii. 10 f.
    <*
    .

    " 1 Mace. xii. 1-4; A. xiii. 164 f.


    f Greek " the son of Antiochus," i.e. presumably of
    Antiochus IV Epiphanes. But the reference must be to
    the treaty of .Jonathan with Antiochus VI Dionysus, 1 Mace,
    xi. 57, A. xiii. 145. Josephus has confused Antiochus V
    and Antiochus VI.
    25
    JOSEPHUS
    TratSa StoAAaya? iTTOi-qaaro . ov ixtjv n rovrcov
    49 'qpKeoev airrco Trpos aa<J3a.XeLav' TpvcfxDV yap 6
    rvpavvos, eVtVpoTTos' fJikv ojv rod 'Avrtd;\;ou iraiho?,
    eTTL^ovXevcov S' avrco /cat Trpoadep, a-nooKevate-
    adai Tovs (fjlXov? avrov TTecpajpLevog, rjKOvra rov
    ^lojuddrjv ovv oXiyoLS €1? YiroX^ixatha Trpos ^Av-
    rioxov hoXo) cruXXafxBdvei /cat Si^aa? cVt 'louSatav
    crrpar€V€L' clr^ aTTcXaOel? vtto rod HifxcDvo?, o? "^v

    dSeXcfyog rod 'IcjvdOov, /cat Trpo? r-qv -qrrav (hpyi-


    cr/xeVo? Kr€LU€L rov ^lojvddrjv.
    50 (2) yewacios drfj-qyo-ufxevos ra>v rrpay-
    St/xoiv Se
    fidrajv aipet fiev Tdi^apd^ re /cat 'Iottt^v /cat 'la/x.-
    vetay rcDv TTpoaoiKcov, KareaKaipe 8e /cat tt^i/
    a/cpav TcrJv <j)povpojv Kpartjo-a?. au^t? 8e ytVerat
    /cat 'AvTto;^6fj Gvixpbaxo? Kara Tpv(f)OJVos, ou iv
    A(jL}poLg TTpo rrjg eVt MtJSous" arparela? eVoAtop-
    51 /cet. aAA'i^ehvuojTTTjuev rrjv rod /SacrtAea)?
    ou/c
    TrXeove^iavTpvchowa avve^eXcov fxer^ ov ttoXv
    yap 'Avrioxo? Kevhe^alov rov avrod Grpariqyov
    /jL€rd SuvajLteojs" Srjcocrovra rrjv 'louSatav eTre/jufjev
    52 /cat /caraSouAajao/xet'ov St^a>va, c) Se /catrot yi^-
    patog OJV veavLKOjrepov dcfirjyrjo-aro rod TroXe/jLov
    rov? p.€v roL ye utet? avrod^ pier a rujv eppojpLeve-
    ardr OJV TTpoeKTrepLTreL, avro? 8e fjiotpav rrj? Svvd-
    53 /xcco? di'aAa^wy eTTrjei /car' aAAo pLepog. ttoXXovs
    Be Kdv rot? opeui TrpoXoxicro.? Traaats
    7ToXXa)(od
    KpareZ rals eTTi^oXaZs, /cat viK-qoas XajjiTrpcos
    dpxi'^p^vg dTTohe'iKvvrai /cat rry? Ma/ceSop'cov €7rt

    1 Bernard {cf. A. xiii. 215): Fai-af or Zapd mss.


    2 M Lat. : iw avrbv the rest.

    " C/. 1 Mace. xii. 39 flF. ; A. xiii. 187 fiF.

    26
    JEWISH WAR, I. 48-53 (51-53 = ant. xiii. 225-227)

    None, however, of these precautions proved a suffi-


    cient protection. For the tyrant Trypho, guardian
    of the young Antiochus, who was ah-eady conspiring
    against his ward and attempting to make away with
    his friends, treacherously arrested and imprisoned
    Jonathan, when on a mission with a small retinue to
    Antiochus at Ptolemais, and started on a campaign
    against Judaea. Repulsed by Simon, Jonathan's
    brother, and indignant at his defeat he then put his
    captive to death. '^
    Simon's administration of afftiirs was excellent.
    (2) Simon's
    He captured the towns of Gazara, Joppa, and Jamnia, 1*4^2*^131^8^0

    in the vicinity of the capital, and, after overpowering


    the garrison at Jerusalem, razed the citadel ^ to the
    ground. Subsequently, he made alliance with
    Antiochus ^ against Trypho, whom the king, before
    (lis expedition against the Medes, was besieging at

    Dora. Yet Simon's contribution to the fall of Trypho


    failed to shame the king out of his cupidity for not ;

    long after Antiochus sent his general Cendebaeus at


    the head of an army to ravage Judaea and make a
    vassal of Simon. The latter, though advanced in
    j^ears, took command of the war with juvenile energy ;

    and, sending his sons ahead with the most able-


    bodied of his troops, proceeded himself, with a
    division of his army, to the attack on another front.
    Having, further, posted numerous ambuscades in
    different parts of the hills, he was successful in all
    the engagements, and after a brilliant victory was
    appointed high-priest and liberated the Jews from

    ''
    Greek " Acra " ; A. xiii. 215 shows that Jerusalem
    is referred to.
    Antiochus VII Sidetes, A. xiii. 223.
    " From this point
    the two narratives in B. and A. are closely parallel.
    27
    JOSEPHUS
    Kpar€La? fiera eVarov Kal il^SofJu^KOvra err] rous"
    'louSatou? dTTaXXdrrei.
    54 (3) GvqGK€L 8e /cat avrog im^ovXevOel? ev
    uvfjiTTOolu) V7t6 TlToXcfiaLOV Tov yafj^^pov, og
    avTov rijv re yvvatKa Kal rovs ^vo TralSag iyKad-
    eip^as eVt rov rpirov ^Iwduvrju, o? Kal 'YpKavog
    55 eVaAetTO, rovs dvaip-qGOvras eTreiJUpev. npoyvovs
    8e rrjw e(f)oSov 6 veavioKOS rrapayeveodai ets" rr]v
    TToXiv rjuetyero, TrXeiGrov ro) Xaoj 7T€7ToiBa>s Kara
    re {Jivqfxr)u row Trarpojcov Karopdoj/Jidrajv Kal
    ploos rrjs TiroXefJiaLOV Trapavopiias a)ppLr]Ge 8e .

    Kal YlroXefiaLog eloeXdelv Ka9^ erepav -nvX-qv,


    e^eKpovoOrj ye pLTjv vtto rod htjp^ov ra^eajs hehey-
    56 p.evojv rjhrj rov 'YpKavov. Kal 6 p.ev TTapaxprjP^o.
    duexojp'^^cr^v et? ri rcov virep 'lepixovvro? epv-
    pidrow, o Saydjv KaXelrar Kopnadpievos he rrjv
    irarpojav dpxtepujuvvqv 'Tp/cavo? Kal Bvaas rep
    dew pLerd rd^ovg irrl TiroXeixalov wppbTjuev Borj-
    O-quojv rfj pLTjrpl Kal rols dheX(j)ols.
    57 (4) Kat rrpoo^aXojv rqj (Jipovptoj rd f-tev dXXa
    Kpeirrojv rju, rjrrdro 8e St/cat'ou nddov?. 6 yap
    YlroXepLalos dnore Kararrovolro, r-qv re p.-qrepa
    Kal roug dBeXc^ovg avrov Trpodyojv IttI rov reL)(ovg*,
    el? evGVVOTTrov r^Kil^ero Kal KaraKp-qpivielv el p,rj\ ,

    58 ddrrov dnavaGraLr], Str^Tret'Aei. Trpos a rov /x€IA


    'YpKauov opyrjs TrXeitov olKrog elorjet Kal Seog, r^
    be pLTjrrjp ovdev ovre Trpos rds alKuig ovre npo^
    rov dTTeiXovpLevov avrfj ddvarov cVStSoucra )(elpas
    (jopeye Kal Karr^vrL^oXei rov Tralba /xryrt 77p6s" rrji

    " Reckoning from 312 b.c, the first year of the Seleucid
    era ; according to this reckoning Simon's high priesthood
    28
    JEWISH WAR, I. 53-58 (=ant. xiii. 228-232)

    the Macedonian supremacy which had lasted for 170


    years."
    (3) He too, however, fell a victim to treachery, john
    being murdered at a banquet by his son-in-law /^35'1^J5
    Ptolemy. The latter, after incarcerating Simon's B.c.)opp
    wife and two of his sons, sent a body of men to kill in^ia\v°
    the third, John, also called Hyrcanus. This youth, Ptolemy
    forewarned of their approach, hastened to reach the
    city, fully confident of the people's support, both
    from their recollection of his father's achievements
    and their hatred of Ptolemy's enormities. Ptolemy
    also rushed to gain entrance by another gate, but
    was repelled by the populace, who had with alacrity
    already admitted Hyrcanus. Ptolemy forthwith with-
    drew to one of the fortresses above Jericho, called
    Dagon while Hyrcanus, having gained the high
    ;

    priestly office held by his father before him, offered


    sacrifice to God and then started in haste after
    Ptolemy to bring aid to his mother and brethren.
    (4) Attacking the fort, he proved superior in other
    ways, but was overcome by his righteous feelings.
    For Ptolemy, as often as he was hard pressed,
    brought forward his mother and brothers upon the
    ramparts and tortured them within full view of
    Hyrcanus, threatening to hurl them over the battle-
    ments, if he did not instantly retire. At this spec-
    tacle indignation in the breast of Hyrcanus gave
    way to pity and terror. His mother, unshaken by
    her torments or the menace of death, with out-
    stretched hands implored her son not to be moved
    dates from c. 142 b.c, i.e. from the beginning of his leader-
    ship,where it is placed in the parallel account in A. xiii. 213.
    Cf. 1 Mace. xiii. 41 f.,
    " In the hundred and seventieth year
    was the yoke of the heathen taken away from Israel," and
    Jerusalem started a new era of its own.
    29
    JOSEPHUS
    avrrjg v^ptu eVi/cAaa^eVra (fyeioaodat rod Svcr-
    ae^ovg, ye Kpeirrova rov eV ^ToA€^tatou
    cl>? OLvrfj
    Odvarov aOavaaias elvai hovros StVa? €</>' ols €ls
    50 Tou oIkov airrojv TraprjvofjLrjGev 6 8e ^Icodwrj^ .

    oTTore p,kv ivdvfjLrjdecr) to Trapdarr-qiia rij? f.Lrjrp6^


    Koi KaraKovaete rfj? cKealag, (Zpijurjro TrpoojjdX-
    Xeiu, eVeiSav 8e^ KariBoL rvTTTOfJLevrjv t€ Kal arra-
    paTrofJL6vrji> , id-qXvvero Kal rov ndOovs oXos 'qv.

    CO rpi^o/jLev-qg 8e Sid ravra rrjs TToAtop/cta? iTrearr]


    ro dpyov erog, o Kara eVraertav dpyelrac napd
    *Iou8atot? ofiOLOJS roL? e^Oofidcnv rjpLepaLg. Kav
    rovToj YlroXefiaLOS dvedelg rrjs TToXiopKias dvaLpel
    rov? dS€X<f)ov£ ^Icjdvvov gvv rfj firjrpl Kal ^euyet
    77/30? Zj-jvojva TOP i—LKXrjOevra KoruAav OtA-
    adeAi^etas" 8' rji' rvpavvos.
    CI (5) ^Xvrioxo? hk /car' opyrjv ow vtto Hificovo's
    €7Tad€v orparevoag ctV rrjv ^lovSalav irroXiopKeL
    rov 'YpKavov 7TpoGKadel,6}X€Vos rots' '\epoGoXv-
    fiotg. 6 Se rov Aavihov rd<f)Ov dvol^ag, og Si]
    TrXovoLcoraros ^aoiXeojv eyevero, Kal v(f)eX6pL€VOS
    vrrkp rpiGxiXia rdXavra rov re ^Avrio-
    ;^p7^/xaT6UP'

    Xov dvLGrrjOL rrjg TToXcopKLag Treioas rpiaKOGioLS


    raXdvrois, Kal Sr] Kal ^evorpo<^elv irpwros Mou-
    Saia>v €K rrj'i rrepiOVGLas rjp^aro.
    62 (6) AvOl? ye fJLTjv a>s" ^Avrtoxog inl MijSovs
    GrparevGas Katpov dfivvrj? avroj TrapeZ^^v evOeojs ,

    (ZpfjL-qGev eVt ra? ev Supta TroAet?, Kevd<^, orrep rjv,

    ^ e-rreiSap 5( MS>. : (Trel S' au Xiese.

    " The sabbatical year: Lev. vvv. L


    ••
    So J. vii. 393 in tin puiallel account
    ; in A. xiii. 349
    30
    JEWISH WAR, I. 58-62 ( = ant. xiii. 232-254)

    by her outrageous treatment to spare the monster ;


    to her, death at Ptolemy's hands would be better
    than immortality, if he paid the penalty for the
    wrongs which he had done to their house. John,
    as often as he took his mother's unflinching courage
    to heart and gave ear to her entreaties, was impelled
    to the assault but, when he beheld her beaten and
    ;

    mangled, he was unmanned and quite overcome by


    emotion. The siege consequently dragged on until
    the year of repose came round, which is kept septen-
    nially by the Jews as a period of inaction, like the
    seventh day of the week." Ptolemy, now relieved
    of the siege, put John's brethren and their mother
    to death and fled to Zeno, surnamed Cotulas, the
    despot of Philadelphia.
    (5) Antiochus, smarting under the blows which His war
    Simon had dealt him, led an army into Judaea and, Ai?tiochi
    sitting down before Jerusalem, besieged Hyrcanus (yjO ;

    who, opening the tomb of David, wealthiest of kings,


    extracted therefrom upwards of three thousand
    talents, with three hundred of which he bribed
    Antiochus to raise the blockade.^ The surplus he
    used to pay a mercenary force, being the first Jew
    to start this practice.
    (6) Subsequently, however, the campaign of Anti- His
    V.
    ocnus agamst\ j-T,
    •

    the A/r J
    Medes gave 1,-
    him an opportunity i. -1. victories.

    forrevenge.'^ He at once flew upon the cities of Syria,


    expecting to find them, as he did, drained of efficient

    Hyrcanus did not open the tomb until after the departure
    of Antiochus.
    " The account in A. xiii. 250 ff., is more trustworthy.

    There Hyrcanus joins Antiochus in his expedition against


    the Parthians (here called " Medes ") in 130 b.c. his attack
    ;

    on the Syrian cities only began after the death of Antiochus


    in 129 B.C.

    31
    .

    JOSEPH LS
    63 vTToXafjL^dvoji' row fiaxLfiojrepow €vpi]aeiv. McSa-
    ^r^v fi€u ovu Kal Hafiayau a/xa rat? ttXtjolov, en
    he ^LKLfia Kal Wpyaptl^lu avro?^ alpel, 7rp6? at? to
    \ovSaia)v yevog, ol TrepicoKovu to eiKaoOkv rw ev
    'lepocroAu/i,oi? Upov} alpel he /cat rrjs 'ISou-
    /Liat'a? aAAa? re ovk oAtya? Kal Whwpeou /cat
    Maptcrai'.
    G4 (7) TipoeXdojv he Kal p-expt T^afiapeiag , evda
    vvv eonv T.e^aorrj 77oAt? ixj)^ 'Hpcohov KrtoOeloa
    rod ^aoiXewg, Kal rravrodev avrrjv aTToreix^oas
    rovg vlelg eTrearrjoe rfj -TToXiopKLa Wpiaro^ovAov
    Kal ^Avrtyovov cbv ovhei' avievrcov Ai/xou fiev eis
    roaovrov TrporjXOov ol Kara rrju ttoXlu, co? a^a-
    65 cr^at Kal rujv drjdecrrdrajv. eTTiKaXovvrai he ^orj-
    dov Wvrio-)(^ov rov eTTLKXiqdevra AoTrevhtov^ KOLKel- ^

    vos eroLfiojg VTraKOVoas vtto rcjjv rtepl 'Aptaro-


    ^ovXov TjrrdraL. Kal 6 fieu p-^XP'- ^KvOonoXeaJS
    hiojxd^l? VTTO rcov dheX(l>d)v eK(f)evyeL, ol 8' em
    rov? ^afiapelg VTroarpeipavres ro re TrXijdog
    TrdXiv el? ro relxos ovyKXeiovaiv Kal rrjv rroXiv
    eXovre? avrrjv re KaraoKd—rovoLv Kal rov? iv-
    66 OLKOVvra? e^-qvhpaiTohiaavro Trpoxcopovurcou he.

    rojv Karopdojpidrojv rrju oppL-qv ov Kareipv^av, dXXa


    rrpoeXdovre? a/xa ri] hwdptei p-expi- Trj? TiKvdo-
    TToXeo)? ravrr]v re Karehpapiov /cat rr^v evro? Kap-
    pLrjXov rov opov? x^P*^^ aTraoav Kareveip,avro

    67 (8) Wpo? he TO? evTTpayia? avrov re ^Icoduvoi


    Kal rojv rralhajv (j)d6vo? eyeipeL ordotv riov em-
    Xojplojv, Kal TToXXol /car' avroju crvveXdovres
    OVK rjpepLovu, piexpt- Kal Tjpo? <f>avep6v TToXepLOu Ik-
    '
    A. (in parallel passage) has evdis -.
    r read oirwj.
    * Niese: j«pi^ mss. ' 'AaTro^'Sto*' Mss.
    32
    JEWISH WAR, I. 63-67 ( = ant. xiii. 255-288)

    troops. He thus captured Medabe and Samaga with


    the neighbouring towns, also Sichem and Argarizin,
    besides defeating the Cuthaeans,^ the race inhabiting
    the country surrounding the temple modelled on
    that at Jerusalem. He further took numerous cities
    in Idumaea, including Adoreon and Marisa.
    (7) Advancing to Samaria, on the site of which
    now stands the city of Sebaste, founded by King
    Herod, he blockaded it by a surrounding wall and
    entrusted the siege to his sons Aristobulus and
    Antigonus, who pressed it so vigorously that the
    inhabitants were reduced by the extremities of
    famine to make use of the most unheard of food.
    They summoned to their aid Antiochus, surnamed
    Aspendius,** who, readily complying, was defeated by
    the forces of Aristobulus. Pursued by the brothers
    as far as Scythopolis he got away they on their
    ;

    return to Samaria again confined its people within


    the walls, captured the town, razed it to the ground,
    and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. Not allowing
    the flowing tide of success to cool their ardour, they
    proceeded with their army to Scythopolis, overran
    that district, and laid waste the whole country south
    of'' Mount Carmel.

    (8) The prosperous fortunes of John and his sons, His


    however, provoked a sedition among his envious f-l°^^
    countrymen, lar^e numbers of whom held meetings gift o
    proph
    to oppose them and continued to agitate, until the
    smouldering flames burst out in open war and the
    " Tlie foreigners imported into Samaria at the time of the
    exile,A. ix. 288, 2 Kings xvii. 24.
    " Antiochus of Aspendus(in Pamphylia) = Antiochus VIII

    or Grypus ; A. xiii. 276 names, instead of him, his half-


    brother and rival, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.
    " Literally " within," i.e. " this side of."

    VOL. II c S3
    JOSEPHUS
    68 piTTiadivTes rjTTCovTaL. to Xolttov 8* im^Lovs iv
    evSaL/jLoi^la ^lojdvvrj? /cat rd Kara ttjv o-px^jv koX-
    Atcrra Stot/C7]cras" eVt^ /cat TpiaKovra oXols ereoLV
    €771 7T€Ure VLOLSTcXeVTa, IxaKapLGTOS OVTCOS Kal
    Kara /xr^heu idaa? e</>' eavro) fiefKJidrji'ai rrjv rv)(r]v.
    rpia yovv rd /cpartcrreuovra fiovo? ^'^X^^' '^W '^^
    ^PXW '^^^ edvov? Kal ttjv dpxicpcoGwrjv /cat Trpo-
    69 (f>rjr €iav. wfiiXeL yap avro) to SaifiovLOv ct>? fxrjSev
    Toju /xeAAdvTOJV dyvoelv, o? ye Kal irepl hvo tcjv
    TTpeo^VTepojv vlcov otl iitj Sta/xei^ouat Kvpioi tcjv
    TtpayixaTajv TrpoeiSev re /cat 7Tpo€<l)iqT€VO€V' (Lv
    TTjv KaTa(jTpo(f)rju d^LOV d(f)rjy-qoa(jd at, Trap* doov
    TTJ5 TTa-pajag evSai/jLOVta? aTreKXivav.
    70 (iii. 1) Merd ydp tt/u tov Txarpd? TeXevTTju 6
    TTpeo^VTaTos airrCjv Wpioro^ouXo?, ttjv dpx'rjv ct?
    ^aoiXeiav /Ltera^et?, TrepLTideTai piev StdBrjfjLa Trpcj-
    TO? /zerd t^t paKOOiooTov Kal e^SopLrjKOOTOv Trpco-
    TOV €TOS, TTpOS Se fJL-qvaS Tpelg, €$ OV KaTTjei^ 6
    Aad? etV Tr]v x^P*^^ drraXXayels ttj? eu Ba^vXdJi'L
    71 SouAeia?* tcov Se dS€X(f>dju tov fxev (JLed^ iavTov
    ^
    AvTiyovoVy eboKet ydp dyaTrdv, "qyeu tVort/xco?,
    TOi)? hi* dAAou? elpyvvoL hi]oa£. Sea/Ltet Se /cat tt)v
    pLTjTepa hievexd^icro-^ rrepl ttj? e^ovoLa?, TavTrju
    ydp Kvpiav tcjv oXcjv 6 ^Icjdvvq^ aTToXcXoLneL, Kal
    p^^xpt- TOGavTrj<i wpLOT-qTo? TTporjXdev, tuare /cat
    At/Ltoj htacfiOeipaL SeSepLevqv.
    72 (2) UepLepx^TaL 3e aurdi^^ -q TTOLvrj* etV tov
    * ivi (with Hegesippus) Niese, cf. A. xiii. -299, xx. 2+0: iv
    Tpiaif Mss. Lat., EN I having perhaps been read as EN l".
    * AM
    : KaTrjXOeu the rest.
    « AMC: ai)rti(i.) the rest. * AM: riais the rest.

    ''
    481 years according to A. xiii. 301. Both numbers are
    34,
    JEWISH WAR, I. 68-72 ( = ant. xiii. 299-303)

    rebels were defeated. For the rest of his days John


    lived in prosperity, and, after excellently directing
    the government for thirty-one whole years, died
    leaving five sons ; truly a blessed individual and one
    who left no ground for complaint against fortune as
    regards himself. He was the only man to unite in
    his person three of the highest privileges the :

    supreme command of the nation, the high priesthood,


    and the gift of prophecy. For so closely was he in
    touch with the Deity, that he was never ignorant of
    the future thus he foresaw and predicted that his
    ;

    two elder sons would not remain at the head of


    affairs. The story of their dovvnfiill is worth relating,
    and will show how great was the decline from their
    father's good fortune.
    (iii. On the death of Hyrcanus, Aristobulus, the aristo-
    1)
    eldest of his sons, transformed the government into lo^^ill
    a monarchy, and was the first to assume the diadem,
    four hundred and seventy-one years " and three
    months after the return of the people to their
    country, when released from servitude in Babylon.
    Of his brothers, he conferred upon Antigonus, the
    next in seniority, for whom he had an apparent
    affection, honours equal to his own the rest he ;

    imprisoned in chains. His mother also, who had


    disputed his claim to authority, John having left her
    mistress of the realm, he confined in bonds, and
    carried his cruelty so far as to starve her to death
    in prison.
    (2) Retribution, however, overtook him ^ in the
    too large the decree of Cyrus for the return of the Jews is
    ;

    dated 537 b.c, 432 years before Aristobulus I. The chron-


    ology of Josephus appears to be based on the " seventy
    weeks " ( =490 years) of Dan. ix. 24.
    " See §§ 81 ff.

    S5
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    dS€X(t)6p *AvTLyovov, ou rj-yci-a re Kal rrjg ^aat-
    Aetas" KOLVCovou etx^^' kt^lv^l yap /cat rovrov eV
    hta^oXcov a? ol Trovqpol rojv
    y Kara ro ^aoiXeiov
    €V€OK€vdoavT0. ra fieu Srj Trpajra Sltjttlgt^l tols
    XeyofMei'OLS 6 ^ApLaro^ovXo?, are Sr] /cat rov d8eA-
    (l>6i^ dyaTTcou /cat StSou? (f)d6va) to, ttoAAo, tcou
    73 XoyoTTOLOVjJiivcxjv . ojs S' o ^
    Avriyovo? Xapurpos
    diTO Grparelag "^XOev etV ttju ioprrjv, iu fj
    gkyjuo-
    TTOtetCT^at TTarpLOV ro) deep, avve^rj piev /car'
    eVetVab ra? rjpLepas voocp ;!^p7^(7aCT^at tov 'AptCTTO-
    ^ovXoVy TOV he Avriyovov eVt ^ re'Aet ttjs ioprrj?
    dva^dvTa perd raJv irepl avrov OTrXircoVy cb? ivrjv
    lidXiara KCKoap-qpevov, TrpooKwrjoai ro rrXeov
    74 vrrep rdBeX(f)oO. kolv rovrco npooLOvreg ol ttovt]-
    pol ro) /SaatAet r-qu re TToprr-qv rwu ottXltcvu iS-q-
    Xovu /cat TO Trapdor-qpLa rou Wuriyovou pLei^ov rj
    Kar^ ISicorrju, on re Trapelr]^ perd p-eyiorov ovv-
    rdypiaro? duaip-qacov avrov ov yap dvexeodai
    npLT^v pLouou €K /SacTtAet'a? ^X^^> irapov avr-qu
    Karaax^LU
    75 (3) Tovroi? Kard piKpov aKiov intGrevorev 6
    ^ApLGro^ovXo?, /cat irpovoaJv rov pi'qO* V7to7TT€Voju
    (f>av€p6? yeveodat Kal 7Tpor)G(f)aXLGdaL npo? to
    dBrjXou KadLGTrjGL^ p,kv rov^ oojp.aro(f)vXaKas €i
    TLVL Ta)V VTTOyaLOJV dXapL77€L, KaT€K€LTO S' cV T7^
    Bapet rrporepov aO^t? S' AvTOJvia pLerovopia
    odeLGT], TTpoord^a? di-OTrXou pL€u aTrexeodaL, kt€l
    veiu 8e rou WuTLyovov, ei /xerd rcov ottXojv npoGLOL
    Kal Tjpos avTOv enepLipev rov<; Trpoepovura^ dv-
    76 ottXov iXdelu. rrpos rovro nduv rravovpyajg r
    ^aaiXiGGa GwrdoGeraL puerd roju im^ovXajv
    ^
    C; irapiqei the rcbt. " oUotijoi LVN.
    36
    JEWISH WAR, I. 72-76 ( = ant. xiii. 303-308)

    person ofhis brother Antigonus, whom he loved and


    had made partner of his kingdom for he slew him; murders \

    also, owing to calumnies concocted by knavish AnTigonn;


    courtiers. Aristobulus at first distrusted their state-
    ments, out of affection for his brother and because
    he attributed most of these fabricated reports to
    envy. But one day when Antigonus had come in
    pomp from a campaign to attend the festival at
    which, according to national custom, tabernacles are
    erected in God's honour," Aristobulus happened to
    be ill and, at the close of the ceremony, Antigonus,
    ;

    surrounded by his bodyguard and arrayed with the


    utmost splendour, went up (to the Temple) and
    offered special worship on his brother's behalf.
    Thereupon these villains went off to the king and
    told him of the mihtary escort and of Antigonus 's air
    of assurance, grander than became a subject, and
    that he was coming with an immense body of troops
    to put him to death, disdaining the mere honours of
    royalty when he might occupy the throne itself.
    (3) Gradually and reluctantly Aristobulus came to
    believe these insinuations. Taking precautions at
    once to conceal his suspicions and to secure himself
    against risks, he posted his bodyguards in an unlit
    —
    subterranean passage he was lying at the time in
    the castle formerly called Baris, afterwards Antonia
    — with orders to let Antigonus pass, if unarmed, but
    to kill him if he approached in arms. To Antigonus
    liimself he sent instructions to come unarmed. To
    neet the occasion the queen concerted with the
    :;onspirators a very crafty plot. They induced the
    <•
    The autumn feast of Sukkoth or Tabernacles.
    37
    JOSEPHUS
    TOVS yO-p 7T€[l(f)9€VTaS TTeidoVGLV TO, fl€V TTapOL TOV
    ^aoiXeojs OLajTrrjaat, Aeyeiv Be npo? rov 'Avrt-
    yovov ojs 6 aheX(f)6s OLKovoag orrXa re avrco rrap-
    €GK€VaK€VaL KoXXlGTa KOI TToXepHKOV KOGfjLOV €V TTJ
    FaAiAata, Sea fiev rrjv aGdiveiav avro? eVtSetv
    eKciGTa KOjXvOeLT], vvv 8' eVet /cat ^ajpit^eGdai
    f.LeXXoL'?, BeaGaiT^ av T^Stara g€ iv rols ottXols-

    77 (4-) Taur' aKOVGag 6 Wvriyovos, evrjyev 8' r^


    TOV aheX(f)ov hiddeGi? fxriheu V7T07rT€V€LV TTovrjpov,
    ix^P^^ P-^TO. Tcov ottXojv, CO? Trpog eTTtSet^a'.
    y€v6p,6i'o? Se Kara rr]v GKOT€Lvr)v ndpoSov, Erpa-
    rcovo? eKaXeiTo rrvpyos, vtto tcov CTCo/xaro^uAa-
    Kcov dvaipeLTai, j^e^aiov OLTToheL^ag on TTO-Gav eu-
    voiav KOI ^vGiv KOTTTei Sia^oXr) Kal ovSev ovtojs
    Twv dyadcoi' Tradow LGXvpov, o to) (f)d6va} p^e^p^
    Tjavros avTe)(€L.
    78 (5) SavpaGai
    8* dv rt? eV tovtco kol 'louSai',

    "YjGGOlos yivos ovk cgtlv ore TrraiGas rj ipeu-


    Tjv

    oOels eV Tols TTpoarrayyeXp^aGLV, o? ineiS-q Kal rore


    TOV ^AvTiyouov e^eacraro irapiovTa Sta tov Upov,
    npos TOVS yvajplfj-ov? dueKpayev, rjaau 8' ovk
    dXiyoL TTapehpevovTes avTco tojv pavdavovTOJV,
    79 " 77a7rat, vvv epLol KaXov," e0^, "to Oavetv, 6t€
    pov^ 7TpoTe6vrjK€v Tj dXrjdeLa /cat tl tojv vtt^ ipLOV
    TTpopprjdevTcov BUiJjevGTaL' l^fj yap ^AvTiyovog
    ovtogI Grjpepov d(j)eiX(jjv di'T^prjadai. ;^c/jpiop' 8e
    avTO) TTpos G(f)ayrjv Srpartoi'o? nvpyos etpapTO'
    Kal TOVTO pkv (1770 e^aKOGLCov evTevdev GTahiojv
    eGTiv, ihpai he ttjs r^pepas TJhrj TeGoapeg. 6 8rj
    SO xpdvog eKKpovei to p,dvT€VpLa." tgvt^ eLTTojv gkv
    dpcjTTos irrl crvvvoias 6 yepojv SteKapTepeLj Kal
    ^ Niese: /j.oi mss,
    38
    —
    JEWISH WAR, I. 76-80 ( = ant. xiii. 308-313)

    messengers to keep the king's orders to themselves,


    and instead to tell Antigonus that his brother had
    heard that he had procured for himself some very
    fine armour and military decorations in Galilee that ;

    illness prevented him from paying a visit of inspec-


    tion ;
    " but, now that you are on the point of de-
    parture, I shall be very glad to see you in your
    armour."
    (4) On hearing this, as there was nothing in his
    brother's disposition to arouse his suspicions, Anti-
    gonus went off in his armour as for a parade. On
    reaching the dark passage, called Strato's Tower, he
    was slain by the bodyguard affording a sure proof
    ;

    that calumny severs all ties of affection and of nature,


    and that of our better feelings none is strong enough
    to hold out interminably against envy.
    (5) Another feature of this case which may well Predict!
    excite astonishment was the conduct of Judas. He murfer
    was of Essene extraction, and his predictions had Judas ti
    never once proved erroneous or false." On this
    occasion, seeing Antigonus passing through the court
    of the temple, he exclaimed to his acquaintances
    a considerable number of his disciples were seated
    —
    beside him " Ah me now were I better dead,
    !

    since truth has died before me and one of my


    prophecies has been falsified. For yonder is Anti-
    gonus alive, who ought to have been slain to-day.
    The place predestined for his murder was Strato's
    Tower, and that is 600 furlongs from here and it ;

    is already the fourth hour of the day. So time


    frustrates the prophecy." Having said this, the old
    man remained plunged in gloomy meditation. A
    « For the Essenes as prophets see B. ii. 159 with note.

    39
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    /Li€r' oXiyov avrjpriix^vos WvTLyovos T^yyeAAero
    Kara ro vrroyatov x^P^oVy o §17 Kal avTO Srpa-
    Tojvo? IkqX^Ito TTvpyos, ofiowvi-hovu rfj TTapaXlaj
    KaLdapcLa. rovro yovv rov jxavTiv hicrdpa^ev
    81 (6) ^ApiGTO^ovXoj ye fir)v €vdv^ rj nepl rov
    ^voovs /jLeraiieXeia vooov €vgki]7tt€L Kal npos
    evvoLav rod (fyovov rrjv ipvy^-qv e^ow dec rerapay
    f >
    fj.€vr)v Gvv€Ti]K€ro, ff-^XP^ "^^^ GTrXdyxvajv vtt

    dKpdrov rrjg XvTrrj? GTraparrofJLevcov ddpovv atfJLa

    82 ai'a/SaAAet. rovro ris rcov iv rfj depaTTeia rraihcov


    iK(f)€pojv SaLfiovLw TTpovoia G(j)dXXerai Kad* ov
    roTTov * Avrlyoi^og €G(f)aKro, Kal (j^awofJievoLS en
    TOts" a77o rod (f)6vov gttlXols ro aifxa rod Kreivavros
    i7T€^€X€€V. rfpOif] 8' evOvs olfjLOfyrj rojv OeaGa-
    fievon', (Zorrep eTrirvihes rod rraihos eK€L irrcKara-
    8'i GTTeiGavros ro alfia. rrj? Se ^orjg d/coJaa? o
    jSacriAeu? rr]v alriav €7TVvddvero, Kal ixrjhevos
    roXfjLwvros elrreZv fidXXov eveKeiro fiadelv ideXojv
    reXo? 5'
    dTTeiXovvri Kal ^iSta^o/xeVoj rdXrjOes elrrov.
    6 rovs 6(f)9aXfiovg efi—LTrX-qGL haKpvojv Kal
    he
    84 Grevd^a? ogov rjv avroj Svi'afjLLS elrrev " ovk
    dpa Seov /leyav 6(l)6aXii6v eV epyois dSepLiroLS
    XrjG€LV efieXXov, dXXd fie rax^la fiereiGu Slktj
    4>6vov Gvyyevovs. P-^XP^ tou^ fJLOi, Gcofia duathe-
    orrarov, rrjv dSeXcfxx) Kal pLifrpl KaraKpirov ^v^^v
    8' avrol?^ eiTLGTreLGOj Kara
    Kade^eis; P^XP^ rov^
    fjLepos rovjiov af/xa; Xa^erojGav dOpoov rovro,
    Kal iJLr]Keri raTs" eK rwv ifxdjv GrrXdyx^ojv x*^^^^
    ^ Niese ttoO mss.
    :

    ' Destinon (with Lat.): ai'ros mss.

    0
    JEWISH WAR, I. 80-84 ( = ant. xiii. 313-317)

    little later came the news that Antigonus had been


    slain in the underground quarter, also called, like
    the maritime Caesarea, Strato's Tower." It was this
    identity of names which had disconcerted the seer.
    (6) Remorse for his foul deed had the instant effect The enc

    of aggravating the malady of Aristobulus. His mind


    ever distracted with thoughts of the murder, he fell
    into a decline until, sheer grief rending his entrails,
    ;

    he threw up a quantity of blood. While removing


    this, one of the pages in attendance slipped, so
    divine providence willed, on the very spot where
    Antigonus had been assassinated, and spilt on the
    yet visible stains of the murder the blood of the
    murderer. An instantaneous cry broke from the
    spectators, believing that the lad had intentionally
    poured the bloody libation on that spot. The king,
    hearing the cry, inquired what was its cause, and,
    when no one ventured to tell him, became more
    insistent in his desire to be informed. At length,
    under pressure of threats, they told him the truth.
    W^ith tears filling his eyes and a groan such as his
    remaining strength permitted, he said " My law- :

    less deeds, then, were not destined to escape God's


    mighty eye ; swift retribution pursues me for my
    kinsman's blood. How long, most shameless body,
    wilt thou detain the soul that is sentenced to a
    brother's and a mother's vengeance ? How long
    shall I make them these drop-by-drop libations of
    my blood ? Let them take it all at once, and let
    heaven cease to mock them with these dribbling
    " For Strato's Tower on the coast, afterwards rebuilt by

    Herod the Great and renamed Caesarea, see B. \. 408 ff".

    The quarter in Jerusalem so called is not mentioned else-


    where except in the parallel passage in A. xiii.

    VOL. II c 2 41
    JOSEPHUS
    eTTeipajpeveadoj ro haifiovLOV." raur' etTTOju ev-
    deoj? reXevra ^aoiXevoas ov ttX^lov eVtaurou.
    85 (iv. l) Avoaoa 8' 77 yvvr] tov? dSeA^oi)? avrov
    PaoiXea KadioT-qaiv 'AAe^avSpoi^, rov koI Kad^
    rjXLKLav Koi iieTpiOTrjTL npovxeiv SoKOVura. 6 8e
    TTapeXOcjv els ttjv i^ovoiav rov erepov pceu tojv
    dSeXcfxjji' ^aoiXeLcjjvra kt€lv€l, tov 3e /caraAi/x-
    77ai'6p.€Pou dyarrcovTa to l^rjv hi\a Trpay/jLarcov

    86 {'2) FtWrat 8' avTco kol Trpo? top Addovpop


    iTTLKXrjdcvTa YlToXefxatop avpL^oXi] ttoXlv ^Aooj)(lp
    TjprjKOTa, Kal ttoAAoi)? fi€P dpelXep tcop rroXefiLcop,
    T) be PLKT] 77/30C UToXe/jLOLOP €pp€ip€P. inel 8'

    oiiTos VTTO KXeoTTaTpas SLOJxdel? els


    T-fjs fjii-jTpos

    AiyvrrTOP dv€)(d)prjoep, 'AAe^ai'Spo? Vahdpcup T€


    ttoXlopklo. KpaT€L Kal WfxadovPTOs, o 8r} fieyLcrTOP
    fjikv 'i)p epvfjLa tcop vnep ^lopSdprjp, to. ri/xtaSrara

    8e Tojp OeoScopou tov 7jT]pcdvos KTiqpidTtop rip ip


    87 avTOj. eTTeXdojp 8' e^aL(j)Piqs 6 0eo8topos" ra T€
    o(f>€Tepa Kal ttjp tov ^acrtAecas" drrooKevi^p alpei,
    TCOP 8* ^lovbalajp els fivplovs KTeipei. yipeTai 8'
    eTrdpcj TTjS TrXrjyijs WXe^avbpos Kal TpaTTOfiepos
    els TTjP TTapdXiOP alpel Tdt^ap Te Kal 'Pd(f)Lap Kal
    WpOqhopa T-rjP avdis vcf)^ 'HpcoBou tov ^aoiXecjJS
    ^AypiTTTndSa e7n KXrjde to ap.
    88 (3) 'E^av8pa77o8to-a/xeVcu Se raura? enapiaTaTak
    to ^lovhaiKOP ep eopTrj' fidXiOTa yap ep rats

    * iv Ti/jLT] om. .Mss. : inserted by Hudson from A. xiii. 323.

    " Salina (t\/. Salome) or Alexandra, ^. xiii. 330. Though


    Josephus never expressly says so, it appears certain that
    besides the throne, she gave Alexander Jannaeus her banc
    in marriage. For her sub'sequent reign see ^ 107.
    4t>
    JEWISH WAR, I. 84-88 ( = ant xiii. 318-372)

    offerings from my entrails." With these words on


    his hps he expired, after a reign of no more than a
    year.
    (iv. 1) The widow of Aristobulus " released his alexan:
    imprisoned brothers and placed on the throne 104^^3^^^
    Alexander, who had the double advantage over the
    others of seniority and apparent moderation of
    character. However, on coming into power, he put
    to death one brother, who had aspirations to the
    throne the survivor, who was content with ^ a quiet
    ;

    Hfe, he held in honour.


    (2) He also had an encounter with Ptolemy, sur- His eaiij
    named Lathyrus, who had taken the town of Asochis ^^^^^" ;

    although he killed many of the enemy, victory in-


    chned to his opponent. But when Ptolemy, pursued
    by his mother Cleopatra, retired to Egypt,^ Alexander
    besieged and took Gadara and Amathus, the latter
    being the most important of the fortresses beyond
    Jordan and containing the most precious possessions
    of Theodorus, son of Zeno. Theodorus, however,
    suddenly appearing, captured both his own treasures
    and the king's baggage and put some ten thousand
    Jews to the sword. Alexander, nevertheless, re-
    covering from this blow, turned towards the coast
    and captured Gaza, Raphia, and Anthedon, a town
    which subsequently received from King Herod the
    name of Agrippias.'^
    (3)After his reduction of these places to servitude, 'f^y^j^^.^^^

    the Jewish populace rose in revolt against him at against i

    ^ Or " loved."
    <*
    More correctly to Cyprus, where he reigned after his
    expulsion by Cleopatra from the throne of Egypt A» ;

    xiii. 328, 358.


    "*
    See B. i. 416 (where the name is givefl as Agrippeion).
    43
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    €vujxiaLS avTOJv orduLS airrerai. Koi iSoKCL jjurj

    av Kp€LTTajv yeveadat rrjs to


    eTn^ovXrjs, el (jltj

    ^ei/iKou avTO) Tiape^orjdei' OtacSat /cat KiAt/ce?


    rqaav T.vpov£ yap ovk eS^x^TO fiLoOocfiopovs Slol
    rr^v eiJ.(f)vrov avra)v Trpos ro ^dvos aTrexdcLav.
    80 Kreivas Se tcjv iTTavacrravTcov vrrep e^aKiGXiXtovg
    'ApajSta? rjTTTero, kol raxjTrj? eAtui^ roAaaStra?
    /cat Woja^lra?, chopov re avroig eTTLrd^as, dv-
    euTpeipev eVt AjxaOovvra. QcoScupov 8e Trpos- rd?
    ^

    evrrpayias avrov^ KaraTrXayevros eprjfiov Xa^ojv to


    (f>povpLov KareoTKatpev
    90 (4) "ErretTa (ivfx^aXdjv 'O^eSa to) Wpd^ojp
    ^aaiXel TTpoXoxioavTi Kara rriv TavXdvriv ivehpa^
    avroj yevopLewrjg Trdoav dTTo^dXXec Tr]v orpandv
    crvvLoodeZcrav Kara ^aOeias (f>dpayyo? /cat nXijde
    KajjLi'jXajp ovvrpL^eZaav. SLa(f)vyd)V 8' avro^ et'v
    'lepoGoXvfjLa roj fxeyedet rrj^ ovii^opds rrdXa
    91 fJLLaovv TO edvo? r^pediGev els eTravdaraaLV yivera .

    he /cat TOT€ Kpeirrajv /cat /Lta;^at? eVaAAT^Aot? ovh


    eXarrov TTevraKiGfjivpLajv ^Xouhaiojv dveZXev iv ii
    €T€GLV. ov jJLTjv €v<f)paiver6 ye Tat? VLKaig ttj
    iavrov ^aGiXeiav dvaXiGKcov' ddev TravGdficvo
    Tojv ottXojv XoyoLS i-rrexeipei hiaXveGdai rrpog rov
    02 VTTorerayixevovs . ol he fxaXXov €/jllgovv ttju /uerd
    voiau avrov tou rponov ro dvcopiaXov nvvOa
    /cat ,

    pofieuco re [ro ainowY re av TTonjoag KaraGrelXeLt


    avrovg, dirodavajv, eXeyov veKpd) ydp av htaX
    XayrjvaL /xoAt? rat rooavra hpdGavrc. dfia he kq
    rov "AKaipov eTTLKXrjdevra AT^^ry-ptov eireKaXovvr

    ^ avTov Lat., Hegesippus: avrov mss.


    • omit Destinon has probably arisen out of rt
    : tI &*»,

    44-
    JEWISH WAR, I. 88-92 ( = ant. xiii. 374-376)

    one of the festivals for it is on these festive occasions


    ;

    that sedition is most apt to break out. It was


    thought that he would never have quelled this con-
    spiracy, had not his mercenaries come to his aid.
    These were natives of Pisidia and Cilicia Syrians ;

    he did not admit to the force on account of their


    innate hatred of his nation. After slaying upwards
    of six thousand of the insurgents, he attacked
    Arabia ; there he subdued the people of Galaad
    and Moab and imposed tribute upon them, and then
    returned once more to Amathus. Theodorus being
    overawed by his victories, he found the fortress
    abandoned and razed it to the ground.
    (4) He next attacked Obedas, king of Arabia.
    The latter having laid an ambuscade near Gaulane,
    Alexander fell into the trap and lost his entire army,
    which was cooped into a deep ravine and crushed
    under a multitude of camels. He himself escaped
    to Jerusalem, but the magnitude of his disaster pro-
    ^^oked the nation, which had long hated him, to insur-
    rection. Yet once again he proved a match for them, fjjg lo^g
    ind in a succession of engagements in six years killed war with
    no fewer than fifty thousand Jews. His victories,
    tiowever, by which he wasted his realm, brought him
    ittle satisfaction ; desisting, therefore, from hos-
    lilities, he endeavoured to conciliate his subjects by

    Dersuasion. But his change of policy and incon-


    nstency of character only aggravated their hatred ;

    md when he inquired what he could do to pacify


    Lhem, they replied " Die even death would hardly
    ;

    reconcile us to one ffuiltv of your enormities." Thev ^"^ ^'^^^


    simultaneously appealed for aid to Demetrius, sur- theUnread

    45
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    pahioj<; he VTraKovaaprog Kar^ ^XrrLda il€ll6vojv
    Kal ii€Ta. cTTparid? tJkovto'^ uvveiiioyov ol 'louSatot
    rot? GU/X/.Ld)(OL? TTepl ^iKLiia.
    03 (5) \exerai 5' eKarepovs WXe^avhpos LTTTTcvaL
    fj.ev )(lXlols, fiLado(f)6poLg be rrelol'^ OKraKLcrxiXioL^'
    TTaprjv he avroj Kal to eiJi'oovi' 'lovSaiKov els
    fjLupLOVS. Twv S* evavriojv In— el'? p.ev rjuav rpccr-
    XlXlol, ne^ajv he /JLvptoi reTpaKLOxiXiOL. Kal —plv
    els ;(etpas' eXOelv hiaKrjpvauovres ol ^aatXels eVet-
    paJUTO Tcjju TTap^ dXX-qXoLS drroaraGewv , ArjiJLtjrpLos
    fxeuTovs WXe^di^hpov puaOochopovs, WXe^avhpos
    he Tovs dfxa Ar]fjLrjTpLCp ^lovhaiovs pieraTTeioeLV
    9 eXrrLoas.
    1 cos S' ovre ol ^lovhalot Ouijlcov,^ out€ ol
    "EXXrjves eTTavaavTO TrlaTeojs, hieKpivov>70 rjhr) rols
    95 ottXols avfiTTeoovres. Kparel he rfj fidx^] ^rjfi-q-
    jpios, KalroL TToXXd raw WXe^dvhpov iJiLodo(f)6pcou
    Kal iJjvxT]S ^py^ Kal x^f-pos eTTihei^afievcov. x^P^^
    he TO -eXos TTJs TTapard^ecos Trapd ho^av dfxchore-
    pois' ovre yap SrjpLrjrpicp Trapefieivav vlkojvtl ol
    KaXeaavres, Kal Kar* oIktov rrjs fJLera^oXijs 'AAe-
    (di'hpoj 77 po a excoprjaav els to. oprj KaTa(f)vy6vTL
    '\ovhaLOjp e^aKLGxlXiOL. ravr-qv rr^v poTrrjv ovk
    qveyKev Arj/jLi^rpLos, aAA' VTToXa^ojv rjhr] fiev d^io-
    p.axov elvai ndXiv WXe^avhpov, pLerappelv he Kal
    -nav TO edvos els avrov, dvex^J^iprjaev
    im (6) Ol) p.r]u TO ye Xolttov nXijOos VTToxcupy]
    odvTOjv Tcjjv GVfjLfidxojv KaTedevTO ra? htac^opds
    ovvex'^S he Ttpos WXe^auhpov tjv avrois 6 TToXepLOS.
    • C: of,KU3i> PAM Lat., whence Destinon restores opyCjv.
    "Demetrius III, king of Syria; his nickname is else
    where given a5 Eukairos, "' the timely," here Akairos, " the
    untimely."
    46
    JEWISH WAR, I. 92-96 ( = ant. xiii. 377-379)

    named the Unready." Hopes of aggrandizement


    brought from him a prompt response. Demetrius
    arrived with an army, and the Jews joined their
    aUies in the neighbourhood of Sichem.
    (5) Their combined forces, amounting to three
    thousand horse and fourteen thousand foot, were
    met by Alexander with one thousand horse and
    eight thousand foot, mercenaries besides these he
    ;

    had some ten thousand Jews who were still loyal


    to him.^ Before action the two kings endeavoured
    by proclamations to cause desertion from the
    opposite ranks ; Demetrius hoped to win over
    Alexander's mercenaries, Alexander the Jewish allies
    of Demetrius. But, when neither would the Jews
    abate their resentment nor the Greeks their fidelity,
    they ended by referring the issue to the clash of
    arms. The battle was won by Demetrius, notwith-
    standing many feats of gallantry and strength dis-
    played by Alexander's mercenaries. The upshot,
    however, proved contrary to the expectations of
    both combatants. For Demetrius, the victor, found
    himself abandoned by those who summoned him ;
    while Alexander, who took refuge in the hills, was
    joined by six thousand Jews, moved by compassion for
    his reverse of fortune. This turn of affairs was more
    than Demetrius could stand and in the belief that
    ;

    Alexander was now once more his match and that the
    whole nation was streaming back to him, he withdrew.
    (6) The remainder of the people, however, did
    not, on the withdrawal of their allies, drop their
    quarrel, but waged continuous war with Alexander,

    ''
    The numbers in A, xiii. 377 are different there :

    Demetrius has 3000 horse and 40,000 foot, Alexander 6200


    mercenaries and about 20,000 Jews.
    47
    JOSEPHUS
    rov? AoiTroi)? CLTT-^Xaocv
    fLexpi- rrXeicTTOvs OLTTOKrea'ag
    Kal ravTrjv KaTaGTpeipdfJLevog
    €iV Be/LteaeAii' ttoXlv,
    97 alxfJ-aXcoTOvg dvr^yay€V eiV 'lepoaoAu/xa. -npov-
    Koipev 8' avTOj 8t' V7T€p^oXr]u opyrjs €t9 doe^etau
    ro rrj? dnioTTiros' twv yap Xr]<f)d€vrojv oKraKo-
    movs dvacrravpojoag eV pL^ar] rfj ttoXel yvvalKa? re
    Kal TEKva avrojv d7T€o4)a^€V <eV>^ rat? 6ip€GL, Kal
    ravra ttlvojv Kal (jvyKaraKeLjievog rat? TraXXaKiOLV
    98 d(f)€copa. TouavTiq Se KardnX-q^LS ecrx^v rov 8rJ/xoi/,
    cucrre rwv Kara r-qv iTnovaav
    dirLoraoLaarwu
    vvKra OKraKiox^Xiovg e^o) 'louSaia? oAt7?,
    (f>vy€LV
    ofs" opog rrj? (f)vyfj? 6 ^AXe^dvhpou Odvaros Kardarq.

    roLOvroL£ epyoi? oipe Kal jjl6Xl<; -qcrvxLau rfj ^aoLXeia


    TTopLuag dvcTTavaaro rcov ottXluv.
    99 (7) Tiverai 8e avrat TrdXii' dpx'q 6opv(Sa)v ^Av-
    rioxo£ 6 Kal Alovvgos^ irriKXriOeis, I^rjjjuqrpiov
    fi€V d8eA<^os' ctJ^', reXeurdlog 8e rd)v djTO SeAeL'/cou.
    rovrov yap Setaa? arpareveGdaL inl rous "ApajSa?
    (LpijL-qpevov, ro fieu piera^v rrjg vrrep ^ AvriTrarpihos
    7Tapojp€LOV Kal row 'Iottt^? alytaXcju SLara(f)p€V€L
    (f>dpayyL ^adela, Trpo 8e rrjg rd^pov relxos rjyeLpeu
    vip-qXov Kal ^vXivovs 7Tvpyov<^ iver^Kr-qvaro rd?
    100 eu/xapet? ip^oXdg d7TO(f)pdrr ojv. ov fx-qv elp^al ye
    rov Avrioxov lgx^gcv ipLirp-qGas yap rovs TTvpyov?
    ^

    Kal r-qv rd(j>pov ;)^ajcra? hi-qXavve pLcrd ri]? Suvd-


    pecos .OepLevos 5' iv Sevrepqj rrjv Trpo? rov kwXv-
    101 Gavra dpLvvav evdus cttI rov? "Apa^a? fjei. rcov
    S* d ^aoiXev? dvaxojpdJv €tV rd ;]^/)7]crt/.<.oSTepa rrj?

    ^ ins. Herwerden.
    * Aioi'vcnos Mss. : for text rf. A. xiii. 387.

    « In A. xiii. 380 Bethome (unidentified).


    JEWISH WAR, I. 96-101 ( = ant. xiii. 380-391)

    until, after killing a very large number of them, he


    drove the rest into Bemeselis " having subdued
    ;

    this town, he brought them up to Jerusalem as


    prisoners. vSo furious was he that his savagery went His
    to the length of impiety. He had eight hundred of ^^^^ewf
    his captives crucified in the midst of the city, and
    their wives and children butchered before their eyes,
    while he looked on, drinking, with his concubines
    reclining beside him. Such was the consternation
    of the people that, on the following night, eight
    thousand of the hostile faction fled beyond the pale
    of Judaea ; their exile was terminated only by
    Alexander's death. Having, by such deeds, at last
    with difficulty secured tranquillity for the realm, he
    rested from warfare.
    (7) A fresh cause of disturbance, however, arose
    His last

    in the person of Antiochus, surnamed Dionysus,


    brother of Demetrius and the last of the Seleucid
    hne.'' This prince having set out on a campaign
    against the Arabs, Alexander, in alarm, dug a deep
    dyke to intercept him, extending from the mountain-
    side above Antipatris to the coast at Joppa, and in
    front of the trench erected a high wall with wooden
    towers inserted, in order to bar the routes where
    attack was easy. However, he failed to check
    Antiochus, who burnt the towers, levelled the trench
    and marched across with his army. Deferring his
    vengeance on the author of this obstruction he at
    once pushed on against the Arabs. The Arabian
    king began by retiring to territory more favourable

    " Antiochus XII Dionysus, c. 86-85 b.c. Thie last of the


    Seleucid line, before Syria became a Roman province in
    64 B.C., was actually Antiochus XI 1 1 Asiaticus (Bevan,
    House of Seleucus, ii. 266 f.).
    49
    JOSEPHUS
    Xci)pa? TTpos rqv
    eVeira tt)v lttttov €^aL(f)vr]S
    ixdxr]v,
    eTTiarpeipas, tov apidfjiov, dra/^rot?
    jivpia S* tjv

    €7TL7TL7TT€L TOtS" 776/31 TOV ^AuTLOXOV. KapTCpd? §€


    fidxy)? ycvofievr}?, €w? yikv Trepirjv Avrioxos dvT- *

    €lx^^ V Swa/xi? avrov, KatTrep dveh-qv vtto twv


    102 Wpd^ojv d>Ol'€v6/J.€l'OL' TT^GOVTOS §€, KOL ydp TTpO-
    €Kii'Svv€V€v det TOtS" -qTrajpievois Trapaf^o-qdojv,
    iyKXivovoi^ rravreg, /cat to fieu rrXelaTov avTcov
    iiTL re TTjS TrapaTOL^eaj? kolv ttj (f>vyfj Sta^^etperat,

    Tovg Se XoLTTOvg KaTa(f>vy6vTa? et? ¥>.ava} kcjo/jlyji'


    Gndvei Tcou eVtrrySetcuy dvaXojdrjvai avue^r] TrX-qv
    oXiyujv arravras.
    ^03 (8) 'E/c TOVTOV AapLaGKTivoL hid to irpos IlroAe-
    fjLOLOV TOV ^Xevvaiov pXGOs WpeTav eTrdyovTai Koi
    KadiGTWGLV kolXtj? Su/)ia? ^acriAea. GTpaT€V€TaL
    8' OVT09 eVt Tr)v 'louSatW /cat f^'^XV ^'^^^crct?
    104 AAe^ai/Spoi' /card GvudT]Ka<; d^'e;\;c(Spr]o€^'. 'AAe|--
    avSpo? Se rieAAat' eAcoi^ eVi Fepacrai^ ^€t TT-CLAtf
    Tcoi' GcoScopov KTTifidTOJV yAt;\;o/.tei'os', /cat rpto-t
    TOV? (f)povpov? 7T€pi^6XoLs aTTOTCLX^croi? 8t;^a' f^(^XV^
    105 TO ;^ctjptov TrapaXaixj^dvec. KaTaGTp€(f)€TaL 8e /cat
    FauAa'^T^i^ /cat ZeAcL'/cetai^ /cat tt^v 'Ap'rto;)(OL>

    cf)dpayya KaXovfiiv-qv , 77-pd? ot? Fd/xaAav (jypovpLOV


    KapT€.p6v iXojv, TOV dpxovTa ^ruirjTpLov iv avTcp
    TTapaXvGas* e'/c ttoXXcov iyKXrjfjLdTOJv, eTrdveiGLV els
    \ovhaiav, rpla rrX-qpcoGas eTiq Trjs GTpaTelas-
    do/Jievoj? 3' 1^770 TOV edvovg iSexOr] 8td ttjv €V-

    ^ Bekker; ( KKXlvovaiiv) mss.


    ' From ./. xiii. 391 : 'Avav or Wuua mss.
    ^Destinon: 5id mss.: rf. A. xiii. 393 jj anaxl-, and for the
    phrase 5ia fidxv^ B. iv. 372.
    * A'^o'"'' : the other mss. have Tre/jtXi'traj or TreptSiVaj (r/.
    -<4. irepi45iaev),

    50
    JEWISH WAR, I. 101-105 ( = ant. xiii. 391-394)

    for battle, and then suddenly wheeling round his


    cavalry, ten thousand strong, fell upon the troops of
    Antiochus while in disorder. A hard fought battle
    ensued. So long as Antiochus Hved, his forces held
    out, though mercilessly cut up by the Arabs. When
    he fell, after constantly exposing himself in the front
    while rallying his worsted troops, the rout became
    general. The bulk of his army perished either on
    the field or in the flight the rest took refuge in the
    ;

    village of Gana, where all save a few succumbed to


    starvation.
    (8) On the death of Antiochus, the inhabitants of
    Damascus, from hatred of Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus,
    brought in Aretas and made him king of Coele-
    Syria.^ The latter made an expedition into Judaea,
    defeated Alexander in battle, and after concluding
    a treaty withdrew. Alexander, for his part, captured
    Pellaand proceeded against Gerasa, hankering once
    more after the treasures of Theodorus.^ Having
    blockaded the garrison by a triple line of walls, he
    carried the place without a battle. He also con-
    quered Gaulane and Seleuceia and took the so-called
    " Ravine of Antiochus," He further captured the
    strong fortress of Gamala and dismissed its com-
    mander, Demetrius, in consequence of numerous
    accusations. He then returned to Judaea after a
    campaign of three whole years. His successful career
    brought him a cordial welcome from the nation yet ;

    Ptolemy was king of Chalcis and the surrounding dis-


    °'

    Coele-Syria (c. 85-40 B.C.) ; Aretas was king of the


    trict in
    Nabataean Arabs.
    " Cf. § 86.

    51
    1 .

    JOSEPHIS
    TTpayiaVy Kal Xaf.L^dv€L ttjv avaTravoLV rov TroXe/JLEtv
    106 dpxrjv rerapraiaLS he nepLoSoig TTvperow
    voGOV.
    cvoxXov/JLeuo? SiaKpovoeadac^ ttjv voaov
    4^'^^'0

    ttclXlv oupd/xei'o? TTpay/jbdrcov. Sio Srj aTpareiais


    dKalpoLS lavTOV imhibov? Kal ^lat^ojievos Trapd
    ovvai.Lii^ TO ooifia irpos ra? ivepyela? ciTTT^AAa^ei^.
    TeAeura yovv iv fjicaocs rot? dopv^OLS GTp€(f)6/x€uos
    ^acnXevaa? eTTTOL Trpos rots €ikoglu err].
    107 (v. 1) KaraActWi Se
    tt^i' ^aaiXeiav ^AXc^dvSpa

    yvvatKL TTerreLGjjLevo? TavTfi (xdiXiOT^ av vrraKOV-


    rfj
    aai Tovg 'louSat'ofS', eVetSi] rrjg ojpior-qros avrov
    fjLaKpdv drroSeovaa Kal raZs Trapavoyiiais dvd-
    108 iGrafievT] row SrjfjLoi' els evi'OLav TTpoorjydyero} Kal
    ov hnj/jLaprev rijs eA77iSo?" CKpdr-qaev yap rrjs
    o.px^S TO yvvaiov hid ho^av eucre^eta?. rjKpl^ov
    yap Sr) fidXiora rov edvov?^ rd Ttdrpia Kal rovg
    TTXrjfjLfieXovvTas: eiV rov? t'epous' vopiovs i$ ^PXV^
    109 rrpoe^dXXero. 8vo S' avrfj Traihojv ovrojv i^ 'AAe^-
    dlSpOV, r6l> fjL€V 7Tp€G^VT€pOU 'YpKaVOV Sid T€
    TTjV -qXiKiav d-oSeiKi'VGLv apxiepla Kal dXXcos ovra
    vojQeGrepov rj ctjore eVo;^Aeti^ Trepl rajv oXcov, rov
    Se vfojrepov WptGTo^ovXov 8ta depfio-r^ra Karelx^v
    IhLCJTiqV
    1 10 (2) Wapa(j)Vovrai he avrijs els ttjv e^ovGiav
    ^apiGaloL, Gvuraypid tl 'Iou8ata>y hoKovv evGe-
    ^eGTepov elvai rcov dXXojv Kal tovs vopLovs aKpt-
    1 1
    ^earepov d<^i]yeZGdai. tovtois TrepiGGOv hr] tl
    TrpoGelxev r) 'AXe^dvhpa oeao^rnievr]^ nepl to
    Oelov. ol he TTjv aTzAorr^ra ttjs di'dpcorrov /card

    * Bekker: 5iaKpo0caa6ai mss.


    * irporjydyfTo AM : npoa- issupported by B. i. 153.
    ' fdfiov PAM*. * M margin: ce^onfi'-q the rest.
    52
    JEWISH WAR, I. 105-111 ( = ant. xiii. 398-407)

    rest from war proved but the beginning of disease.


    Afflicted by a quartan ague, he hoped to shake off
    the malady by a return to active hfe. He, accord-
    ingly, plunged into ill-timed campaigns and, forcing
    himself to tasks beyond his strength, hastened his
    end. He died, at any rate, amid stress and turmoil, Hisdi
    '^ ^'^
    after a reign of twenty-seven years.
    (v. 1) Alexander bequeathed the kingdom to his Queer
    wife Alexandra, being convinced that the Jews would ;^gt69
    bow to her authority as they would to no other,
    because by her utter lack of his brutality and by
    her opposition to his crimes she had won the affections
    of the populace. Nor was he mistaken in these
    expectations ; for this frail woman firmly held the
    reins of government, thanks to her reputation for
    piety. She was, indeed, the very strictest observer
    of the national traditions and would deprive of office ^
    any offenders against the sacred laws. Of the two
    sons whom she had by Alexander, she appointed the
    elder, Hyrcanus, high priest, out of consideration
    alike for his age and his disposition, which was too
    lethargic to be troubled about public affairs the ;

    younger, Aristobulus, as a hot-head, she confined to


    a private life.
    (2) Beside Alexandra, and growing as she grew, Growi
    arose ^ the Pharisees, a body of Jews with the g^^S
    reputation of excelling the rest of their nation in the
    observances of religion, and as exact exponents of
    the laws. To them, being herself intensely religious,
    she listened with too great deference while they, ;

    gradually taking advantage of an ingenuous woman,

    * Or perhaps " banish


    from the realm."
    * Literally, " grew up beside into her power " (like
    suckers round a tree).

    53
    JOSEPHUS
    fiLKpou V7n6vT€S ^1^7] Kal 8toiK'r/Tat Tojv oAojv
    eyivovTOy Slojk€LV T€ Kal Kardyetv ovs iSeXoiev,
    Xv€Lv re Kal heoyLelv. KaOoXov 8' at fikv airoXav-
    (T6t? Tcui' ^aaiXeiojv iKeivujv -qoav, ra S' avaXoj-
    112/xaTa Kal at Bvax^peLat rrjs WXe^cii'Spa?. SeLur]

    S* -^u TO. fieiCco hiOLKelv, ovy-


    hvuafjLLv re del
    Kporovaa hiTrXaoiova KarecrrrjGev Kal ^evLKrju avv-
    I'lyayev ovk oXiyrju, clj? fJ-r] fiouow Kparvi^ecrdaL ro
    oLKelov edvo<;, <j)o^epdv Se Kal rolg e^wdev elvai
    Swdorai?. eKpdrei he rojv fieu dXXcov ai3rr),
    Oapicjatot 5' avrrj?.
    113 (3) Aioyeurjv yovi^ riva rwv eTnoTJpLOJV, (f>iXov
    KreivovoLV avroi,^ avfi-
    'AAe^ai'Spoj y€y€vrjij.evov y
    ^ovXov eyKaXovvreg yeyovevat neplrcjv duaorravpco-
    devrojv v7t6 rod ^aoiXeajs OKraKooiajv. iwrjyoi' 8e

    rrfv WXe^duhpav eh to Kal rov^g dXXovs hia^eLpi-


    oaodai ru)V Trapo^vudvrojv eV eKeli'Ovs rov WXe^-
    avhpou- evhibovor}? 8' vtto 8eicri8at/xoi^ta? dvrjpovv
    lUoUb eSeXoiev avroi. 7TpoG(f)€vyovoL oe 'Apioro'
    ^ovXcp -<JL)V Kivhvvev6vr(jjv ol Trpovxeiv BoKovureg,
    KaKeluo? veiOei ttjv p.T)repa 4>€LoaodaL p-kv 8ta, ro
    d^LOjfia Tcou di'hpoJi', eK-ep.ipaL 8' avrov?, el p.r)

    Kadapovg eK ri]? TToXecu?. ol p.ev ovv


    VTrelXt-jclieu,

    hodelariq eoKebdodrjoaw di^d rrji/ )(copaw.


    dSeiag
    115 WXe^dvSpa de eKTrepupaoa e-rrl Sap-aoKov orpartdi^,
    7Tp6(f>aoL^ 8' -qv n-oAe/Ltaios" aei dXi^ow rrju ttoXlu,
    ravrrju p.ev v-ebe^aro prjdeu d^LoXoyov ipyaoa-
    \\Q pLevrfV Tiypdu-qu 8e rou Wpp.evi(jjv ^aaiXea npoo-
    Kade^opievov nToA€/Ltai8t Kat TToXiopKOvira KAeo-

    * o^T&i Destinon,
    54
    JEWISH WAR, I. 111-116 ( = ANT. xiii. 409-419)

    became at length the real administrators of the state,


    at Hberty to banish and to recall, to loose and to
    bind, whom they would. In short, the enjoyments
    of royal authority were theirs its expenses and
    ;

    burthens fell to Alexandra. She proved, however,


    to be a wonderful administrator in larger affairs, and,
    by continual recruiting doubled her army, besides
    collecting a considerable body of foreign troops so ;

    that she not only strengthened her own nation, but


    became a formidable foe to foreign potentates. But
    if she ruled the nation, the Pharisees ruled her.

    (3) Thus they put to death Diogenes, a dis-


    tinguished man who had been a friend of Alexander,
    accusing him of having advised the king to crucify
    his eight hundred victims." They further urged
    Alexandra to make away with the others who had
    instigated Alexander to punish those men and as ;

    she from superstitious motives always gave way, they


    proceeded to kill whomsoever they would. The
    most eminent of the citizens thus imperilled sought
    refuge with Aristobulus, who persuaded his mother
    to spare their lives in consideration of their rank,
    but, if she was not satisfied of their innocence, to
    expel them from the city. Their security being thus
    guaranteed, they dispersed about the country.
    Alexandra sent an army to Damascus, on the Aiexand
    pretext of the constant pressure put upon that city p^o'^iicy?
    by Ptolemy the troops, however, returned to her
    ;

    without having achieved anything remarkable. On


    the other hand, by means of treaties and presents,
    she won over Tigranes, king of Armenia, who was c 70-69

    « §97.
    55
    JOSEPHUS
    Ttdrpav ovvdrjKais koI hojpoLS v7n]ydy€ro (f)ddu€L .

    5' cKelwos OLTTavaaTds Slol rd? oIkol rapa^ds c/jl-

    ^e^X-qKOTog etV rrjv WpfievLav A^vkoXXov.


    117 (4') Kdv rovrcp vooovarjs WXe^dvhpa? 6 veco-
    T€pos Tojv Traihojv ^ Apioro^ouXog top Katpov
    dpTtdoas pLerd rdjv OLKeicvv,^ ^'^X^^ ^^ TroAAou? Kal
    Trdvrag €vvovs Sta Tr]v deppLonqra, Kparei pikv rdjv
    cpvpLdroju drrdi'Tajv, tols 8' eV tovtcuv xPVI^^^^^
    pLLodo(f)6povgddpoLoas eavrov dTToh^LKWOi jSacriAea.
    \\% rrpos ravraobvpopLeuou rou *YpKav6u tj pL-qr-qp
    OLKTelpaoa riqv re yvvaiKa Kal rovg TratSa? 'Aptaro-
    ^ovXov KaQeipyvvoLV ei? rriv Avrcoviav (fjpovpuov ^

    S' rjv TO) ^opetcp KXipcari rod Upov 7TpooKeipi€vov,


    TrdXai pL€u, CO? ((fy-qv, Bapt? 6uop,ai,6pL€i^oi', avdig
    be ravTYj? rv^dv Trjg TTpooiqyoplag iiriKpaTqaavros
    WvTOJVLOV, KadaTTep drro re rod He^aorov Kal
    WyptTTTTa ^e^aoTTj Kal XypnrTnds TToAet? eV-
    ^

    119 ojvopidod-qGav . irplv he eTre^eXBelv ^ AXe^dvhpa rov


    WpLGTO^ovXov rrj? rd8eX(f)OV KaraXvuecos reXevra
    hiOLK-qaaaa rrfv dpx'qv ereotv evvea.
    120 (vi. 1) Kat
    KXrjpoi^opLog p.ev tjv tojv dXojv 'Yp-
    Kavog, Kal tojoa r-qu ^aoiXeiav evexeipioev,
    d)
    hvvdpieL he Kal (l)pou-qpLaTi rrpoelxev 6 Wpiaro
    povXos yevopLevqs he avrolg nepl tcov dXcov ovpL
    .

    ^oXrjg TTepl 'lepLXOvura KaTaXiTrovre? ol ttoXXoI rdi


    'YpKai'OP p-era^aivovaLV Trpo? rou ^ Apioro^ovXov
    121 o he p.erd rujv avpLpLeii'dvrojv ^Sdvet ovpi(j>vy(jJi
    irrl r-qv Avrojviav Kal Kvptevaag tow rrpds oojriq
    ^

    ^ olKeiwv Herwerden : oIk€tC}v mss. and Niese.

    " Cleopatra or Selene (A. xiii. 430), daughter of Ptolemy

    Physcon, and married to several of the Seleucid kings. Wi


    56
    JEWISH WAR, I. 116-121 ( = ANT. xiii. 419-xiv. 5)

    seated before Ptolemais, besieging Cleopatra." He,


    however, had to beat a hasty retreat, recalled by
    domestic troubles in Armenia, which Lucullus had
    invaded.
    (4) Alexandra now falling ill, her younger son Revolt of
    Aristobulus seized his opportunity and with the aid '^^^ 1°^ ,

    oi his lollowers —
    a numerous body, every one or
    whom was devoted to him because of his fiery
    —
    nature took possession of all the fortresses and,
    with the money which he found there, recruited a
    mercenary force and proclaimed himself king. The
    complaints of Hyrcanus at these proceedings moved
    the compassion of his mother, who shut up the wife
    and children of Aristobulus in Antonia. This was a
    fortress adjoining the north side of the temple,
    which, as I said,'' was formerly called Baris, but
    afterwards took this new name under Antony's
    supremacy ;
    Augustus and Agrippa gave
    just as
    their names ^ and Agrippias.**
    to the cities of Sebaste
    But before Alexandra could take action against
    Aristobulus for his deposition of his brother, she Her death
    expired, after a reign of nine years.
    (vi.1) Hyrcanus, to whom even in her lifetime hyrcanu:
    his
    -1 " abdicai
    mother had entrusted the kingdom, was sole heir '"
    to the throne, but m capacity and courage was aristo-
    .
    favour

    surpassed by Aristobulus. A battle for the crown JjJ.'^^gV.c.


    took place near Jericho, when most of the troops of
    Hyrcanus deserted him and went over to Aristobulus.
    Hyrcanus, with those who remained with him, hastily
    :ook refuge in Antonia and secured hostages for his
    earn from Strabo. xvi. 749, that Tigranes on his retreat
    Vom Syria carried off Cleopatra as a prisoner and sub-
    lequently put her to death.
    § 75. * Samaria.
    Formerly Anthedon, § 87.
    57
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    ptav oyiiqpow ravra 8' -^v r) WpLoropovXov yvvrj
    fjiera rojv 7€KV(x>v. d/xe'Aet rrplv dvrjKearov TrdOovg
    ht€Xvdr)oau , ojore ^aaiXeveiv fj,ev ^ Apioro^ovXov
    'YpKavov be eKordvra Trj<; aAAr]? d7ToXav€LU TLfirj<;

    122 ojo-ep dd€X(i>6v ^aatAeco?. eVt tovtol? StaAAayeV-


    T€^ ev Toj Upoj KOI Tov Xaov rrepieoTOJTos (f)iXo-
    (f)p6i'cos dXXrjXovs doTraodfJLevoL SiT^/xei^at' rds otVt'as"

    WpLGTofSovXos IJL€V ydp et? TOL /SaatAeia, 'YpKavog


    8' dvexojprjG€v elg ttjv ^ApLoroBovXov oiKLav.
    \2'^ (2) Aeo? 8e rols re aAAot? toii^ WpLoro^ovXov
    hiacbopojv efJLTTLTTTCL 77ap' eArrt'Sa Kpar-qaavros kol

    lidXiora WvTLTrdTpoj 77aAat hLapaoovpLevo). yivos


    8' T^y 'ISou/aaios-, TTpoyoioji' re eVe/ca /cat ttAoutou
    124 /<ai 717? aAAr^? lgxvo? TTpcorevcvv rod edvovs.
    ovtos
    dfia KOL TOV 'YpKapou Wpera 7Tpoo(f)vy6ura toj
    ^aoiXcL rijg Wpa^las dvaKTi^aaudaL rrjv /SaatAetay
    CTTet^cy, K^at TOV Wperav hi^aaOai re tov 'YpKavov
    KOI Karayayelv eVt tt^i- dpx'rjv, ttoAAq /zey tov
    ^ ApiOTof^ovXov etV TO 7)^0? hiaf^aXXajVy voXXd 8'
    €7raLva)v rov 'YpKavov [TraprjveL Se^aadai],^ Kal
    (Lg 7Tp€7Tov etrj tov ovtoj XapLrrpas TrpoeoTCJTa
    vrrepex^Lv X^^P^ '^V dhiKOvpLevcp^' dhi-
    jSaCTtAcias"
    Ketadai 8e tov 'YpKavov (jT€pr]d€VTa Trjg Kara to
    125 TTp^a^elov avroj TrpoomKOVGiis apx^j?- rrpoKara
    OKevdoag 8e dfKfiOTepovg, vvKTOjp dvaXa^ojv tov
    'YpKavov (1770 TTjs TToX^ajs dTToSiSpdoKei Kal GVV
    Tovcp <l)vyfj xP^'^l^^^o? ^'V '^'Tjv KaXov/jLCvqu IleTpav
    hiaG(x>l,€TaL' ^aoiX^iOv avTrj ttjs 'Apa^ia? ioTLV.
    12t) ev6a TOJ 'ApeVa tov 'YpKavov eyx^ipioag Kal
    TToAAci fJLeV KadofliX-qGaS, TToXXolS 8€ ScopOLg V7T
    eXBojVy hovvaL hvvapav avroj TTcldeL ttjv Kard^ovGav
    * cm. Bekker. * tCwv ddiKov/ji^vbju Destinon.
    58
    JEWISH WAR, I. 121-126 (-ant. xfv. 6-17;

    safety in the persons of the wife and children of


    Aristobulus. However, before any irreparable harm
    was done, the brothers came to terms, to the effect
    that Aristobulus should be king and Hyrcanus, while
    abdicating the throne, should enjoy all his other
    honours as the king's brother. The reconciliation
    on these terms took place in the temple. In the
    presence of the surrounding crowd they cordially
    embraced each other, and then exchanged residences,
    Aristobulus repairing to the palace, Hyrcanus to the
    house of Aristobulus.
    (2) The unexpected triumph of Aristobulus alarmed Antipat*

    his adversaries, and, in particular, Antipater, an old aKf of^*^^

    and bitterly hated foe. An Idumaean by race, his Aretas,

    ancestry, wealth, and other advantages put him in rdns\at(


    the front rank of his nation. It was he who now "yrcam
    persuaded Hyrcanus to seek refuge with Aretas,
    king of Arabia, with a view to recovering his king-
    dom, and at the same time urged Aretas to receive
    him and to reinstate him on the throne. Heaping
    aspersions on the character of Aristobulus and en-
    comiums on Hyrcanus, he represented how becoming
    it would be in the sovereign of so brilliant a realm
    to extend a protecting hand to the oppressed and ;

    such, he said, was Hyrcanus, robbed of the throne


    which by right of primogeniture belonged to him.
    Having thus prepared both parties for action,
    Antipater one night fled with Hyrcanus from the
    city, and, pushing on at full speed, safely reached
    the capital of the Arabian kingdom, called Petra.
    There he committed Hyrcanus into the hands of
    Aretas, and, by dint of conciliatory speeches and
    cajoling presents, induced the king to furnish an

    59
    JOSEPHUS
    avTou' Tju S' avri] TieCcou re Kal LTTrretov 7T€1'T€

    yLvpidheS' TTpo? tjv ovk avTeo^ev "ApLaro^ovXo?,


    aX\' eV TT7 TrpcoTTj GVfx^oXfj AeKpdcls €t? 'lepo-
    127 ooAvfia GVi'eXavverai. nav €(f)drj Kara Kpdros ^r]-

    <f)6€is , €L /JLT) ^Kavpos 6 'Poj/JLaLOW orpaT-qyog in-


    avacrrds avrcbu rols KaLpol? eAucjc ttju TToXiopKLav
    OS i7T€p.(f)dri pikv €19 ^vpcav citto ' Apfxevias vno
    nofiTrrjLOV Mayt-ou TToXep-ovvros rrpos Tiypdv-qv,
    7Ta.pay€v6fieuo? Se etV AafxaoKov eaXcvKvlav Trpoo-
    ^drojs Mer^AAou /cat AoXXlov Kal toutov?
    V7t6
    p.€TaGTrjaag eTrcLb-q rd Kara rrjv ^lovhaiav luvdero,
    ,

    Kaddrrep €<f)^ epfiaiov rjTTelxdr].


    128 (3) riapeXOourog yovv et? rr)v \ojpav rrpio^eis
    evdiojg TjKOv napd row dbeAchow, eKarepov Seo-
    piivov ^orjdelv avroj. yiverai S' iTTiTTpoaOev rov
    biKaiou rd rrapd ApiGro^ovAov rpiaKoota rdXavra'
    '

    roGovrov yap Xa^ow ^Kavpos eTTLKT] pvK€V€r ai rrpos


    T6 'YpKauov Kal rovs "Apa^a?, d—eiXcov 'Pajfiaiovg
    Kal riofiTT-qLov,
    €L fJLT] XvG€Lav rrju TToXiopKiav.
    129 dv€xojp€L 8'
    €K rrjs '\ovhaias €tV OiAaSe'A^eiay
    'Apera? KaraTrXayets, Kal TrdXtv eiV Aa/xaa/cov
    J30 I^Kavpos. WpLGro^ovXoj 8' ovk aTzexP'qGev ro /irj
    dXdJi'aL, TTaGav hk r-qv hvvapnv eVtauAAc'^as* etTxero
    Tois" TToXepLLOtg Kal rrepl rov KaXovfiei'OV ilanvpcova
    ovpL^aXuw avrols vrrep e^aKiGXf-Xlovs Krecvei, fieO^
    ow Kal roi' ddeX(f)6u rov 'Avmrdrpov Oa^Xtajva.
    131 (4) 'TpKauo? 8e Kal Avrtnarpos rtov 'Apd^ojv '

    a(f>aip€6€vre? iJLere(j)€pov eVt rovg ivavriovs rr)V


    iX-niha, Kairethq WofXTT-qiog iviojv r-qv "Lvpiav el?

    * A, xiv, 19. " 50,000 cavalry besides infantry."

    60
    JEWISH WAR, I. 126-131 ( = ant. xiv. 19-34)

    army, fifty thousand strong, both cavalry and in-


    fantry ,<* to reinstate his ward. This force Aristobulus
    was unable to resist. Defeated in the first encounter
    he was driven into Jerusalem, and would there have
    been speedily captured through the storming of the
    city, had not Scaurus the Roman general, intervening inteivt

    at this critical moment,


    raised the siege. The latter gcTuru
    had been sent into Syria from Armenia by Pompey in the

    the Great, then at war with Tigranes. On reaching quarrel


    Damascus, which had recently been captured by 65 b.c.
    Metellus and Lolhus, he superseded those officers,''
    and then, hearing of the position of affairs in Judaea,
    hastened thither to snatch what seemed a god-sent
    opportunity.
    (3) Sure enough, no sooner had he entered Jewish
    territory, than he received deputations from the
    brothers, each imploring his assistance. Three hun-
    dred talents offered by Aristobulus outweighed con-
    siderations of justice Scaurus, having obtained that
    ;

    sum, dispatched a herald to Hyrcanus and the


    Arabs, threatening them with a visitation from the
    Romans and Pompey if they did not raise the siege.
    Aretas, terror-struck, retired from Judaea to Phil-
    adelphia, and Scaurus returned to Damascus. Aristo-
    bulus, however, not content with having escaped
    capture, mustered all his forces, pursued the enemy,
    fought them in the neighbourhood of a place called
    Papyron, and killed upwards of six thousand. Among
    the slain was Phallion, Antipater's brother.
    (4) Deprived of their Arab allies, Hyrcanus and Both
    Antipater turned their hopes to the opposite party, appeal'
    and when Pompey entered Syria and reached pompe^
    * The meaning of the phrase kuI tovtov^ ixtTaaT-qcrai
    (omitted in A.) is uncertain.
    61
    JOSEPHUS
    AaixacTKOv rjK€v, eV avrov KaracjievyovuLV , Kcil
    hi^a hojpeojv, als Koi Trpo? rov Wperav St/cato-
    Xoylai? xP^H-^^^^y KariqvrL^oXovv fiLcrfjcrai fxev rrjv
    *ApLGTO^ovXov ^iav, Kardyeiv 8' eVt rr^v ^aoL-
    Xeiav Tov kol rpoTTco kol Kad^ rjXiKLau Trpoo-qKOvra.
    132 ov pL-qv ouS' WpLGTo^ovXog VGripei TreTToidcjs rfj
    T.Kavpov 8copo8oKLa, Traprjv re kol avros co9 otov
    T€ ^aoiXiKcoTara KeKOGp^-qKajs iaDTOv. aho^-qoa?
    Se Trpos" ras depaTreias Kal pLTj (j)€pcov hovXe'ueiv
    rats ;\;peiai? TaireLvorepov rod oxripLaro? cltto \iov
    TToX^ios^ Xcopl^eraL.
    1^3 (5) raur' dyat^a/crvjcras" YlopLTn]LO?, TToAAa
    ripos"
    Kal rcjjv 'Yp.Kauov LKerevovrcov (ZppL-qcreu eV
    TTepl ,

    WpLGTO^ovXov, duaXa^ojv rrjv re 'PojpLa'iKr^v Svva-


    134 ^Li; Kal TToXXovs CK TTJ? Supta? CTU/u,/xa;(ou? iirel .

    8e TTapeXavvojv IleAAav Kal '^kvBottoXlv rJKev etV


    Kopea?, oOev rj ^lovSalcuv apxerai X^P^ Kara rrju
    pLeaoyeLOv dvLovrojv, OLKOvaa? ovp.7Te4>€vyevai rov
    WpiGTO^ovXov el? ^AXe^dpSpeiou, rovro 8' ecrrlv
    (f)povpLov TU)v TTavv <j>LXorip.ojs e^iiGKTjpievojv vrrep
    6pov£ vip-qXov KeLpLevov, Trepupas Kara^aiveiv avrov
    135 eKeXevGev raJ 8' tjv pLev oppLTj KaXovpLevcp SeGTTO-
    .

    TLKcorepov hiaKivhvveveiv pidXXov -q VTraKOVGat,


    KaOecopa 8e ro TrXrjdo? dppojhovv, Kal TTaprjVovv
    ol 4)lXol GKenreGdat r-qv 'PojpLaLOJV lgxvv ovGav
    dvvTTOGrarov ols -neiGdel? KdreLGiv Trpos Yiop,-
    .

    TTrjLOv Kal TToXXd TTepl rod St/catco? dpx^LW ciTro- s

    136 Xoy-qdels VTreGrpeipev elg ro epvpLa. irdXiv re


    rdSeXchov TTpoKaXovpLevov Kara^ds Kal SiaXexOels

    * At'oc TToXews Spanheira Atos i?\{oi' 7r6\ea;s (probably arising


    :

    from a glossed text Ato? ^ Aiov tt.) or AioaTroXewj >iss.

    62
    JEWISH WAR, I. 131-136 ( = ant. xiv. 47-50)

    Damascus, took refuge with him. Coming without


    presents and resorting to the same pleas which they
    had used with Aretas, they implored him to show
    his detestation of the violence of Aristobulus, and to
    restore to the throne the man whose character and
    seniority entitled him to it. Nor was Aristobulus
    behindhand ; relying on the fact that Scaurus was
    open to bribery, he too appeared, arrayed in the
    most regal style imaginable. But feeling it beneath
    his dignity to play the courtier, and scorning to
    further his ends by a servility that humiliated his
    magnificence, he, on reaching the city of Dium, took
    himself off, ^
    (5) Indignant at this behaviour, and yielding to Aristobui
    the urgent entreaties of Hyrcanus and his friends, prepared
    Pompey started in pursuit of Aristobulus, with the war with
    Roman forces and a large contingent of Syrian
    auxiliaries. Passing Pella and Scy thopolis, he reached
    Coreae, at which point a traveller ascending through
    the interior enters the territory of Judaea. There
    he heard that Aristobulus had taken refuge in
    Alexandreion, one of the most lavishly equipped of
    fortresses, situated on a high mountain, and sent
    orders to him to come down. At this imperious
    mmmons Aristobulus felt disposed to brave the risk
    •ather than obey ; but he saw that the people were
    ;errified, and his friends urged him to reflect on the
    rresistible power of the Romans. He gave way,
    'ame down to Pompey, and after making a long
    lefence in support of his claims to the throne, re-
    urned to his stronghold. He descended again on
    lis brother's invitation, discussed the rights of his

    " A. has " he went off (from Damascus) to Dium and


    hence to Judaea."
    63
    JOSEPHUS
    7T€pi rujv ScKalcDV a7T€iGLV /jLrj kojXvovtos rov
    YloijL7Tr)LOV. fjLeao? S' rjv iXTTtdo? Kal Seovs, ko.
    Karrj€L fiev cL? SvacuTT-qacov YlofjLTT-qLov ttolvt* im-
    Tpe7T€LV aVTO), TTaXlU 8' dv€^aLV€U et? TTjU O-Kpav
    137 a*? TTpoKaraXveiv ho^ei^v avrov. iiTei jjievroL
    IJ-T]

    UofiTTTJio? i^icrraodai re rwv (f)povpiOjv eKeXevev


    aura) /cat, TrapdyyeXfia raju (f)povpdp)(Oji' i-)(ovTOj\
    fjLovaLS 7T€L6apx€Lv Tttt? avT oyp6.(f)OLS eTTiaroAat?
    rjvdyKa^ev avTOv iKdcrroLg ypdcpeiv cV;(coperi^, Trote
    p.ev rd TTpooraxOeura, dyavaKTT]oa^ Se dvexd>priae\
    els 'lepocToAu/xa /cat TTapeoKeud^ero noXe^ielv 7Tp6<:

    13S (6) '0 8', ov yap eSldou XP^^^^ rat? Trapa


    OKevals, evdeojg elrrerOy Kal TtpooeTreppcooev ttj
    opjjLTjv 6 yiidpiSdrov ddvaros dyyeXdels avrco irep

    '\epLXovvra, evda rrjg 'louSata? to moTarov (J)Olvlk


    re Trd/jLTToXvv Kal ^dXaafiov rpe(f)eL. rovro XidoL
    d^eoLv eTTirepiVOvres rd Trpepiva Gvvdyovoiv^ Kar
    139 rds TOfids eKhaKpvov. Kal orparoTrehevodpievo
    ev TO) x^P^^ pLiav ioTTepav eojdev rjireiyero rrpc
    rd *IepoCToAu/i,a. KararrXayels he rr]v e<f)ohov 'Api
    GTO^ovXos LKeT-qs dnavTa, ;!^pi]/xaT6t>P' re VTroax^<^*
    Kal TO) pierd rrj? rroXecxjs eTTiTpeTTetv Kal eavrc
    E:
    140 x^XeTTaivovra KaraoreXXei rov YlopLTrrjiOv. ov /xr

    Tt rojv ojpLoXoyrjpevojv eyevero' rov ydp enl rr


    KopLLhrjv rcov xP'^JP-drajv eKTrepi(f)devTa Ta^lviov oil j].

    *ApLoro^ovXov (fypovovvres ovhe rfj TToXet hexovrai


    141 (vii. l) ripo? ravra dyavaKrijoas YlopLTrrju •e!-.

    WpiOTo^ovXov pLev e(f)povpeL, mpos he rrfv ttoX


    eXOojv TTepLeoKorreL ottoj? Set rrpoa^aXeZv, rrjv ' 1-

    oxvporrjra rajv retxo^v huaperaxetpLorov opdjv k


    * avKM^^ovai VNC
    64
    JEWISH WAR, I. 136-141 ( = ant. xiv. 51-57)

    case, and withdrew, unimpeded by Pompey. Torn


    between hope and fear, he would come down deter-
    mined by importunity to force Pompey to deliver
    everything to him, and as often ascend to his
    citadel, lest it should be thought that he was pre-
    maturely throwing up his case. In the end, Pompey
    commanded him to evacuate the fortresses and know-
    ing that the governors had orders only to obey
    instructions given in Aristobulus's own hand, insisted
    on writing to each of them a notice to quit.
    his
    Aristobulus did what was required of him, but in-
    dignantly withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for
    war with Pompey.
    (6) Pompey, allowing him no time for these pre- Pompey
    parations, followed forthwith. A
    further impetus to Jerusalem
    his pace was given by the death of Mithridates, news
    3f which reached him near Jericho. (The soil here
    is the most fertile in Judaea and produces abundance

    3f palms and balsam-trees the stems of the latter


    ;

    ire cut with sharp stones and the balsam is collected


    it the incisions, where it exudes drop by drop.) At
    :his spot Pompey encamped for an evening only and
    it daybreak pressed on to Jerusalem. Terrified at
    lis approach, Aristobulus went as a suppliant to

    neet him, and by the promise of money and of the


    lurrender of himself and the city pacified Pompey 's
    vrath. However, none of his undertakings was ful-
    illed ; when Gabinius was dispatched to take
    for
    )ver the promised sum, the partisans of Aristobulus
    efused even to admit him to the city.
    (vii. 1) Indignant at this treatment, Pompey kept Pompey

    \.ristobulus under arrest and, advancing to the city, jerus^alem


    arefully considered the best method of attack. He ^^ ^•^^

    loted the solidity of the walls and the formidable


    VOL. II D 65
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Tr]v 7tp6 TovTOjv cf)dpayya (f)o^epa.v to re Upov
    evTo? rrjg (f)6.payyos oxvpcorara 7eT€L\LG}xivoVy
    ware rod aareo? aXioKopiivov Bevrepav ehat
    Kara(j)vyriv tovto rol? rroXepiioLS
    U2 (2) XiaTTopovvro^ 8' erri ttoXvv xpovov ordoi?
    TOt? evhov iix7TL7Tr€L, rwv fjLev WpLoro^ovXov
    TToXefielu d^LOVuraju Kal pveodai rov ^aotXea, rcov
    Se 70. 'TpKavoO (jypovovvrojv dvoLy€LU YloiJLTrrjLco ra?
    TTvXag' TToAAoi)? Se rovrov; irroUi to heo';, d<f>-
    143 opcjura? ei? 7191^ rcov 'Pajfj-alcov evra^lav. rjrroj-
    [XeVOU §€ TO WpLGTO^OvXoV jdCpog €1? TO UpOl'
    dv€XojpriO€V Kal ti]v Guvdrrrovoau drr^ avrov rfj
    TToXei y€(f)vpav dTTOKoif^avre^ dvTtax^^^ et? eoxarov
    TTapeoK€vdl,ovTO. rcou Se iripojv SexofJieuojv 'Pcj-
    fiaiovs rfj TToXei /cat rd ^aoiXeia Trapahihovrajv,
    irrl fieu ravra 11 0/1777)10? eVa TtDi^ u</)' iavrco
    orparrjywv Yletocova €i07T€jjL7T€L fierd arparidg'
    144 OS" BtaXa^ajv ^povpals rrjv ttoXlp, eTTetSi] toju et?
    TO Upou KaTa(f)vy6vT(jjv ovSeva
    Adyot? eTreideu
    ovfi^-quaLy rd Trepi^ et? 77 poo^oXds evrpeTn^ev
    exojv Tovs TTepl rov *YpKai^6u e't? re rag emuoLas
    Kal rds VTTTjpeoias Trpodvfxov?.
    145 (3) Auto? Se Kard rd rrpoodpKTiov KXifia rrjv
    re rd(f)pov exou Kal ttjv (f)dpayya Trdoau, vXr]v
    ovfi(f)opovGr)s rrjg Svvdfieojs. ;(aA€7rdi' 3' rju re
    dvarrXripovv hid ^ddog aTreipou Kal tojp' 'louSaicui-
    146 Trdvra rporrov elpyovrcov dvojOev. Kav dreXeGro^
    ejieivev rolg 'Pco/xat'ot? d 7701^0?, el fx-q tq? e/S8o-

    fj.dbas €7TLrr)pa)v 6 Floft 771710?, cV af? 77at'Td? epyoi


    Sid rrfv 6prjGK€Lav x^^P^^^ drTiGXOVGLV 'louSaioi, tc
    X^P-OL vifjov ri^s Kard X^^P^ GVjj.^oXrj<^ etpyatu rovs

    Ob
    JEWISH WAR, I. 141-146 ( = ant. xiv. 57-64)

    task of their assault, the frightful ravine in front


    of them, and within the ravine the temple also so
    strongly fortified as to afford, after the capture of
    the town, a second Hne of defence to the enemy.
    (2) However, during his long period of indecision,
    sedition broke out within the walls the partisans of
    ;

    Aristobulus insisting on a battle and the rescue of


    the king, while those of Hyrcanus were for opening
    the gates to Pompey. The numbers of the latter
    were increased by the fear which the spectacle of
    the perfect order of the Romans inspired. The
    party of Aristobulus, finding themselves beaten, re-
    tired into the temple, cut the bridge which con-
    nected it with the city, and prepared to hold out to
    the last. The others admitted the Romans to the
    city and delivered up the palace. Pompey sent a
    body of troops to occupy it under the command of
    Piso, one of his lieutenant-generals. That officer
    distributed sentries about the town and, failing to
    induce any of the refugees in the temple to listen to
    terms, prepared the surrounding ground for an
    assault. In this work the friends of Hyrcanus keenly
    assisted him with their advice and services.
    (3) Pompey himself was on the north side, en-
    gaged in banking up the fosse and the whole of the
    ravine with materials collected by the troops. The
    tremendous depth to be filled, and the impediments
    3f every sort to which the work was exposed by the
    lews above, rendered this a difficult task. Indeed,
    ;he labours of the Romans would have been endless,
    lad not Pompey taken advantage of the seventh
    lay of the week, on which the Jews, from religious
    jcruples, refrain from all manual work, and then
    )roceeded to raise the earthworks, while forbidding
    67
    JOSEPHUS
    orparLcora'i' vrrep jiovov yap rod crco/xaro? dftu-
    147 vovTai^ rols aa/S/Sarot?. rjh-r) 8' dvaTT€7rXT^pojfJL€vr]?
    TTJs TTvpyovg viIj7]Xov£ iTnor-qGa? ro)
    <f)a.payyos
    ;^c6^taTt /cat rrpoaayayajv rag €K Tvpov Koynodeioas
    ixrjxava.'g eTreipdro rod T€l)(ov?' dvecrreXXov Se at
    TTerpo^oXoL TOU'^ KadvTTepOev KcoXvoura?. dvTelxoi^
    8' eVt 7tX€lou ol Kara rovro to fiepog rrvpyoi
    iJLeyedec re /cat /caAAet Siacfjepovre?.
    148 (4') 77oAAa rait' 'PcofialcDU KaKOira-
    "Ei'^a 87)
    dovvrcov 6 IIo/xTTT^tos- rd re dXXa rrj^ Kaprepiag
    Tovg ^lovSaLOV? d7Tedavixat,ev, /cat pLaXLcrra rod
    pL-qhev TTapaXvcrai rrjs 6priOKeia<^ ev /xeaot? rols
    ^eXeoLv dvetX-qpLevovs' ojorrep yap elp-i]vr]'g ^aOeta?
    Karexovo-qg rrjv noXtv at re Ovaiai Kad^ -qpiepai'
    /cat ol evayiopLol /cat ndoa deparreta Kara rd/cpt^es"
    i^ereXelro rep Oeco. /cat ovhe /car' avrrjv rrju
    dXwoiv TTepl ro) ^a>pLa) (fyoi'euop.evoL rdjw /ca^'jf
    r)f.Lepav vopi.ip.ojv etV rrjV dpi-jcrKeLav dTreor-qGav.y
    149 rpiro) yap p.i]vl rrjg eva rfjji^
    TToXiopKLas /xdAi?
    TTijpyojv Karapptipavre? ro lepoi
    eloeTTLTrrov els
    6 he Trpoj-os v—ep^rji.'aL roXfMijoas ro rel^o? SuAAc
    Trat? Tjv Oaucrros" KopvrjXLOS /cat yLter* avrou e/ca-
    rovrdpxoiL hvo Ooupio?^ /cat (^d^ios. etnero 8«
    eKaarcp ro lSlou orL(f)os, /cat Trepioxovres rravra^^
    ro lepov eKreivov ovs pi€u rep vacp Tipoocfievyovras
    ovg he djxvvopievovs rrpos oXlyou.
    ^ +Kai V'RNC Lat. (eliani).
    2 Lat., Heg. : 4>pot'ptos mss.

    " Military engines for flinging stones and other missiles


    **
    A. xiv. 66 gives tiie precise year (Olympiad 179 an<
    the Roman consuls of 63 b.c.) and adds "on the day of th
    fast," i.e. probably the Day of Atonement (10th Tishr
    September-October). Dio Cassius, xxxvii. 16, says " on th
    68 •
    JEWISH WAR, I. 146-149 ( = ant. xiv. 64-70)

    his troops to engage in hostilities for on the


    ;

    sabbaths the Jews fight only in self-defence. The


    ravine once filled up, he erected lofty towers on the
    earthworks, brought up the battering engines which
    had been conveyed from Tyre, and tried their effect
    upon the walls the ballistae," meanwhile, beating off
    ;

    resistance from above. However, the towers, which


    in this sector were extraordinarily massive and beauti-
    ful, long resisted the blows.
    (4) While the Romans were undergoing these
    severe hardships, Pompey was filled with admiration
    for the invariable fortitude of the Jews, and in
    particular for the way in which they carried on their
    religious services uncurtailed, though enveloped in a
    hail of missiles. Just as if the city had been wrapt
    in profound peace, the daily sacrifices, the expiations
    and all the ceremonies of worship were scrupulously
    performed to the honour of God. At the very hour
    when the temple was taken, when they were being capture o
    massacred about the altar, they never desisted from '^'iQTemp
    the religious rites for the day. It was the third
    month of the siege ^ when, having with difficulty
    succeeded in overthrowing one of the towers, the
    Romans burst into the temple. The first to venture
    across the wall was Faustus Cornelius, son of Sulla ;

    fter him came two centurions, Furius and Fabius.


    Followed by their respective companies, they formed
    1 ring round the court of the temple and slew their

    victims, some flying to the sanctuary, others offering


    i brief resistance.
    labbath " {^v rrj tov Kpouov n/j.^pa) ; and it has been held
    )y some that " the fast " named in Josephus's non-Jewish
    •ource meant the sabbath, according to a mistaken and wide-
    pread idea in the Graeco-Roman world that the Jews fasted
    )n the sabbath (Schiirer).

    69
    JOSEPHUS
    150 (5) "Kpda 77oAAot TcJou lepeoju ^t^r^pet? rovs
    TToXefJLLOV? IvLovras ^Xenovrc? aOopv^oj? IttI Trj<i

    6pr]GK€La? efieivau, a7T€.vhovre<^ he d7T€G(f)dTTovTo


    Kal dvjiiujvres [/cat] tt^? Tjpos to Belou 6epa7T€La<;
    iu Sevrepqj ttjv ocar-qpiav TiOefievoL. TrXeLGTOt 8*
    VTTO ro)v 6f.LO(f)vXoju aiT LOT aoLauTajv avrjpovvTO Kai
    Kara tlov Kpi-jjivow eppiTTTOV iavTovg aTTetpoL' Kal
    TO. rrepl to t€lxo? 8' eutoL iJ.avi6jvT€S €i> tols
    }o\ afjir])(^auLaLS UTTenpr^oav Kal ovyKaT€<j)XeyovTO 'lof- .

    Saicou ixkv ovv durjpedrjaav pLvpioi Kal hiG\iXLOL,


    ^PojfjLalow Se oXtyoL f-ih- irdw v€Kpoi, Tpaf/xartai
    8' eyevovTO TrXeLOug.

    152 (6) Ou8ej^ 8* OVTOJ9 eV Tat? t6t€ GVfi(f)opaLg


    KaOrjiliaTO tou edvovs oj? to Tecos dopaTov dyiov
    €KKaXv(f)deu VTTO Tcjv dXXo(^vXcjjv TTapeXdujv yovu
    .

    ovv Tois" rrepl auTOU 6 YlofJiTnJLOS ei? tou vaou


    evda p.6va) QepnTOV rju TrapUvai to) dp)(^L€pel, to
    ei'hov ededoaTO, AL';^i'iav re Kal Xv^i^ov? Kal rpa
    TTel^au Kal onovBela Kal dvjxiaT-qpLa, oXoy^pvoo
    TrdvTa, TrXridos T€ dpajfJiaTcov oeacopevfjiei'ov Ka
    153 Upojv xpripidTajv etV raAai^Ta 8(a;)(tAta. oirre 8»
    TOVTOjv ovT€ oAAou Tivos Tcov Upojv KeipnqXioj^
    rjipaTo, dXXd Kal /JLerd fxiav ttjs dX<jjoea>s rjiiepai
    KadS^ai TO lepov rolg veojKopois TrpoaeTa^ev Ka
    Tag i^ edovs imTeXelv dvoias. avOi? 8' drroSet^a'
    'YpKauou dpxi€p€a, Ta re aAAa TrpoOufioTaTO
    I
    lavTov eV Tji —oXiopKia TrapaaxovTa, Kal Sidrt t<
    h-ara ttjv x<^p<^^ rrXrjdo? d-niaT-quev ^ ApLorofiovXo
    ovfiTToXeixelv^ djppLrjpievoVy €K tovtuju, onep rj
    rrpoGrJKOu dyado) gt paTrjyo) , tov Xaov evvoia nXdo
    154 Tj bdei npoG-qydyeTO. ev hk tols alxp-O-XcoTOt

    70
    JEWISH WAR. I. 150-154 ( = ant. xiv. 70-73)

    (5) Then it was that many of the priests, seeing


    the enemy advancing sword in hand, calmly con-
    tinued their sacred ministrations, and were butchered
    in the act of pouring libations and burning incense ;

    putting the worship of the Deity above their own


    preservation. Most of the slain perished by the
    hands of their countrymen of the opposite faction ;
    countless numbers flung themselves over the preci-
    pices; some, driven mad by their hopeless plight,
    set fire to the buildings around the wall and were
    consumed in the flames. Of the Jews twelve thou-
    sand perished ; the losses of the Romans in dead
    were trifling, in wounded considerable.
    (6) Of all the calamities of that time none so
    deeply affected the nation as the exposure to alien
    eyes of the Holy Place, hitherto screened from view
    Pompey indeed, along with his staff, penetrated to the
    sanctuary, entry to which was permitted to none but
    the high priest, and beheld what it contained the :

    candelabrum and lamps, the table, the vessels for


    libation and censers, all of solid gold, an accumula-
    tion of spices and the store of sacred money amount-
    ing to two thousand talents. However, he touched
    neither these nor any other of the sacred treasures
    ind, the very day after the capture of the temple,
    Tave orders to the custodians to cleanse it and to
    •esume the customary sacrifices. He reinstated Hyrcanus
    ^
    ^yrcanus as high priest, in return for his enthusiastic If high
    upport shown during the siege, particularly in de- pnest.
    aching from Aristobulus large numbers of the rural
    opulation who were anxious to join his standard.
    ly these methods, in which goodwill played a larger
    lart than terrorism, he, like the able general he was,
    onciliated the people. Among the prisoners was
    71
    JOSEPHUS
    iXr]4>d-q KOL 6 WpLGTo^ovXov TTCV^epOS", o 8' aVTO^
    •^u Kal dcLO? avTO). /cat rovg atrtcuTarou? fjLev rov
    TToXd/jLOV TTcAeVci KoAdCei, OauCTTou 8e /cat tou?
    fjL€T avTov yevvatajs dya)VLoaiievov<; Xajj-Trpots
    dpLOT€LOLs ha>pr]odfji€vo? rfj re X^V? '^^^ '''^^^

    'JepoaoAu/xotj eTnrdoaeL (j)6pov.


    155 (?) 'A(^e/\o/^evo? 8e tou eduovg Kal rds €v kolXtj
    ILvpia 77dAei?, a? €tAor, VTrera^ev roj /car' eKeluo
    *Pa>ju,ata>P' aTparrjyu) KaTarerayixivaj kol pLovoL^
    avrovg rot? tSiots" opoL<; TrepteVAetaei^. dvaKrit^ei
    Se /cat FctSapat' utto 'louSatcov KareaTpapLpteviqu,
    TaSo-ptrr] tlvl tcov ISlojv dTreXevdepojv Ar]p.rjTpLaj

    156 X'^P'-^^H'^^^^ •
    "rjXevdepojaev 8' d??' airraji-' /cat tols
    eV TT^ pL€Ooy€Lcp TToAet?, oCTa? /i'J7 </)^aaai-Te? /ca--
    euKaijjaVy "Ittttov HkvBottoXLv t€ /cat IleAAai^ /cat
    2a/xapetav /cat 'la^vctai' /cat Maptaai' "A^cDrot' re

    /cat 'Apedovoav, opLotojs be Kal rag irapaXiovs


    Tdtav AdJpa Kal ttjv TrdXat p-ev JlTpdrcovo?
    ^loTTTT-qv

    TTvpyov KaXovpLei'rjv,vortpov he pLeTaKriodeladv


    re V(f>^ 'Hpcu8ou jSacriAeoj? XapLTTpordroL^ Kara-
    157 GKevdapLaGLv Kal pLeTovop.aodelaav Kaiaapetai^. a?
    Trdoas Tot? yviqoLOLS dTTohovs TToAtVat? /caTeTafe^
    eis" TT7i^ ^vpLaKTjv eTrapxiav. TrapaSovg 8e ravrrji
    T€ /cat TT]!^ 'lof8atai/ /cat ra /ze;^pt? Aiy^TT'Tou /cai
    Ei)</)paTou Y.Kavpa) hUireiv Kal hvo rcbv raypidrcou
    auTO? 8ta KtAi/cta? €tV 'PcupLrjv rjTTeiyero rov
    ^ApLoropovXov dyojv pterd rrjg yevedg alxp-dXcorov
    158 hvo 8' i^aai^ avroj Ovyare'pe^ Kal hvo vU??, (hv c
    erepos p-ev WXe^aihpos e'/c rrjs ohov 8taSt8paCT/cet

    • Named Absalom {A. xiv. 71


    JEWISH WAR, I. 154-158 ( = ant. xiv. 73-79)

    the father-in-law of Aristobulus, who was also his


    uncle.'* Those upon whom lay the main responsibility
    for the war were executed. Faustus and his brave Judaea
    companions in arms were presented with splendid iributarj
    ^^"^^
    rewards. The country and Jerusalem were laid ^'^

    under tribute.
    (7) Pompey, moreover, deprived the Jews of the J^^^'q^^^'
    cities which they had conquered in Coele-Syria, territory

    placing these under the authority of a Roman


    governor appointed for the purpose,^ and thus con-
    fined the nation within its own boundaries. To
    gratify Demetrius, one of his freedmen, a Gadarene,
    he rebuilt Gadara, which had been destroyed by the
    Jews. He also liberated from their rule all the
    towns in the interior which they had not already
    razed to the ground, namely Hippos, Scythopolis,
    Pella,''Samaria, Jamnia, Marisa, Azotus, and Are-
    thusa likewise the maritime towns of Gaza, Joppa,
    ;

    Dora, and the city formerly called Strato's Tower,


    which afterwards, when reconstructed by King
    Herod with magnificent buildings, took the name of
    Caesarea. All these towns he restored to their
    legitimate inhabitants and annexed to the province
    of Syria. That province, together with Judaea and
    the whole region extending as far as Egypt and the
    Euphrates, he entrusted, along with two legions, to
    the administration of Scaurus and then set out in
    ;

    haste across Cilicia for Rome, taking with him his


    prisoners, Aristobulus and his family. That prince Aristobu
    had two daughters and two sons. Of the latter, J^ptwe t
    one, Alexander, made his escape on the journey Rome. ;

    ''
    /car' iKeluo, "ad hoc," or perhaps "of the Roman
    governor placed over that region."
    " A. adds Dium.

    VOL. II D 2 73
    P ,

    JOSEPH us
    ovv he Tul? dheXchalg 6 vecjorepo? 'A^'Ttyo^'o? ei?
    ' ojfi T/V eKOf-Liiero.
    159 (viii. 1) Kd^ rovroj ^Kavpo? etV rr]v Wpa^lav
    efjL^aXdjv rrjs fiev Yierpag eipye-ro rat? hvax^pf-O-iS
    eTTopdei hk TOL Trepi^ ttoXXo. kolu tovtw KaKOTradcov
    iXifjLCjrrev yap rj orrparLOL. /cat rrpos rovro 'Yp/ca-
    vos ine^orideL Bia *AvTL7Tdrpov rdTrtrrySeta TTefiTrajv,
    ov /cat KadlrjGL UKavpos ovra crvvrjOrj Trpo? Wperav,
    OTTOJS €7Ti y^pi'iixaoLV StaAucraiTO rov TToXe/iov.
    TTeiderai S' d "Apaip rpiaKOOia hovvai rdXavra,
    KOLTTL TOVTOig Z/cau/30? i^Tjyev tt]? Wpa^la? rrjv
    Svi'afxtv.
    IGO {-2) '0 6' a.7To6pd<^ raJu WpLorro^ovXov Traihmv
    Y\op.7T-qLOv WXe^avhpos XP^^'^ Gvvayayoju X^^P^
    ovx^T]^ ^apvs fjv 'YpKai^cp /cat rrju ^lovhalav
    Karerpex^Vy eSd/cet re dv KaraXvaac rax^oj? avrou,
    09 y€ rjSi-} /cat to Karappi<^6ev vrro rio/xTTT^toi/
    T€LXO? eV 'lepoaoXvijLOL^ dva/crt^eit^ iddppei rrpoG-
    ^XBojv, €L firj Ta^uLog elg Hvptau 7T€fJL(f)d€L?
    ^Kavpoj SLaSoxo? rd re dAAa yevvaZov direheL^ev
    lavTov eV TToAAot? /cat eV ^ AXe^avhpov (Lpfi-qaev.
    161 d 8e Setca? tt/jos" tt^i^ €<f)oSou SuVa^tV re TrXeioj
    avveXeyev, a>? yeviodai pLvpLOv? p-ku onXlra?
    Xi-XLOvg Se /cat TrevraKoaiovg LTTTrelg, /cat rd eVt-
    TT^Seia rdjp x^P^^^ ^'^^^X'-^^^' WXe^dvSpetov re
    /cat 'Tp/cavtW /cat Ma;!^aipoL'VTa 77/30? rot? 'Apa-
    ^toi9 opeoLv.
    162 (3) Ya^iviog he fierd pLepovg rrjg orpar tag
    Mdp/coi^ AvrojvLov TTpoTrepnlsag avrog etnero rrju
    ^

    ^ Niese (so it is called elsewhere): 'Tp/fd»'(e)tof .mss.

    Accordinj? to Appian, Syr. 51, there were two inter-


    "

    mediate governors of Sjria between Scaurus and Gabinius,


    <4
    JEWISH WAR, T. 158-162 ( = ant. xiv. 79-84)

    Antigonus, the younger, was conducted with his


    sisters to Rome.
    (viii. 1) Meanwhile Scaurus had invaded Arabia. Antipate

    Being held up at Petra by the difficulties of the scSL


    ground, he proceeded to lay waste the surrounding against

    country, but here again suffered severely, his army


    being reduced to starvation. To relieve his wants
    Hyrcanus sent Antipater with supplies. Antipater
    being on intimate terms with Aretas, Scaurus dis-
    patched him to the king to induce him to purchase
    release from hostilities. The Arab monarch con-
    senting to pay three hundred talents, Scaurus on
    these conditions withdrew his troops from the
    country.
    (2) Alexander, son of Aristobulus, the one who Revolt o
    escaped from Pompey, in course of time mustered ^^^^^1^^
    a considerable force and caused Hyrcanus serious Ariscoui;
    annoyance by his raids upon Judaea. Having already
    advanced to Jerusalem and had the audacity to begin
    rebuilding the wall which Pompey had destroyed, he
    would in all probability have soon deposed his rival,
    but for the arrival of Gabinius, who had been sent Govemn
    to Syria as successor to Scaurus." Gabinius, whose j!,^!''^"

    valour had been proved on many other occasions,


    now marched against Alexander. The latter, alarmed
    at his approach, raised the strength of his army to
    ten thousand foot and fifteen hundred horse, and
    fortified the strategic positions of Alexandreion,
    Hyrcania, and Machaerus, adjacent to the Arabian
    mountains.
    (3) Gabinius sent Mark Antony ahead with a hq defe?
    division of his army, following himself with the main Aiexand

    viz.Marcius Philippus (61-60 b.c, Schiirer) and Lentulus


    Marcellinus (59-58 b.c).
    75
    . .

    JOSEPHUS
    oX-qv €)(cov BvvafjLLV oi 6e rrepi roi WvTLTTarpov
    €7tl\€Ktoi Kal TO dXXo rdyixa tcou 'lovhaicou, wv
    ^IdXiXO? rjpx^^ '<o.l YletdoXao? ovfjifii^avre? TOt?
    ,

    yidpKOV AvTCijVLOv rjyefjLOGLv vtttjvtojv *AAe^-


    TTepl ^

    dvSpoj. Kal iJL€T* OX) TToXi) TTaprjv d/jLa rfj (f)dXayyL


    163 Ta^ivLOS- €i'0Vfi€vr]v Se rrjv toju TToXepiiojv SvvafiLV
    ovx L'770yu,€tVas' AAe'^avdpo? di'€xd>p€i Kal ttXtjoiov
    '

    77817 'XepoGoXvpLCov yevoi-LCvos dvayKdlerat ovfi-


    ^aXelv, Kal Kara TrjU fid^'^ji' i^aKioxiXiov? dno-
    ^aXcx)v, d)v TpLGX^XiOL fj,€u eneuov Tptox^XiOL he
    itojyprjdiQGav, <f)€vy€L gvv rolg KaraXetcf^OelGLV ei?
    ^
    AXe^dihpetou.
    164 (1) Va^u'Log §6 Trpo? to WXe^diSpeiou eXOdiV
    eVetSv) TToXXov^ evpev eoTpaTOTreSev/JLevov^, iiret-
    pdro Gvyyvo'jpLrj^ V7togx^G€l TTepl toju rjpLapTr)-
    fxevoju irpo fidx'>]9 avrov? TrpoGayayeGdaf /jLT^Seu

    Se jjLeTpLOv (f)pouovuTOJU aTTOKTeiua? TToXXovg Tovg


    165 AotTTou? aTTeKXeiGev et? to epvfia. Kara Tavrrjv
    dpLGrevet ttjv pLdxrjv 6 rjye}.Ld>v Md/DACO? Wvtwvlo?,
    navTaxov yevvalo'^ del ovSapiov 8'
    fieu (f>aveL<s,
    ovrcog. FgISlvlo^ Se tov? e^aiprjGOVTa? to (f>povpLOV
    KaTaXirrdjv avTO^
    eTTijei Tag p.ev dTTopdrjTOV^ TToXei?

    KaOiGTaixevo^, ra? he KaTeGTpa}.ip.evas dvaKrit^ojv


    166 ovverroXiGdiiGav yovv tovtov KeXevGaPTO£ TtKvdo-
    ttoXls Te Kal Hafidpeia Kal ^Avdrjhdjv Kal 'A770A-
    Xojiia Kal ^Idfiveta Kal 'Pd(f)€La Ma/3tcra re Kal
    Whwpeog Kal Fd/jLaXa^ Kal "A^coto? Kal d'AAai
    TToXXai, Tojv OLKrjTopojw dofxei'Lo? icf)^ CKdoT-qu
    GVvdeOVTQJV
    167 (5) Mera he ttjv tovtcov eTTLfxeXetav erraveXdayv
    77/30S" TO ^ AXe^dvhpeLov eTTeppojoev ti)u TToXtopKiau,

    ^ VC : 1 d/iaXa the ifcst . Gadara Lat. : Gaza ^.[j


    76
    JEWISH WAR, I. 162-167 ( = ant. xiv. 84-89)

    body. Antipater's picked troops and the rest of the


    Jewish contingent under the command of Mahchus
    and Peitholaus joined forces with Antony's generals
    and proceeded against Alexander. Gabinius ap-
    peared before long with the heavy infantry. Alex-
    ander, unable to withstand the combined forces of
    the enemy, retired, but wlien approaching Jerusalem
    was forced into an engagement. In this battle he
    lost six thousand of his men, three thousand killed,
    and as many prisoners. With the remnant of his
    army he fled to Alexandreion.
    (4) Gabinius, following him thither, found many of
    his men camping outside the walls. Before attacking
    them, he endeavoured, by promise of pardon for past
    offences, to bring them over to his side but, on ;

    their proudly refusing all terms, he killed a large


    number of them and confined the remainder in the
    fortress. The honours of this combat went to the
    commanding officer, Mark Antony ; his valour, dis-
    played on every battlefield, was never so conspicuous
    as here. Leaving the reduction of the fort to his
    troops, Gabinius made a parade of the country,
    restoring order in the cities which had escaped and rest

    devastation, and rebuilding those which he found in country.

    ruins. It was, for instance, by his orders that


    Scythopolis, Samaria, Anthedon, Apollonia, Jamnia,
    Raphia, Marisa, Adoreus, Gamala, Azotus, and many
    other towns were repeopled, colonists gladly flocking
    to each of them.
    (5) After supervising these arrangements, Gabinius
    returned to Alexandreion and pressed the siege so
    77
    JOSEPHUS
    <jj(jre 'AAe'^aiSpo? aTToyvov? rrepl rojv oXojv im-
    KripvK€V€rai -pog avrou, ovyyvajodrjuat t€ tow
    r)iiaprr]fi€vajv S€6pL€vo? Koi ra ovfXfxivovTa^ (jypovpia
    TrapadLSov? 'TpKaviau Kal Maxatpovvra- avOis he
    168 Kal TO WXe^6.vbp€LOv ivex^^pi-oeu. a rravra Ta-
    jSato? €vayovar)g -rjg WAe^di^hpou p.r]Tp6? Kar-
    €(jrpei/j€v, wg p.r] ttolXlv oppLTjTTjpLou yivoiro devrepov
    TToXe/jLOV TTaprjV he iieiXiGGOfxevri rou Faf^LULOU Kara
    heo<; Tojv eTTL rfis 'Pa)iJLr]<^ aix/jLaXojrow, rov re
    169 avhp6<; kol tojv dXXow reKvow. fxerd he ravra etV
    'lepoGoXviJLa Fa^tVio? 'YpKavov Karayayojv kol
    rrju rov lepov Trapahov? KrjheyLOviav avro) KadtaraTo
    TTjv dXXrjv TioXireiav eTTL TipoGTaaia tcDi^ dpLGTow.
    I'O hielXev he Tidv to edvos el? Trevre Gvvohov?, to
    fiev ']epoooXv[jLOLS TrpoGTa^a?, to he FaSapot?, ol
    8' Tra GVVTeXojGLV els WfiadouvTa, to he reTapTov

    els 'lepLXOvPTa KeKXrjpojTo, koi tco TrefXTrTco SeV-


    <f)a>pLS drreheLxOr] ttoXls rrjs FaAiAata?, da^eVoj?
    he TTJs e^ eios eTJiKpaTeias eXevdeptodevTes to
    XoLTTOV dpLGTOKpaTLO. hLWKOUVTO.
    171 (6) Mct' ov -roXv ye iirjv avTols dpx'q yiverai
    Oopv^ujv ^ApLGTO^ovXos aTTohpds €K 'PojjJirjS, OS
    avdis TToXXovs ^Jovhatajv eTTLGVviGTrj, tovs fJLev
    eTridvfiovvTas p.eTa^oXrjs, tovs S' dyajTcovTas avTOV
    TTcUat. Kal TO p.ev vpojTov KOTaXaf^opLevos to
    * AXe^dvhpeLov dvaTeixiteiv eVetparo' ws he Fa-
    ^ivLOS huO Hioevva Kal WvTOjvLcp Kal Yepouiauco
    1 cxWri<p'^(UTa PAM.
    • awooovi Reinach would read ciufopia, " councils," as
    ;

    in the parallel passage A. xiv. 91.


    * So the M5S. in B. and A. but we should rather read
    :

    Gazara, i.e. the O.T. Gezer, about half-way between Jeru-


    salem and Joppa. The Hellenistic town Gadara in N.
    78
    ;

    JEWISH WAR, I. 167-171 ( = ant. xiv. 89-93)

    vigorously that Alexander, despairing of success, sent


    him a herald with a petition for pardon for his
    offences and an offer to surrender the fortresses of
    Hyrcania and Machaerus, still in his possession
    subsequently he gave up Alexandreion as well. All
    these places Gabinius demolished, to prevent their
    serving as a base of operations for another war. He
    was instigated to take this step by Alexander's
    mother, who had come to propitiate him, in her
    concern for her husband and remaining children,
    then prisoners in Rome. After this Gabinius re- AHatocn
    constitu
    instated Hyrcanus in Jerusalem and committed to
    him the custody of the Temple. The civil adminis-
    tration he reconstituted under the form of an aris-
    tocracy. He divided the whole nation into five
    unions ^ one of these he attached to Jerusalem,
    ;

    another to Gadara,*^ the third had Amathus as its


    centre of government, the fourth was allotted to
    Jericho, the fifth to Sepphoris, a city of Galilee.
    The Jews welcomed their release from the rule of an
    individual and were from that time forward governed
    by an aristocracy.
    (6) They were soon, however, involved in fresh Fresh re
    a"<^/®-
    troubles through the escape of Aristobulus from
    D
    Rome. r^ jj-in mustering
    Once more 1,he succeeded ^
    a
    •
    capture
    Anstobu
    I

    large body of Jews, some eager for revolution, others


    long since his devoted admirers. He began by
    seizing Alexandreion and attempting to restore the
    fortifications ;but on hearing that Gabinius had
    dispatched an army against him, under the command
    Peraea had been severed from Jewish territory by Pompey.
    The names are elsewhere confused (Schiirer). Judaea proper
    is thus represented by three towns, Gahlee by one, and
    Peraea by one (Amathus), a little E. of Jordan, to the N. of
    the river Jabbok.
    79
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    OTpariav CTref-nfjeu eV avroi', yvov? a.V€X<-op€.L errl
    172 flaxen povvr o? Koi rov /leu axpi^crrov o^Xov
    .

    d7T€(f>opTLGarOy fxovovs S' imjyero rovg wttXl-


    ofievovg, ovras etV oKTaKLUxt^^tov^ iv ols koi ,

    Yi^idoXaos rjv 6 €^ 'lepoGoAvfjLajv VTTOOTpaTrjyos


    avTOjJLoXijora? fiera ;!^tAtaji^. 'PajfiaToL 8' irr-qKO-
    Xovdovv, Kal yevojxii'iq^ ttoXXov
    uvi-L^oXtjs fJ-^XP^
    fiev ol TTepl rov ^ ApiOTo^ovXov ^iCKaprepovu y€v-
    vaiojs ay(jjvLt,6iA€voi, riXos he ^laodevreg vtto tojv
    'Poj/J-aLOJU TTLTTTOVGL fXeV TTeVTaKLGX^XtOL , TTepl Se
    bLGXiXlovs ave(j)vyov els nva X6(j)0Vy ol he XolttoI
    XlXlol ovv *ApLGTo^ovXoj hiaKoifjavTes rrjw <f)dXayya
    Twv 'Pajfialajv el? }^\axo.Lpovi-'Ta avveXavuovrai.
    173 eida hrj ttjv TTpcoriju eoTrepav 6 ^aoiXevs rot?
    epeiTTLOL? ivavXiodjievos: ev eXTriai fieu rfv dXXr)v
    avvaOpoLoeLv hvvafiLv, dvoxT]^' tou TToXefiov hthovros,
    Kal TO (fypovpLoi^ KaKOjg (Lxvpov TrpooTreoovTcuv he
    vnep hvvafJLLV
    'PcjfjLaLOJW errl hijo -qfiepas avrtap^cov
    dXioKeTaL koi ^AvTiyovov rod Traihog, o? a7ro
    /xer'
    'PcopL-qs avro) ovvaTrehpa, heopiojTiqs errl Ta^ivLov
    dvTjxOr] Kal dno Ta^iviov TrdXiv els 'Pcofi-qv.
    174 TOVTOV fjiev ovv rj ovyKX-qros elp^ev, rd reKva 8*
    avTov hirfKev^ els ^\ovhaiav TajjLviov St' eTnaroXaJif,

    hrjXcooavros rfj ^ApLOTO^ovXov yvvaiKL rovro dvTL


    rrjs TTapahoaeojs raJu epvfjLdrojv cofioXoyrjKevaL
    (~) Po-^i-vioj 5' eirl Yldpdovs (Lpfirj/jLevoj orpa-
    175
    reveiv yiverai UToXepLalos ipLTTohiov, ov^ vtto-
    orpei/jas d?:' Rixhpdrov Karrjyev els AtyvTrrov,
    ^ Si^Kev Destinon (after Lat. ; rf. dyrjKfv A.\.): diiiyep
    MS5. 2 Hudson : 5j mss.

    " A. xiv. 92, and many mss. of B.


    vServilius, * Cf.
    § 168.
    ' Ptolemy Auletes, driven from the throne of Egypt by
    80
    JEWISH WAR, I. 171-175 ( = ant. xiv. 92-98)

    of Sisenna, Antony, and Servianus,** he retreated


    towards Machaeras. Disencumbering himself of his
    rabble of inefficient followers, he retained only those
    who were armed, numbering eight thousand among ;

    these was Peitholaus, the second in command at


    Jerusalem, who had deserted to him with a thousand
    men. The Romans pursued and an engagement
    took place. Aristobulus and his men for long held
    their ground, fighting valiantly, but were ultimately
    overpowered by the Romans. Five thousand fell ;

    about two thousand took refuge on a hill Aristobulus


    ;

    and the remaining thousand cut their way through


    the Roman lines and flung themselves into Machaerus.
    There, as he camped among the ruins on that first
    evening, the king entertained hopes of raising another
    army, given but a respite from war, and proceeded
    to erect some weak fortifications but, when the
    ;

    Romans attacked the place, after holding out beyond


    his strength for two days, he was taken, and, with
    his son Antigonus, who had shared his flight from
    Rome, was conducted in chains to Gabinius, and by
    Gabinius was sent back once more to Rome. The 56b.c.

    Senate imprisoned the father, but allowed his chil-


    dren to return to Judaea, Gabinius having written
    to inform them that he had promised this favour to
    the wife of Aristobulus in return for the surrender
    of the fortresses.*
    (7) An expedition against the Parthians, on which Further
    Gabinius had already started, was cut short by ^Vfeit o"
    Ptolemy," to effect whose restoration to Egypt the Aiexand*

    former returned from the banks of the Euphrates.


    his subjects, induced Gabinius bj' a large bribe to undertake
    his restoration (55 b.c). He had since his expulsion in 58
    been working for this at Rome and had obtained the in-
    fluential support of Cicero.
    81
    JOSEPHUS
    €7nrr]h€LOLg €tV aTrav-ra xpojixevog Kara rr]v arpa-
    Teiav 'YpKauo) /cat Wutlttoltpoj' Kal yap -x^pi^fxara
    Kal oirXa Kal alrov Kal eTTiKovpovg Wi'TiTrarpo?
    Trpoarjyev, Kal rov? ravTrj ^lovSalov^ (f)povpovvras
    7G.S Kara ro Hr^XovcrLOu e/x^oAa? napelvai Ta^ivLov
    1T>3 €7T€LG€V. rTjS 8' aXXrjs ILvpiag rrpog rou Ta^iVLOV
    XOjpLGpLOV KLvr^deLGrjg Kal ^lovSalov? ttolXlv oltt-
    eorrjoev WXe^avdpog 6 Wpioro^ouXov , ii^yLorrjV hk
    GvyKpori]cag dvvapnv ajpfxriro rrdpra? rov? Kara
    177 TTju )(copav 'PajpLacovs dveXelv. Trpo^ o Va^Lvtos
    Sttcras", rj6r] 3e Traprjv oltt^ AlyvTrrov rot? rfjhe
    dopv^OLg TjneLypievos irrl rivas piev row
    , d(f)€orcor<jji>
    ^AvriTTarpov TrpoTrepufjag pLeri-eiaev ovvepi^vov hk
    ,

    ^
    AXe^dvhpoj rpelg p-vpid^es, KdK€LPO£ wppc-qro
    TToXepelv. ovrojs e^doiv rrpog pidxriv. virrjvrojv
    8' ol 'JofSatOi,
    Kal GvpL^aXovrojv nepl ro ^Ira^vpiov
    opog pLvpLOL p-kv dvaipovvraL, ro bk Xolttov ttXyjOos
    17S cGK^hdodrj (f>vyi]. Kal Fa/ScVio? iX6d>i' eh '\epoo6-
    Xvpia rrpos ro WvriTidrpov ^ovXrip.a KareGrrjaaro
    rrjv TToXireLav. evdev oppLT^oa^ ^a^araLOju re
    p-axf) Kparel Kal Midpthdrr^v Kal ^OpGavrjV (f)v-
    yovra? eV YldpOajv Kpv(j)a p,kv d7T€7T€pnp€V, vapd
    hk roLS GrpariojraL? eXeyev dTTohpavai.
    179 (8) \\dv rovr oj KpdGGOS avroj 8ia8o;^o? iXddjv
    napaXapL^dvei ^vpiav. ovros el? rrjv inl T\dp-
    6ov9 Grpareiav rov re dXXov rod ev 'XepoGoXvpoiq
    vaov )(Pvg6v Trdvra irepielXev Kal rd SiGXiXta
    rdXavra rjpev, (hv d7ieG\ero Flo/x 777)10?. hia^ds
    " Or " river-mouths." For the charge of the river Nile
    entrusted to the Jews cf. Ap. ii. Q^.
    'As Reinach remarks, this detail, which has no relevance tc
    Jewish history, shows that Josephus is abridging a genera
    history. The language, both here {Kpvcpa dw^TTfu-^ei') and
    82
    JEWISH WAR, I. 175-179 ( = axt. xiv. 99-105)

    For this campaign Hyrcanus and Antipater put their


    services entirely at his disposal. In addition to pro-
    viding money, arms, corn, and auxiliaries, Antipater
    further induced the local Jewish guardians of the
    frontiers ° at Pelusium to let Gabinius through. His
    departure, however, was the occasion for a general
    commotion in Syria and Alexander, son of Aristo-
    ;

    bulus, heading a new Jewish revolt, collected a vast


    army and proceeded to massacre all Romans in the
    country. Gabinius was alarmed. He was already
    on the spot, news of the local disturbances having
    hastened his return from Egypt. Sending Antipater
    in advance to address some of the rebels he brought
    them over to reason. Alexander, however, had still
    thirty thousand left and was burning for action.
    Gabinius, accordingly, took the field, the Jews met
    him, and a battle was fought near Mount Tabor, in
    which they lost ten thousand men the remainder
    ;

    fled and dispersed. Gabinius then proceeded to


    Jerusalem, where he reorganized the government in
    accordance with Antipater 's wishes. From there he
    marched against the Nabataeans, whom he fought
    and defeated. Two fugitives from Parthia, Mithri-
    dates and Orsanes, he privily dismissed, giving out
    to his soldiers that they had made their escape.**
    (8) The government of Syria now passed into the Crassus
    hands of Crassus, who came to succeed Gabinius. thelemp
    To provide for his expedition against the Parthians, -^^-^s b.c
    Crassus stripped the temple at Jerusalem of all its
    ^old, his plunder including the two thousand talents
    left untouched by Pompey.'' He then crossed the

    inthe parallel A. xiv. 103 (ry 8e \6yui d-rredpaaau avrou),


    '
    is
    oased on Thuc. i. 128.
    '
    ' §§ 152 f.

    83
    i

    JOSEPHUS
    5^ Tov Kv(f)pdTrju av76<i re dnojX^To Ka 6 arparos
    avToO, Trepl d>v ov vvv Kacpos Xeyetv.
    J 80 (9) riap^ous" Se fieTO. tov Kpdooov eVtSia-
    ^alvELV eiV Si'piar ojpfi-qiievovs du€K07TT€V Kaa-
    0109 €L9 ri)v i-rxp-)^iav SLa(f)vyci)v. TrepLTToirjoa-
    fiei'o? §' avTTjV eTTL 'louSata? rj-elyero, /cat Tapi-

    Xaia^ /lev eXdjv €ls rpels pivpidhas ^lovhaicov dvhpa-


    TTohiC^eTai, KTeivei 8e kol VieiOoXaov rovs 'A/jictto-
    ^ovXov oraaiaa-ds
    iTTLGUULardvra' rod (^owov
    181 8e Tjv Avrlrrarpo?.
    uvfj-^ouXog ^ rovrio yrjfiavri
    yvvaiKa row i.7noriiX(x>v e^ Wpa^la?, KL'Trpoi^^
    rovfOfjLa, reaaape? fiev vUls yivowrai, Oaactr^
    Ao? Kal 6 ^aaiXev? avdis 'Wpo'jhiqs, Ttpos oig
    ''Xo'jarjTTOs Kal ^epojpas kol 'LaXojfJLr] 6vydrr]p
    e^a)K€LajfJievos Se tous" Travraxov Sui^arou? </)tAiat?

    T€ Kal ^eviaig ^idXiora rrpoG-qydyero rov Wpd^ojv


    fSaoiXea Sta rrjv cTrtyafJilSpLav, KdrreiSrj rov TTp6<;
    rov WpLGTo^ouXov dvelXero TToXefiov, eVetVoj rrapa
    182 Karadr)Kr)v eTrefju/jcv rd rcKva. Kacrcrios' Se Kara
    GvvdrjKas r)GV)(dC€LV ^AXe^avSpov dvayKaGas €.77
    rov }l.vcf)pdr-qv VTreGrpeipev, Udpdovs hia^aiveLV dv-
    eip^ojv, TTepl (Lv iv irepois epovfjiev.
    183 (ix. 1) KaiGap 8e HofJiTT-qLOv Kal rrjs ovy-
    KXr\rov (f}vy6vrcov VTrep t6v ^Iovlov 'PcofJLrjs Kal rcoi
    oXojv KparrjGas dvlrjGL jxkv r(Zv ScGficov rov 'Apto-rd-
    ^ovXov, TTapaSov'i 8*avroj Svo rdyfiara Kara rdxo^
    €7T€fjLip€V €tV YiVpiav, ravTrjV re paSiajs eAyziaat
    Kal rd TTepl rrjv ^louSaiav 8i' avrou Trpoa-

    ^ Hudson : KiiTf){.v mss.

    ' i.fi. the Euphrates (^ 182).


    " This promise is not fulfilled; the corresponding phrase

    84
    JEWISH WAR, I. 179-183 ( = ant. xiv. 119-123)

    Euphrates and perished with his whole army ; bur of


    those events this is not the occasion to speak.
    (9) After the death of Crassus the Parthians rushed Cassius
    ^^"^^ ^-"^
    to cross the river" into Syria, but were repulsed by
    Cassius, who had made his escape to that province.
    Having secured Syria, he hastened towards Judaea,
    capturing Tarichaeae, where he reduced thirty thou-
    sand Jews to slavery and put to death Peitholaus,
    who was endeavouring to rally the partisans of
    Aristobulus. His execution was recommended by
    Antipater. Antipater had married a lady named Rise of
    ^^"^^''^
    Gypros, of an illustrious Arabian family, by whom
    —
    he had four sons Phasael, Herod afterwards king,
    —
    Joseph, and Pheroras and a daughter, Salome. He
    had, by kind offices and hospitality, attached to him-
    self persons of influence in every quarter above all, ;

    through this matrimonial alliance, he had won the


    friendship of the king of Arabia, and it was to him
    that he entrusted his children when embarking on war
    with Aristobulus. Gassius, having bound over Alex-
    ander by treaty to keep the peace, returned to the
    Euphrates to prevent the Parthians from crossing it.
    Of these events we shall speak elsewhere.''
    (ix. 1) When Pompey fled with the Senate across Julius
    the Ionian Sea, Gaesar, now master of Rome and ^g^^c!^
    the empire, set Aristobulus at liberty and, putting ;

    two legions at his service, dispatched him in haste


    to Syria, hoping by his means to have no difficulty
    in bringing over both that province and Judaea with
    inA. xiv. 122 is ws Kal vtt' aWwu SeSTjXwrat. It is uncertain
    whether Josephus in this and kindred phrases, mainly re-
    lating to Parthia and the Seleucids, has thoughtlessly taken
    over a formula from his source, or whether he actually wrote,
    or contemplated writing, a work which has not come down
    to us.
    85
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    1S4 d^€o6ai. (j)6dv€L d' o (hSovos Kal rrji^ Wptaro-
    ^ovXov 77 podviiiav koI to,? Kaicrapos" iXTrlBag'
    <f)apfidK(i) yovv dvaipedels vtto rojv rd IXofiTTrjiov
    <f)poi'Ovvrajv M^'XP' ttoXXov fiev ovhe rachi^s eV rfj
    Trarpcva X^P9r H-^'^^X^^' eKeiTO Se jue'Atrt avu-
    Tr]povfjL€i'0? 6 veKpds [aurou] €cl»? utt' Wvtcovlov
    '\ovhaioi? i77€fj.<f)d7] TOtS" ^aciXiKOL? p-vrjixeioi?
    evTa4>rio6p.evos
    ISo (2) 'Avatpetrat Se kol 6 vlos ainov 'AAef ay-
    Spas' TreAc/cei utto ^klttlojvos eV 'AvTto;^eta, Ilo/Lt-

    TTTjiov TOVT^ €77 LOTeiXauTog Kal y€vojX€ur)s KaTTj-yoplas


    Tipo rod ^-qfjiaro? d>v 'PojjjiaLOUs e^Xaifjev. roue
    8' avrov YlroXefialos 6 }>\€vvaLov Trapa-
    d8€X(f)ovg
    Xa^ojv, OS €KpdT€L rfj? VTTO ru) Xi^dvcp XaAxtSo?,
    OtAtTT/Ttaii^a rdv vlov eV avrov? el? WoKaXojx'a
    186 7repL7T€L. KaKeh'O? drroGrrdGa? rrjg WpLoro^ovXov
    yvvaLKO? WvrLyovov Kal rd? d3eA(/>a? avrov 77p6?
    rov Ttaripa dv-qyayev dXov? hi* epojn yap.ei rrjv.

    Irepav^ Kal fierd ravB^ vrrd rod rrarpo? hC avrrjv


    Kr eiver ai' yafiei ydp YlroXepLaLO? rrjV 'AAe^-
    dvhpav dveXdjv rov vlov Kal Std rov ydpLov /CTySe-
    fjLOVLKcijrepo? avro? rjv 7Tp6? rov? d3eA(^ous".
    i&7 (3) WvriTTarpo? 8e /uerd rviv Y\oii7Trjiov reXev-
    rrjv p.era^d? idepdrtevev Kaloapa, /cciTreiS?) Mt-
    OpL^drrj? 6 n.€pyaiJ,rjv6? fjLed^ rj? rjyev eV AlyvTr-
    rov bvidfjieoj? eipyopLevo? rcuv Kara to Ylr]Xov-
    OLOv ifx^oXdjv iv WoKdXojVL Karelx^ro, rov? re
    "Apa^a? ^€vo? d)V €7T€lo€V €7TLKOvp-fJGai Kal avro?
    * PA Heg-. : veunepav the rest (perhaps rightly).

    " Q. CaeciUus Metellus Scipio, father-in-law of Pompey


    and governor of Syria defeated by JuHus Caesar; at the
    battle of Thapsus i6 b.c.
    86
    JEWISH WAR, I. 184-187 ( = ant. xiv. 124-128)

    the surrounding country to his side. But the zeal


    of Aristobulus and the hopes of Caesar were thwarted
    by maHce. Poisoned by Pompey's friends, it was Death of
    long before Aristobulus obtained even burial in his
    native land the corpse lay preserved in honey until
    ;

    it was sent to the Jews by Antony for interment in


    the royal sepulchres.
    (2) His son Alexander also perished under and of ;

    ^
    Pompey's orders, he was beheaded at Antioch by ^^°
    which he was accused of the
    Scipio," after a trial in
    injuries which he had caused to the Romans. Alex-
    ander's brother and sisters were taken under the
    roof of Ptolemy,^ son of Mennaeus, prince of Chalcis
    in the Lebanon valley, who sent his son Philippion
    to Ascalon to fetch them. The latter succeeded in
    tearing Antigonus and his sisters from the arms of
    Aristobulus's widow and escorted them to his father.
    Becoming enamoured of one " of the princesses, the
    young man married her, but was subsequently slain
    by his father on account of this same Alexandra,
    whom Ptolemy, after murdering his son, married
    himself. His marriage made him a more attentive
    guardian to her brother and sister.
    (3) Antipater, on the death of Pompey, went over
    Services

    to his opponent and paid court to Caesar. When Antipatei


    Mithridates of Pergamus, with the army which he was f°
    ^^^^^^

    leading to Egypt, was forbidden to pass the Pelusiac 48-47 b.c.

    frontier^ and was held up at Ascalon, it was Antipater


    who induced his friends the Arabs to lend their
    assistance, and himself brought up an army of three
    * See § 103. Another reading " the younger."
    "^

    ^ Or "arm of the Nile." The authorities at Pelusium


    must have sent early notice refusing him a passage; Ascalon
    was six days' march from that mouth of the Nile {B. iv.
    361 ff.).
    87
    JOSEPHUS
    rJK€i^ ayoji' ^Xovhaiuju
    etV rpiaxiXiov; OTrAiVa?.
    188 TTapcopurjueu Kal tov? iv ^upia 8vuaT0vg irrl
    8e
    rr]v fjorjdeiav rou r' erroiKOV rov Ai^dvov I\ro-
    Xeixaiou Kal ^Idfi^Xixou, 8t' oi)? at ravrrj 77oAetg
    189 eTOL[j.aj<; GVV€(f)rnpauTO rov TToXeptov. Kal dappoji'
    -qSr) yiidpiSaTri^ rfj Trpooyevopiivr] hC ^AvtL-
    varpov Ig\vl rrpog to IlrjXovoLOv i^eXavi'CL, koj-
    Xvofieuog re SteXOeLi^ eTToXiopKCL ttju ttoXlv. yiverai
    8e KOiV jfi vpoo^oXfj hLacriJjLOTaro? WvTLTrarpog'
    TO yap Kad^ avTOu pL^pog rov rdxov? hLappi\^a<;
    TTpoJTOS €10 €77 1'lhriOeV €tV T-qV TToXlV fieTCL 7(Zv OVl
    avTuj.
    190 (4) Kat TO riT^Aot'atoi-' fieu IdXoj, Trpoow 6
    avTou lovTa elpyov avBi^ ol ttju ^Ovlov vpooayo-
    pevofievTju \<jjpav KaTexouTes' rjoav 8e 'louSato.
    AlyVTTTLOL. TOUTOU? WuTLTTaTpOS OV fJiOUOU fir
    KcoXveiP €7T€io€u, dXXd Kal TCiTrtTT^Seta tv} ^vvd/j.^
    TTapaoxeli^' oBev ovh€ ol Kara Me/^<i>£i^ €tl el^
    X^Xpa^ rjXdov, Ikovolol hk TrpooedevTO AJt^ptSarr^
    191 KaKeluos rjdrj to Ae'Ara 7T€pt€Xdd>u avve^aXXci
    TOLS XoLTTOL? AlyvrTTLOis €1? fidxi]i^ KaTa X'^jpo]
    o£ ^{ovdaLOju OTpaTo—ehov KaXelTat. KLvhvv€VovTc
    6' avTOv iv TT] TTapaTd^ei ovv oXoj tco 8e|io
    K€paTL pb'erai TrepieXdoju AvTLTtaTpos napd to
    ^

    192 alyiaXov tov 7TOTap.ov- tojv yap /ca^' iavTO


    eKpaTeL to Xatou e^ojv Kepa^' eVreiTa TrpooTreooj
    TOt? biojKovoL Mt^ptSa'rr/i^ dveKT€iV€V ttoXXov? acq
    fJL^xpt TOGOVTov Tovs KaTaXeiTTOfievov^ ibLw^ev
    (Ls Kal TO GTpaTOTTeSov avTojv iXelv. 6yho-qKOUT(

    " Son of Sohemus {A. xiv. 129), not the son of Mennaeu
    mentioned above (§ 185), though living in the same regior
    Nothing more is known of him and Jamblichus.
    88
    JEWISH WAR, I. 187-192 ( = ant. xiv. 128-135)

    thousand Jewish infantry. It was he who roused in


    support of Mithridates persons so powerful in Syria
    as Ptolemy,** in his Lebanon home, and Jambhchua
    through whose influence the cities in those parts
    readily took their share in the war. Emboldened
    by the reinforcements which Antipater had brought
    him, Mithridates now marched on Pelusium, and,
    being refused a passage, laid siege to the town. In
    the assault it was Antipater again who won the
    greatest distinction ; for he made a breach in
    the portion of the wall which faced him and was
    the first to plunge into the place at the head of his
    troops.
    (4) Thus Pelusium was taken but the conqueror's
    ;

    advance was again barred by the Egyptian Jews who


    occupied the district which took its name from Onias.*
    Antipater, however, prevailed on them not only to
    refrain from opposition, but even to furnish supplies
    for the troops ; with the result that no further re-
    sistance was encountered even at Memphis, whose
    inhabitants voluntarily joined Mithridates. The
    latter, having now rounded the Delta, gave battle to
    the rest of the Egyptians at a spot called " Jews'
    camp." In this engagement he, with the whole of
    his right wing, was in serious danger, when Antipater,
    victorious on the left where he was in command,
    wheeled round and came along the river bank to his
    rescue. Falling upon the Egyptians who were pur-
    suing Mithridates he killed a large number of them
    and pushed his pursuit of the remainder so far that
    he captured their camp. He lost only eighty of '^

    ^ For the Jewish temple built in Egypt by Onias, a re-

    fugee from Jerusalem, see B. vii. 421 tf.


    « A. " fifty."

    ^9
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Be IjLOuov? tojv Iblcov aTre^aXev, /cat Mt^ptSarT]? eV
    rfi TpoTTTJ TTepl oKraKOoiovs . oojBels S' avro? Trap'
    iXTTiSa fidpTVsa^duKavo? ytVerat irpos Kaioapa
    raw ^AvTLTrdrpov KaropdajfjidTcov
    193 (5) '0 5e t6t€ fJL€V tov dvhpa rols eVatVoi? kol
    rat? iX—LGLV etV toi)? VTrkp eavrov KwBvi'ovs eV-
    eppojGev, if ol^ ttolglv Trapa^oXajrarog dyojvLGrrjS
    yei'Ofievog Kal 77oAAa rpcodelg €</>' oXov G)(€h6u tov
    194 GcofiaTog el^ev TO. Grjixela rrj'i dperfjg. avOtg he
    KaTaoTqGdfjievos tq Kara ri)v AtyvTrrov co? eV-
    avTjKev els Hvpiav, TToXi-eia re avrou rfj 'Pa>ijLaLOju

    ibcDprjGaro Kal dreXeia, Trjg re dXXt]? TLfirjs /cat

    cf)LXo(f)povT]Geajg eveKev ^t^Acutop' eTroiiqGev, Kal r-qv

    dpxi-^poJGVvrjv be St' avrov eveKvpujGev 'YpKai'oj.


    195 (x. 1) Kar' avro oe Kal ^Avrlyoi-os 6 WpLGTo-
    ^ovXov TTpoq rov Kai'crapa Trapojv ytVerat irapa-
    ho^ojs AvTrndrpo) ixetLovo? npoKOTT-qg airiog- Seoi'
    ^

    yap* aTTohvpeGOai rrepl rov Trarpos 7Te(f)ap/jLd)(9a t


    SoKOVvrog eK row rrpos YlofiTT-qtou hiacjiop

    Kal TTepl Td8eX(})ou ',


    rrjv 1Lklt:lojvo? wiJiorrjTa

    pLefjLcfyeGdaL Kal jjLrjbeu els rou eXeov Trapa/jLL^au

    (j)6ovep6v Trddos, 6 S' inl rovroig 'TpKavoO Kal


    196 ^AvTLTTdrpou Kar-qyopei rrapeXdow, ojs napavo-
    jidnara fiev avrov fierd twv dheX(j)on> TTdGr]^

    aTTeXavvoLev Tijg Trarpiov yrjs, 77oAAd 8' et? to


    edi'os avTol hid Kopov e^v^pit,OLe\' , Kal otl^ ttju

    ei? AtyvTrTov GViipLa^io-v ovk eV evvoia ainaj

    TTeiJUpeiau, dXXd Kara beos roju rrdXat SLa(j)opd)i/


    1 ',oOi' LVRC. » 5*071 LVR.
    90
    JEWISH WAR, I. 192-196 ( = ant. xiv. 135-140)

    his men Mithridates in the rout had lost about


    ;

    eight hundred. Thus saved beyond all expectation,


    Mithridates bore to Caesar's ears ungrudging witness
    of Antipater's prowess.
    (5) The praise bestowed by Caesar at the time on Honours
    the hero of the day and the hopes which it excited A°i?ii*paie
    spurred Antipater to further ventures in his service.
    Showing himself on all occasions the most daring of
    fighters, and constantly wounded, he bore the marks
    of his valour on almost every part of his person.
    Later, when Caesar had settled affairs in Egypt and
    returned to Syria, he conferred on Antipater the
    privilege of Roman citizenship with exemption from
    taxes, and by other honours and marks of friendship
    made him an enviable man. It was to please him
    that Caesar confirmed the appointment of Hyrcanus
    to the office of high-priest.
    (x. 1) About this time Antigonus, son of Aristo- Antigonv
    bulus, waited upon Caesar and. contrary to his inten- I'ji^tipate
    tions, became the means of Antipater's further before
    promotion. Antigonus ought to have confined him-
    self to lamentation over his father's fate, believed to
    have been poisoned on account of his differences with
    Pompey, and to complaints of Scipio's cruelty to his
    brother,'^ without mixing up with his plea for com-
    passion any sentiments of jealousy. But, not content
    with that, he came forward and accused Hyrcanus
    and Antipater. They had, he said, in utter defiance
    of justice, banished him and his brothers and sisters
    from their native land altogether they had, in their;

    insolence, repeatedly done outrage to the nation ;

    they had sent supports into Egypt, not from any


    goodwill to Caesar, but from fear of the consequences
    '^
    §§ 184 f.

    91
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Kal TTjv 7Tp6? Tov nofJLTTTJiov SiXlaw 6.7ToaKeva}l,6-
    fievoi.
    197 (2) ripos" Tavd^ 6 ^ Ai'TLTTarpo? dTToppLiJjas rrjv
    eodrJTa to TrXijOog ineh^LKwev tCjv rpavfidrcou,
    Kal TTepl }i€v rrj<? €1? Katcrapa evuota? ovk ecfy-q
    Xoyov Selu avroj' K^Kpayevat yap to owfia oloj-
    198 rrcovTO?' WvTiyoi'OV 8e OavfidCeLU ttju roXfiai', cl
    7ToX€f.LLOu 'Pcofxaiajv VLO? wv Kal 'Pcofiaicow Spa-
    776701;Kal TO veojTepoTTOLO? etuai Kal oraouohr]^
    avTOS TTarpojov e-)(Ojv, Trapd tco 'Pajfiaicuv rjyefJLOvL
    Karrjyopelv e7TLKe\€ipr]Kev irepcov Kal TT^Lpdrai
    rvx^lv dyadov tlvos, Seow dyaTrdv otl frj- Kal yap
    vvv ecjiUodai TTpayadTcou ou tooovtov hC dTTopiav,
    aXX Iva 'louSat'ou? hiaoTaaidarj rrapeXBuw Kal XP''!'
    OTjTaL Kara rwv hovrtov raZs d(f)opiia'i^
    199 (3) Tov-wv Kalaap dKovoas 'YpKai'oi^ fxev
    d^Lcorepov rrjg dpxL€pojGVvr]s a77€0v^i'aTO, 'Ap-Tt-
    Trdrpcp be hvvaoreia? alpeaiv eScoKev. 6 8' eVt
    to) TLp-Yjoavri to fxeTpou ttj? ripL-fjg de/ievos Trdarjg
    €7TLTp07TOg 'louSaia? dTToheLKVVTai , Kal TTpOOeTTL-
    rvyxdu€L Ta TeLX^] T-fj^ TraT piSog dvaKTcaai Kar-
    200 €OTpafi{jL€va. tq? fjL€u 817 Tifxd<; tqutq? Kalaap
    eTreoTeXXev iv tco KaTreTcuAioj x'^P^X^^^^^' "^V^ '^^
    avTov biKaioovvrj? o-qyi^iov Kal ttjs TarSpo? ioo-
    fi€uag^ dpcTTJg.
    201 ('!•) ^ AuTLTTa-po? 8e Katoapa 'npo-ip.ilja<; eV Trys
    Su/ata? €(V 'JouSat'ai^ V77€OTp€ip€U. Kal vpojroi
    pi€vTO Telxo^ dueheifiaTO T-fjs 77a7/3t8o? vno flo/i-
    TT-qiovKaTeoTpafipievov Kal tovs dvd T-qv ;(tupai
    OopV^OVS €.7TL<JJV KaT€GT€XX€U, d7T€LXr]Tr]^ dfia Ka>
    ^ Niese : ecofj-(i'r)s or xao^f^oi' ms-^.

    " Or " procurator.'

    92
    JEWISH WAR, I. 196-201 ( = ant. xiv. 141-156)

    of old quarrels and to obliterate the memory of their


    friendship for Pompey.
    (2) At these words Antipater stripped off his clothes
    and exposed his numerous scars. His loyalty to
    Caesar needed, he said, no words from him his ;

    body cried it aloud, were he to hold his peace. But


    the audacity of Antigonus astounded him. The son
    of an enemy of the Romans, son of a fugitive from
    Rome, one who inherited from his father a passion
    for revolution and sedition, presuming to accuse
    others in the presence of the Roman general and
    looking for favours when he ought to be thankful
    to be alive ! Indeed (said Antipater), his present
    ambition for power was not due to indigence he ;

    wanted it in order to sow sedition among the Jews


    and to employ his resources against those who had
    provided them.
    (3) After hearing both speakers, Caesar pronounced caesar
    Hyrcanus to be the more deserving claimant to the A^j^^patei
    high-priesthood, and left Antipater free choice of
    office. The latter, replying that it rested with him
    who conferred the honour to fix the measure of the
    honour, was then appointed viceroy ° of all Judaea, and makt
    He was further authorized to rebuild the ruined walls ^J jy^'^ea
    of the metropolis. **
    Orders were sent by Caesar to
    Rome for these honours to be graven in the Capitol,
    as a memorial of his own justice and of Antipater's
    valour.
    (4) After escorting Caesar across Syria, Antipater Antipate
    returned to Judaea. There his first act was to rebuild govermru
    the wall of the capital which had been overthrown of Judaea

    by Pompey. He then proceeded to traverse the JJivn ham


    country, quelling the local disturbances, and every-
    ^ In A. xiv. 144 this permission is given to Hyrcanus.
    93
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ovfjL^ovXo? d)V eKauTOLs, OTL ra }i€u 'YpKavov
    ^povovvr€S eV oX^co kol Kad^ rjovxt-oa^ ^Lojoovrai,
    TCx)Vre Ihiojv KTrjixdrcov Kal kolvtjS €Lp-qvq<^ airo-
    202 AauovTCS" et he TTeidoLvro rats ipyxpal^ IXttlglv
    Tojv vecxjrepil^eLv IttI Kepheoiv olkclol? idcXovrojv,
    CWS" aVTOV T€ 7T€Lpd(JOVGLV OLVTi K'i'jSeflOVOS SeCTTTOT^p

    Kal 'YpKavov dvrl ^acrtAecu? rvpavvov, 'Pco^atofS"


    yc fJL-qv Kal KaLuapa TToXepLLOV? dvd^ -qyejiovcov Kal
    (jyiXojv ov yap dve^eoOai pLeraKLVOvpLevov eK rry?
    203 apxT]? ov avrol Karearrjaav a/xa Se ravra Xeyojv
    .

    Kal 8t' avrov Kadlararo rrjv ^copav, opwv rov


    *YpKav6v vajd-fj T€ Kal ^aaiXelag drovwrepov
    ^aadriXov pL€i> Si], row TralScov rov Trpeo^vrarov,
    'lepoGoXvp^ow Kal row rrept^ urpariqyov KaBiorii)-
    OLV, rov he ftcr' avrov 'Wpojhiqv IttI rols 'looi^
    eareiXev els FaAtAatai^ Kopihfj veov.
    204 (o) '0 he d)V (fivaei hpaomjpLO? vXr]v evBeoJS
    evpluKeL ro) (f)povT]pLarL. KaraXa^ojv ovv ^KCeKiav
    rov dp)(LXrj(jrrjv rd Trpooex^ '^fj ^vpia Kara-
    rpexovra pLerd peyiorov orlcjiovg, avrov re ovX-
    2u5 Xaj^ojv dTTOKreivei Kal ttoXXovs rojv Xrjcrrwv. 6 hi]
    pdXiora roLS ^vpoLS rjydTrrjro^ Ke)(apLop,evov' vp,-
    velro yovv dvd re rag Kcopca? Kal ev rats iroXeoLv
    '\\pojhy]s cog avrolg Kal rag Kri]oeig
    elpi]vriv
    avaoeoojKOjg . eK rovrov Kal ^e^rcp
    yU'erat S'
    KataapL yvcopipiog ovri ovyyeveZ rov pLeydXov
    2o>j KatGapog Kal hiOLKOvvrL rrjv ^vplav. rrpog he top
    dheX(f>6v evhoKLpuovvra Kal ^aod-qXog e(f)iXorLp,elro
    r7]v dyadrjv epiv, rovg ev rolg 'lepoaoXvpLoig ev-

    ^ TjydirrjToconi. {c/. A. j r)-fanr]aai') : qye'iTo PAM : KarupduKi


    the rest.

    94
    JEWISH WAR, I. 201-206 ( = ant. xiv. 156-161}

    where combining menaces with advice. Their sup-


    port of Hyrcanus, he told them, would ensure them
    a prosperous and tranquil existence, in the enjoy-
    ment of their own possessions and of the peace of
    the realm. If, on the contrary, they put faith in
    the vain expectations raised by persons who for
    personal profit desired revolution, they would find in
    himself a master instead of a protector, in Hyrcanus
    a tyrant instead of a king, in the Romans and Caesar
    enemies instead of rulers and friends for they would
    ;

    never suffer their own nominee to be ousted from his


    office. But, while he spoke in this strain, he took
    the organization of the country into his own hands,
    finding Hyrcanus indolent and without the energy
    necessary to a king." He further appointed his eldest
    son, Phasael, governor of Jerusalem and the en-
    virons the second, Herod,'' he sent with equal
    ;

    authority to Galilee, though a mere lad.


    (5) Herod, energetic by nature, at once found Youthful
    material to test his metal. Discovering that Ezekias, herod h
    a brigand-chief, at the head of a large horde, was Galilee.
    ravaging the district on the Syrian frontier, he caught
    him and put him and many of the brigands to death.
    This welcome achievement was immensely admired
    by the Syrians. Up and down the villages and in
    the towns the praises of Herod were sung, as the I

    restorer of their peace and possessions. This exploit,


    noreover, brought him to the notice of Sextus Caesar,
    I kinsman of the great Caesar and governor of Syria, c 47 b.c.

    [Phasael, on his side, with a generous emulation, vied His broti


    A^ith his brother's reputation; he increased his popu- go^^e^nm
    ''^'^"**'^'
    " Anincorrect term; Hyrcanus had only the title of
    'thnarch, A. xiv. 191, etc.
    " Herod the Great, whose history fills the greater part of
    he remainder of this book.
    95
    JOSEPHUS
    vovcrrepovs Kadtardfjieuo?, Kal 8t* avrov /i,ev excov
    rrjv ttoXlv fxrihkv 8* d77etpo«:aAtci? et? T-qv i^ovulav
    207 i^v^pitcxjv . evdev^ ^AwTLTrdrpco depaTreia re r^v €k
    rov edwovg ^aaiXtKrj /cat rLjjbal Trapd ttclVtcov cos"
    beoTTorrj tujv oXcjv ov purju avro^ rrj? -npos 'Tp/ca-

    208 (6) WiJ.-q)(avov 8' eV evTrpayiais (f)d6vov 8ia-


    (j)vy€LV. '\pKav6? yovv rjBrj fiev /cat /ca^' eauroi^
    Tyau;^,^ TT-po? TO /cAe'os' toji^ veavioKOJV eSaKuero,
    fidXiGTa 8' iXv7T€L rd 'HpcoSov Karopdd>pLara Kal
    KTjpvK^s irtdXXiqXoi rrjc Kad^ €KaoTOV evSo^iag
    7TpoGTpe)(ovre?. ttoXXol 8e rcbv iv rols ^aoiXeioL^
    •
    ^aoKdvLov ripedit^ov, of? -q to iQ>v nalhudv ^ to
    209 ^ \vT\.-ndrpov oojf^poviKOV TTpooioTaro, Xeyovres ojs
    ^
    AvTi-udrpuj /cat rot? Riots' avrov Trapaxouprjoas
    rcou KaOetoLTO rovpopia p.6vov ^aac-
    Trpaypidrajv
    Ae't/Jb €xojv ep-qpLOv i^ovatas. /cat p-^xpt- tov^ TrXa-

    vrjdy]oeraL /ca^' iavrov ^aatXeis €7TLTpe(f)wv ; ovSe


    yap €.lp(jDV€V€odai rr^v iTTirpoTT-qv avrovg CTt, <f)av€-
    povg 8* €LuaL heoTToras Trapojoapievovg eKelvov, €
    ye p.rjT€ ivroXds hovro'S P'TJre eTnoTeiXavros avroi
    Tooovrovg Trapd rov twv ^lovhaiojv vopiov di'TqprjKei
    'Hpojdij'^- ov, et p-i^ ^aoLXevs ioTLv dXX en tStc6-
    TT^S", 8€tt^ eVt Si/cryv tJk€lu diTohiooovTa Xoyov avra
    T€ /cat TOl? TTOTptOt? VOpLOl?, OL Kr€iV€LV aKpiTOVS
    OVK €<f}ldoLU.
    210 (7) ToJtois" Kard puKpov 'YpKavo? e'^e/caieTc
    /cat TTjv opyrjv T^Xevralov eKprj^ag e/caAet Kptdr)
    oopevov Toy Vipdjhrjv. 6 8e /cat tou irarpos Trap
    ^ inTfitjiv p. - Destinon : irov mss.
    ' cLKpiTovs Dindorf : aKpirua 3iss.
    96
    JEWISH WAR, I. 206-210 ( = ant xiv. 161-169)

    larity with the intiabitants of Jerusalem, and kept


    the city under control without any tactless abuse of
    authority. Antipater, in consequence," was courted
    by the nation as if he were king and universally
    honoured as lord of the realna. Notwithstanding
    Hyrcanus and his loyalty to him
    this, his affection for
    underwent no change.
    (6) But it is impossible in prosperity to escape Hyrcanus
    envy. The young men's fame already caused "gli'ifsV
    Hyrcanus a secret pang. He was vexed in particular Herod anr
    , his family
    by Herod's successes and by the arrival of messenger
    after messenger with news of each new honour that
    he had won. His resentment was further roused by
    a number of malicious persons at court, who had
    taken offence at the prudent behaviour either of
    Antipater or of his sons. Hyrcanus, they said, had
    abandoned to Antipater and his sons the direction
    of affairs, and rested content with the mere title,
    without the authority, of a king. How long would
    he be so mistaken as to rear kings to his own un-
    doing ? No longer masquerading as viceroys, they
    had now openly declared themselves masters of the
    state, thrusting him aside seeing that, without
    ;

    either oral or written instructions from Hyrcanus,


    Herod, in violation of Jewish law, had put all this
    large number of people to death. If he is not king
    but still a commoner, he ought to appear in court
    and answer for his conduct to his king and to his
    country's laws, which do not permit anyone to be
    put to death without trial.
    (7) These words ffraduallv inflamed Hyrcanus ;
    Herod's
    \ ., 1 .
    c u J trial and
    until at last, in an explosion or rage, he summoned
    . , ^

    acquittal.
    Herod to trial. Herod, on his father's advice, and
    « Or " Ihienceforth."

    VOL. II E 97
    JOSEPHUS
    aivovvro? Kal tojv irpayiidrajv hthovrcov Trapp-qaiav
    dvT^ei, (jypovpals hiaXa^cjv rrporepou rrjv FaAt-
    Xaiau. 7J€L be /xerd Kaprepov^ ori(j)ov<;, wg piT]re

    KaraXveiu ho^eieu 'YpKavov aBpau' dycov bvvafj.Lv


    211 {JL-qre yvfxvo? efxTreooL to) cjidovo). Se'^ro? 8e Kat-
    oap SeLoag rrepl ro) veavia, ixiq tl Trapa Tolg e^'
    dpols d77oXrj(j)deLS Trddr], 77e/Li77et 77/30? 'YpKavov
    rovs TTapayyeXovvTag biapprjb-qi' OLTToXveLV 'Hpoj-
    S-qv -717? (f)OVLKrj'i Slktis . 6 Se Kal dXXa>g cvpfx-q-

    p.€vos, -qydTTa yap 'Upcohijv, d7T0iprj(j)LL,€raL.

    212 (8) Kat o? VTroXafj-^Bdvajv dKOvros rod ^aot-


    Xews hLa(l)vy€LV et? AafxaaKOu dvexd)pr]oev 77 pos
    ^e^TOv, rrapaoKeva^ofxevos oi35' avdi? vrraKovoai
    KaXovvTL. Kal TrdXiv ol 7rovT)pol Trapw^vvov rov
    'YpKavov kqt' opyrjv re OL)(^eodaL rov 'Hpcobiqv

    Xeyovreg Kal TiapeoKevaofievov


    /car' avrov' ttl-
    OTevojv ^aoiXevs ovk elxev 6 n xprj Spdv, a»s
    8' o

    213 edjpa fieilova tov hid<f)opov. enel be vtto Sefrot


    Kalaapos Kal orpariqyos dveheixdi) KoiXrjs Hvplas
    Kal HapapeiaSy ov fiovov re Kar* evvoiav rr)v ck
    rov edvov? dXXd Kal Swdfj-ec (f)0^ep6? rjv, els
    eaxo^^ov heovs Karerreaev 'YpKavos^,^ ooov ovttoj
    rrpoohoKwv eV avrov 6pfn']GeLV fxerd orparids.
    214 (9) Kat ov bLYjfxaprev ri]g ol-qoeojs' 6 yap
    'Wpd>hrj<£ Kar^ opyrjv rrjg rrepl rrjv Slktjv dTTeiXi]?
    arparidv ddpoiaas errl 'lepoooXv/juxjv rjyev Kara-
    Xvoojv rov 'YpKavov. Kav e</)^>] rovro rroL-noas,

    * apK(7ov conj. Destinon {A. \\ dTroxpcDToy).


    * LVRC: XapLTrpaf PAM. » ins. P: om. the rest.

    98
    JEWISH WAR, I. 210-214 ( = ant. xiv. 169-180)

    with the confidence which his own conduct inspired,


    went up to the capital, after posting garrisons
    throughout Galilee. He went with a strong escort,
    calculated to avoid, on the one hand, the appearance
    of wishing to depose Hyrcanus by bringing an over-
    whelming force, and, on the other, the risk of falling
    unprotected a prey to envy. Sextus Caesar, how-
    ever, fearing that the young man might* be isolated
    by his adversaries and meet with misfortune, sent
    express orders to Hyrcanus to clear Herod of the
    charge of manslaughter. Hyrcanus, being inclined
    to take that course on other grounds, for he loved
    Herod, acquitted him.<*
    (8) Herod, however, imagining that his escape was
    contrary to the king's wishes, retired to join Sextus
    it Damascus, and made ready to refuse compliance
    :d a second summons. The knaves at court con-
    :inued to exasperate Hyrcanus, saying that Herod
    lad departed in anger and was prepared to attack
    lim. The king believed them, but knew not what
    ;o do, seeing his adversary to be more than a match

    or himself. But when Sextus Caesar proceeded to


    ippoint Herod governor of Coele-Syria and Samaria,
    md he was now doubly formidable owing to his
    )opularity with the nation and his own power,
    hyrcanus was reduced to consternation, expecting
    ivery moment to see him marching upon him at the
    lead of an army.
    (9) Nor was he mistaken in his surmise. Herod, His
    urious at the threat which this trial had held over him,
    11 1 T
    toUected an army and advanced upon Jerusalem to
    1
    "^I^"^2?
    retaliation
    forestalled

    lepose Hyrcanus. This object he would indeed have


    « In J. xiv. 177 Hyrcanus merely adjourns the trial and
    idvises Herod to escape.
    99

    -r '^
    JOSEPHUS
    €t fiT] 77 poe^eXOour eg 6 re -rrarrip kol 6 dSeA^os
    €K\aaav avrov rrju opfi-qv TrapaKoXovvreg [/cat]
    avTOv a7:€iXfi Koi avardaet pLOurj fxerprjoai tt^i
    dfjLwav, (f)€LGaa6aL Se rov ^acriAecu?, l-^' ov pi^xp
    TOGavrrj? hwdpLetog TrporjXBev heiv re, et KXrjdeh
    €771 dLKrjV Trapoj^vvrai, Kal rrepl rijg d(f>eo€Ojg €V

    XapLarelv Kal pLrj -rrpog fieu to GKvBpojTTOv dTravTav


    215 77€pt 8e TTj? oojTi-jpia? d^dpiGrov etvai. el 8e 8?
    XoyLGTeoi' ecr) Kal rroXefiov poTrds ^paBeveoda
    <6e(jj>, deojprjreov^ elvai vrjg Grpareias^ n
    dhiKOv. bid hrj Kal rrepl rrjc VLKrjS ov \prjvaL^ Kad
    dirav eveXiTLV elvai, iieX}\ovTd ye^ GvpL^aXeZ
    ^aGiXel Kal Gvi'TpoSco Kal TToXXdKig p.ev evepyerfi
    XO-XeTTcp be ovheiTOTe, -nXrjU ogov TTOvqpols GVpL
    ^ovXoLS ;^pt(S/xei'os' eTrtGeioeiev avroj GKLdv dSiKij
    fiaros. TTeideraL tovtols 'Wpojhrjig v7roXaf3dw ei
    rag iXTTiSag avrapKe? elvai Kal to ttjv lgxv
    eTTihei^aGdai to) eOvet.
    216 (10) Kdv TOVTco yiveTai Trepl WTrdf-ieiav Tapax
    'Pc/j/xatojv Kal TToXepiOS epL(j)vXLOS, Kat/ctAtou /x€
    BaaaoLJ hid ttjv elg IlopLTT-qLOV evvoiav hoXo<hovi
    GavTos ^e'^TOv KaiGapa Kal ttju eKeivov SiVa^ii
    TrapaXa^ovTO? y tojv S* dXXojv KatGapog arparr
    ycov errl TLpLOjpia tov (f)6vov Bacrcraj GvpL^aXovTa
    217 p,€Td Trdo-rj^ ttjs SvvdpLeojg. olg Kal bed tov di
    ijprjfji,evov Kal bid tov TreptovTa KaiGapa, (hiXoi
    ovTag dp.(hoTepov£y 6 WvTLTTaTpog bid rcui/ Traiba
    eTTepLipev GvpLfj.axLO.v- iJ.rjKViop.evov be tov 77oA<
    ^ om. VC.
    * 6eu, dfuopriTfOi' conj. after Aldrich : deup-qriov PAMLF
    6iQ. t\'.'iov VC (assimilation to A. ). \

    ' Destinon : arpaTias mss.


    *
    xPl PAM. • Bekker: re .ms3.

    100
    JEWISH WAR, I. 214-217 ( = ant. xiv. 181 ff.-216f.)

    speedily achieved, had not his father and brother


    gone out in time to meet him and mollified his rage.
    They implored him to restrict his revenge to menaces
    and intimidation, and to spare the king under whom
    he had attained to such great power. Indignant as
    he might be at the summons to trial, he ought on
    tlie other hand to be thankful for his acquittal ;

    after facing the black prospect of condemnation," he


    ought not to be ungrateful for escaping with his life.
    Moreover, if we are to beheve that the fortunes of
    war are in the hands of God, the injustice of his
    present campaign ought to be taken into considera-
    tion. He should not, therefore, be altogether con-
    **

    fident of success, when about to make war on his


    king and companion, frequently his benefactor, never
    his oppressor, save that, under the influence of evil
    counsellors, he had menaced him with a mere shadow
    Df injury. To this advice Herod yielded, thinking
    that he had satisfied his expectations for the future
    jy this exhibition of his strength before the eyes of
    :he nation.
    (10) at Apamea the Romans had War of
    Meanwhile
    on their hands leading to civil war. Caecilius mur'rer^of
    •.rouble
    3assus, out of devotion to Pompey, assassinated
    f^^^^^
    5extus Caesar and took command of his army 46 b.o. ;

    vhereupon Caesar's other generals, to avenge the


    nurder, attacked Bassus with all their forces.
    \ntipater, for the sake of his two friends, the de-
    ;eased and the surviving Caesar, sent them rein-
    brcements under his sons. The war dragged

    " For TO (TKvdpwirbv in this sense cf. A. ii. 156 (opposed

    o acquittal), and B. i. 542.


    * Or perhaps, with the other reading, " the injustice [of

    lis case] might outweigh an army."


    101
    JOSEPHUS
    fiov MovpKO? fieu OLTTO TT]S 'IraAia? Witigt lov^
    napayiverai 8taSo;(o?.
    218 (xi. 1) TiVVLGraraL 8e 'Poj^atot? /caret tovtov
    Tov Kaipov 6 fieyas rroX^fio?, KaoGiov Kal Bpov-
    Tov^ Kreivdvrcov So/\a> Kataapa, Kara^xoi^Ta rrju
    ^PXW ^*'^'
    ^^V '^P^^ '^'ct^ piTJvas imd. fieyioTov 8
    €77t TU) <j)6vi^ yevofjuevov KLvrjixaros Kal Siaora-
    oiaoBevTUJv TUiv hvvarCjv e/cacrros" iXTrloiv olKelai^
    Ixojpei TTpos o ovjjLcf^epeLVKal Stj VTreXdj^lSavev,
    Kal KdoGLO? €tV Hvpiav KaraXriipofievo? rag rrepi
    219 ^ At: d pie Lav hwdp^eis- evOa BacrCTO) re "SlovpKOi
    Kal TO. SL€(jTa)Ta ray/xara SiaAAa^a? iXevOepo'i
    fjLcv ^ATrdpLeiav rrjs TToXiopKias y rjyovpbevos 8
    avTOs rrjs arparids iTT'^et (j>opoXoya)u rds ttoXels
    Kal TTapd Svi'apLiu ra? elorrpd^eL? 7TOLOvp,€vo?.
    220 (~) KeXevodev 8e Kal 'louSatoi? elaeveyKeh w

    eTTTaKooia rdXavra, 8eiaa? 'AvTiTTarpos" tt^i^ ciTrct


    At^j/ tov KaaoLov roTs re vlots SielXev eloTrpdrreu

    rd )(p-qfjLaTa Kai riaiv dXXoi? rcov iTTLT-qheiojv Kan


    rd)(o?, ev otg Kal ^laXl^^ tlvI tcov hia(j)6p(x>v
    221 OUTOJ? 7]7T€Ly€V Tj di'dyKT] TTpojTOS 8' diTepieiXi
    .

    ^aro KdooLov *HpojSr]? ttjv iavrov pLoXpav ck rrj-


    TaXiXata? KopLtaas eKarov rdXavra, Kal hu
    Tovro iv roZs p^dXtora (f)lXo? rju. rous" 8e Xolttov
    €tV ^pahvrfjra KaKiaas avracs idupLovro rat ^

    222 TToXeuLv. r6(f)i'a yovv Kal 'A/^/xaow Kal Sv*


    €Tepas Tojv Ta7T€LVOT€pcov €^avhpa7TohLodp.€VOS ^X^
    ^ Lat. ( = C. Antistius Vetiis, who besieged Bassus ii «

    Apamea before the arrival of Murcus, Dio Cass, xlvii. 27)


    avri Kaaalov P: di'rt KeaTiou A "Li^Tov the rest (apparentl'
    :

    from ./. I). 2 +6.<pi>u} PAMC.


    " See critical note.

    102
    JEWISH WAR, I. 217-222 ( = ant. xiv. 270-275)

    on and Murcus arrived from Italy to succeed


    Antistius.**
    (xi. 1) At this time the great war of the Civil war
    Romans broke out, arising out of the death of Caesar, oKuihis"^^
    treacherously murdered by Cassius and Brutus after Caesar

    holding sovereign power for three years and seven


    months.^ This murder produced a tremendous up-
    heaval leading men split up into factions
    ; each ;

    joined the party which he considered would best


    serve his personal ambitions. Cassius, for his part, Cassius in

    went to Syria to take command of the armies con- exactions?


    ^entrated round Apamea. There he effected a re-
    conciliation between Murcus and Bassus and the
    Dpposing legions, raised the siege of Apamea, and,
    Dutting himself at the head of the troops, went
    'ound the towns levying tribute and exacting sums
    »vhich it was beyond their ability to pay.
    (2) The Jews received orders to contribute seven
    lundred talents. Antipater, alarmed at the threats
    )f Cassius, to expedite payment distributed the task
    )f collection between his sons and some of his
    —
    icquaintance, including so urgent was the necessity
    )f the case —
    one of his enemies named Malichus.
    Jerod was the first to bring his quota the sum —
    f one hundred talents —
    from Galilee, thereby
    ppeasing Cassius and being regarded as one of his
    )est friends. The rest Cassius abused for dilatori-
    less and then vented his wrath on the cities them-
    elves. Gophna, Emmaus and two other places of
    ess importance " he reduced to servitude. He was

    " 3 years and 6 months," A. xiv. 270.


    **
    From the battle
    f Pharsalia (9 August 48) to 15 March 44 the period was
    jst over 3 years and 7 months.
    Lydda and Thamna, A. xiv. 275.
    103

    0^'
    .

    J0SEPHU5
    p€L fJL€v cu? Kal Ma/^t;^o^• dvaiprjoajv, otl fir) 07T€V-
    aag €iG€77pa^ev, rovrov
    eVe'cr^'Ci' Se rr)u /cat rr/i^

    Ttuv aAAojv TToXeoju dTTivXetav WvrLTrarpo^ ra)(€a)^


    iKarov raXavroLs dcpa—evGag KdcjGLOi'.
    223 (3) Ov p.r]v MaAt;^o? dvaxcop'^joavro? Kacrcrtou
    rrj^ y^dpiTos dTrejJLvrjijLovevaev WvTiTTdrpa), Kara
    Se 70V TToXXdKLS ocurrjpo? im^ovXriU iveaK€vd-
    Lero G7T€vScov tov IpLTTohiov avrov roU
    dj-'eAeti^

    dSiKTJpLaGLi' WvTiTraTpos Se '^'rjv re ta;(t'i


    ovTa-
    Kal TO TTavovpyov rdvhpo^ VTroSelaa? biaBaLvei
    rov ^lopbduTjU, orparou ddpoLGtoi' eh rr^v rr}?
    224 em^ovXrj^ dfivvav (^tupaOel? he WdXi^os dvaiheia
    .

    TcJjp WvTLTrdrpov rratSajv -epiyiveraL- tov re yap

    'lepoGoXvfiojv 4>povp6v ^aGdrjXov Kal 'Wpojhrji


    TreTTiGTevfjLevov rd orrXa rroXXalg dTToXoyiaLS Kat
    opKotg €Kyor]revGa5 SiaAAa/cra? avroj irpo? roi
    varepa Treidet yiveGdai. rrdXiv yovv vtt^ Wvtl-
    rrdrpov Gajterat TreLGavrog }>\ovpKOU rov ron
    orpaTrjyovvra 'Lvplag, 6? ojpp.rjTo Kreivai }s\dXi-)(^o\

    ecf)' of? eveojTepiuev


    225 (4-) tov vrpo? KdaGLOv Kal Bpov
    T^vG-rdv-ro^ he
    TOV KaLGapi re toj veoj kol Wptowlo.
    TToXefjLov
    KaGGLog Kal MovpKOS GTpaTidv ddpoiGavTeg eV
    T7)c Zt'pt'as-, eTTeihT] p-^ya pepo? els tq? XP^'-'^
    Wpojhri^ edo^e, Tore p.ev avrou Supta? aTrdGrj-
    empeXiQTrjP KadiGTaGiv hvvap.iv Treliju re Ka
    irrmKrjv SoVres", perd he rrjv rov rroXepov Kard
    XvGLV aTTohei^eLv KacTcrtos' vrreGxero Kal 'louSata-
    22t"^ BaaiXea. Gvve^-q 6' ^ AvTiTrdTpcv Trju re lgxvv toi
    TTaLdog Kal TTjv iXiriha alriav aTzcuAeia? yeveGdai

    " Or perhaps *' out of consideration for the large par

    which H. had played in rendering assistance." The un


    104
    JEWISH WAR, I. 222-226 ( = ant. xiv. 276-280)

    proceeding so far as to put Malichus to death for


    tardiness in levying the tribute but Antipater
    ;

    saved both his life and the other cities from destruc-
    tion, by hastily propitiating Cassius with a gift of a
    hundred talents.
    (3) However, on the departure of Cassius, Malichus,
    far from remembering this service of Antipater,
    concocted a plot against the man who had often
    saved his life, impatient to remove one who was an
    Dbstacle to his malpractices. Antipater, dreading the
    man's strength and cunning, crossed the Jordan to
    :ollect an army to defeat the conspiracy. Malichus,
    though detected, succeeded by effrontery in out-
    vvitting Antipater's sons for Phasael, the warden of
    ;

    Jerusalem, and Herod, the custodian of the armoury,


    cajoled by a multitude of excuses and oaths, con-
    sented to act as mediators with their father. Once
    igain Antipater saved Malichus by his influence with
    Vlurcus, who when governor of Syria had determined
    put him to death as a revolutionary.
    (4) When the young Caesar and Antony declared Antipater

    var on Cassius and Brutus, Cassius and Murcus levied by


    m army in Syria, and, regarding Herod's future Malichus.

    issistance as a great asset," appointed him then and


    here prefect ^ of the whole of Syria, putting a force
    )f horse and foot at his disposal Cassius further
    ;

    )romising on the termination of the war to make


    lim king of Judaea. These powers and brilliant
    xpectations of the son proved in the end the occasion

    ertainty arises from the absence of a verb [yevrjaecrdai as in


    1.XV. 264, or 7ei^ecr^atas i6.307). The addition, avfx^€0\rj(T9oL:,
    n cod. C is a gloss, due to misunderstanding of the Latinism
    lagna pars.
    **
    Or " procurator " A. says " governor of Coele-Syria,"
    ;

    less considerable and more probable appointment.


    VOL. II e2 105
    JOSEPHUS
    ravra yap Setaa? d MaAi;^o? hLa(l)deip€i Tti^a tojv
    ^aoiXiKoju oli'oxoow ;YpT7/xacrtv Sovi'ai (fxipfiaKov
    * AvTLTrdrpcp. kol 6 fxeu ayajvLopLa rrj? MaAt;i^0L'
    TrapavopLta? yevopievo? pLera to avpLrroGLOV dvrjOKei,
    rd T€ dXXa Spaar-qptog dvrjp Iv d(^riyiqo€L vpay-
    fiarcou Kal rrjv dp)(rju dvaKrtiodpLevo? re 'YpKavco
    /cat hLa(j)vXd^a<g.

    227 (5) MaAt;^o? Se KaO^ VTrovotav rrj? cfiappLaKelag


    opyi^6pi€vov TO TrXrjdog dpi'ovpL€vo? ^Treidev /cat
    hviarwrepov iavrov KaT€GK€val€u ottXIt as ovy-
    Kpordjv ov yap r]p€p,i]G€LV 'HpcvSrjv vTreXdpi[3av€Vy
    OS" Srj Kal TTaprju avrtKa o-rparov dyow Itti

    228 TLpLcvpia rod Trarpos. Oaaav^Aou Se rdS€X(f)ov


    crupLpovXevGavTos avrqj rov dvopa
    pLTj (f)av€pa)S
    pLeriei'aL, hiaGraGidGeiv yap to ttXtjOos, Tore puev
    a7ToXoyovpL€v6v r€ TtpoGUrai rov MaAt;^ov /cat riis
    VTTovoias drroXveiv cvpLoXoyei, XapLTrpdv de TTOpLTrr^v
    €77t rep rrarpl /crySeta? lreXeG€v.
    229 (6) Tpanelg 8' eVt 2a/xa/D£tav CTTaoet rerapay-
    pLevrjv KareGTi'^oaro rrjv ttoXlw €7T€ira /ca^' iopr-qv
    VTr€Grp€<f)€v 'lepoGoXvpLa rovs OTrXiras dyow.
    els
    /cat 'YpKavoSj evrjyev yap hehoiKOJS rr)V
    TrepLTTOJv
    e(j)ohov MaAt;(os", eKOjXvev rovs dXXo<f>vXovs eiG-
    ayayelv e</)' dyveijovras rovg eTnxojpiovs 6 he .

    TTjS 7Tpo(f)dG€OJS KaracfjpovTjGas /cat tol? TrpoGrdG-


    230 CTOi^o? eloepxeraL Sta vvKrog. /cat 77aAtv MaAt;^o?
    TTpoGidw eKXaiev WvrLTrarpov dvdvTreKpivero he
    pLoXis 'Hpivhr]s rov dvpiov eTrexojv Kal KaGGLCo 8t*
    imGroXiov rrjv rov Trarpos dvaipeGiv dTTOjhvpero
    pLLGOvvrt Kal dXXojs MaAt;)^ov. d 5* avrco percevai

    106
    JEWISH WAR, I. 226-230 ( = ant. xiv. 281-288)

    of his father's destruction. For Malichus, taking


    alarm, bribed one of the royal butlers to serve poison
    to Antipater. Thus, a victim of the villainy of
    Malichus, Antipater expired after leaving the ban- 43 b.c.
    quet^a man of great energy in the conduct of affairs,
    whose crowning merit was that he recovered and
    preserved the kingdom for Hyrcanus.
    (5) Malichus, being suspected of poisoning him, Herod's
    appeased the indignant populace by denial, and ^janchu"'^
    strengthened his position by mustering troops. For
    he never supposed that Herod would remain idle, and
    in fact the latter appeared forthwith at the head of
    an army to avenge his father. Phasael, however,
    advised his brother not to proceed to open vengeance
    on the scoundrel, for fear of exciting a popular riot.
    Herod, accordingly, for the moment accepted
    Malichus's defence and professed to clear him from
    suspicion. He then celebrated with splendid pomp
    the obsequies of his father.
    (6) Samaria being distracted by sedition, Herod
    betook himself thither, and, after restoring order in
    the city, set out on the return journey to Jerusalem,
    then keeping festival, at the head of his troops,
    [nstigated by Malichus, who was alarmed at his
    approach, Hyrcanus sent orders forbidding him to
    ntrude aliens upon the country-folk during their
    Deriod of purification. Herod, scorning the subter-
    fuge and the man from whom the order came,
    entered by night. Malichus again waited on him
    ind wept over Antipater's fate. Herod, scarce able
    :o restrain his wrath, dissembled in his turn. At
    :he same time he sent a letter to Cassius, deploring
    ;he murder of his father. Cassius, who had other
    grounds for hating Malichus, replied, " Have your

    107
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    rev (f)ou€a rov Trarpo? ayreTrtCTret'Aa? Kal Totb vcf)
    lavTov yLXtdpxoL? XdOpa Trpooera^eu 'l^pcoSrj ^orj
    f^elv €LS Trpd^LV hiKaiav

    231 (7) Ka7retST7 AaoSiVetai' €.X6vto<s avrov avvfjaai'


    Gi 7TavTa\69€v hwaroi Scupea? re kol ore^dvov
    <f>€pour€g, 'Hpoj87]g fjLCU tovtou rf/ rifxajpia rou
    Kaipov d(f)(jjpLG€v, MdAt;^o? he VTro-Tevoas, cLs e
    Tipoj ytVeVai, tou re vlov ofjLTjpevovra Ttapd rol
    TvpioL? VTTe^ayayelv eyvoj XdOpa Kal avro? el
    232 TT^v ^lovhaiau aTTohpavai r:apeGKevdt,eTO. Trap
    (L^vvev 5' avrov rj rijg otorripias drroyvojOLS evdv
    fieladaL Kal p.eilova- ro re yap edvo? eTravaori]-
    aeiv 'PajpLacoLS TiXTnoeVy Ixaaoiov rcu rrpo? ^Avno-
    vLcv TToXefiw TTepLOTTojyievov, Kal ^aatXevaeLV avros
    'XpKavov KaraXvoag eu/xapcu?.
    233 (8) ^E.7T€yeXa 8' dpa re xpediv avrov rals
    eXTrioLV. 6 yovv ^Wpajh-qs TTpoLdofievog avrov rrji
    cpfirjv rov re 'YpKavov KaKeivov IttI helTrvov eKa-
    Xety TTapearcora §' erretra rwv OLKerujv rivd 77p6c
    avrov elueTTep^ipev cLs eVt rrjv rov heiTTVOv Trapa-
    OKevTjv, ro) be ovri TrpoeiTrelv rot? ;(tAtap;^ot9 e'^-

    234 eXQelv eirl rrjv KaKelvoi rcov Kaooioi


    evehpav.
    77 poor ay iidra>v dvapLvrjaOevres errl rov npo rrji
    TToXecjs alyiaXov e^ijeoav ^L(t)ripeL<;, evBa Ttepi-
    ordvres rov y\dXi\ov ttoXXoIs rpavp-aoLV dvaipovoLV
    *^ pKavog he Trapaxpyjp-o. fxev Xvdel?^ vri" eKTrXvi-
    ^€01? eTreaev, (xoXig he dveveyKOJV 'lr{pa}hr]v hnqpajra
    235 ri<; 6 Kreiva? elrj y\dXL)(Ov. drroKpaapLevov ht
    rLVog rojv ^^iXidp^cov " to \\aooLOV TrpoGrayfxa,'
    Kaccrio? dpa,' ^cjjrj,
    " Ka/ie Kal rr)v Ttarpiho
    p.ov oojCei rov dii<i>orepa>v €7tl(^ovXov dveXcov.'
    elre he <f)povujv 'YpKavo? ovroj^ eW^ vtto heovi
    108
    JEWISH WAR, I. 230-235 ( = ant. xiv. 288-293)

    revenge on the murderer." and gave secret orders


    to the tribunes under his command to lend Herod
    aid in a righteous deed.
    (7) When Cassius took Laodicea, and the grandees
    from all parts of the country flocked to him with
    gifts and crowns, Herod fixed on this as the moment
    for his revenge. MaHchus had his suspicions, and on
    reaching Tyre resolved to effect the secret escape of
    his son, then a hostage in that city, while he made
    tiis own preparations to fly to Judaea. Desperation
    stimulated him to conceive yet grander schemes he ;

    bad dreams of raising a national revolt against the


    Romans, while Cassius was preoccupied with the war
    against Antony, of deposing Hyrcanus without diffi-
    culty, and of mounting the throne himself.
    (8) But Destiny derided his hopes. Herod, divin-
    ng his intention, invited him and Hyrcanus to supper,
    ind then dispatched one of his attendant menials
    :o his house, ostensibly to prepare the banquet, in

    'eaiity to instructthe tribunes to come out for the


    imbuscade. Remembering the orders of Cassius,
    :hey came out, sword in hand, to the sea-shore in
    Vont of the city, and there, surrounding Malichus,
    itabbed him through and through to death. Hyrcanus
    From sheer fright instantly swooned and fell when ;

    Drought, not without difficulty, to himself, he asked


    Herod by whom Malichus was killed. One of the
    rribunes replied " By Cassius's orders." " Then,"
    ^aid Hyrcanus, " Cassius has saved both me and my
    country, by destroying one who conspired against
    joth." Whether he expressed his real opinion or

    » iKKvOels C.

    109
    JOSEPHUS
    ofjioae rfj Trpd^ei \ujpojv elrrev, aS'qXov "^v. dXXa ^

    yap WdXixov fikv ovtcos 'Wpojb-qs {.lerrjXdev.


    236 (xii. 1) Kaaalov Se dvaxcjopi^aavrog eV Supi'a?

    TTaXiv ordoig iv 'lepocroXvfjLOL? yiverai, "EAt^os"


    ^erd (jrparidg iTravaordvros ^aua-qXco /cat Kara
    TTjv ^\aXixov TLpuajpiav dpLVveadai deXovros
    VTrkp
    *}JpcuSrjv etV Tov dSeA^dv. 'HpwSrj^ Se ervx^v
    fiev a)v Trapd Oa^t'oj tco arpanqyoj Kara Aa/xa-
    GKou, ojppnqfiei'os Se ^o-qdelv vtto vogov Kar-
    237 elx^ro. Kau rovrco ^aodrjXo? Kad^ eavrov "EAt/co?
    7Tepiy€v6pLevos 'YpKavov cuvetSi^ev etV dxo-p^oriav
    a)v T€ "KXlkl av/jLTrpd^etev, /cat on rrepLopcor] roi^
    dSeA(^ov' Tov yiaXixov rd <j)povpia Ka-raXapL^dvovra
    TToXXd yap Stj^ KarelX-qTrro /cat ro Trdvrwv dxv-
    pojTarov MaCTCtSay.
    238 (2) Ov fjLrjv avroj n
    TrpoT rrjv 'HpoSSou /3tai
    rjpKecrev, o? dvappcoGdel? rd re dXXa rrapaXajJi-
    ^dv€L /cd/cetvov e/c rrj? MacrdSa? iKenqv d(f)rJK€V
    i^-qXauev he /cat e/c rrjs FaAtAata? Mapta>i^a roi
    Tvpiojv rvpawov tJSt) rpia KareGX'rjKora rcov epv-
    fidrcoUy Tovg Se Xrj(f)devras Tvptovg eaojorei^ fiei
    Trdvra?, rjaav S* ov? /cat Sajprjudfxcvo? drreTref-Hpev
    evvotav lavTO) Trapd ri]? TroAeco? /cat toj rvpavva
    239/At(TOS' 7rapaGK€val,6iJL€vo? 6 8e Maplajv tj^lcotc
    .

    fjLev rrj? rvpavviSog vtto Kacro-iou rvpawiuLV Trduai

    StaAa/Sov'Tos" rrjv Hvpiav, Kara 8e to tt/jos" 'Hpo)-


    Sr]v exOo? cruyKarrjyayev Avriyovov rov 'Aptcrro-
    ^

    ^ovXov, Kal TO TrXeov Std ^d^tov, ov ^Avrlyovos


    XP'rjpiaGiv TTpoGTroL-qodfJievo? ^orjdov etx^v ttjs KaO-
    68ov x^PT/^^ ^' ^^ aTidpTajv 6 K-qhear-q? IlroAe-
    /xatos" ^ AvTLyovo).
    1 ^077 LVRC.
    110
    JEWISH WAR, I. 235-239 ( = ant. xiv. 293-298)

    from fear acquiesced in the deed, was uncertain. Be


    that as it may, thus was Herod avenged on Mahchus.
    (xii. 1) The exit orCassius ironrSyria was followed 42 b.c.
    by a fresh outbreak at Jerusalem. A certain Helix, Revolt of
    ^^^^'^^
    with a body of troops, attacked Phasael, wishing to
    punish Herod, through his brother, for the chastise-
    ment which he had inflicted on Malichus. Herod at
    the time was with Fabius the Roman general at
    Damascus, where, though impatient to lend his aid,
    he was detained by illness. Meanwhile Phasael, un-
    assisted, defeated Helix and reproached Hyrcanus for
    ingratitude both in abetting the rebel and in allowing
    the brother of Malichus to take possession of the
    fortresses. Quite a large number of these had been
    taken, including Masada, the strongest of all.
    (2) But nothing could avail the captor against the Herod
    might of Herod. Once restored to health, he re- advTrsarie
    covered the other forts and ousted him from Masada,
    a supphant for mercy. He hkewise expelled from
    Galilee Marion, the despot of Tyre, already master of
    three of the strongholds. The Tyrians whom he took
    prisoners, he spared to a man some he even sent
    ;

    away with presents, to procure for himself the favour


    of the citizens and for the tyrant their hatred.
    Marion owed his position to Cassius, who had cut
    up the whole of Syria into principalities. Hatred of
    Herod had led to his taking part in bringing back the
    exiled Antigonus," son of Aristobulus and in this he
    ;

    was influenced still more by Fabius, whom Antigonus


    had induced by bribery to assist in his restoration.
    All the exile's expenses were met by his brother-in-
    law,^ Ptolemy.
    « C/. §173. * § 186.

    Ill

    V
    .

    JOSFPHUS
    240 (3) ripo? ous '
    V\ pojh-i-j<; dvTi7TapaTa^diJi€VO<; ctti

    ru)u efif^oAoJi' ^lovdaia? Kparel tt) fJ-axj], Kal


    rrjs
    Tov Wuriyouoi- 6^eAacra? v-nerrrpeil^ev els 'lepo
    CToAu/xa rrdoiv dyairriroq wv errl roj KaTopdayfiari
    Kal yap oi p.r] npooexovre'S TrdXat rore ojKeicjvro
    241 hid rrjv 7Tp6<; 'YpKavov eTnyafilav avroj. Trporepov
    ^kv ydp rjKTO yvvaiKa ovk a row e7Ti)(ojpiajv

    arj/jiou, Aojplg eyivvqaev Wvrl


    eKoXetro, e^ t]?

    TTarpov rore 8e yrjfjLas rrju .We^dvbpou rod 'Apicrro-


    ,

    ^ovXov Svyarepa, duyarptBrji' 8e 'TpKavou, Ma-


    pidfxiJL-qv OLK€LO<; roj ^auiXei ytVerat.
    242 (4-) 'ETTei be KdoGiou rrepi ^lXlttttov^; dv
    eXoures dve\ci)prioav et? p-kv ^XraXiav \\alaap em
    he ri]s 'Actios' Wurcoviog rrpeo^evajxevoji' rcbv ,

    dXXoju TToXeojv —pos Wvrajviop eis IjiOuulau tjkou Kai


    *\ovhai(jji' ol hwarol Kar-qyopovvreg ^aaarjXov
    Kai Hpcohov, /3i'a [leu avrov^ Kparelv raw rrpay-
    p-drajv, 6uop.a he ^xovov rrepielvaL YpKauoj ripaov.
    77p6? a TTapdw 'Wpcohrf^ Kal Te6epa7TevK(jj<; ovk
    oXiyoLS .\vr(jWLOv xp-qp-aaiv oirrajg hieO-qKev, cos"

    p.r)he Xoyov rcov exOpow duaax^'odaL. Kal rore


    p.ev ovrtos hieXvOrjaav
    243 (5) \vdtq he OL ev reXei 'louSatojf eKarov
    dvhpe<; rjKOV els rr)u rrpos 'Ai'Tio;^€tai^ I^d(f)vr]v eV*
    ^
    AvTOjVLOv rjhr) rep KXeondrpas epojri hehovXoj-
    p.evov ol TTpoarrjodpLeuoL rovs a^iojp.ari Kal Xoyco
    0(f)(jtju hvuara)rdrovs Karrjyopovv rojv dheXcfxjju.
    VTTiqvra he WeoodXas ajToXoyovp-evog avpLrrap-
    244 eardjros YpKavov hid ro Kijhos Kal . Wvrcji'LOS
    '
    L*VR: TTji' Affi'ac the rest.

    " Or rather, apparentlw betrothed : the marriage is re-


    corded later in § 344.

    112
    JEWISH WAR, I 240-244 ( = ant. xiv. 299 ff-324)

    (3) These enemies were opposed by Herod at the


    entry to the territory of Judaea, where a battle took
    place in which he was victorious. Antigonus being
    banished from the country, Herod returned to Jeru-
    salem, where his success won him all men's hearts.
    Even those who had hitherto stood aloof were now re-
    conciled by his marriage into the family of Hyrcanus.
    His first wife was a Jewess of some standing, named
    Doris, by whom he had a son, Antipater but now he ;

    married'^ Mariamme, daughter of Alexander, the son His


    of Aristobulus, and grand-daughter of Hyrcanus, and '^vuT^^
    thus became kinsman of the king.^ Mariam

    (4) After the death of Cassius at Philippi, the M. Anti


    victors departed, Caesar going to Italy, Antony to f/Jadn-
    Asia. Embassies from the various states waited Jewish
    upon Antony in Bithynia, and among them came the against
    Jewish leaders, who accused Phasael and Herod of '^'^°''.^^'
    usurping the government and leaving to Hyrcanus H'Jm'di
    merely titular honours. Herod thereupon appeared ^\^l^^\
    and by large bribes so wrought upon Antony that judaea
    he refused his adversaries a hearing. So for the time ^'^'"^^ ^^
    being these enemies were dispersed.
    (5) But on a later occasion a hundred Jewish
    officials approached Antony, now a slave to his
    passion for Cleopatra, at Daphne beside Antioch,
    and, putting forward the most eminent and eloquent
    of their number, laid accusations against the brothers.
    The defence was undertaken by Messala,^ Hyrcanus
    supporting him because of his marriage connexion
    with Herod. After hearing both parties, Antony
    *"
    Hyrcanus incorrectly entitled " king," as in §203.
    II,
    '^
    M. Messalla Corvinus, c. 70-3 b.c, attached
    V^alerius
    himself in the civil wars respectively to Cassius, Antony and
    Augustus author, orator and patron of literature, a friend
    :

    of Horace and Tibullus.


    113
    JOSEPHUS
    OLKovaag iKaripojv 'YpKavov BicTTVi'ddvero rovs
    eTTLTrjheLorepov?ouras apxeiv rod he rovs Tiept
    Tov 'HpojSr]v TTpoKpivavTos,^ TjaSeis, rfv yap rjhrj
    Kal ^evos avrols Trarpojos, 8e;\;^£t? vtt^ 'Avrt-
    Trdrpov (f)i\o(j)p6voJS ore eh tt^v 'louSatav avv
    Ta^Lvico TTape^aXXev, rerpdpxas^ aTToSeiKwaiv rovs
    dSeX<f)ovs Trdaav hioiKelv rrjv 'loi'SatW emrpeTTajv.
    245 (6) YlpocrayavaKrovvrajv Se rojv rrpeG^eojV Trev-
    reKaiheKa /xev avXXa^ojv elpyvvGLV, ov? /cat dv-
    eXelv cjpjx-qGeVy rovs he Xolttovs fJ^ed* v^peojs dir-
    rjXauev . rrpos o fjiel^ojv ev rols 'lepocroXvpiOLS yive-
    rai rapax-q- ^i-Xiovs yovv TrdXtv errefjupav Trpea^eLS
    els Tvpop, evda hierpt^ev ^Avrcovios eVt 'lepo-
    GoXvpLcov wpfjL-q/jievos. eVt rovrovs KeKpayoras
    eKTTefjLTreL rov dp^ovra rwv Tvpicnv KoXdL,eLV
    TrpoGrd^as ovs oiv Xd^rj, GvyKaraGKevdl,eiV re^ rrjv
    dpxrj^ TOLS vtt" avrov KaraGraOelGiv rerpdpxo.LS.
    246 (7)Tlpo Be rovrov 77oAAa TTaprjveu rrpoeXdajv
    eTTL rov alyiaXov 'Wpojh-qs gvv 'YpKavco ixiqd^
    eavrols aTTOjXeias alriovs p^'qre ri] rrarpihi noXe-
    l-Lov yiveGdai <f)LXoveiKovvras dKpiroJS- rcov he
    en fidXXov dyavaKrovvrojv Avrojvios eKTrepiipas
    ^

    orrXiras ttoXXovs piev dTzeKreivev , iroXXovs Be


    erpojGev (Lv at re TreGovres ra<f)rjs Kal ol rpav-
    247 pLarlac depajreias Tjitwdr^Gav vtto 'YpKavov. ov
    fj-vv ol BLa(f)vy6vres rjpeixovv, dXXd rd Kara rrjV
    TToXiv GVvrapdGGOvres Trapoj^vvav ^AvrowLOV WGre
    /cat rovs BeGjjLojras diroKrelvaL.
    248
    (xiii. 1) Mcrd Se eriq Bvo Bapla(f)pdvov rod

    ^ vpoKpii'oi^Tos PA. 2 MVC: 5e the rest.

    114
    JEWISH WAR, I. 244-248 ( = ant. xiv. 325-330)

    inquired of Hyrcanus who was the best quahfied


    ruler. Hyrcanus pronouncing in favour of Herod
    and his brother, Antony was dehghted, because he
    had formerly been their father's guest and had been
    hospitably entertained by Antipater when he accom-
    panied Gabinius on his Judaean campaign. He, ac-
    cordingly, created tlie brothers tetrarchs, entrusting
    to them the administ.-ation of the whole of Judaea.
    (6) The deputies giving vent to indignation, and
    Antony arrested and imprisoned fifteen of them, and "Jl^e^jew
    was even prepared to put them to death the rest deputie; ;

    he ignominiously dismissed. His action intensified


    the agitation in Jerusalem. A second embassy,
    numbering this time a thousand, was sent to Tyre,
    where Antony had broken the journey to Jerusalem.
    To check the clamour of this party he dispatched
    the governor of Tyre, with orders to chastise all
    whom he caught and to support the authority " of
    the tetrarchs whom he had appointed.
    (7) Before these orders were executed, Herod,
    accompanied by Hyrcanus, came out to the deputies
    on the shore, and strongly recommended them not
    to bring ruin upon themselves and war upon their
    country by injudicious strife. His words only in-
    creasing their fury, Antony ordered out troops, who
    killed or wounded a large number burial for the ;

    dead and medical attention for the wounded were


    granted by Hyrcanus. Those who escaped were,
    even now, not silenced, and by the disturbance which
    they created in the city so exasperated Antony that
    he put his prisoners to death.

    (xiii. 1) Two years later, Barzapharnes, the Par-


    " avyKaraaKevd^eLP rrju dpxw, after Thuc. i. 93.
    115
    JOSEPHUS
    ndpOojv GarpoLTTOV crvu UaKopu) rco ^auiXloJS via)
    Xvpiau Karaaxoi^TO? Avoavias StaSeSey/xcVo?^ 7)67]

    rr]v cipxV ''°^ Trarpo? reXevrr^aavTos , OroAe-


    /xaio? 8' ^{ewaiov, TreiOei tov oa-
    171^ ovros 6
    rpaTTTqv u7roCT;^€cr€i \iXiujv raXdvrajv kol Trevra-
    Koaiojv yvvaLKCJV Karayayelv iirl rd ^aalXeta tov
    249 AvTLyouov, KaraXvaai 8e tov 'YpKavov. tovtol?
    ^

    VTTaxdel? YlaKopos avTos fiev fjet /caret ttjv Tiapd-


    Xlov, Bapl,a(f)pdvqv he Sia fieaoyeiov Trpoa-
    ti7S"

    €Ta^ev ifJi^aXelv. tojv 8' iTndaXaTTLCDV TvpLoi


    ridKopov ovK ehe^avTO KaiToi riroAep-atcDv kol
    ^idcovLcou 8e8ey/i,eVajv. o 8' olvoxou) tlvI tojv
    ^aatXiKcov ofiajvvfjLOJ jiolpav ttjs lttttovnapaSov?
    TTpoeii^aXelv CKeXevaev el? ttjv KaTa-
    'Iou8atai',
    GKeipofxevov re ra tcov TToXefiLOJV Kal irpos a 8eoi
    ^OTjdrjcyovTa 'Avrtydvoj.
    2o0 (2) Twv he XrjlofJLevcov tov KdpfirjXov ttoXXol
    ^lovhaloi ovrhpaf-LovTeg Trpos WvTcyovov rrpo-
    dvfjLov? eavTovg errl ttjv ela^oXr^v rrapelxov 6 .

    he avTovs e-l tov KaXovfievov ApvpLOv 77poe77efnpev


    TO \ojpiov KaTaXafSelv ev (L yevofievrj'^ (jvpi^oXrjs
    cuGaixevoL tov? TroXefMLOv? Kal hioj^avreg inl
    'lepoGoXvfjLOJVeOeov, yevofievoi re TiXeiovs p^^XP^
    251 Tcov ^aGiXeiiov TrporjXOov. 'YpKavov he Kal Oa-
    GaT]Xov he^apLevcov avTov? Kap-epcv GTL(f)eL pidxr]
    /cara dyopdv GvpprjyvvTaL, Kad^ tjv Tpeipd-
    ttjv
    p.evoL Tovg TroXepLiovs ot Trepl 'Wpcoh-qv KaTa-
    KXeiovGLV el? to lepov Kal ^povpovg avTOjv dvhpa?
    l^-qKovTa rais" 7rXr]GL0v otVtats" iyKaTeGTr]Gav.
    252 TovTovg fiev^ 6 OTaGidtojv rrpo? tovs dSeA^oi)?
    Aao? eireXdajv efXTTLTrprjGLV, *Hpojhr]£ he tov hijpLov
    ^ di^aSiSeyfieyos PAMC. ^ PA : ijl€i> oiv the rest.
    ]I6
    JEWISH WAR, I. 248-252 ( = ant. xiv. 330-336)

    thian satrap, with Pacorus, the king's son, occupied Parthii


    Lysanias, who had inherited the principality oTsyH
    Syria.
    of his father Ptolemy, son of Mennaeus, induced the ^"^ ^^'
    satrap, by the promise " of a thousand talents and

    five hundred women, to bring back Antigonus and


    raise him to the throne, after deposing Hyrcanus.
    Lured by this offer, Pacorus followed the coast
    route, directing Barzapharnes to advance through
    the interior. Of the maritime towns, Tyre closed
    its gates to Pacorus, Ptolemais and Sidon admitted
    him. Entrusting a squadron of horse to one of the
    royal cup-bearers who bore his own name, the prince
    ordered him to proceed in advance into Judaea, to
    reconnoitre the enemy's position and to lend
    Antigonus such aid as he might require.
    (2) While these troops were raiding Carmel, Jews Pacorus
    flocked to Antigonus in large numbers and volun- jei^sai
    teered for the invasion. These he sent forward with
    orders to capture a place called Drymus.^ Here
    they came into action, repulsed the enemy, rushed
    in pursuit to Jerusalem, and, with growing numbers,
    actually reached the palace. They were received by
    Hyrcanus and Phasael with a strong force, and a
    fierce battle ensued in the market-place. The
    Herodian party routed their adversaries, shut them
    up in the temple, and posted sixty men in the adjoin-
    ing houses to keep guard over them. The section
    of the populace that was in league against the
    brothers attacked this garrison and burnt them to
    death, which so enraged Herod that he turned his

    " In A. this promise is given by Antig'onus himself; cf.


    § 257 below. " Oak-coppice."
    '•

    H7
    JOSEPHUS
    77oAAoL'S' kqt' opyrjv rwv dTToXojXorajv aratpet
    ovfipaXcoi', Koi Kad^ rjfjiepav eVe/c^eoyrcoy ciAArj-

    Aots" /caret Xoxovs <f>6vog rjv a3iaAet77T09,


    253 (3) 'Evo-raar]? S' ioprrj?, rj 7T€vr7]KOGTr] KaXel-
    rat, TCL r€ Tiepl to lepou rravra Kal r] ttoXls oXr]
    TrXi'-jdovg ra)v oltto rrjg y^ujpas av air ipLTrXar at, to

    ttXIov OTrXirwv. Kal OacTaTyAo? pLCu to Tet;^o?,


    'H/DCoSt]? S' OU fJL€Ta TToXXoJV i(f)pOVpeL TO. ^aoL-
    Xeia- Kal rolg TToXefiLotg iireKhpapiajv dauvTOLKTOLg
    Kara to TrpoduTeiov^ TrXeioTOV? fxev dvaipel, Tpe-
    TTcrai Se TrdvTas Kal Tovg fieu etV tyju ttoXlv, tou?
    8e etV totovs Se €iV to efco x'^pa.KojpLa
    lepov,
    254 CTuy/cAetet.' tovtco SiaXXaKT-qv fi€v ^Avtl-
    /<:d^

    yovog TTapaKaXel YlaKopov eloa4)eZvai, ^aodi^Xos


    he 7T€iodels Tjj T€ TToAet Kal ^evLO. tow Yidpdoi^
    elohex^Tai fjueTO. TrevraKooiajv LTTTrecov, 7Tpo(f)daeL
    fiev rjKovTa tov Travaai ttju oTdoiVy to S* dXrjdeg
    255 'AvTtyop'OJ ^orjdov. tov yovv Oacrar^Aoi^ iv-
    ehpevujv dve-ecGev irpos ^apl,a^pdvrjv TTpea^ev-
    oaodai TTepl KaTaXvaeoj? KatToi t€^ ttoXXo. aTTO- ,

    TpeTTOvTog 'HpcoSou Kal TrapaivovvTos dvatpelv tov


    eTTi^ovXov dXXd jjltj rat? eVt/^ouAat? iavTOv €K-
    y

    hihovaL, <l)VG€L yap drriOTOv? ^Ivai tov? ^ap^dpov^,


    e^etoiv 'YpKavov TiapaXa^ojv Kal YlaKopog, co? .

    TjTTOV V7T07TT6VOLTO, KaTaXlTTOW 77ap' 'HpCtj8r^


    TLvd? Tojv KaXovjjievojv ^Y^Xevdepajv l7T7T€(jov toX?
    AotTTOts" 7Tpo€7T€iJLipev Oaoav^Aoi^.
    256 (4) 'O? S' iyevovTO /caret ttjv TaXtXaiav, tovs
    ^ PA Lat (so A. II): TrpoaapKTiov the rest.
    » iyKXeiei PAM. ' re Niese : -y€ mss.

    " Probal the cup-bearer, not the prince, fur, as Pteinach


    .

    remarks, tlie latter would have been in a position to treat


    118
    JEWISH WAR, I. 252-256 ( = ant. xiv. 336-342)

    arms against the citizens and slew many of them.


    Every day small companies sallied out against each
    other, and slaughter was incessant.
    (3) When the feast called Pentecost came round,
    the whole neighbourhood of the temple and the
    entire city were crowded with country-folk, for the
    most part in arms. Phasael defended the walls ;
    Herod, with a small force, the palace. With this he
    descended upon the enemy's disordered ranks in the
    suburb, killed large numbers of them, put the rest
    to flight and shut them up, some in the city, others
    in the temple, others in the entrenched camp out-
    side the walls. Thereupon, Antigonus petitioned for
    the admission of Pacorus as mediator.
    **
    Phasael
    consented, and received into the city and offered
    hospitality to the Parthian, who, with five hundred
    horsemen, had come ostensibly to put an end to
    strife, in reality to support Antigonus. With this
    object, Pacorus insidiously induced Phasael to go on Phasael
    an embassy to Barzapharnes with a view to the ^e^nX
    cessation of hostilities. So, notwithstanding the to leave
    strong dissuasion of Herod, who urged his brother to on aiV
    kill the schemer and not to abandon himself to his
    embassy
    to tJie
    schemes, barbarians being (he said) by nature per- satrap
    fidious, Phasael left the city, accompanied by
    Hyrcanus. To allay suspicions, Pacorus left with
    Herod some of the cavalry called by the Parthians
    " Freemen " * with the remainder he escorted
    ;

    Phasael on his way.


    (4) On their arrival in Galilee they found the
    directly with Phasael and there woiikl have been no need
    for the subsequent embassy.
    * More precisely 200 cavalry and 10 " freemen " (A,
    xiv. 342). Most of the Parthian soldiers were slaves (Justin,
    xli. 2. 5, quoted by Reinach).
    119
    ,

    JOSEPHUS

    KaraXayi^dvovoLv roJ aarpdvr] d' €V€Tvy)(auov


    ,

    vavovpyco^ o<f)66pa /cat rat? (f)LXo4>povrioeoLV ttjv


    eriL^OhXriv KaXvTrrovri' ScZpa yovv Soi)? avToU
    257 677-617' dva)(OjpcvvTas iXoxoi- Tolg 8' aiodiqoLS
    ylve-ai tt^? Ittl^ovXtj^KaraxOelGtv ^t? tl tCjv
    TrapadaXaoaicou )(^P^^^> ^ KaXelraL
    '
    Ek^Si 7777 cop*
    €KeL yap rxiv re V7T6ox^<yi-v rcuv ;;^tAtaji^ rjKovoav
    7aXdvrcov Kal to? Wvriyovo? rdg TrXeiora^ rcuu
    Trap* avTol^ yvvaiKajv iv ralg TrevTaKOGiat^ KaO-
    258 oGLCooetei^' VldpOoLi, otl re TrpoXox^ioiuro iilv
    avTOig at vvKT€? 1)770 Tojv ^apSdpcuv del, TrdXai
    8' du Kal GVveXrj(l>drjGav, et fxrj Trepieiievov iv 'lepo-

    CToAu/xot? 'Hpcudr^p TrpoTepov Xa^elu, cu? firj rrpo-


    7Tv66^€uo<^ Tci kqt' avTov^ <j)vXd^ai.To. tqCt'
    ovKCTL Aoyo? t)!^ jjiovov dXXd Kal (f)vXaKdg Tjd-i]
    ,

    TToppcudeu^ €avTd)V e^Xerrov.


    259 (0) Ov iiTfi' ^aGdr]Xo<i KaiTOL ToXXd nap-
    atuovuTOs '0(/)6AAiof <f)€vy€Li', TreTTVGTO yap ovro^
    rrapd Sapa/^dAAa tov TrXovGicvrdrov Tore T.vpoju
    Tr/p Gvvra^u' ttj^ i—L^ovXrj^ dXrjv, KajaXi-elv 'YpKa-
    poi' v7TefxeLi'€v, dXXd toj Garpdnr) TTpoGeXOdjv duTL-

    Kpvg cLveidiCev tyju iTn^ovXi)v Kal /uaAicr^' ort ,

    yevoLTO roLOvro? \piqpLdTujv ev€K€V' TrXeico ye PlTjv


    airro? i;77ep Gojrrjpias ScoGeiv wv ^ Avriyovos vrrep
    260 ^acriAeia^ v—^ax^ro. rrpos ravra Travovpycxj? 6
    \\dp6o<,- drroXoyiaLg re Kal dpKOi? d770GK€va-
    odp.euo<; ttjv vTroiplav cox^ro rrpos WdKopov . ev-
    ^ecu? 5e Twv WdpOcjv olg rrpoG-
    KaraXeL(l)devTOjv
    ereraKTo (t>aodrjX6u re Kal 'YpKaiou GVveXdfx^avov

    ' AM : 7^a^oly7ws the rest. ^ baud procul Lat.


    120
    JEWISH WAR, 1. 256-260 (

    inhabitants in revolt and up in arms The satrap,^ and are


    with whom they had an audience, was a very crafty th?^'^'^^^
    individual who disguised his plot under a show ofP''^rthian
    benevolence he gave them presents, and then laid
    :

    an ambush to catch them on their departure. They


    discovered the conspiracy at a maritime town, where
    they halted, named Ekdippa.*" There they heard of
    the promise of the thousand talents,^ and that the
    five hundred women whom Antigonus had
    devoted
    to the Parthians included most of their own that ;

    the barbarians invariably kept a watch upon them


    at night and that they would long since have been
    ;

    arrested, had not the conspirators been waiting till


    Herod was caught at Jerusalem, fearing that the
    news of their capture would put him on his guard.
    This was now no mere idle gossip for already they
    ;

    could see the sentries posted in the distance.


    (5) Phasael, however, notwithstanding the urgent
    exhortations to flee made to him by a certain
    Ophellius, who had learnt the whole plan of the
    conspiracy from Saramalla, the wealthiest Syrian of
    his time, could not bring himself to desert Hyrcanus.
    Instead, he went to the satrap and frankly reproached
    him for the plot, and in particular for acting as he
    had done from mercenary motives undertaking, for
    ;

    his part, to give him a larger sum for his life than
    Antigonus had promised for a kingdom. To this the
    Parthian made a wily reply, clearing himself of sus-
    picion by protestations and oaths, and went off to
    join Pacorus.** Immediately after, certain Parthians
    who had been left behind, with orders to do so,
    <»
    Barzapharnes.
    *^
    Achzib (ez Zib). half way between Tyre and the
    promontory of Carmel.
    ' § 248. <*
    Apparently the prince.
    J2I
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    TToAAa^ 77^0? 'rrjv iTTLopKcav Kal to aTnarov avTol?
    Karapco/jLevovg
    261 (6) 'Ei^ be rovTOj Kal rov 'llpojdrjv 6 7T€fJLcf)6€L?
    olvoxoos iTTe^ovXeve GvXXrj.^eZv, e^co rov relxovs
    aTTarrjaa? irpoeXdeZv, ojuTrep ivroXas ^Ix^^' ^ §6
    OLTT^ a.pXV'^ VTTOTTrevojv rov? ^ap^dpov^ Kal Tore
    TTeTTVcrfievos ets" rov9 TToXe/JLLOvg eixrrerrrojKevaL ra
    fjL7]vvovra rrjv eTTL^ovXrjv avroj ypdfjLiiara, rrpo-
    eXdelv ovK rj^ovXero, Kairoi /xciAa d^iorrLGra>s rod
    YlaKopov (hdoKovros heZv avrov VTravrrjaai rols
    rds eTTLGToXds Kopbitovoiv ovre yap eaXojKevat
    ToZs TToXepLLOLS avTcis Kal TTepuexeiv ovk Ittl-
    2Cy2^ovX'qv, dAA' 0770cra hieTrpd^aro OacraT^Aos'. ervx^v
    Se Trap' dXXatv TTpoaKrjKodjg rov ddeXcjyov cruv-
    eiX-q/jifievoVj Kal TrpoafjeL 'YpKavov dvydrrjp [Ma-

    pidfjUpLri / (jvverojrdrrj yvvaiKow, Karavri^oXovoa


    fxr) rrpoCevai pifjh^ eiLTTLGreveiv eavrov rjSrj (f)avepios
    eTTLxeipovGL roZs ^ap^dpois.
    263 "Ert Se rojv rrepl YldKopov GKeTrro/JLevwu,
    (~)
    dv Kpv(f)a rrjv eTTL^ovXrjV dnapriGeLav, ov yap
    TTCus
    eK (f>avepov olov t' rjv dvSpog ovroj Svvarov^ rrepi-
    yeveoBai, rrpoXa^ajv 'HpojSrj? fierd row olKeio-
    rdrojv rrpoGOJTTOJV vvKrojp IttI 'ISou/xata? ex(x>pei
    264 Xddpa rojv TToXepiiojv aLGOofievoL S' ol IldpdoL
    .

    KarehiojKOV KdKeZvos ttjv jj,ev jJL-qrepa Kal rds


    .

    dSeX(l)ds^ Kal rrjv KadaJixoXoyrjpLev'qv TratSa fJLerd

    1TToWd Destinon (with A. ''): rd re dWa MSS.


    »Perhajis a gloss (Niese), or read MapidMM^s 5f /j-vtvp
    (Destinon), cf. A. xiv. 3ol. ^ awerov LVR Lat.
    * rds dbe\<pas Nlese, cf. A. \\ d5eX07ji' : rovs ddeXipovs MSS.

    " Pacorus (§ 249) : A. incorrectly has evvovxos instead of


    oivoxooi»

    122
    JEWISH WAR, I. 260-264 ( = ant. xiv. 348-353)

    arrested Phasael and Hyrcanus, the prisoners cursing


    them bitterly for their perjury and breach of faith.
    (6) Meanwhile a plot to arrest Herod also was in Plot to
    progress, and the cup-bearer " who had been sent to Herod.
    execute it was, in accordance with instructions, en-
    deavouring to lure him to come outside the walls.
    Herod, how^ever, having suspected the barbarians
    from the first, had now learnt that letters informing
    him of the conspiracy had fallen into the enemy's
    hands. He, therefore, refused to come out, notwith-
    standing the highly plausible assertions of Pacorus
    that he ought to meet the bearers of the documents,
    which, he said, had neither been intercepted by his
    enemies, nor contained any mention of a plot but a
    full report of Phasael's proceedings. But Herod had
    already heard from another source of his brother's
    arrest. Moreover, Mariamme, the daughter ^ of
    Hyrcanus, most sagacious of women, came and
    implored him not to venture out or trust himself
    to the barbarians, who were now openly planning
    his ruin.
    (7) While Pacorus and his accomplices were still Herod's
    deliberating by what stealthy means they might ^'j^a^iJia,^

    achieve their design, as it was impossible openly to


    triumph over so powerful an adversary, Herod fore-
    stalled them and, unobserved by his enemies, set out
    by night, with the nearest and dearest of his family,
    for Idumaea. The Parthians, discovering his flight,
    started in pursuit. Herod, thereupon, directed his
    mother and sisters, the young girl who was betrothed

    * Strictly grand-daughter
    (§ 241) ; but A. xiv. 351 is here
    probably correct in mentioning " the daughter of Hyrcanus,
    the mother of his betrothed." His bride would hardly be
    referred to in this way.
    123
    JOSEPHUS
    r-qs fi'q'rpc? xrat rov veajrarov rcov a8cA<^cui' irpoo-
    TCL^a? oheveix' auro? acr(/>aAai? jxera. tojv depa-
    TTOvrojv dv€K07TT€ rov<; ^ap^dpov<;- Kal ttoXXov?
    Kara. Trdaau Trpoa^oXrju aTTOKreivag et? MaaaSap"
    TO (hpovpiov rj7T€Lyero.
    265 (8) Bapurepou? Se Kara, rriv (f)vyrju IldpOaju
    'iouSatofs- er:eipaG€v, ivoxXrjoavra^ p.kv hiViveKajg,
    QTTO 8' l^rjKOVTa rijg TrdAeoj? crraStait' /cat Trapa-
    ra^a/LteVous" €7TL€LKcig ttoXvv )^p6vov. evda Kparrioa?
    'HpcoSr/s /cat 7roAAoi)9 aCrcui^ aTTOKreiva^ avdi'^
    €LS fivrjix-qv rod KavopdcvpLaro^ €ktlo€1' to )(ojplov
    ^ao-tAetot? TroAuTeAecr-aTotb
    /cat eKooyLrjoev, Kal
    aKpoTroXiv oxvpojrdrrjv dveheipLaro , 'WpojbeLOv re
    266 eKdXeaeu a6' iaurov. rrjuLKavrd ye /xt^p' </)cJ-
    yofTt /ca^' Tiixepav avrco TrpooeyivovTO ttoXXol, Kal
    Kara 'Prjaau yeuofievcu^ rrj? ^ISovfiaia^ ^laxjrjTro?
    dSeAt^o? VTTaur-qaa^ avue^ovXevcv tol'? 770AA01)?
    ran/ iTTOjxivtov drrochoprLuaadai , firj yap di' rocrov-
    rov 6)(\ov Se^aadat rrjv MacraSaf rioav S' VTrkp
    261 rov? ivvaKLGXiMovg . TreLodeU [ovv^"^ ^HpdoSr]? rov^
    fiev ^apvrepovs rrjg ;)^p6ta? biacjyrJKey di'd rrju
    ^]8ovp.alau bovg ifhohia, jjLerd he rdjv dvayKaio-
    rdrcov rovg dXKifiojrdrov^ Karao\dju eiV to <f)pou-
    piov- h Lao cuter ai. KaraXiTrdju 8' evravOa. raU
    yvuai^lv oKraKOOLOV? (f)vXaKa^ Kal SiapKrj raTTi-
    TT^Seta 77/30? TToXiopKiav avro^ eU rrjv ApaBiKTj'j ^

    Werpav rjTreLyero.
    263 (9) riap^oi 8' ev 'lepoaoXvpLOL? i(f)^ dpTrayrju
    rpaTTOfiei^OL rwv (jivyomwv eh to? oi/cta? eia-

    * Kara. 'P. "/(vofi^vu} Niese : jrap-^crai' -^(uofxhu 5' eVi PAM :

    /rara (ttjv) Qpr^;jav the rest, r/. .-/. xiv. 361 (fV Qprj<Tf.).
    » om. PA.
    12i
    JEWISH WAR, I. 264-268 ( = ant. xiv. 353-363)

    to him, with her mother, and his youngest brother to


    continue their journey, and then, aided by his attend-
    ants, secured their retreat, holding the barbarians at
    bay. In every encounter he slew large numbers of
    them, and then pressed on to the fortress of Masada.**
    (8) But he found in this flight the Jews even
    more troublesome than the Parthians, for they per-
    petually harassed him, and at a distance of sixty
    furlongs from the city brought on a regular action
    which was prolonged for a considerable time. Here
    Herod eventually defeated them with great slaughter ;
    and here subsequently, to commemorate his victory,
    he founded a city, adorned it with the most costly
    palaces, erected a citadel of commanding strength,
    and called it after his own name Herodion.^ Thence-
    forward the fugitive was joined daily by many others,
    and on reaching Rhesa in Idumaea was advised
    by his brother Joseph, who met him there, to dis-
    encumber himself of the bulk of his followers, Masada
    being unable to accommodate such a crowd, number-
    ing upwards of nine thousand. Herod, acting on
    his advice, dispersed throughout Idumaea those who
    were more an encumbrance than an assistance, after
    supplying them with provisions and retaining the
    ;

    most stalwart of them together with his cherished


    kinsfolk reached the fortress ° in safety. Leaving
    there a guard of eight hundred to protect the women,
    with sufficient supplies to stand a siege, he himself
    pushed on to Petra in Arabia.
    (9) In Jerusalem, meanwhile, the Parthians gave
    themselves up to pillage, breaking into the houses
    " Above the west coast of the Dead Sea, near its lower
    extremity.
    * A description is given later, §§ 419 ff.
    * Masada.
    125
    JOSEPHUS —
    eTTLTTTOvKal TO ^aoiXeLQv a7T€x6iJL€VO(, fiovwv rcov
    ,

    'YpKai'ov )(prjfjLdTCDV' rjv 8' ou TrAetco rpLaKOOLOJV


    TaXdvTow. €77 €TvyxoLi^ov Se /cat rcov dXXojv ovx
    OGOtg TjXTTLaav' 6 yap ^Wpwh-qs eV ttoXXov rr]v
    dTiLGriav tojv ^ap^dpcxjv i)(j>optoii€vo? eU ttjv 'I8ou-
    piaiav Tct XajXTrpoTara tojv Kenxr^Xicov Trpoav-
    eoKevaaro, /cat rayv avrco 77/Docre;^oi'raji^ o/xotctj? jr

    269 eKaoTos WdpOoi he fxerd rag dpTrayci? eVt rooov-


    . ii

    Tov v^peojs exojprjoav cog eixTTXrjoai p,kv dKrjpvKTOv I

    TToXefiov rr]v ;^a>pav aTtaoav, dvdoTarov he TTOtijaai ii

    TTjv Maptaatojy ttoXlu, pur) piovov he KaraoTrjaaL


    ^aaiXea Avriyovov, dXXd /cat Trapahovvai avrco
    ^

    Oacrar/AoV re /cat 'YpKavov heapLOjrag aiKioaodai.


    270 o he 'YpKavov p.ev TrpooTreGovros^ avrog rd cora
    Xco^drai rols ohovoLV, cog pLrjhe avdtg ev pLera^oXfj
    TTOTe hvi^acTO TTju dpxiepojGvurjP aTToXa^elv hel
    yap oXoKX-qpovs apxiepdodai.
    271 (lO) Tvy? Oacra7]Aou he dperrjg vorepit^ei (f>8dGav-
    Tog TTerpa TrpoGprj^at ttjv Kecj^aX-qv, (Lg Kal GLhij-
    pov Kal x^'-pdJi^ e'lpyero. KaKelvog piev, 'Hpojhov
    yvqGLOv eavTov aTTohei^ag dheX(f)6u Kal 'YpKavov
    dyevveGrarov dvhpeLorara durjGKeL, TTOiTjGdpLevog
    ,

    TTjv KaTaGTpo<prju rolg Kara tov ^iov epyoig k


    272 TTperrovGav. Karexei he Kal dXXog Xoyog, cog dv-
    eveyKat jxev e/c T-qg roTe TrXrjyrjg, 7Tep,<j)d€lg S' ta-
    Tpog V7T^ WvTLyovov OepaTTevGai hrjOeu avTou epL-
    TrX-qGeiev to Tpavpua h-qXi-jTrjplcov (f)appidKCxJV Kal

    ^ irpo<jTr(abvTos MLVR om. Lat. TrpoaTiaCjv the


    : : rest, i.e.
    " Antigonus personally assaulted H."

    " Whether from sacrilej^ious scruples, because H. was


    high-priest, ormore probably as reserved for Antigonus, does
    not appear.
    126
    JEWISH WAR, I. 268-272 ( = ant. xiv. 363-368)

    of the fugitives and into the palace refraining only The


    ;

    from the funds of Hyrcanus," which, however, J^fa?te,*^"oJ


    amounted to no more than three hundred talents. Jerusalem
    Elsewhere they found less than they had expected for AnUgconus ;

    »" the
    Herod, long since suspecting the barbarians of per- tlirone.
    fidy, had taken the precaution of removing the most
    precious of his treasures to Idumaea, and each of his
    friends had done likewise. After the pillage, the
    insolence of the Parthians proceeded to extremes.
    They let loose on the whole country the horrors of
    implacable ^ war, laid the city of Marisa ^ in ruins,
    and, not content with raising Antigonus to the throne,
    delivered up to him Phasael and Hyrcanus, in chains,
    for torture. Hyrcanus threw himself at the feet of
    Antigonus, who with his own teeth '^
    lacerated his
    suppliant's ears, in order to disqualify him for ever,
    under any change of circumstances, from resuming
    the high priesthood since freedom from physical
    ;

    defect is essential to the holder of that office.^


    (10) Phasael, on the other hand, courageously Death of
    p^^^^*^^-
    forestalled the king's malice by dashing his head
    apon a rock, being deprived of the use of hands or
    iteel. Thus showing himself to be a true brother of
    tierod, and Hyrcanus the most ignoble of men, he
    iied a hero's death —
    an end in keeping with his life's
    career. According to another account, Phasael re-
    'overed from his self-inflicted blow, and a physician
    :ent by Antigonus, ostensibly to attend him, injected
    loxious drugs into the wound and so killed him.
    * Or " undeclared."
    * Mareshah {Khurhet Mer*ash), some 25 miles S.W. of
    erusalem, in Idumaea (§ 63).
    ^ A. xiv. 366 omits this detail, saying merely " docked
    is ears."
    * C/. Lev. xxi. 17-23.
    127
    JOSEPHUS
    Bia(f)6€ip€L€v avrou. OTTorepou 5' au dXrjOes fj,

    TTji^ (ipXV^ ^X^*-


    '^Ci/u.Trpai'. 6olglvyovv avrov /cat
    rplv €K7TV€V(jai TTvdofievoi^ —apa yvvaiov tlvos
    oj? *Wp(xihrj<; 6La—€(pevyoL, " vvv," elrrelv, " evOvfjLO?
    aT7eifj,L Tou ixereXevaofJLeuov rov^ i\6pov? Kara-
    Xlttojv iojvTa.'
    273 (11) '0 fxev GLV ovrcog rcAeura. ndpdoL Be
    KairoL htr^jjLaprr^KOTc? cbv /xdAtcrra irreOvfiovv yv-
    laLKOjv KaOiuTacnv p.kv iv 'lepoGoXvpiOLS WvTLyouco
    rd TTpdy/xara, hecrpLco-rjv 8' 'YpKavov dvdyovGiv
    et? nqv riapdvrjurjv.
    274 1) 'HpcoS-qs 8e avvrovcorcpov rjXavvev et?
    !xiv.
    zrv Wpa^iav ws ert rdheX(f)ov lwvtos e—eiyofjievo^;
    Xpri/jLara Trapd rov ^acriAcco? Xa^elv, ols ijlovoi?
    TTeiGeiv VTTep OaaaijXov rrjv rcov ^ap^dpojv riXmt,€v
    TrXeove^iav. eXoyi^^ero ydp, el rrjs Trarpcvas (juXia^
    dpLvrfpLOveuTepos 6 "Apaip yevoiro Koi rov Sovuai
    hojpedv fxiKpoXoyayrepo? , haveiGCLcrdai Trap' avroi
    TO. Xvrpa pvGLOv dels rov rod Xurpoufxeuov rralSa

    275 Kal ydp eTTrjyeTO rov ddeXcfiLSovv dura ircoi


    iurd- rdXaura 8' rjv eroifios rpiaKOGia hovvai -po-
    GrrjGdfieuos Tvpiovs rrapa/caAowra? to \pedjv b .

    dpa TTjv avTOV GTTOvSrju ecfiOdKei Kal Oaaar^Aoi


    TeOvqKorog els Kevov 'Hpcodrjs ^iAa8eA(/)0? rjv ox
    276 p-')i^ ovde Trapd "Apaipiv evpiGKec (j>LXiav ovGav} (

    yovv BaGiXevs avrow MaA;^os" TrpoTre/jupas eK rij'


    \(jjpas Kard rd^os rrpoGeraGGev dvaorpecheiv
    7rpo6dGeL fxeu ;(pc;j/i,ei^o? TidpOots, eTTLKTjpvKev
    oaGOat ydp avrovs eKJ^aXelu Hpojdrju rrjs 'Apa '

    ^tas, roj be outl KaTaG\eLV TrpoaLpov/xeuos rd Trap ^


    AuTinaTpov XP^^ ^^^^ p^rjSeu els rds eKeivov hojped
    ' ^ii'oicTai' LVRC (perhaps rightly).
    i2S
    JEWISH WAR, I. 272-276 ( = ant. xiv 368-372)

    But whichever account be true, the initial act re-


    dounds to his glorious credit. It is said, moreover,
    that before he expired, being informed by a woman ^

    of Herod's escape, he exclaimed, " Now I shall depart


    happy, since I leave one behind me who will have
    vengeance on my foes,"
    (11) Such was Phasael's end. The Parthians,
    though disappointed of their most coveted prize,
    the women, none the less installed Antigonus as Hyrcanus
    master in Jerusalem, and carried off Hyrcanus ^ ^ P"^oner
    prisoner to Parthia.
    (xiv. 1) Herod, in the belief that his brother was Herod,
    still ahve, was now accelerating his march to Arabia, Mai^hus

    hastening to obtain from its king the money by king of


    which alone he hoped to move the avaricious bar-
    '

    barians on behalf of Phasael. For, should the Arab


    prove unduly forgetful of the ties of friendship with
    bis (Herod's) father and too mean to make him a
    present, he counted on borrowing from him the
    amount of the ransom and leaving in pledge the son of
    the prisoner whom he wished to redeem for he had
    ;

    with him his nephew, a lad of seven years old. He


    was, moreover, prepared to give three hundred
    talents, offering as his sureties the Tyrians who had
    i^olunteered their services. Fate, however, proved
    to have outstripped his zeal :Phasael was dead and ,

    Herod's fraternal affection was all in vain. He found,


    too, that the Arabs were no longer his friends. For
    their king, Malchus, forwarded peremptory orders
    to him instantly to quit his territory, pretending to
    lave received formal notice from the Parthians to
    ;xpel Herod from Arabia ; in reality, he was deter-
    nined not to repay his debts to Antipater, nor to be

    VOL. II F 129
    JOSEPHUS
    dvTiTTapaax^h- xpfl^ovaiu rols t€kvols hvoajTrelodai.
    ov/jL^ovXoLg b' exprjTO ri]^ dvaiheLa^ rot? ofioiajg
    OLTTOGTepeLi^ rd? Wv-LTrdrpov TrapaKarad-qKas 64Xov-
    OLV Tjoav he rcov 7T€pl avrou ol SwarcoTaroL.
    277 (2) *Hpa)Sr)<; fxev hrj TToXe/XLOV? rovs "ApajSa?
    evpojv hC d <f)LXrdrovs rjXm^ev Kal toi? dyye'Aot?
    dTTOKpLudfjL€i'o<;^ (hs VTr-qyopeve to nddos VTrecrrpeipei^
    €77 AiyvTrTou. Kai TTjv ixev TTpcorrji/ Kard
    eoTrepau
    TL T(jjv €.7TL\ojpiojv Upov avXit^erai rovs VTroXeKJ)-
    dei'ras dvaXaj^o'jv , t^ 8' ^^17? els 'PivoKopovpa
    TrpoeXdovTL Tct TTepl TTjv rdheXcfjov reXevrrjv dnay-
    27S yeXXerat. npooXa^dju he Trevdovs^ ouov dTTe6i]Karo
    (f)povrihojv f/eL Trpocojrepaj. Kal hrj ^pahecos 6
    *"
    \paih p.eravo-qaas e—efj-ipei' hid rd^ovs rovs dva-
    KaXeoovras rov v^piGfievou e<f)daiev he Kal rovrovs
    .

    'Hpcohrjs els Y\rjXovGLOv d(l>LK6pLevos evda rrjs ,

    TTapohov fjL-q rvyxdvwv vtto rwv e<f>oppiOVvrojv^ rols\


    TjyeiJLOOLi' evrvy\dveL KdKelvot rrjv re (j)-qp.-qu Kai
    ro d^LCofjLa rduhpos alheodevres irponeinrovoa
    279 avrov els AXe^dvhpeiav. 6 he TrapeXOdw els rrji
    ^

    ttoXlu ehexOrj /xeu XafXTrpcus vtto HAeorrdrpas or pa


    r-qyou eX~LCovoris e^eiu els a rrapeoKevdCero
    hiaKpovodaevos he rds TrapaKXi^oeLS rrjs ^aotXlhos
    Kal (irire -tjv aKfirju rod x^i-f^^^os VTToheioas ^f7Tf
    rovs Kara rrjV ^{raXiav Bopv^ovs eVt 'Ptu/xT^s
    enXei.
    * nroKpifOfxivos PLV. * vivBo'i PA.
    * ((popfj-cvfTuv Spanheim : (ci^opuwuTuji/ mss.

    Or Rhinocolura {el- Arxsh), the maritime town on th(


    "

    frontiers of Egypt and Palestine.


    * Such seems to be the meaning of the text of the besl

    MS9., literally Having taken as much of grief as he laic


    **

    130
    JEWISH WAR, I. 276-279 ( = ant. xiv. 372--376)

    forced by any sense of shame into making the


    slightest return, for all he had received from the
    father, to his children in their hour of need. His
    advisers in this shameless conduct were the most
    powerful men at his court, who like himself desired
    to embezzle the moneys entrusted to them by
    Antipater.
    (2) Herod, finding the Arabs hostile to him for the makes hi
    very reasons which had made him look for their warm ^';y ^'^
    friendship, gave the messengers the reply which his
    feelings dictated and turned back towards Egypt.
    The first evening he encamped in one of the temples
    of the country, where he picked up those of his
    men who had been left in the rear. The next day
    he advanced to Rhinocorura,'^ where he received the
    news of his brother's death. His load of anxiety
    thus replaced by as heavy a burden of grief,^ he
    resumed his march. The Arab king, now tardily
    repenting his conduct, dispatched messengers in
    haste to recall his insulted suitor but Herod out-
    ;

    stripped them, having already readied Pelusium.


    Here, being refused a passage by the fleet stationed
    in that port, he applied to the authorities, who, out
    of respect for his fame and rank, escorted him to
    Alexandria. On entering the city he had a mag-
    nificent reception from Cleopatra, who hoped to
    entrust him with the command of an expedition
    which she was preparing but he eluded the queen's 1
    ;

    solicitations, and, deterred neither by the perils of


    mid-winter nor by the disturbances in Italy, set sail
    for Rome.
    down of care." Traill, followinjr an inferior text, renders
    " Having indulged such sorrow as became the occasion, he
    dismissed his grief " similarly Whiston and Reinach.
    ;

    131

    v^:a.
    JOSEPHUS
    280 (3) Ku'Svi-cvaa? Se Trepl Oa^^uAiai' Kal rov
    <j>6prov ro nXelov eV/SaAojt' €iV 'PdSov 5ta-
    /xdAis"

    owleraL, o(f>6hpa rw Trpo? KdooLOV TToXefjLCo rerpv-


    \(jjp.4vr]v, hexdels^ vtto flroAe/zat'ou Koi ^a7T<f)LVLOV
    TLOV (j)iX(XiV. KaL7T€p 8' wv cV CLTTopia ;^p7]^aT6ov
    281 vav7Tr]yelraL Tpn-jp-q fieyiaTriV, iv fj
    pLera tojv
    (j>iXcjjv eiV Bpei^re'criop' Kara-Xevoas , KOLKeWep €t?
    'PojpL-qv €7TeLxd€LS, TTpojTw Sid TT^v TTarpcpav (^aXiav
    ivervyxavev Avtojulco, /cat ra? re aurou /cat tou
    yeVoys" avfjL(f>opa? €Kh(.-qyelTo , on re toi)? oIk€lo-
    rdrovg eV (f)povpicp KaraXiTrajv TToXiopKOvpiivovs Sta
    X^Lfjicovos TrXevoeiev Itt^ avrov LKerrjg.

    282 (•i') 'At^rajytou 8e rJ7TT€TO rrpos rrju pL€Ta^oXr)V


    OLKTO?, Kal Kara pvrjpLiqv jxeu rrj? ^AvTLTrdrpov
    ^evia^y TO 8e oXov /cat hid rrjv rov TrapouTog
    dp^Trjv, eyvoj Kal t6t€ ^acriXea KaOiurdv ^lovhaiojv
    ov TTporepou aurds" €7TOLrjG€V reTpdp\riv. eurjyev Se
    ovK eXarrov rrjg etV 'HpcoS-qv (f)iXoTLpiias rj rrpos
    ^
    \vTiyovov hiachopd' rovrov yap hrj GraaLojSrj re
    283 /cat 'PcofiaLotv exOpop VTreXdfi^ai'ev Kataap^ ptev .

    ovv €1X^1^ iroLporepov avrov rag WurLTrdrpov


    orpareias^ dvaveovpi^.vo'; ,* a? /car' Alyvrrrov avrov
    rep rrarpl crvvhiiqveyKev, ri]v re ^eviav Kal rrjv iv
    aTTaoLv evvoLav, opujvrd ye pr]v Kal ro *\{pd>hov
    284 hpaarrjpLOV Gwqyayev de rijv ^ovXrjv eV Mecr- ,
    fj
    aaAas" /cat ^er* atrrdt' ^ Arparlvog rrapaorrjadpievoL
    rov 'Wpajd-qv rdg re Trarpcoag evepyeoiag Kal rr]u
    avrov Trpos 'PajpLalovg evuoiav dtefr^eaai^, aTTO-
    ^eiKvvureg a/xa /cat noXepLLOv rov Wvriyovov ov
    1 4-5e and om. 5'below MLVR.
    ' Kalaaf) PAM : Kaiaapa the rest,
    * <xTpaT»77taj P: CTfjaTias most »ss.
    • PM : di'ayeovfievoi' the rest.
    132
    JEWISH WAR, I 280-284 ( = ant. xiv, 377-384)

    (3) Nearly shipwrecked off Pamphylia, after throw- and Rhoc

    ing overboard the bulk of the cargo, he with difficulty


    came safe to Rhodes, which had suffered severely
    from the war with Cassius. Here he was welcomed
    by his friends Ptolemy and Sapphinius, and, notwith-
    standing his lack of funds, procured the construction
    of an immense trireme, which carried him and his
    friends to Brundisium, whence he sped to Rome.
    He waited first on Antony, as and
    his father's friend, to Rome.
    told him the story of his own and his family's mis-
    fortunes, and how he had left his nearest relatives
    besieged in a fortress and crossed the sea in the depth
    of winter to implore his aid.
    (4) Antony was moved with compassion at his By Antor
    reverse of fortune and influenced by the recoUec- l"e^sen?t
    ;

    tion of Antipater's hospitality, but above all by declare


    the heroic qualities of the man in front of him, of j^e Je
    determined then and there to make him king of the
    Jews whom he had himself previously appointed
    tetrarch.'* Besides admiration for Herod, he had as
    strong an incentive in his aversion for Antigonus,
    whom he regarded as a promoter of sedition and an
    enemy of Rome. Caesar proved a yet more ready
    champion than Antony, as his memory recalled
    the part which Antipater had borne with his own
    father in the Egyptian campaigns,'' his hospitality
    and invariable loyalty, while his eyes rested on
    Herod and read his enterprising character. So he
    convened the Senate, to which Messala, seconded by
    Atratinus, presented Herod and dwelt on the services
    rendered by his father and his own goodwill towards
    the Roman people demonstrating at the same time
    ;

    that Antigonus M'as their enemy, not only from the


    » §244. *
    §§ 187 ff.

    133
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    jiovov e^ cor hn]V€xOr] rax^ov, dAA' on kol rore
    hia YlapBojv Xd^oL T-qv dpx'Qv 'PojjJLaLovs virepihajv
    rrj£ be ov/kXtjtov Trpos" ravra KCKLvrj/jteur^s, co?
    TTapeXdojv WvTcovLO? Kal rrpos tov Kara Yldpdojv
    TToXefiou ^aGiXeveLU 'HpcuSrju ovp.(l)ipeLv eXeyev,
    285 €Tn\l)-q(f>it,ovTaL Travres . XvdeLarjs Be rrjs jSouAr^^
    Wi'TcovLO? fiev Kal Kacoap
    ^xovres 'Wpcohriv
    fj-doow
    i^Tjeoav, Trporjyov Se avv ralg aAAat? apxcls ol
    vrraroL dvoovris re Kal to Soy/xa dvaQ-qaovTes €t?
    TO \\a7TeTojXLOv TTjv he TTpojrrjV 'Wpo'jhr} ri]? ^aai-
    .

    ^
    Aeta? r]p,epav Avtojvlo'S eloTia airrov]}

    286 (xv. l) Wapa he tov xpoi^'ou tovtov ^AvrLyovos


    enoXiopKet rovs ev MaaaSa, Tots" fJ^ev aXXoL<^
    eTTLTrjheLOL? hiapKOVfJuevov?, aTravt^ovTa? he vharo^'
    hio Kal ^laxjTjTTO? dheXcjyog 'Hpojhov ovv hiaKooioL?
    Ta)v olKeiojv hpacr/jiov e^ovXevero el? "Apa/Sa?,
    OLK-qKoajs Tcov els ^Wpajhrjv dfjLapri'jpLdTCxju MaA;;^a>
    287 pcera/JLeXeLV. kolv ecpOr] KaraXiTTow rd (hpovpiov, el
    p,rj rrepl rrjv vvKra rrjs e^ohov avve^rj TrXeZurov
    voaf TCOV yap eKhox€ia>v vharo? dvaTrXirjadevrajv
    ovKer^ exP'Q'^^y </»i^y^?, ciAA' erre^rjeGav rjhr] tols
    TTeplrdv \^VTLyovov, Kal rd fiev (f)av€pdj? avp,-
    TTXeKOjJLevoL, rd he Xoxojvre? orvxvov? hiecfideLpov.
    ov iJLTjv ev drrauLV evaroxovv eonv 8' ottt]^ Kal ,

    avrol TTTaiovres dveaTpe(l>ov.


    288 (-) Kdv rovTcp Bevrlhio? 6 'Pajfiaiajv arpa-
    TT)yds 77eiJL<f)delg Ik Hvplas YldpOovg dveipyetv /xct'
    CKelvovg etV ^lovhalav Trape^aXev, Xoyoj jxev ojs
    ^orjOrjGOJV TOt? rrepl ^Xojgi-jttov, epyco 8' Wvriyovov

    ^ om. Niese with C. * birov PAM.


    13 +
    JEWISH WAR, I. 284-288 ( = ant. xiv. 384-392)

    earlier quarrel which they had had with him, but


    because he had also just been guilty of contempt of
    Rome in accepting his crown from Parthian hands.
    These words stirred the Senate, and when Antony
    came forward and said that with a view to the war
    with Parthia it was expedient that Herod should be
    king, the proposal was carried unanimously. The
    meeting was dissolved and Antony and Caesar left
    the senate-house with Herod between them, pre-
    ceded by the consuls and the other magistrates, as
    they went to offer sacrifice and to lay up the decree
    in the Capitol. On this, the first day of his reign, 40 b.c. (e

    Herod was given a banquet by Antony.

    (xv. 1) All this time AntigonuJ was besieging the Aniisom


    occupants of Masada, who, though well supplied with ^^j^H^^l
    all other necessaries, were in want of water. Iniamiiyin
    these straits Joseph, Herod's brother, with two hun-
    dred of his men resolved to escape to Arabia, having
    heard that Malchus had repented of his criminal
    treatment of Herod He was on the point of leaving
    the fortress, when on the very night fixed for his
    departure, rain fell in abundance the reservoirs
    ;

    were replenished and Joseph saw no further need


    for flight. Instead, the garrison now began to sally
    out against the forces of Antigonus and partly in
    open combat, partly by ambuscades, destroyed a
    considerable number. They were not, however,
    uniformly successful, meeting with occasional reverses
    themselves and being forced to retire.
    (2) Meanwhile V^entidius, the Roman general dis- ventidiuj

    patched from Syria to hold the Parthians in check, ^aHyrm.


    had in his pursuit of them advanced into Judaea,
    nominally to relieve Joseph and his friends, but in
    135
    JOSEPHUS
    289 apyvpiovyievos. ey/Lora yovv 'lepoGoXvfjLcov avXi-
    odfMevog, oj? XPVH-^'^^* avro? fikv
    iveTrXi^ad-q

    dv€X<^p^t, fj-erd ttJs" 7:X€LGTr]s hvi^dfieojs, 'LlXajva


    Se ovu pLepei KariXnrev,^ d)? p-r} KaTd<j><jjpov ro
    Xijfifia 7TOL-qa€L€v Trdvras dTTavacrr-qaas *Avtl- .

    yovo? 8e TrdXiv iXTrit^ajv WdpOovs iTrapiVveiv /cat

    Zi'Aojva 7 ecu? idepdrrevev, cog pr]h€v ivoxXoirj -npd


    TTjS 1X77 iho<;.^
    290 "Hdf] be 'Upojbr]? Kara-eTrXevKOJS dtro rrjq
    ^3)
    'IraAta? ei? riToAe/^atSa Kal Gvvayqoxdj? Svvapiu
    OVK oXlyrju ^Ivojv re /cat 6po(f)vXojv rjXavvev 8ia
    rij? FaAtAat'a? eV
    Wi'TLyovov, ovXXapifiavovrojv
    Bei^TtSt'ou /cat StAceji^o?, ovsAeAAto? vtt^ ^ Ps.vTOjviov
    291 7T€p,(f)6€Lg 'Hpcobqu ovyKarayayelv eVeiaev. ervy-
    XO.i^ei' Se Bei^Tt'Stos" p^ev iv rat? iroXeaLV ra? hid

    YldpBov? Tapaxd? Kadiardpei'o?, HlXojv 8' eV


    *IoL'8ata ;\;pr]/xaCTtP' i;??' 'Avrr/oi^ou hL€(j)6app4.vos.
    ov pirjv 'Wpcohrj^ loxdos rjTTopeL, Trpoiovn 8' avru)
    Kad^ rjpLepau -qv^eiTO rd rrj? Svvdpeoj?, Kal ttXtjv
    292 dAiyoii' Trdaa rj FaAtAata Trpooedero. TrpovKeLTO
    pikv ovv TO dvayKaiorarov dyujVLopa MaCTa8a /cat
    TO pvoaodai Tipcarov tovs olk€lov? e'/c rijs TToXiop-
    Ktas, yiverai 8' ep—ohiov ^\67T7Tiy ravTTjv yap exprjv
    TToXepLiav ovaav e^eXelv -rrporepov, ojg p,rj x<^povuT05
    €7TL '\epOGoXvilOJV /CaTO, VOJTOV TL TOl? e;(^/Dot?
    epup.a KaraXeLTTOLTO. ovvrjTtrev hk Kal lLiXa)v
    dop.€vojg rrjs dnavaordoeoj? 7rp6(j}aoiv evpojv, <1>

    7TpoO€K€LVrO ^\ovhaLOL bLd)KOVT€9.^ €77t ZOVTOVS


    'HpojSrjg iKdpajidjv p,€r^ dXiyov arL<f)Ovg rpeirerai
    rax^ojs Kal HlXajva 8iaaoj^et /ca/coj? dpvvofxevou,
    ^ Destinon : A.araXAotTrfi' .mss.
    * TTpos rdj (\Tri5as C. ^ TrpoffrjKOifTts PA.
    136
    '

    JEWISH WAR, I. 289-292- ( = ANT. xiv. 392-397)

    reality to extort money from Antigonus. He accord-


    ingly encamped in the immediate vicinity of Jeru-
    salem and, after glutting his avarice, retired with
    the bulk of his troops leaving, however, a detach-
    ;

    ment under the command of Silo, to prevent the


    detection of his mercenary proceedings which might
    ensue from the withdra\val of the entire force.
    Antigonus, on his side, hoping for renewed assistance
    from the Parthians, meanwhile paid court to Silo, as
    he had to Ventidius, to prevent any trouble from
    him before his expectations were realized.
    (3) But already Herod, having sailed from Italy Herod

    n . ^ • 1-11
    to Ptolemais and collected a considerable army of Cf V"""?
    Palestine
    loreign and native troops, was advancmg through 39 b.c.
    Galilee u^^on Antigonus. Ventidius and Silo, in-
    duced by Dellius, Antony's emissary, to assist in
    reinstating Herod, w ere co-operating. But Ventidius
    was occupied in quelling local disturbances arising
    out of the Parthian invasion, while Silo, corrupted
    by the bribes of Antigonus, lingered in Judaea.
    Herod, however, had no lack of support new recruits :

    added daily to his strength as he advanced, and,


    with few exceptions, all Galilee went over to him.
    The most urgent task ahead of him was Masada
    and, above all, the liberation of his relatives from
    the siege. But Joppa was a preliminary obstacle.
    For that town being hostile had first to be reduced,
    in order that there might be no stronghold left in
    enemy hands in his rear when he marched against
    Jerusalem. Silo, glad of an excuse for quitting
    Jerusalem, now proceeded to join him, hotly pur-
    sued by the Jews. Herod with a small party flew
    out upon them and soon routed them, rescuing Silo,
    who was making but a poor defence.
    VOL. II F 2 1 37 ,
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    293 (4) *'E77etTa ^loTT-rju eXojv irpos rr^v MaaaSat^
    pvGOfxevo? Tovg OLKelovg rj-etyeTO. /cat rcop eVt-
    ^ojpLOJv ov? iJL€u TTarpcva (jiiXia rrpoGt'jyev, ovg 8e to
    avTOV kMos, ov^ d€ rfi? e^ a.fjL(t)OLU evcpyeoia^
    dfiOL^Tj, TrXeLGTovs >'€ firju e'ATTts" tu? eV ^aatMoj^
    ^e^aiou, SvciVLKrjr6<;* re 77817 Svi^afiig yjdpoLGTO.
    294 rrpoLOura S' Wv-iyovo? evi'-jbpeveu TOLTTLTi^BeLa tcou
    -poXox^Ccvv eV olg ov6ev r) puKpa rov?
    TrapoSojv ,

    TToXeiJLLOvg k^XaTt-ev 'Hpa»8i7? 8e tou? €/<• iMa-


    aa8a? olk€lovs TrapaXa^ojv paSt'cu? /cat 'Pr^o-av* to
    (f)povpLOu fJ€i Trpo^ TO. \epoo6Xvfxa- GvurjrrTe 5''

    avTcp TO pL^Ta Y^iXcovog oTpaTicoTiKOv /cat 77oAAot


    TUiV €K T-qg TToXeojg Ti]v LG)(vu /caraTTAayeVre?.
    295 (5) T^TpaTO—eSevGafievovg 8e /caret to rrpog Bvglu
    /cAi/Lta Tov dGT€o<; ol TavTr) (f)vXaKe<; €t6^€v6v re
    /cat i^rjKovTil^ov aurou?, dAAoi 8e K'ara gtl(J}0<;
    €k6€oi^t€<; d7T€77€ipon'To TCOU TT poT€Taypiivo}v

    'Hpd>hri<^ hk TO p.kv TipojTov KrjpvGGeiv Trepl to


    T€L)(o<; e/ce'Aeuei/ a>9 eV dyadoj t€ Trapeit) tov S'qpiou
    Kal eTTL oojTripia. rr]<; ttoXcoj^ fir]Sev firjhe^ roi)? ,

    (f>av€povs ex^povs diivuGvpLcvog , ho'jooju 8e /cat rot?


    '^'ii'o
    ^ia(f>op(jL>-dTOLS dfjLvrjGTcau. eVet 5e dvTLTrap-qyo-
    povfTes OL nepl tou WvTcyouou ovt€ KaTaKOveiv
    tcl)u KrjpvypidTCjju eioju Tiud? ovre /xera/SaAAeCT^ai,
    TO XoLTtOv dpLVveGBai tov<; drro tov Teixovg €tt-
    e~p€7Tev Tot? G(f)€T€poL9 OL Sf Ta)(e(jL>? uTTavTa? dno
    Toju TTvpyoju eTpdipavTO tol? fjeX^GLv.
    297 (6) "Ef^a hrj /cat HlXojv dTreKaXvipaTO ttjv Sojpo-
    ooKLaw €7TLOK€vaGdfi€vog ydp TToAAou? Tcov GTpa-

    ^ Naber: 5i'(r/<if77T05 ms3. : the same confusion occurs in


    A. xviii. 23.
    * Qprjaav M\'C: cf. § 2o(>. * Bckker : tx-qre mS3.
    138
    JFAVISH WAR, I. 293-297 ( = ANT. xiv. 397-406)

    (4) Then, after taking Joppa, he hastened to He takes

    Masada torescue his friends. The country - folk ffi^e^ves'


    rallied to him, some drawn by old aflfection for his Masada.
    father, others by his own renown some in return
    ;

    for benefits conferred by both father and son, but


    the majority attracted by their expectations from
    one whose claim to the throne seemed assured so ;

    that by now he had assembled a formidable army.


    Antigonus sought to obstruct his advance by posting
    ambuscades in suitable passes, but caused little or
    no injury to the enemy. Herod without difficulty
    rescued his friends in Masada, recovered the fortress
    of Rhesa," and then marched against Jerusalem ;

    where he was joined by Silo's troops and by many


    of the citizens, who were alarmed at the strength
    of his army.
    Herod
    (5) Having encamped on the west side of the town,
    his forces were assailed by showers of arrows and jerusaie
    javelins from the guards posted at that quarter,
    while others sallying out in companies made attacks
    on his outposts. At the outset, Herod ordered
    heralds to patrol the walls and proclaim that he had
    come for the good of the people and the salvation
    of the city, that he had no intention of punishing
    even avowed enemies and would grant an amnesty
    to his bitterest foes. But when Antigonus issued
    counter-exhortations forbidding any to listen to these
    proclamations or to go over to the enemy, Herod at
    once gave his men permission to retaliate on their
    assailants on the ramparts, and with their missiles
    they soon drove them all out of the towers.

    (6) And now Silos conduct betrayed his corrup-


    tion. For he induced a large number of his soldiers
    « In Idumaea, §266.
    139

    V'
    -

    JOSEPHUS
    TLOjTOju OTrduLW €77 LTTjbeLOJv avapodv KOL ')(prjiiara
    €tV rpo^a? OLTTaLTelu, dTTdy€LV
    re G(f)d? x€Lii€pLovvrag
    €19 TOi)? €7n~ri6eiovs^ tottovs , €.7T€ihr] rd Tiept T-qv
    ttoXlv Tju eprjfxa rraura row rrepL Aunyovov Trpoav-
    €OK€VaafJL€U(JJU , €KLl'€L T€ TO OTpar07T€00U Kai ai'tt

    298 X^P^^^ 'HpajSr/9 S' Ivrvyxdvojv rolg re


    e77€i/3aTO.
    V7t6 tov Li'AcuP'a -qyefiooLv Kal Kara TrXrjdos rolg
    orpaTicorais eSelro firj KaraXiTrelv airrov vtto re
    Kataapo? kol Avrojviov Kal rrjs crvyKX-qrov Trpo-
    '

    TTep.cjydei'raXvoen^ yap av6i-]ix€p6v avrojv rds


    299 duopias. Kal fxerd rrju hir^oiv evOeojs^ oppufjoas
    avro^ ets" Trjv "x^ojpav roaavrrju avrolg emriqheicjjv
    d(j}9ovLav eKOfjLLoeu, ojg Trdoa? aTTOKOipaL rag
    ^lXojuos 7Tpo(f)doeL<; et? re rag ^^rj? rj/JLepag fXTj
    ,

    btaXi—elu rrjv \opriyiav 77 povoo'uixevog erreoreXXev


    rolg 77€pt Ha/xdpeiau, (JjKeiojro 6' 77 TroXtg avrat,
    olrov Kal olvov Kal eXaiov Kal ^ooKrjfj.ara Kardyeiv
    300 et? '\epLXOVvra. ravr' dKOVoag ^Avriyovog 8t-
    eTTefxipeu rrepl r-qv xojpav eXpyeLV kol Xo-)(dv rovg
    OLrrjycvg KeXevcov. ol 8* VTT-qKOVov, Kal ttoXv
    ttXtjOos OTrXLrdjv vnep rrju '\epLXOvvra ovvrjOpoiadrj'
    huKadetovro he errl row opwv 7rapa<^vXdooovreg
    30J TOL'9 rdmrrideLa eKKO/jLil^oprag. ov pLTjv 'HpoSSr^?
    rjpefjieL, beKa be OTreipag dvaXa^cov, cbv Trevre fiev
    'PaifjaLOJu TTevre 8' 'loudai'oji/rjoav, exovoat Kal
    IJ.Lo9o(f)6povs pttyaSas Trpog olg oXiyovg rojv LTTTrecuv,
    €7tI rrjv 'XipLxovvra Tiapayiverai., Kal rrjv fjLev
    ttoXlu evpioKei, nevraKooiovg he
    KaraXeXeLfxfjieprjv
    rd aKpa KareiXrjC^oras ovv yvvai^lv Kal yeveaZg.
    302 avrovg fiev ovv dTToXvet Xa^ojv, 'Pto/zatot S*
    '
    iOt'ois PA.
    * iidfwi om. PA Lat. Heg., but probably not a gloss from
    A.\\ (e^^i>$); iidiu% is the normal form of the adverb in B.
    140
    JEWISH WAR, I. 297-302 ( = a\t. xiv. 406-410)

    to raise an outcry about a lack of supplies and to


    demand money for the purchase of provisions and to
    be marched to suitable wniter quarters, as the troops
    of Antigonus had already completely cleared the
    neighbourhood of the city and reduced it to a desert.
    He, therefore, broke up his camp and attempted to
    retire. Herod, however, interviewed first the
    **

    officers of Silo's staff and then the assembled troops,


    and besought them not to desert him, holding, as he
    did, a commission from Caesar, Antony, and tiie
    senate; "for," said he, "this very day I will relieve
    your wants." After making this appeal he instantly
    set off in person into the country and brought back
    such an abundance of supplies as to cut away all Silo's
    excuses while, to ensure that there should be no
    ;

    shortage in the immediate future, he instructed the


    inhabitants of the district of Samaria, that city having
    declared in his favour, to bring corn, wine, oil, and
    cattle dov^^n to Jericho. Hearing of this, Antigonus
    issued orders throughout the country to hold-up and
    waylay the convoys. Acting on these orders, large
    bodies of men in arms assembled above Jericho and
    took up positions on the hills, on the look-out for
    the conveyors of the supplies. Herod, however, was
    on the alert, and with ten cohorts, of which five were
    Roman, and five Jewish with mercenaries intermixed,
    and a small body of horse, proceeded to Jericho. He
    found the city deserted and the heights ^ occupied
    by five hundred persons with their wives and children.
    These he made prisoners and then released while ;

    " Or " interceded with."


    * rd aKpa here and in A.i not rV aKpay ("the citadel")
    which might have been expected.
    / 141
    .y

    JOSEPHUS
    ciOTrejovre? ro Xoittov aorv SirjprraGav 7TAr]p€LS
    KaraXafi^dvoures ras" otVt'a? -avroitov K€L}i-qXiojv
    > * itpi\ovvTOS fJLeu ovv <f)povpai> 6 ^aatXeus Kara-
    XiTTOju vTTecrrpeipeu, Kal )(ei}xepiovrjav rrjv 'Pojfxaiojv
    orpa-iav els to.-; 7TpooK€XOjprjKVta<;^ StacfyrJKeu
    *I8ouaatav Kal FaAtAatat' /cat Haixapeiav. iir-

    €TVX€i' be Kal AiTlyouo? Trapa ttj^ HlXwvo? hojpo-


    ^

    SoActa? vTTohe^audaL rod orparov polpav ev AJSSot?


    OepaTTeuojv Wvtoji'lou.
    303 (xvi. 1) Kat 'PojfjLaLOL fxev ev acbBoi^ois dtij-yov
    dueLfjLeuoL rwv ottXojv, ^Hpcohr)? 3' ovk rfpefxeL,
    dXXd T-qv }xev ^Xhovpiaiav hLox^-XioLS 'nel.ols Kal
    rerpaKoaiOLS l7t-€Vgiv hiaXapif^dvei 77e/x(/'a? rov
    dheXfhov ^IcoarjTTOv, ojs fxrj tl veiorepLadeirj rrpos
    ^Avrr/ouov^- avro? 8e Tr)^ fx-qrepa Kal ooovs e/c

    MacraSa? oiKecov? i^Tjyayev fierayayajv el? Sa/za-


    peiav Kal KaTaGTrjadpLevo? docfyaXws ry'et rd XotTrd
    TTjS FaAtAata? Karaarpeipofxeuos Kal rd? *Ai^Tt-
    yovov <j)povpd? e^eXdacov.
    304 (2) Hpo? he rrjv SeTT^coptv eu vLc^ercp G(f)0-
    hpordrcp hiavvoas dKovirl napaXapL^dweL rr^v ttoXlv,
    7Tp6 rrJ£ e<j)6hov tojv (f)vXdKCov eK(i>vy6vr cjv evda
    .

    rovs eTTOjxevovs vtto tou xeipicovos KaKcoBevras


    dvaXa^ojv ttoXXtj S'
    , rjv dcfiOoula rtov err Lrrjheictjv

    irrl Tovs omqXaloL? (LppL-qro XrjGrds, ol


    ev rols
    TToXXrjv rrjg ^^cupa? KaraTpe)(ovTe? ovk iXdrroj KaKa

    305 TToXefjLOu hierideaav rovg eTTixcopLOU?. TrpoTrepupas


    he TreCojv rpla reXrj Kal pblau iXrjV LTT-ecou Trpd?

    ^ C (adding 7rc>\rt5): irf/onfx- the rest.


    - 'At'Tiydi'Ov VC •'
    on the part of A." (perhaps rightly).
    14^^
    JEWISH WAR, I 302-305 ( = ant. xiv. 410-415)

    the Romans fell upon and rifled the rest of the town,
    where they found the houses full of treasures of
    every sort. Leaving a garrison in Jericho, the king
    returned and dismissed his Roman army to winter Winter (

    quarters in the districts which had joined his standard,


    Idumaea, Galilee, and Samaria. Antigonus, on his
    side, to ingratiate himself with Antony, induced
    Siloby a bribe to billet a division of his troops in
    Lydda."
    (xvi. 1) W^hile the Romans were
    thus hving on the Herod's
    from arms, Herod, never idle, campaig
    fat of the land, at rest
    occupied Idumaea with two thousand foot and four ^dumaec
    hundred horse, which he sent thither under his
    brother Joseph, to prevent any insurrection in favour
    of Antigonus. His own care was the removal of his
    mother and other relations, whom he had rescued
    from Masada, to Samaria having safely installed
    ;

    them there, he set out to reduce the remaining


    strongholds of Galilee and to expel the garrisons of and Gaii
    Antigonus.
    (2) He pushed on to Sepphoris through a very
    heavy snowstorm and took possession of the city
    without a contest, the garrison having fled before
    his assault. Here, provisions being abundant, he
    refreshed his troops, sorely tried by the tempest,
    and then started on a campaign aeainst the cave- ^^ ^^f^'
    the bri"(
    dwelling brigands, who were infesting a wide area at Arbli
    and inflicting on the inhabitants evils no less than
    those of war. Having sent in advance three battalions
    of infantry and a squadron of cavalry to the village
    " On the west frontier of Judaea an action in the enemy's
    ;

    favour apparently intended to weaken the allegiance of the


    Roman troops.

    143

    l;.dLiK
    JOSEPHUS
    "ApprjXa KcofJLrjv, avro? fxera reoaapaKOvra rjiiepa?
    eTTrjXOev fiera rrjg Aoltttjs Sui^a/xecus". ov iir]v 7Tp6?
    rrju e<^ohov eSetaau ol TToXefiLoi, /i-ero. 8e rwv
    OTtXoJV dTTrjVTOJV, ifJL7T€LpLaV fXeV TToXeflLKTjV €XOVT€S,
    306 TO Opdao? XrjOTpLKov
    Se crvfi^aXovres yovv rw
    .

    a(f>erepcp Se^uo ro evcovvfjiov Kepa? row 'HpcuSou


    Tperrovrai. TrepceXOajv Se Ta^e'cD? 'HpcuSr^? eV toO
    Kad' iavTOV Se^tou rrpooeBoi^det, Kal to p.kv olk€lou
    i7T€aTp€(f)€U €.K TYJS 4>VyT]? , TOL? Sc StaJKOVOLU
    ifXTTLTTTOJV dv€K07TT€V TrjV OpfJLTJv , p^^XP^ "^^^ KaTOL
    orofxa TTpoa^oXds pLrj6epovreg i^eKXiuav.
    307 (3) '0 Se ecD? 'lophdvov KTelvoju €lt7€to Kal
    5'
    TToXv pL€V avrow p,€pOS hi€<fid€Lp€V, OL XoLTTol
    VTTep rov 7TOTap,6v ioKehdodrjcrau, ojore 7r]v FaAt-
    Xalav eKK^Kaddpdai (ho^ojv, rrXrju KaBooov ol tol9
    OTTYjXaLOL? ep,(f)OjXevovr€? vTreXetTTovTO- Kdrrl tovtols
    308 eSet SLarpL^i]^. Slo br] Trpujrov rots GrparicoTaLg
    rds €K Tojv 7T€7Tovr]pL€vajv inLKapTTLas drTeSlBou,
    hiavepiojv eKdoTcu ^paxp^d? eKarou TrevrrjKOVTa
    dpyvptov Kal rot? -qyepcooLV TToXvTrXaaioua, <Kal>^
    hL€7T€p.lp€V €tV OV? €X€LpepLL,OV GTa6pOV£. Oe/OCOpOl
    Be TO) veajrarcx) raJv dSeXi^cov iTTeareXXev rrjg re
    dyopd? avTols -OLelodai Trpovoiav Kal retx^^^LU
    ^AXe3dvSp€L0i'. KdKelvog dp:(j)0Tep<jDV iTTepeXrjdrj.
    309 (4) 'Ei^ 8e rovTcp Trepl pkv Adiqvag hLrjyeu ^

    WvTcovLog, Sevrihiog 8' eVt rou Trpog Yidpdovs


    voXepLOV ILiXujvd re Ka\ Wpujhiqv pi€r€7T€pL7T€TO,
    KaraorrjoaadaL Trporepov i—LGTeXXcvv rd jrepi
    ^lovhaiav. 'HpwSrjg 8* aa/xeVco? TtXajva npog

    ^ I have inserted the conjunction which seems necessary.

    Without it the sense would be "and sent much larger sums


    to the officers in their various winter quarters."
    U4
    JEWISH WAR, I. 305-309 ( = ant. xiv. 415-421;

    of Arbela," he joined them forty days later with the


    rest of his army. Nothing daunted by his approach,
    the enemy, who combined the experience of seasoned
    warriors with the daring of brigands, went armed to
    meet him, and, coming into action, routed Herod's
    left wing with their right. Herod instantly wheeling
    round his troops from the right wing, where he was
    in command, came to the relief, and not only checked
    the flight of his own men, but falling upon their
    pursuers broke their charge, until, overpowered by
    his frontal attacks, they in turn gave way.
    (3) Herod pursued them, with slaughter, to the
    Jordan and destroyed large numbers of them the ;

    rest fled across the river and dispersed. Thus was


    Galilee purged of its terrors, save for the remnant still
    lurking in the caves, and their extirpation required
    time. So, before proceeding further, Herod awarded
    to his soldiers the fruits of their labours, distributing
    to each man a hundred and fifty drachmas of silver
    and to their officers much larger sums, and then
    dismissed them to their various winter quarters. He
    instructed Pheroras, his youngest brother, to take
    charge of the commissariat department^ and to
    fortify Alexandrion both tasks received his brother's
    ;

    attention.
    (4) At this time Antony was residing in the neigh- and exter
    minates t
    bourhood of Athens, and Silo and Herod were sum- cave-
    moned by Ventidius for the war with Parthia, being dwellers.

    instructed first to settle affairs in Judaea. Herod


    gladly dismissed Silo to Ventidius, and set out him-
    " Irbid, near the Lake of Gennesaret, N.W. of Tiberias.
    ''
    In A. xiv. 418 it is not Herod's troops which Pheroras is
    instructed to provision, but Silo and the Romans, whose
    supplies Antigonus at the end of a month had cut short
    (see § 302).
    145

    r
    JOSEPHUS
    Bev'TLSiou oLTToXvaag avro? IttI rov? Iv roTg otttj-
    310 Aatoi? iarpdrevcjev. ra be GTr-qXaia ravra Trpog
    CLTTOKp'q/jLvoL? ovhapioOev Trpoond, rrXayta?
    opeoLV rjv

    Be dvoSov? pLOvou e^ovTa crrevordTag rj 8e Kara .

    jjieTCxJTTOU a-ura)v irirpa Karereivev et? ^advrdra?

    <t>dpayya? opBios €7nppiTT0vaa ral? ;;^apaSpais',


    cjCTxe Tov ^aoiXda p.^xp'- ttoXXov p.eu dvopeli^ irpos
    ro dpLrjxavov rod tottov, reXevralov 8' iTnvoia
    311 )(p-qaaGBaL o<f>aX€pajrdTr). roi)? yovv dXKipLov?
    Kadipicov eV Xdpva^Lv eVtet TOiS- urop^LOt^, ol Se
    aTTeoc^aTTOV re avrovg ovv yeveal^ kol irvp evieaav
    Tols dp.vvop,evoLS. ^ovX-i)dcls 8' e^ avrojv kol
    TTepLGCJoaL TLvag 'HpojSvyS" eK')]pv^€v dvaxojp^^^^
    77/30? avrov. rcov he ideXovalajs p-ev ou8et? Trpoo-
    edero, /cat rctJi' ^ialop.eva>v Se ttoXXol rrj? al^P-a-
    312 Xcooias TrpoeiXovro Sdvarov. evBa Kal rcov yrjpaLOJV
    TiSy eTnd TTaihcov Trarrjp, p-erd Trj? p.7]Tp6s Beo-
    p,€vov<; Tov? TratSa? eTTiTpeihai G(f)LGLu l^eXdelv enl
    Se^ta KTeivei rpoTTco roLcoBe kgB^ eva Trpo'Cevai
    KeXevGGs auTO? loraro irrl to GTop-tou^ /cat rov
    del TTpoLOvra tojv vlwv d77eG(f)a'r7ev. e^ aTTOTtrov
    he 'HpcoSr]? eTrSXeTTOjv to* re TrdOei GvvexeZTO^ /cat
    Toj rrpeG^VTTj he^idv ojpeyeu (^eLGaodat tojv jeKvojv
    313 TTapaKaXojv , ovhev evhov^ tcDi' Xeyo-
    6 he rrpos
    pLevojv, dXXd /cat rov 'Hpwhr^v elg
    TrpoGOvethiGag
    TaveivorrjTa, errl toI? TraiGlv avaipel Kal rr^v
    yvvalKa, Kal Kara^aXdjv /cara tov Kprjp.vov toi)?
    feKpov^ reXevralov eavrov eppupev.
    '
    PA : dTroxupflf the rest.
    2 Niese from the parallel passage in u4.
    Tci' arotxiov
    ' So most Mss.. r/. B. vii. 300: CLudxfTo Niese with C.

    " Or chests.'

    146
    JEWISH WAR, I. 309-313 ( = axt. xiv. 421-430)

    self on a campaign against the bandits in the caves.


    These caves, opening on to mountain precipices,
    were inaccessible from any quarter, except by some
    tortuous and extremely narrow paths leading up to
    them ;the cliff in front of them dropped sheer
    down into ravines far below, with water-courses at
    the bottom. The king was, consequently, for long
    baffled by the impracticable nature of the ground,
    but at length had recourse to a most hazardous
    scheme. By means of ropes he lowered the most
    stalwart of his men in cradles " and so gave them
    access to the cavern-mouths these then massacred
    ;

    the brigands and their families, hurling in fire-brands


    upon those who resisted. Anxious to save some of
    them, Herod, by word of herald, summoned them to
    his presence. Not one of them voluntarily sur-
    rendered,'' and of those taken by force many pre-
    ferred death to captivity. It was then that one old
    man, the father of seven children, being asked by
    them and their mother permission to leave under
    Herod's pledge, killed them in the following manner.
    Ordering them to come forward one by one, he stood
    at the entrance and slew each son as he advanced.
    Herod, watching this spectacle from a conspicuous" ,

    spot, was profoundly affected and, extending his


    hand to the old man, implored him to spare his
    children but he, unmoved by any word of Herod,
    ;

    and even upbraiding him as a low-born upstart,*^


    followed up the slaughter of his sons by that of his
    wife, and, having flung their corpses down the
    precipice, finally threw himself over after them.

    ^ Jnt. 427, on the contrary, mentions many cases of


    surrender. Or " commanding."
    '^

    ^ Cf. § 478 ;
    "
    perhaps for his abject spirit."
    147

    ^
    JOSEPHUS
    314 (o) ^€ipovTaL f.L€u ovrws ra OTT-qXaia Koi rovs
    €u auTOib 'HpcuST7? Ka-raXiTTOji^ 8e rov orrparov
    fjLolpai^ CQ-qv a7TO-)(priO€LV VTTcXdfJL^avev Trpos to,?
    i7TavaoTdGeL<; kol GoAc/xaloi^^ eV avrijg irrl Sa/xa-
    peias V7T€OTpe(f)€i', OTrXtra^ p.kv rpiox'-^'-ov? ('7777619
    315 he dyoju i^aKOOLOvg eV WvTLyovo]/. evda rrpos
    TTjv d7:o\d>pr]uiv avrov Xa^ovres dheiau ol<^ e^os
    rju dopv^elv rr^vYaXiXaiav Kreivovoiv fxev QoXe-
    fxalov^ Tov orpar-qyov dSoKrjroj<; Trpoo7T€G6vre<;,
    eTTopdovv Se ttju x^P*^^ 7TOLovp.evoL rds dva(f>vyds
    €1? Ta eXr) Kal rd Svoepevurira tojv )(a)pLO)v
    316 TTvdofievos he 'HpcuSr^s" T-qv eTravdoraoLV hid rdxovs
    €7Te^orjdei Kal ttoXv p.ev avrojv TrXrjdos hia(f)6eLpeL_
    TO (fipovpia he Trdvra TToXLopKLats e^eXujv ertiripiLoi
    TTj^ liera^oXrjs eloeTrpd^aTO rtapd tojv TroXeoJv
    eKa-TOV rdXavra.
    317 (6) "HSr^ 8e Yldpdow p-eu e^eXiqXapevojv dvrjp-q- ,

    peuov he UaKopov, Bevrihio? eTTtcrreiXavro'i ^Av


    Tojuiov rrefXTTet Hpcohrj /car' 'Avrt
    ovp-iJLdxovs
    youou hvo rdyfjiara. rovrcov 8<
    ^i-Xlovs (777761? Kal
    701^ OTpa-Tjyov ^laxoupdv \vr'i.yovo<; LKerevoev 81
    ^

    (TTLOToXwu eavro) ^orjBov d(l)LKeo6aL, rroXXd t«


    77€pc' TYJ^ 'Hpcohov ^La<^ [Kal eTTrjpeias Trjg /Saat
    XeiasY dnohvpopevos Kal xp-qjiara hojoeiv vttigx
    SIS vovpevog. 6 he, ov ydp Kare(i>p6veL <rov Trepipavro*.
    dXXujs re Kal irXeiov'^ 'Hpujhov 81801^70?, €iV /lei
    7171^ Trpohooiav ovx V7n]Kovaei', V770KpLv6p.evo^ 8«
    <j)LXiav KardoKOTTOS fjeu toju Wuriyopov npaypdrajv

    ' PA : U.rc\€ixo.iov the rest (as in A \\).


    *
    frc\iu{.uv LVRC. ^ -i-Te MSS.
    * The bracketed words only in MVC; omitted, probabb
    hrough horaoioteleuton, by the rest-
    P T\iQi' the rest.
    * :

    148
    JEWISH WAR, I. 314-S18 ( = ant. xiv. 430-435)

    Herod having o thus mastered the caves and


    (5) Fi'esh ^is
    \ y ,n Galilei
    theirinhabitants, leaving behind him under the queued.

    command of Ptolemy a contingent sufficient, in his


    opinion, to repress insurrection, returned towards
    Samaria, bringing to meet Antigonus a force of three
    thousand heavy infantry and six hundred cavalry.
    Thereupon, emboldened by his departure, the usual
    promoters of disturbance in Galilee made a surprise
    attack on his general Ptolemy and slew him, and
    proceeded to ravage the country, finding refuge in
    the marshes and other places difficult to search.
    Apprised of the revolt, Herod returned in haste to
    the rehef, killed a large number of the rebels,
    besieged and destroyed all their fortresses, and im-
    posed on the towns, as the penalty for their defection,
    a fine of a hundred talents.
    (6) The Parthians having now at last been expelled ^entidins

    and Pacorus slain, Ventidius, under instructions from Parthians

    Antony, dispatched a thousand horse with two


    legions to support Herod in opposing Antigonus, the
    officer in command being Machaeras. To this general
    Antigonus wrote, imploring him instead to come to
    his own assistance, complaining bitterly of Herod's
    high-handed and abusive treatment of the realm,"
    and adding a promise of money. Machaeras, not Machaera
    ^^
    being prepared for such contempt of his superior's his
    "

    orders, especially as Herod was offering him a larger atutud?'


    sum, declined the temptation to treason, but, feigning
    amity, went off to spy out the position of Antigonus,

    * Or perhaps " the throne."

    U9
    JOSEPHUS

    6' avTOV TTjv hidvoiav Wvriyovo? ttju re ttoXli


    (iTTeKXeicrev Kal aTTO rcov tci^cDv tu? TToXefiLo:
    TifivvaTO, yL€\pL<; alBovixevog Max'^t-pd^ els 'Aft-
    fiaovvra 7rp6? 'Hpa)8r)u dua)(cup€L Kal Trpog ttji
    StafjLaprtau dvfjLovfievo? oool? e7T€Tvyxav€v ^\ov-
    haiois dvfjp€L, firjBefJLLav rwv HpcvSeiojv <^et8w 7701-
    '

    ovuei^og, aAA* ws Wi^riyoueioLS xpajfj.€vos aTraGLV.


    320 f7j 'E(;^' olg xaAerrrjuas 'HpcuSry? ojpixrjuev fxei
    ajjivvaadat Ma;^atpdi^ oj? rroXijiLOv, KparrjGa? 8e
    '

    Trjs opyrjg rjXavvev ~p6s Autcoulov KaT-qyop-qotui


    TTj? 'Slaxo.ipd -napavoixias . 6 8' eV 8iaAoytcrju.o"
    tCjv rjiJLapTr]/ji€PCov y€v6pLeuo<; rax^co? ixera^LcvKeL re
    Tou ^aoiXea /cat noXXd Sery^et? eauroj SiaAAarrei.
    ^
    321 01) p-Tiv 'HpcL)877? i—avGaTO rrjg rrpos \vt(Jjvioi
    op/jLTj^- dKrjKod)^ 8'
    avTou fierd TToXXrjS Svudfxeoj';
    po G 77 oXep-ovvT a XapLOGaroLS, ttcXls 8' cgtIu Ev-
    77

    (f)pdrov TrXiqGLOV Kaprepd, Odrrov -qTreiyero rou


    Katpov iTTiTTJBetov opcov TTpog re €77-t8ei^a' ai'Spet'a?
    322 Kal 70V pidXXov dpeaaodaL tov Wvtujviov. yiverai
    yovv €7T€X6d)u reXos avrolg Trj<i TToXtopKLag, ttoXXovs
    p-kv ^ap^dpoju dnoKTeiva<;, TToXX-qu 8e 07:0-
    TCx)v
    ^
    T€pL6p.evog Xeiav, cjore idv \xkv Xvtojviov 6avp.d-
    Lovra Kal TrdXai ttj^ dpeTrj? avrou t6t€ p.dXXou
    ovToj<; ^x^Li^ Kal -poGdelvaL -oXv rat? t€ aAAat?
    Tt/xats avTov Kal rat? ft? rijv ^aGiXeiav IXttLglv,
    ^AvTLOXOv 8e Tov ^aGiXea dvayKaGOrjvaL rrapa-
    SovvaL rd Sa/xocrara.
    323 (xvii. 1) Kdv tovtw OpaveraL rd Kara ttju
    'lovbaiaif 'Hpcodou vpdyixaTa. /careAeAotVet p-kv
    ydp ^\d>Gr,7Tov tov dh€X(i)6v €7tI rdjv oXujv vap-
    ayyeiXas pLrjdkv p-kxpi- ttjs v7TOGTpo(^ris avTov napa-
    130
    JEWISH WAR, I 319-323 ( = a>jt. xiv. 435-448)

    without listening to Herod, who tried to dissuade


    him. Antigonus, divining his intention, refused him
    admittance to the city, and repulsed him from the
    walls as an enemy ; until at length Machaeras, for
    very shame, was forced to retire to Emmaus and
    rejoin Herod. Infuriated by his discomfiture, he
    killed all the Jews whom he met on his march, not
    j

    even sparing the Herodians, but treating all alike as I

    friends of Antigonus.
    (7) At this Herod, in indignation, hastened to Herod
    attack Machaeras as an enemy, but, restraining his A^,"^[on^y
    anger, set out instead to lay before Antony an>nthe
    accusation of his enormities. Machaeras, reflecting samosata
    on his errors, pursued after the king and by dint of
    entreaties succeeded in pacifying him. Herod, not-
    withstanding, continued his march to join Antony ;
    the receipt of intelligence that the latter with a
    large army was assaulting Samosata, a strong city
    near the Euphrates, quickened his pace, as he saw
    in this a favourable opportunity for displaying his
    courage and strengthening his hold upon Antony's
    affection. His arrival, in fact, brought the siege to
    a conclusion. He killed numbers of the barbarians
    and secured booty in abundance, with the result
    that Antony, who had long admired his valour, now
    held it in even higher respect, and largely increased
    both his honours and his high expectations of sove-
    reignty ; while King Antiochus was compelled to
    surrender Samosata.
    (xvii. 1) Meanwhile Herod's cause had suffered a Defeat an
    grave reverse in Judaea. He had left his brother nTrod?
    Joseph in charge of the realm, with injunctions to brothner
    Joseph.
    take no action against Antigonus until his return,

    151
    JOSEPHUS
    Kivelv rrpo? 'AvTLyoi'ov ov yap St) /Se^atov elvat
    MaxcH'pa.i^ GvpLfiaxov e^ d>v eSpaoev. 6 Se cog
    rJKOuaev ovra TToppaj-droj rov dheXcjiou, a/xeATJaaj Jl

    TcDv TTapayyeXjiaTajv eVt '\€pLXOvvros ixcopet fierd


    rrevre as (JvveTTepLijjev Ma;^atpa?' fj^i Se
    OTreipciiV,

    324 Tov OLTOV dpTrdoojv iv aKfifj rod Bepovg. eVt-


    6€p.ei'ojv Se €v roZg opeaiv Kal ralg hvox^jpiaLS
    Tcov evavTLOjv avrog re 6vqoK€L, fidXa yeuwaiog eV Tjj
    Kal to 'PajfiaiKov irav 8ta</)^etpcTaf
    p.dxij (f)av€Lg,
    veoovXXeKTOL yap -qaav Ik rrjg Y^vpias at OTielpaL,
    Kal ovBev avralg iveK€Kparo tcov irdXai arpa-
    rLcorcjv KaXovfievajv, irrafivvciv TOt? aTT^ipois
    TToXefXOV SvvdfJL€WOV.
    325 WvTLyopoj 5e ovk dTTexprjcreu tj ulkt], Trpo-
    (;2)

    touovtov opyrjg, (Lore Kal veKpov atVt-


    rjXdev be et?
    oaoOai Tov ^Icvgtjttov KpaTi^oag yovv tljv oojpidTOjv
    aTTOTepLvei rrjv K€(l)aXrjv avrov, Kairoi TrevrrjKovra
    rdXavra Xvrpov avr-qg ^epcopa rdSeX(f)ov SthovTog.
    326 rd 8e rrjg FoAtAatas" /xera rrjv WvTiyovov vlkt^v
    ivecorepiodr] irpos roaovrov, coo-re rovg rd 'HpcoSov
    (fipovovvrag roov Swaroiv irpoayayovres^ etV ri^v
    Xifiprjv Karehvaav ol Trpocexovreg 'Avrtyovoj.
    fiere^dXXero 8e ttoAAo, /cat rfjg 'ISou/xata?, eV^a
    }i\a)(aLpdg dverelxi-^^v tl tow e'pu/zarcuv rtr^a
    327 KaAetrat. tovtojv Se oudev ovttoj^ ttIttvgto *\\pci}-
    Si]g' jieTa yap ttjv Ha/xoadTcov dXtooiv AvrojvLog ^

    fjLevKaTaoT-quag enl Trjg Hvpiag Hoaaiov Kal


    TTpoard^ag 'Wpojhr] ^orjOeti' eV* 'Avrtyoyov aj^ros"
    etV AiyvTrToi' dvex^jprjoev, Soaatos" 8e hvo fiev
    ^ Niese. with Lat. : irpoaaytiyouTes or tt poa ay ov res >iss.
    ovotv oiiru} M : ovbiiru) LVR : oviru) PA : ovbh iru Bckker.
    * Of Gennesaret.
    152
    JEWISH WAR, I. 323-327 ( = ant. xiv. 448-450)

    because the previous conduct of Machaeras proved


    him to be an untrustworthy ally. No sooner, how-
    ever, did Joseph hear that his brother was at a safe
    distance, than, disregarding instructions, he marched
    towards Jericho with five cohorts sent to him by
    Machaeras, with the object of carrying off the corn- Summer
    ^^^•^•
    crop in its midsummer prime. On the way he \vas
    attacked by his adversaries on difficult ground in the
    hills ;after displaying great gallantry in the battle
    he fell, and the whole Roman force was cut to pieces.
    For the cohorts had been recently levied in Syria
    and had no leavening of the so-called " veterans " to
    support these raw recruits.
    (2) Not content with his victory, Antigonus was Further
    so far carried away by rage as actually to do outrage Qaiuee ^
    to Joseph's corpse. Being in possession of the bodies idumaea,
    of the slain, he had his head cut off, notwithstanding
    the ransom of fifty talents with which Pheroras, the
    brother of the deceased, offered to redeem it. In
    Galilee this victory of Antigonus led to so serious a
    revolution that his partisans dragged out of their
    houses the men of rank who were in favour of Herod
    and drowned them in the lake."* There was defec-
    tion also in many parts of Idumaea,^ where Machaeras
    was rebuilding the walls of a fortress called Gittha.
    Of all this Herod knew nothing.
    as yet T'or after
    the capture of Samosata Antony had appointed
    Sossius governor of Syria, with orders to support
    Herod in opposing Antigonus, and had then taken his
    departure for Egypt.^ Sossius, thereupon, sent on
    ^ A. has Judaea the position of the fort is uncertain.
    ;

    Smith and Bartholomew {Hist. Atlas of Holy Land, map 44)


    place it S.W. of Hebron.
    " This, as Reinach points out, is an error. Antony passed
    the winter of 38-37 b.c. at Athens (Plut. Ant. 34).
    153
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ray/xara TrpoarrejTeLAeu etV ^lovSalaw 'HpcoSi]
    ovfjiijLaxoJ^) avro^ 8e fj-erd Trj<i XoLrrrjg ^vudjjLecos
    rjKoXovdei Gx^dou
    328 (3) "OvTL 8' 'Hpoj^T] Kara, tt^v Trpo? 'Ai^Tto;(eta^
    Aa(/>t'T7P' oveipoi oacfiel? rov TaheX^ov ddvarov
    -poar]p.aivovuLv , Kal /xerd rapax'rj? eKdopovn rrjs
    KOLTrjg elofjeaav dyyeXoL rrj? ovfx(f)opdg. 6 8e
    oXlyov fjL€v TrpoaoLfjLcu^ag tuj -ddei, to rrX^lov he
    -rod 7T€vdov? vrrepde/jLCvos, eVt Tovg ixdpov<i rjTrei-

    329 y^TO, TTOiovfievos^ ttjv -opeiav vrrep hvpajjLLV. Kal


    Siavvaas eVt tov Xij^avov oKraKoatov^ p,kv rwv
    —epl TO 6po<; 77 poaXafj..3di'€L ovixjxdxovs, ^Pajfialojv
    8e ev Tdyfia TavTV crvvrjiljev. fxeO' d)v ov TrepLpLeluas
    rjfiepav et? T-qv FaAiAatav eve^aXev, tol'? re TroAe-
    i.dovs VTravTidaavTa? ctV o KaTaXeXoirreaav x^P^ou
    330 -peTTCTaL, Kal Trpoae^aXXev fxeu ouvexdj? toj (f)pov-
    Oicp, TTplv 8e eXelv ;!^et/xa>i^t ^taa^et? p^aAeTTcurdTOJ
    rat? ttXtjolov ivGTpaTOTTeSeveTaL KcopiaLS irrel 8' .

    avTO) ixeT^ oAtya? rjpLepa? Kal to Sevrepov Trapd


    WvTOjVLOV^ TdyfjLa cruvepLL^ev, Setcrayre? T-qv lox^v
    ol 77oXep,LOL Sid vvKTOS i^eXiTTov TO epvjxa.
    »^31 (J.) Kat TO XoLTTov Sid '\epLXOVVTOs jjet 07T€v8ajV
    fj
    Tdx^crra Tovg TabeX^ov (hovel? pLeTeXdelv evda*
    Kal SaLpLovLov TL avTO) (jvpL^aiveL Tepag, e^ ov Trap*
    eArrt'Sa uojdel? diSpog deoSiXeaTdTov 86$au dirr^vey-
    KaTo. TToXXol p,€v ydp avTO) tCjv iv reAet uvv-
    eLGTidOrjaav Kar' eKeivrju ttjv lorrepav, hiaXvOevTos
    he TOV ovpLTTooLov pLeTa TO TrdvTas e^eXdelv 6 oIkos

    1 Destinon : ' XvTiOxaav y\S9. * + oe L\'RC.


    3 M : 'AvTuvLw the rest. * +5^ LVRC.
    154
    JEWISH WAR, I. 327-331 ( = ant. xiv. 451-455)

    two legions into Judaea to assist Herod, and followed


    himself close behind with the rest of his troops.
    (3) But while Herod was at Daphne, near Antioch, Herod
    he had a dream distinctly warning him of his brother's paie^tfue
    death, and springing in horror from his bed was met
    by the messengers bringing news of the catastrophe.
    After brief lamentation for his loss, he deferred
    further mourning for another season and set out in
    haste to meet his foes. By forced marches he pushed
    on to Lebanon, where he received a reinforcement
    of eight hundred of the mountaineers and was joined
    by one of the Roman legions. With these allies,
    without waiting for daylight,^ he invaded Galilee ;
    he was met by the enemy, but drove them back to
    the position which they had just left. He made
    repeated attacks upon their fortress, but before he
    could capture it was compelled by a terrific storm to
    encamp in the neighbouring villages. A few days
    later he was joined by the second of Antony's legions.''
    whereupon the enemy, alarmed at his strength, under
    cover of night evacuated their stronghold.
    (4) His subsequent march, accelerated by the de- His
    sire for speedy vengeance on his brother's murderers, escTp^at'
    took him through Jericho. Here he had a pro- Jericho.
    vidential and miraculous escape, the surprising nature
    of which won him the reputation of a special favourite
    of heaven. A large company of magistrates had
    dined with him that evening, and no sooner had the
    banquet ended and all the guests departed, than the
    " The Greek might mean " without a day's delay " ; but

    the rendering above seems fixed by the parallel hi A. xiv. 452


    {uvKTos duaards); TrepifxtueLu \n Josephus usually means "to
    wait for.'' But the narrative is here abbreviated ; in A.
    the night march starts not from Lebanon, but from Ptolemais.
    " §327.
    155

    V.^c'
    JOSEPHUS
    332 €U^€'a)? avveTTeGev. rovro Kal KLvbvvwv Kal ocdtt]-
    pias KOLVou eVi ro) fieXXovri TToXefiw Kpivas elvai
    arjfjLeiov vrro ttjv eoj Ste/ciVet tt^v- UTpanav. Kal
    70JV ivavrlow €ls l^aKLOXiXiovs arro rwv opwv
    KaraTpexoi'Tes aTTen^LpujvTO rtuv tt pOT €7 ay p.ivojv,
    Kara X^'-P'^ P-^^' ov}JL7TX€K€G6ai tols 'Poj/^atot? ov
    o<f)6bpa Troppcudev 8e ;(e/3/xaaty Kal
    dappovvT€<s,
    TraArot?' e^aXXov, cuare gvxvov? Ka'Ta-irpcooKeLV.
    iv w Kal avTOS 'HpojSrjs TrapeXavvwv ttolAtoj^ Kara
    rrjv TrXevpav aKovrit^eraL.

    333 (5) Bou/\d/Ltci^09 he ^ AvrLyovo<^ jir] p.6vov ToXfJLrj


    Tojv o(f)erepajv oAAa Kal TTXrjdei TTepielvat boKelv,
    TiaTTTTOV TLva Twu
    arparids ivrl ira'ipwv fxera
    334 Hafjidpeiav ovv rjv Ma-
    77ept77e/Lt77et.' Toirrqj* fiev
    Xdipd^ ayajvLop.a, 'HpwSrj? 8e rryi/ TToXepiav Kara-
    hpapLOjv TTeure pikv TToXix^'as KaraoTpec^erai, Slo-
    X^Xiov; 8e rwv iv avral? hia<f)deip€Ly Kal ras
    OLKLa? ifirrpijuac vTreorpeipev IttI to orparoTreSov
    TjvXioro he TTepl rrjv KaXovpievqv Kava KWfjL-qv.
    ^^> Ylpoaeyivero S' avrqj Kad^ rjixepav ttoXu
    335
    TrXijdoi ^lovhaLOJV €k re ttj?^ 'lepixovvro? kolk r-fjs
    oAAr/? x^P^^> ol fiev hta puoos to 77^0? ^Avriyovov,
    ol S' IttI tols avrov KaropdajfiaGLU KeKivq/jLcvof
    Tou? ye ixrjv rroXXovs evrjyei' eVi^u/xta pLera^oXi]?
    aXoyos Kal 6 p.ev rjTrelyero ov/JL^aXelv, ol he
    .

    TTepl YlaTTTTov ovTe TTpos TO ttXtjOos ovre Trpos rrjv


    opiJirjv VTToheioavre? avrov Trpodvfioj? avreTre^riXdov.

    336 y^vofieurj? he ttiS Trapard^eoj^ rd /xcv aAAa fJ-eprj


    TTpos oXiyov dvreox^v, 'Hpcuhr^s he Kara fJLVTjiirjv^

    '
    Hudson; TreX-oIj Msa. * ttsXtu >is3.
    ' I'A : (iriirftJiTrd the rest. * Destinon toltwu mss.
    :

    * Niese : aur^j mss. • /xr}vn> LVRC.


    156
    JEWISH WAR, I. 33^-336 ( = a\t. xiv. 455-458)

    building collapsed. Seeing in this an omen alike of


    perils and of preservation during the coming cam-
    paign, he at daybreak put his troops in motion.
    Some six thousand of the enemy rushed down from
    the hills and assailed his vanguard they had not
    ;

    the courage come to close quarters with the


    to
    Romans, but pelted them from a distance with stones
    and darts, wounding many of them. On this
    occasion Herod himself, while riding along the lines,
    was struck by a javelin in the side.
    (5) Antigonus, wishing to create an impression of
    the superiority of his men, not only in enterprise
    but in numbers, dispatched an army to Samaria
    under one of his comrades named Pappus, whose
    commission was to oppose Machaeras. Herod, mean-
    while, ravaged the enemy's territory, subdued five
    small towns, slew two thousand of their inhabitants,
    set fire to the houses, and returned to his camp.
    His present headquarters were in the neighbourhood
    of a village called Cana."
    (6) Multitudes of Jews now joined him daily from He defeat
    Jericho and elsewhere, some drawn by hatred of cre7ieJ-a?'of
    Antigonus, others by his own successes, the majority ^'^I'igonus
    by a blind love of change Herod was burning for
    a fight, and Pappus, undeterred either by the number
    or the ardour of his adversaries, advanced with
    alacrity to meet them. On coming into action the
    enemy made a brief stand in other parts of the line ;

    but Herod, with his memories of his murdered

    " We should doubtless read, as in the parallel account,


    A. due north of Jerusalem near the
    xiv. 458, Isana, a place
    frontier of Judaea and Samaria.

    157
    JOSEPHUS
    rod <l)ov€vdevTO^ 6.he\6ov Trapa^aXXofxevos cog au ,

    TLoano rovg alrLOug rov (i)6vov, ra\€.w<; rcxiv KaO'


    iavTOv eKparei Kal fxer' €K€lvov? eVt to crvvearo^
    337 atei' rpeTTOjjLevo? aTravra^ SicoKeL. (fyovo? S' rji'

    rroXvg, rcov jxeu et? rrju avve^codoufievajv ef


    KcoiJ.r]v

    7]g (ZppLTjUTO, ToO 8e 77pO(JK€Lp,€VOV TOt? UCTTaTOts


    Kal KT€LVOVTO? OLTTeLpOV?. GVVeLCTTTLTTTeL 8e TOL';
    TToXefiLOL? etaoj, Kal rrdaa /xer ottXltoju OLKca
    vivaKTO, ra reyrj §' rju vrrepOev dfjLVvofJLevojp Kara.-

    338 rrXea. KaTTeiSr) Trepirjv rwv e^ojdeu, ra? OLK-qoeig


    OTTapdrroju €IXk€v rov? evhoOev. Kal rol? fieu
    TToXXolg i—LKaraa€LCOv rov? opocbov? ddpoov?^
    dvfipei, rov? vrro^evyoura? Se rcou ipeLTTLOjv ol
    orpanajrai ^idi-qpei? dveSexovro, Kal roaovrov
    iacjopevdrj veKpoJv ttXtjOo?, ware ra? oSov? cltto

    339 <f)payfjuai rol? Kparovoiv. ravrrjv rrjv TrXrjyqu ovk


    rjueyKau ol TroXcfiLOL- ro yovv e7TLOvXXey6p.€vov
    avroju ttXtjOo? oj? iOedoaro rov? dvd rrji/ Kojjjirjv
    h\.€(hdappLevov?, el? (I)vyr]v SLeoKeSdadr], Kav evSew?

    rfj VLKT] redapprjKO)? 'HpcoSr]? errl


    '
    lepoaoXv/j.coi'
    rjXaaev, el (xi) y^eifXcoi^L BteKOjXvdr) o(f)oSpordraj
    rovr^ epLTToSiov eKeu'co re TraureXov? Karopdajfiaro?
    Kal Tirrrj? ^AvrLyouq) Karearr], ^ovXevojjLeuco Kara-
    Xi—elu rjSrj rrjv ttoXlv.
    340 (T) 'Hpcobr]? 8e TTpo? ioTrepav [rj^r^Y rov?
    4)lXov? KeKfjLrjKora? errl SepaTreia rov ocop-aro^
    Sta^et? Kal avro? oj? tjv en 6epp.6? eK rojv orrXcji
    Xovoo/jLevo? fjeL orparicorLKcorepow el? yovv avro.
    TTal? eLTTero. Kal rrplv el? ro ^aXaveZov eloeXdeiv
    ivavriov avrov ri? eKrpe\eL rojv TToXefjLtwv ^i(j)rjpri?

    1 dei P. 2 pM .
    d^p^t^s the rest.
    ' ora. PAM Lat.
    158
    JEWISH WAR, I. S36-340 ( = a\t. xiv. 458-463)

    brother, hazarding all to be avenged on his murderers,


    quickly overcame the troops in front of him, and
    then, successively directing his attacks upon any
    that still held together, routed the whole body. A
    scene of carnage ensued, the enemy driven pell-mell
    back into the village from which they had issued,
    Herod pressing upon their rear and massacring un-
    told numbers. Rushing with his foes into the village,
    he found every house packed with soldiers and the
    roofs thronged with others who attacked him from
    above. After defeating his enemies in the open, he
    pulled the buildings to pieces and dragged out those
    within. Many perished in a mass under the roofs
    which he brought down upon their heads, while those
    who escaped from beneath the ruins were met by
    the soldiers with drawn swords and there was such
    ;

    a heap of corpses that the streets were impassable

    to the victors. This blow was too much for the


    enemy those of them who rallied after the battle,
    ;

    when they saw the village strewn with dead, dis-


    persed and fled. WMth the confidence of his victory,
    Herod would instantly have marched upon Jerusalem,
    had he not been detained by a storm of exceptional
    severity. This accident impeded the completion
    Df his success and the defeat of Antigonus, who
    was by now meditating the abandonment of the
    capital.
    (7) That evening. Herod having dismissed his Another
    *^"'
    :ompanions to refresh themselves after their fatigues, ScTpe.
    ft-ent himself just as he was, yet hot from the fight, .

    -O take a bath, like any common soldier, for only a


    •ingle slave attended him. Before he entered the
    3ath-house one of the enemy ran out in front of
    lim, sword in hand, then a second and a third,

    159 A
    \ 1^
    JOSEPHUS
    341 e7T€LTa Seurepos" Kal Tpiro?, i^rjg Se TrAetou?. ovroi
    Kara7Te(f)€vyeaav fxev eV rrj? Trapard^eoj? et? ro
    ^aXavelov coTrAta/xeVot, reoj? 8' V7T07T€Trrrj)(6T€? Kal
    BiaXai'ddi'ovTe?, ededaavro row ^aatAea, Au-
    ct»9

    devre^ avrov fjLeu iraperp^xov yvfivou


    vtt" iKTrX-q^eco?

    ovra rpefMOures, ettl 8e rd? €^66ovs ixo^povv. toim


    /xei' ovu dXXojv ouSet? Traprju Kara Tvxr]u 6 ovX-

    X-qipofievo? TOV9 di>hpa9, 'H/dcoSt] 8' drte^P'^ to


    fjLTjSev TTaOelu, (Lore Siacf^evyovGLV Trdvres.
    342 (8) Tt^ 8' vorepaia WdTTTTOv /lep rou ^AvTLyouov
    GTparTjyov KapaTOpL-qua?, dvfiprjro 8' eVt tt^s"

    TTapard^eojs , 7T€pi7T€L tyju K€(f)aXr}v ^epwpa rd-


    rou (I>ov€v6€vto? avrcov d8eX<f)ou- Kal
    SeXcfjo) TTOLurjv
    343 yap ovros rjv 6 tov ^Icvar^TTOV aveXojv XcjL)<f)T^- .

    aavTOS 8e rov ;^et/xajj/o? -qXavveu inl 'lepoaoXvpLUJU


    Kal P'^xpi' TOV T€LXOvs dyaydfV rr^v 8uVaatP', ovv-
    Tjyero 8' avrw rpirov ero? i^ ov ^aaiXev'S eV 'PcvfMrj
    dneSeSeLKTo, rrpo rod Upov orparoTT^heveraL
    ravrrj yap r)u eirifjiaxov, KaS^ o Kal nplu etAei-
    344 YiofjLTrrjLOS rr]u ttoXlv. SieXdtv 8e et? ^pyo- Tr)i

    urpaTidv Kal rd Trpodoreia, rpia fxei


    Tep-cov
    eyetpetv ;(cu/xaTa Kal —vpyovg eTTOLKohofJielv avTols
    KcAeJet, KaraXiTTOJi^ 8e rov^ dvvTLKOjraTovg rwi
    iraipuiv irrl rwv epyojv avrds et? ^afjidpetau fjei
    TTjv WXe^di'Spou rod Wptaro^ovXou pLeriajv dvya-
    re pa KaOojfxoXoyrjiJLevrjv cog e(j>ayi€V,
    , avrco /ca^
    rrdpepyov 7roLOViJLevo<;^ rrjs TToXiopKias rov ydpLOv
    qSr] yap V7r€pr)(f)dv€L rovg TToXepLLOV?.
    345 (9) rT^/xa? 8e VTrearpcipev inl 'lepoooXvfjLOj].

    * PA: woielrai the rest,

    l60
    JEWISH WAR, I. 341-S4.5 ( = ant. xiv. 463-468)

    followed by more. These were men who had escaped


    from the combat and taken refuge, fully armed, in
    the baths. There for a while they had remained
    lurking and concealed but when they saw the king,
    ;

    they were panic-stricken and ran trembling past


    him, unarmed though he was, and made for the
    exits. By chance not a man was there to lay hands
    on them but Herod was content to have come off
    ;

    unscathed, and so they all escaped.


    (8) On the following day he cut off the head of He besie^
    Pappus, Antigonus's general, who had been killed in sprin^^or
    the combat, and sent it to his brother Pheroras in ^^^•"'
    retribution for the r^urder of their brother for it ;

    was Pappus who had slain Joseph." When the


    tempest abated, he advanced upon Jerusalem and
    marched his army up to the walls, it being now just
    three years since he had been proclaimed king in
    Rome." He encamped opposite the Temple, for from
    that quarter the city was open to attack and had
    on a previous occasion been captured by Pompey."
    He then appointed his army their several tasks, cut
    down the trees in the suburbs, and gave orders to
    raise three lines of earth-works and to erect towers
    upon them. Leaving his most efficient lieutenants
    to superintend these works, he went off himself to
    Samaria to fetch the daughter of Alexander, son of His
    Aristobulus, who, as we have said, was betrothed to wfth'*^^
    him/^ Thus, so contemptuous was he already of the Manamm
    enemy, he made his wedding an interlude of the
    siege.
    (9) After his marriage he returned with a larger
    <'§§323f. "§284. « § U5. "§241.
    VOL II Q l6l
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    fi€7a jielt,ovo<s^ Suudfieoj?' avvfJTTTe S' avro) Kat
    HooGLO'; /iera TrXeiorr]? orpaTid'^ l7T7T€Coi> re /cat
    7T€<^a)u, 7^1/ TTpoeKTrefjupa? Slo. rrjg fxeooyeiov Trjv
    346 7Top€Lai> avTO? Slol ^oh'ckt)? inoL-qoaTO. ovv-
    adpoLodelor]? 8e rrj? oX-qg Swdfieoj? eh evSeKa fieu
    TeXrj TTetoJv, LTrTrels Se l^aKLG-^LXlovs S'^^ "^^^ ^^^
    TiVpias ovfipLdxajv, ol fdepos ovk oMyou rjoau,
    KaTaajpaTO-nebevovrai rod f^opeiov r€i)(Ovs TrX-qoiov,
    avro? fxeu rreTTOLdoj? rol? rrj<^ ovyKXijrov Soyfiaoii',
    St' Su ^aoiXevg drreSeSeLKro, Hoooio? 8e ^Aurcovioj
    ro) vefupavri rrjv utt' avrco orparidv 'HpcoSj]
    o-vp.pLa\ov.
    347 (xviii. 1) Toii^ 8*
    dvd rrjv ttoXli' ^louSatoju ro
    rrXrjdo? IrerdpaKro' Kat ydp nepl rov
    ttolklXoj?
    vaov ddpoitojLevov ro dodeviorepov eSaifj-Ovia Kal
    77oAy\d deaohiorepou irpos rovs Kaipovs iXoyortoiei,
    Kal rcJav roXp.riporepa>v Kara. orL(f)0£ -qoau Xrjarelai
    TToXvrpoTTOL, fidXiora rd Tiepl rrju ttoXlu dprra-
    t,6vrajv eVtrr^Seta K-ai ix-qTe lttttols p-ijre dvbpdoii
    348 vrroXeLTTO/jLevoju rpo(f)T]u. rod ye jj-tju p.axip-ov re
    evroKrorepov e-eraKro rrpos dpivvav rrj? ttoXl-
    opKLa?, rov? re ;;^cyi^vwTa? elpyov otto rod reixovs
    Kal rots dpydvoL? dvrLixri-)(aviop.evov dei n kcjoXv/jlo
    Kaivorepov ev ovhevl hi* ovruj? cu? ev rat? fxeraX-
    Xeiais TTepLYJoau rwu TToXepLLCov
    349 (2) To) he ^aoiXel irpd? p.ev rds Xxjortias dvreTi-
    ei'o-qdijoav XoxoL 8t' d>u dveareXAew rds hieKhpop-d?,
    77/30? he rr]v rwv eTtLrrjh^iojv drroplap at TroppojOei
    ovyKOjjLihaL, rcjv he ixa\op.evojv Trepirju rfj 'PajfjLaLwi

    ^ 7r\e/ffT/js PAM : TrXft'oi'OS tt/s Destinon.

    « C/. § 327.
    62
    JEWISH WAR, I. 845-S49 ( = ant. xiv 468-474)

    force to Jerusalem. Here too he was joined by sossius


    ^
    Sossius " with an imposing army of horse and foot, EJ^o're
    '«rusaie
    which that general had sent on ahead through the
    interior, while he himself took the route by Phoenicia,
    The total strength of the united armies amounted
    to eleven battalions of infantry and six thousand
    cavalry, not including the Syrian auxiliaries, who
    formed no inconsiderable contingent. The two
    generals encamped near the north wail Herod with :

    the confidence inspired by the senatorial decrees,


    which had proclaimed him king Sossius relying on
    ;

    Antony, who had dispatched the army under his


    command in support of Herod.

    (xviii. 1) Throughout the city the agitation of the The siea

    Jewish populace showed itself in various forms. The


    feebler folk, congregating round the Temple, in-
    dulged in transports of frenzy and fabricated numer-
    ous oracular utterances to fit the crisis. The more
    daring went out in companies on marauding expedi-
    tions of all kinds, their main object being to seize all
    provisions in the neighbourhood of the city and to
    leave no sustenance for horse or man Of the military
    .

    the more disciplined men were employed in repelling


    the besiegers, from their position on the ramparts
    beating off the excavators of the earth-works and
    constantly contriving some new means of parrying
    the enemy's engines but it was above all in their
    ;

    mining operations that they showed their superiority.


    (2) To stop the raiders the king arranged am- capture
    buscades, by which he succeeded in checking their ^,^j"^^''

    incursions ; to meet the shortage of provisions he whoiesa


    '"^^^^'^'
    had supplies brought from a distance while as for
    ;

    the combatants, the military experience of the


    163
    JOSEPHUS
    €fiv€Lpia, xaiTOL T6Xfirj<^ ovSefilav KaraXLTTOvToju
    350 VT:€pfio\riv (fjaiepoj? /xeV ye ou^ ovpeppr^yuvvro rots'
    Poj/^atOtS" €7tI TTpOVTTTCp TO) 6aV€LV 6ia hk TCOU
    ,

    VTTOuofjLOJU eV peootg avTols i^anivriq i<^aivovro,


    Kal -npiv KaraoiLodrji'ai reixovs erepovtl tov
    dvTajx^povv KadoXov re €L7T€lvY ovre xepalu ovr^
    imvoiaLS €Kap.vov et? eoxarov avTiox^lv St-
    351 eyvojK6r€S aj-teX^i nqXiKavr-qs SvudfjLeo)? nepLKad-
    •

    €l,op.€.vri'^ -€UT€ fxriGLV SirjueyKau rqu noALopKLau,


    eojg ToJu Wpcodou nveg eTnAeKTOJV €7n^'fjvaL rou
    Teixov? Oaparjaaure? eLOTTLTrrovoLV els ttju ttoXlu,
    €(f>' oh iKaTovrdpxo-i
    ^oooiov. npojTa Sc rd nepl
    TO Upou rjMoKero, Kal rrjs Sum/uecu? eneLO-
    Xvdeiorjg —ai'raxov (pouo? tju fxvpLos, tojv fiev
    '
    PajpLatoju rfi noXiopKLag
    Tpt^fj rrjs 3ict>pytCT/x€-
    I'ojv, TOV Se ~epl 'HpwSr^u ^lovbalKOV purjSey vtto-
    352 XiTriadaL oirovhdl^oi^Tos dvrirraXov. io(f)drrovTO 8e
    TTapnTXrjOels ot€Voj7ToIs Kal Kara rd?
    €U re rots'

    otKt'a? Kal rd) vao) 'TTpoo(j>€vyovT€<;'


    avvajdovfjievoL
    Tjv T€ ovT€ vqTTLOJV ovT€ yqpcxjs cAeo? OL>r€ doOeveias

    yvvaiKajv, dXXd KairoL 77€pi~€ix7TovTO£ tov ^aau-


    Ae'oj? Kal (j)€iheadaL TrapaKaXovvro? ovhels CKpd-
    rrj(j€v rrjg 6€^Ld<;, aAA' ojonep /xc/jurjuoTe? Trdoav
    353 TjXLKLaV €7T€^7]€CTaV. €.vda Kal WvT [yOVOS f^'QT^ '^^'i
    ndXai fJiTJT€ TTJ? roTC Tdx^]? evvoiav Xa^djv KdTeioiv
    p.iv diTO TTjs jSapecus", TTpooniTTTeL Se rot? SooCTtou
    vooiv. KdKelvo<s fJLriSev avTOv oiKreipa<s Trpo? ttjv
    p.€TalioXi)v iTteyeXaoiv re dKpaTdjs Kal ^ Ai/TLyoi^rjv

    * uef >e oi/ M : Mf" ve PA : Mf" ovv ov the rest.


    « oni. PA.
    " Or (omitting the negative with PA) **
    They openly tlung
    themselves."
    164
    JEWISH WAR, I 349-353 (-ant. xiv 474-481)

    Romans gave him the advantage over them, although


    their audacity knew no bounds. If they did not
    openly themselves against" the Roman lines,
    fling
    to face death, they would through their
    certain
    underground passages appear suddenly in the
    enemy's midst and before one portion of the wall
    ;

    was overthrown they were erecting another in its


    stead. In a word, neither in action nor ingenuity [I

    did they ever flag, fully resolving to hold out to the


    last. In fact, notwithstanding the strength of the
    beleaguering army, they sustained the siege into
    the fifth month ^ until some of Herod's picked men
    ;

    ventured to scale the wall and leapt into the city,


    followed by Sossius's centurions The environs of the
    Temple were first secured, and, when the troops Summei
    ^^'
    poured in, a scene of wholesale massacre ensued ;
    '^

    for the Romans were infuriated by the length of the


    siege, and the Jews of Herod's army were deter-
    mined to leave none of their opponents alive. Masses
    were butchered in the alleys, crowded together in
    the houses, and flying to the sanctuary No quarter
    was given to infancy, to age, or to helpless woman-
    hood. Nay, though the king sent messengers in
    every direction, entreating them to spare, none stayed
    his hand, but like madmen they wreaked their rage
    on all ages indiscriminately In this scene Antigonus,
    regardless alike of his former fortune and that which
    now was his, came down from the castle and threw
    himself at the feet of Sossius. The latter, far from
    pitying his changed condition, burst into uncontroll-

    A. xlv. 487 appears to state, on the contrary, that


    ''

    Jerusalem was taken " in the third month " or even in less.
    the first wall being captured in 40 days, the second in 15
    {ih. 476).
    165
    . ,

    JOSEPHUS
    eVaAeact'' ov
    a>? yvvaiKa ye Kai (ppovpas
    yn^v
    eAevdepou aAA' o fiev bedels e(f)vXdTT€TO
    d(f)-qK€u,
    3o4 (3) UpouoLa S' ^u HpcvSr] KpaTovvrt rcov
    TToAef-Lioju -ore KparrjaaL Kai rwv dX\o(f)vXctJv
    ovixp.dxojv wppuriTO yap to ^euiKOU nX-qdos errl
    Beav rod re lepov Kai rcov Kara rou uaou dyicjv.
    6 he jSaatAei)? rov<i p.ev napaKaAow, rols 8' an-
    eiAovfievoSt eariv S' ou? ^-at rots ottAoi? dveoreiAev
    Tjrrris ^aXeTrajrepav rr]u ulktjv VTToAafx^dvoju , el
    355 TL dOedrcou Trap* avrcou 6(f)deir]. hLeKcvXvaev
    raju
    6e 77877 Kol rds Kara r-qu ttoAlu dprrayds, noXXd
    hLareivop.evo'^ TTp6<; Hooulov, el xprjiidrcov re Kai
    dvhpojv rr)u ttoXlv 'PojfxaloL Kevujoavres Kara-
    XeiipovGLU avroi' epyyxLa<; fSaoiXea, Kai cu? €77t
    rooovrwv ttoXltwu (f)6vaj f^pa^v k^iI tyju rrj? olkov-
    Z56 p.evrj<; riyep.oviav dvrdXXayp.a KpivoL. rou 8e duTi
    rrj<; TjoXLopKias rd? dpTrayds SiKalw? rots orpa-
    TtojTQt^ eTTLTperreLV ^a/ueVof, avros e<f)ri hiavefielv
    eK TOW Ihiow )(pyip.drojv tov<; fxiodous eKaorois.
    ovroj<; re ttju Xotn-qv e'^cxjurjadij.ei'og TrarpiSa rag
    VTrooxeaeiS eTtXi)pa>Gev XajiTrpoji fxev yap eKaarov
    OTpariojT-qv, duaXoyajg be rous riyepbovag, /SaatAt-
    Kcljrara Se avrou eSojprjoaro ^ogolou, cu? /nrySeVa
    357 )(^piip.dra>v dTreXBelv he6p.evov "Looolos 8e xpvoovv
    .

    di^atfels Ttp 8eaj are(f)avov dvel,ev^ev dTTO Xepo-


    uoXvfjLOjv, dyojv 6ea(ia)rr]u Wi^rlyovov ' Aurwvlcp.
    rovrov p.ev ovu <f)LXoipvxT]oaura p.expi<; eoxdrou bid
    iljvxpd<i eXTTLbo<; aftoj rrjs dyevveia^ rreXeKvs
    eKbexerai.
    358 (4^) SaaiXeus be 'Hpo')br)<; 8ia«:p(Va? ro Kara
    TYji' tioXlv TrArjOo'^ rods p.ev rd avrou (^poi^rjoai^ras

    l6fi
    JEWISH WAR, I 35S-358 ( = ant. xiv. 481-xv. 2)

    able laughter and called him Antigone. ° He did


    not, however, treat him as a woman and leave him
    at liberty : no, he was put in irons and kept under
    strict guard. ,

    (3) Now
    master of his enemies, Herod's next task ^erod
    was to gain the mastery over his foreign allies for ; piofanai
    this crowd of aliens rushed to see the Temple and "[j^'^'J'P
    the holy contents of the sanctuary. The king ex- of city.
    postulated, threatened, sometimes even had recourse
    to weapons to keep them back, deeming victory
    more grievous than defeat, if these people should
    set eyes on any objects not open to public view.
    Now too he put a stop to the pillage of the town,
    forcibly representing to Sossius that, if the Romans
    emptied the city of money and men, they would
    leave him king of a desert, and that he would count
    the empire of the world itself too dearly bought with
    the slaughter of so many citizens. Sossius replying
    that he was justified in permitting the soldiers to
    pillage in return for their labours in the siege, Herod
    promised to distribute rewards to each man out of
    his private resources. Having thus redeemed what
    remained of his country, he duly fulfilled his engage-
    ment, remunerating each soldier liberally, the officers
    in proportion, and Sossius himself with truly royal
    munificence so that none went unprovided. Sossius,
    *,

    after dedicating to God a crown of gold, withdrew


    from Jerusalem, taking with him to Antony Anti-
    gonus in chains. This prisoner, to the last clinging Antigon
    with forlorn hope to life, fell beneath the axe, a ^'^lih.
    fitting end to his ignominious career.
    (4) King Herod, discriminating between the two
    classes of the city population, by the award of
    " Or in the general's Latin " Antigona."
    Jfi?
    JOSEPHUS
    5'
    €ViovaT€poi"^ rat? Tn^ifu<; KaSlaraTO, rov^
    Ai^TLyovetous^ dirjpet. kuI Kara arTdvw
    XPV' rjoi]

    lidrcov ooov ilx^v Koofxov KaravofiLOTevGa<i Wv-


    359 rtovio) Kai rots nepl avrou di'€7T€iJHp€v. ov firjv eis
    anav^ i^wvqoaro ro fxijSei^ naBelv yjSrj yap
    *
    A.VT<jjVLO<; Tip KAeoTTcfrpa? h'pcori 8te^^ap/xeVo?
    rjrrojv ndoLV ri^s €Tn6vpia<; KAeoTrarpa he
    rju iv ,

    Sie^eXOoCaa r-qv yevedv rrjv iavrris OJS pirjSeva


    rojv d(f> at/iaTO? vnoXeiTreoBaL, ro Xolttov €7tl tov;
    3f)U e^ojdev i<f>6va, Kal rous €u riXei ^vpwv hia^dXXovaa
    Tipos Tov ^ \vTojuLOV dvatpelv eTreiBev, cu? dv rwv
    KT-qaeajv endoTov pa6ta>9 yivop-durj heoTToris, en-
    6' iK-eivovoa rrju TrXeoue^iau inL '\ovSaiov<^ Kal
    "
    Apa^a? v-eipydCero tov<; CKarcpcoi' /^acriAet?
    '\\pojSr]i^ Kal MdXxov duaipedijvai.
    3f3l (5) 'Ei^ fJ-€p€L yovv Ttjov TTpooraypLarajv €7TLvi]ipag
    TO Krelvai p,kv dvhpa<; dyaOoug /cat
    AuTcui^LO';
    f^aaiXeLS r-qXiKOVTOVs dvooLOv riyrjoaro, to Se
    rovTiov eyyiou ^iXov;^ hL€Kpovoaro- TroAAa he rrj^
    Xd)pa<; avTcbu dnorepoixeuog Kal hi] Kal rov ev ,

    IdpiXouvTi (f)OLVLKa)ua, eu c5 yevvdrai ro ^dXaapov,


    '

    bibuDOLV avrfj rroXet? re ttAt^p- Tvpov Kal ^ihcouos


    3b2 xds €ur6<; 'KXevdepou TTorapov Trdoa?. (Lu yeuo-
    pevT) Kvpia Kal TrpoTrep^ipaoa pexpis E,V(f)pdrov rov
    Avrwvioi^
    '
    eniorparevoira Ilap^ot? r)XBev els
    '\ovbaiav 8i' ArrapLeias Kal !\a^aaKOV
    ^ Kdvravda .

    ' Msnrrai LVRC.


    » fjiXcij h^A fclxc. Lat. 0i\o<i fhai the rest.
    : Text and
    nieaninu uncertain. 1 follow the Latin quod autem his '

    iiiOtte ptopius est, inter amicos non habuit." Perhaps


    ^leadlng ^./Aoj iltra^) " but of any closer fnendslup he showed
    no sign.

    08
    —
    JEWISH WAR, I. 358-362 ( = ant. xv. 2-5, 88-96)

    honours attached more closely to himself those who


    had espoused his cause, while he exterminated the
    partisans of Antigonus. Finding his funds now re-
    duced, he converted all the valuables in his possession
    into money, which he then transmitted to Antony
    and his staff. Yet even at this price he failed to
    secure for himself complete exemption from injury ;

    for Antony, already demoraMzed by his love for


    Cleopatra, was becoming wholly enslaved to his
    passion, and Cleopatra, after killing oft' her own Cleopatra
    ^

    family, one after another, till not a single relative Herod°


    remained, was now thirsting for the blood of for-
    eigners. Laying before Antony calumnious charges
    against high officials in Syria, she urged him to put
    them to death, in the belief that she would have no
    difficulty in appropriating their possessions ; and
    now, her ambitions extending to Judaea and Arabia,
    she was secretly contriving the ruin of their respective
    kings, Herod and Malchus.
    (5) One part, at any rate, of her orders brought anci
    Antony to his sober senses he held it sacrilege to ^r'^o^mhu^
    :

    take the lives of innocent men and kings of such realm.


    —
    eminence. But what touched them more nearly
    he threw over his friends. He cut oft^ large tracts of
    their territory —
    including, in particular, the palm- 34 b c.
    grove of Jericho where the balsam grows and pre- ^ —
    ^'^"^^'^^

    sented them to Cleopatra, together with all the towns


    to the south of" the river Eleutherus,'' Tyre and
    Sidon excepted. Now mistress of all this land, she
    escorted Antony, who was starting on a campaign
    against the Parthians, as far as the Euphrates, and
    then, by way of Apamea and Damascus, came into
    **
    Greek " within," i.e. " on this side of."
    " North of Tyre.
    VOL. II G 2 169
    JOSEPHUS

    'HpcfjS)]9 cV^eiAtaaerai, fjiiadoGrai Se Kal ra ttjs


    jSaatAet'a? anoppayivra xtopia hLaKoaum^ TaXduTwu
    eis" eKaoTOu ii'tauroi', Trpu7T€fji7T€L S' amrju fxexpi-
    363 n /^Aouaiou Trdor) depaTreia KaTOXpcjop-ci^os . Kal
    ov ttoXu 7Tapi]u €K ndptioji' WinojULOS dyojv
    /lxct'

    alxpdXojTou \pra^d(^r]u tov Ttypduov rraTSa hwpov


    '

    KAeoTxctTpa pLerd yap rcou XPVH-^'''^^ '^"' "^V^


    Aeias" dndcrris 6 UdpUos evdus exo.piodr].

    364 l) 1 oO 6' 'AxTtaKoO TToXepiov ovveppu)-


    (xix.
    *

    yoTos 7Tap€OK€vaoTo p.kv 'Wp(j)6i']<; Avtojuloj ovve^-


    opp.dv, rjhrj dAAcjw rcbv Kara "^lovhaiau
    ruiv re
    dTn]\\aypL€vo<; Kal K€Kparr)Kd><s 'Vp/ca-
    dopvf^cov
    Wa?, o Sr] x^P'-^^ V '-^^TLyovov Karelx^u dBeXcf)T).
    365 Si€KX€LoUri ye f.iTju rravovpycxj^ vtto rrjs KAeo-
    Trdrpas avixf-ieraax^li' rcou Kivbwcoi' * Avrujvicp- rot^
    ydp ^aoiXevoLv ^ d>s €(f)apev, em^ovXevovoa rreidei
    rdu WvrcxjVLOv *\\pd)hri SLamorevoai roi^ Trpog
    "ApajSa? TToXepLOi'j Iv' rj Kpanqoauros 'Apa^ta? rj
    Kparrjdevros 'lofSaia? yevrjrac SeaTroTt? Kal dare-
    pep rdjv SuuaGrciju KaraXvar) rov erepou.
    366 (2) "Eppeipeu p.evroL KaO' 'HpojSrji' ro pou-
    Xevp-a- Trpcorou p.ev ydp pvoia ^Kard\^ rcbv iroXe-
    p.iojv dywv Kal ttoXv ovyKporr^oa^ lttttlkoi' cVa^-
    LTjOLi- avroLS rrepl AloottoXli^, eKpar-qoev re Kairoi

    ' oni. F.

    "This Artabazes (Artavasdes) was not a Parthian, but


    kincr of Armenia, who, having joined Antony in an attack
    on his namesake Artavasdes, king of Media, deserted him
    and was subsequently taken captive by Antony (Phit. Ant.
    50). Josephus or his source appears to have confused the
    170
    JEWISH WAR, r. 362-366 ( = ant. xv. 103-111)

    Judaea. There, by large bounties, Herod appeased


    her ill and agreed to take on lease for an annual
    will,
    sum of two hundred talents the lands which had
    been detached from his realm. He then escorted
    her to Pelusium, treating her with every mark of
    respect. Not long after Antony returned from
    Parthia bringing, as a present for Cleopatra, his
    prisoner Artabazes, son of Tigranes for upon her, ;

    together with the money and all the spoils of war,


    the Parthian " was instantly bestowed.

    (xix. 1) On the outbreak of the war of Actium Herods


    Herod prepared to join forces with Antony for he ; uieVrai
    was now rid of disturbances in Judaea and had 32 a.c.

    captured the fortress of Hyrcania, hitherto held by


    the sister of Antigonus. The craft of Cleopatra,
    however, precluded him from sharing Antony's perils.
    For, as we have stated,^ she had designs on the
    kings, in pursuance of which she now induced
    Antony to entrust the war against the Arabs to
    Herod, hoping, if he were successful, to become
    mistress of Arabia, if unsuccessful, of Judaea, and
    by means of one of the two potentates to overthrow
    the other.
    (2) Her scheme, however, turned to Herod's ad- victor at
    ^'o-mjou:
    vantage For, beginning with raids upon the '^

    enemy's territory, he mustered a large body of


    cavalry, flung them at the foe in the neighbourhood
    of Diospolis*^ and, though he met with a stubborn
    two namesakes (Reinach). in the parallel account, A. xv.
    104, he is not called a Parthian.
    " §360. " Or " reprisals."
    * In Coele-Syria,not (as stated in Shilleto's Whiston)
    Lydda, which only received the name Diospolis at a later
    date it has been mentioned in § 132.
    ;

    171
    JOSEPHUS
    Kaprepojs avTiTTapara^afxevajv Trpos 8e ttjv rJTrav
    .

    pLeya yiverat Kivrjfjia rojv ^Apd^ojv, /cat orvp-


    adpoLoOivres eiV \\dvada rrjs KoiX-qs ILvpias aTreipoL
    3G7 TO TrXrjdos tov? 'JouSatous" €p,€VOV. evda /jlctcl
    rfjs SvvdjjLeojg 'HpojSrjg eTreXddw iTreipdro TTpo-
    p-rjOeorepov dt^riyelodat rod TToXeaov xrat arparo-
    vehov eKcXeve Tetp^t^etv. ov p.'qv VTT-qKovoev to
    TrXrjdos, dXXd rf] Trporepa vlkj) redapp-qKores
    wpjiTjoav €7TL rov£ "Apa^a?. Kal Trpos p^€V rrju
    TTpojT-qv ipL^oXrjv TparrevTas ihiojKov, iTTi^ovXeve-
    rai he 'Wpojhrjs ev rfj 8loj^€i, rov? eV tcju Kai^a-
    Oujp i7TL)(OjpLOV? dvevros W9-qvLOJVOs, o? rjv avTot
    368 Toji'' KXeoTrdrpa? OTparrjycov alel Sia(/>o/3os" Trpos*
    yap rrjv tovtow iTridecLV dvadapprjoavre? ol "Apa-
    ^€s €77 LOT pecfiour at Kal ovvdijjavTe^ to ttXtjOos rtepl
    TreTpcohrj Kal hvo^ara )(Ojpia rovs 'Wpojhov rpe-
    TTovTai TrXeloTOv re aurtDt' (f>6vov elpydoavTo. ol
    8e hiaoajdivTeg eV tt^s" p-dxTj^ €ls "Opp.it,a Kara-
    <f)€vyovoLv, 07T0V Kal TO OTpaTOTTcSou avrojv TrepL-
    GxdvTes avTavhpov elXov ol "Apa/Ses".
    3^59 (3) Mer' ov ttoXv he ttjs (jv{jL(f)opdg ^orjdetav
    dyojv 'Vipwhrjg TtaprjV ttjS ^^pela? vuTepav. rav-
    TT)? rrj^ TrXriyfj'g a'tTLov avroj to ra)V ra^idpxojv
    aTTeides KaTeoT-q- pir) yap e^aTnvaiov rrjg ovp.-
    poXrjs yeuofjLevrj^ ou8' ay Wdi^vuov evpev Kaipov
    i—L^ovXri^. e-LpojprjaaTO /xeVroi rov^ "Apa^ag
    avdtg del T'qv xo'jpav KaTaTpe^ajVy cog dvaKaXe-
    S70 oaodai ttju piiav avTotg VLK-qv TToXXdKis. dpLVVo-
    pLevw he Tovs exOpovg eViTTtTTTet avpL(f)opd hai-
    jxovLOS dXXrjy /car' eVo? pev rrjg ^aoiXeias e^hofiov,

    " Canata or (ana in ./. xv. IIJ.


    ' Unidentihed the name
    ; is not mentioned in A.
    172
    JEWISH WAR, I. 366-370 ( = a\t. xv. 11U12I)

    resistance, defeated them. This defeat occasioned


    a great commotion among the Arabs, who assembled I'e is

    in vast numbers at Canatha ^ in Coele-Syria and there at Catfati


    awaited the Jews. Herod, arriving with his troops,
    endeavoured to conduct operations with due caution
    and ordered the camp to be fortified. His orders,
    however, were defied by the rank and file, who,
    flushed with their recent victory, rushed upon the
    Arabs. With their first charge they routed them
    and followed at their heels but during the pursuit
    ;

    a snare was laid for Herod by Athenion, one of


    Cleopatra's generals, who had always been hostile to
    him, and now let loose upon him the natives of
    Canatha. Encouraged by their allies' attack, the
    Arabs faced about and, after uniting their forces on
    rocky and difficult ground, routed Herod's troops
    with immense slaughter. Those who escaped from
    the battle took refuge in Ormiza,^ where, however,
    the Arabs surrounded and captured their camp with
    all its defenders.

    (3) Shortly after this disaster Herod arrived with


    reinforcements, too late to be of use. This calamity
    was brought upon him by the insubordination of the
    divisional officers; for, had they not precipitated an
    engagement, Athenion would have found no oppor-
    tunity for a ruse. However, Herod subsequently
    avenged himself on the Arabs by constantly raiding
    their territory, so that they had frequent occasion to
    rue ^ their single victory. But while he was punish-
    ing his foes, he was visited by another calamity an —
    act of God which occurred in the seventh ^ year of

    " Such, or " regretfully recall," seems to be the meaning.


    <^
    Reckoning from the year of the taking of Jerusalem,
    37 B.C., as the effective beginning of Herod's reign.
    173 J

    0^
    JOSEPHUS
    aKfid^ovTog Se rod Trepl "Aktlov rroXep.ov. apx^'
    /xeVou yap^ eapog r) yrj oeLaOelaa ^OGKruxarajv {jlcv
    aireLpov TrX-qdog avdpLOTTOjv Se rpels hie(j}deLp€v
    ^vpidSag, TO Be crTpariajTiKou efieivev d^Xa^es'
    371 vnaidpov yap r]vXl^€TO. kolv tovtco tovs "Apa/Sa?
    erri /xet^oi' dpdoo<i -qpev 7] ^17/^17 TrpooXoyoiTOLovoa

    TOL? OKvdpojTTOLS del Ti ;\;aAe776urepoi'* ojg yovv


    aTrdoris 'louSata? /careppt/xjiteVr^? oliqQivTes cp-qfjLov
    rrjs xujpas Kpari^oew wpprjuau €ls aur/^p', rrpo-
    OvadfievoL rovs Trpeo^eis ot Trapd ^lovSaicvv ervxov
    372 -rJKOvre'g 77po? avrovs. Trpos he r-qv ifji^oXrjv Kara-
    irXayev to ttXtjOos^ kcA fieyeOei GVfJL(f)opa)i' in-
    aXXrjXajv eKXvrov avvayayajv
    'Wpojh-qs CTreLpdro
    TTapopiidu 677t rrji' dfivvav Xeyow rotdSe'
    373 (i) " YlapaXoycorard pLOt SoKel to irapov vpLwu
    KaddTTjeoOaL beos' rrpos /J-eV ye to.? haipioviovs
    TrX-qyds ddvpelv eiKos 7)1% to 8' airro Kal 77/56?
    dvBptoTT iviqv e(f>ohov Trdoxeiv avdvhpojv.^ eydj ydp
    rooovTov dnoheco KareTrrrixevai rov? TToXefiiovs
    fierd Tov oeiopLOV, a)o6^ VTToXapL^dveiv rov Seov
    "Apaijjiv heXeap rovro KadeiKevai rod hovvai 8tVa?
    rjpLlv ov ydp rooovrov ottXois tj xepoiv TreTroiBores
    doov rats avrofjidr as rjfjLcoi' Gvp.4)opals 'Qkov aSa-
    Xepd 8' eXTrlg ovk e^ OLKetag lgx^os dAA' e^ dXXo-
    374 rpias rjpTrjpLevrj KaKOTrpayias- ovre 8e to Svg-
    rvxe'LU ovTe Tovvavriov ev dvOpojTTOis ^e^aiov, dXX
    eoTLv ISe'LV e7TaiieLpopieu7]v el? eKdrepa rrjv rvxrjv.
    ^
    ^PX- y°-P C : Kara yap a.pxoiJ-(vov the rest : kol -yap apx-
    Destinon.
    2 idvos LVRC. ' avavbpov ?\M Lat.
    "
    Cf. B. iii. 433 ; Josephus may have known Virgil's
    description of rumour (Fama), Aen. iv. 173 ff.
    * This speech is quite independent of that contained in

    174
    JEWISH WAR. I. 370-374 ( = avt. xv. 121-127).,

    his reign, when the war of Actium was at its height.


    In the early spring an earthquake destroyed cattle Eartbq'
    innumerable and thirty thousand souls; but the army, springe
    being quartered in the open, escaped injury. At ^^ "•^•
    the same moment the confidence of the Arabs rose,
    stimulated by rumour which always exaggerates the
    horrors of a tragedy." Imagining that the whole of
    Judaea was in ruins and that they had only to take
    possession of an abandoned country, they hastened
    to invade it, after massacring the envoys whom the
    Jews had sent to them. So dismayed were the
    people at this invasion, and so demorahzcd by the
    magnitude of these successive disasters, that Hero d
    called them together and endeavoured to rouse them
    f f-*^
    to resistance by the following speech.*
    (4)
    " This alarm which has now laid hold of you Herods
    seems to me most unreasonable. To be disheartened l^%l~^
    by the visitations of heaven was natural but to be cIhccdso
    ;

    ^^°'^^^-
    similarly despondent at the attack of a human foe
    is unmanly, f'or my part, far from being intimidated
    by the enemy's invasion following the earthquake,
    1 regard that catastrophe as a snare which God has

    laid to decoy the Arabs and deliver them up to our


    vengeance. It is not because they have confidence
    in their weapons or their might that they are here,
    but because they count on our accidental calamities ;

    but hopes are fallacious which are dependent not


    on one's own strength, but on the misadventures of
    another. Moreover, with mankind fortune is never
    permanently either adverse or favourable one sees ;

    her veering from one mood to the other. Of this you

    A. XV. 127. It in some respects recalls that of Pericles in


    Thuc. ii. 60 ff. (the earthquake is here a " visitation of
    heaven," as the plague is there).
    1 75
    -

    JOSEPHUS
    Kal TOVTO ildOoLT^ oiv €^ OLK^LOJV VTrohciyfiOLTOju-
    rfj yovv vporipa Kparovvroju iKpoLTt-joau
    IJ-O-XD
    rjpLCJU ol TToXe/JLLOL, Kal Kara to eiVos- i^vv aXix)-
    GOVTai KpaTTjoeLv SoKovi^res. ro fikv yap ayav ttc -

    7Toi66<; d(f)vXaKTOu ol <f)6^oL Se SlSogkovoiu rrpo'


    y

    firjdeiav c5are e/xoiye kolk tov SeSotKoro? Vficov^


    375 TTapioraraL Bappelv. ore yap edpaovveode iripa
    rov Seovro^ Kal Kara roju i)(6pa)u rrapd rrju e/xiju
    yviofiTjv i^ajpfxyjaare Katpov eoycv r) ' Adr]UL(jjuo<^
    ,

    ivebpa vvul be 6 okvo^ viiow Kal ro Sokovu dOvfiou


    376 ao(f)dXeLav e/ioL uLKr]<; iyyvdrai. )(prj [leuroL ye
    P-expi rov fxeXXeiv'' ovtcos €)(eLu, iv he rols epyoL<;
    iyelpai rd (l)povr)pLara Kal rreloai rovg doe^eord-
    rovs, <^? ovr^ dvBpojTTeiov ri KaKov ovre 8ai//o
    VLOV raTTeLVtooei TTore rrjv ^\ovhaiojv dvhpayaBiav,
    e(^' ooov rds ipv^ds exovoii', oube TrepLoiperai ris

    "ApajSa rujv eavrov dyadow heoTTorrjv yevofievou,


    6u 77ap' oXlyou^ rtoXXdKLS aixi^'dXonov eXa^ev.
    377 /-^^S vp-dg rapaaoeroi rd rcov dipv^ajv Kivrjfiara,
    prjB^ vnoXai-L^duere rov oeiopidv irepas avp.(J)opd^
    repas yeyovevaf (f)Vf7LKd yap rd rojv (TToi\eiojv
    rrddn) Kal ovbev dvdpojTTOL^ rrXeov -q rrjf ev eavrolg
    f^Xd^rjV eTTLcjieperai. Xoipov p.ev ydp Kal Xifiou Kal
    row ;!^^op'icuj^ ^paG/j.dju Trpoyeuoir* du ri aqi^Lelov
    ^pa^vrepov avrd he ravra rrepiypa(f)-qv ex€L ro
    ,

    fieyedog. errel ri hvvarai pelt,oi> r](ids rov oei-


    37 S opLOV fSXddfai Kal Kparrjoas 6 7T6XefJLO<;*; repas"
    ^ ^(doiK^fxi ifxds PAiM.
    2 ante proelium Lat., reading m^XP' ^"'' iro\eix(iv.
    ' napn 'Xu-fOu LVR. * iro\(uio<: Cocceius.

    ' ' During the period of waiting " seems to be the mean-
    ing ifthe text is right.
    * Cy. Arisiot. Meteor, ii. 8 for premonitions of earthquakes.
    176
    JEWISH WAR, I. 371.-378 (c/ ant. xv. 127-146;

    might find an illustration in your own experiences :

    conquerors in the first battle you were then conquered


    by our enemies, who in all probability, expecting a
    victory, will now be defeated. For excessive con-
    fidence throws men off their guard, whereas fear
    teaches precaution so that your very timidity is to
    ;

    me reassuring. When you displayed uncalled for


    temerity and, disdaining my advice, dashed out upon
    the foe, Athenion had his opportunity for a ruse ;

    but now your hesitation and apparent despondency


    are to me a sure pledge of victory. Appropriate,
    however, as are such feelings before an impending
    battle," when once in action your spirits must be
    roused and you must teach these scoundrels that no
    disaster, whether inflicted by God or man, will ever
    reduce the valour of Jews, so long as they have
    breath in their bodies, and that not one of them
    will consent to see his property pass into the hands
    of an Arab, who has often so narrowly escaped
    becoming his prisoner.
    Do not let the convulsions of inanimate nature
    disturb you or imagine that the earthquake is a
    portent of a further disaster. These accidents to
    which the elements are subject have physical causes,
    and beyond the immediate injury inflicted bring no
    further consequences to mankind. A pestilence, a
    famine, subterranean commotions may possibly be
    preceded by some slighter premonition,^ but these
    catastrophes themselves are limited by their very
    magnitude to their instant effects. I ask you, can
    war,'' even if we are defeated, do us more harm
    than the earthquake ?
    " Our adversaries, on the other hand, have one

    '^
    Or, with the conjectural reading, " the enemy."
    177
    JOSEPHUS
    f.Ui'TOL f.UyLGTOV aXcoaecog yiyov€v to'l<^ e^'^pots"
    OVK avTOixdrco? ovSe Sta x^tpog aAAorpta?, ol
    TTpeo^ei? r)fi€Tepovs Trapa tov 7t6.vtow dvOpomoiV
    vopiov ojfJLCJS dneKTeivav Kal roiavra toj deoj
    Ovj-Lara rrepl rod TToXefjLov KareoTeipav .^ aAA' ov
    SLa(f)€V^ovrai rov ixeyav 6(l>Ba\ii6v avTov Kal rrji^
    dvLK-qrov he^idv, hojoovoLV 8' rnxiv avriKa SiVas",
    dv TOV TTarpiov (f)povi]iJLaro? -qSrj OTidoavT^s rifjico-
    379 poL Tcoi' rrapedTTOvSrjjjievojv dvaorcajx^v . ltcj ng
    ovx VTTep yvvaLKOs oi5S' virkp reKViov ouS' VTrkp
    KLvhvv^vovcrqs TrarplSos, oAA' VTrep rwv Trpeopeoji'
    d/jLVvofievo?' eKeZvoi arparr^yi'^aovoLV tov r^oXifxov
    ^OWTOJV TjfjLCVl'/ dfl€LVOV.
    T'tJjV TTpOKLvSvveVGCO §€
    Kdyd> xpajfievo? vfiZv TTeidi-jVLOL?' ev yap lgt€ ttjv
    iavTCJV dvhpeiav dvvTTOOTaTov, idi> pirj TrpoTreTeia
    TLVL ^Xa^rJT€.
    380 (5) TovTOL? TTapaKpoT-qoas tov OTpo/rov c6?
    iojpa TTpodviJLOv?, 'd6v€v TOJ Beep Kal /lera tt]!*

    Ovoiai' bU^awev tov ^lophdviqv TTOTafiov /xera Trjg


    Swdpicoj?. OTpaTOTT^hevodfievos
    8e Trepl OiA-
    abeX^eLav iyyvg tojv TroXcpLiajv Trepl tov /xera^i)
    (fjpovpiov TTpos avTOVs riKpo^oXil,€TO ^OvX6lJL€VO?
    iv Td^^L GVfjL^aXeLV eTv^ov yap KaKelvoi TLvas
    7Tpo7Te7TOfjL(f)6T€s Tov£ KaTaXr]ipop.€vov? TO epvfxa.
    381 TOVTOVS fJ.€V OVV d7T€KpOVGaVTO TaX^OJ? OL 7T€fJi-
    <f)6eVT€S VTTO TOV ^aGlXioJS Kal TOV X6(f)OV KaT€GXOV,
    avTOS 8e Ka6^ r^fiepav Trpodywv ttjv hvvapnv els
    f^^XW '^o.peTaGGeTo Kal TrpovKaXeiTo tovs "Apa-
    jSa?. (L? S' ovSeU iTTe^rjCL, beLvrj ydp rts" avToifS
    KaTdTrXvi^LS etyc Kal npo tov TrXrjdovg 6 GTparrjyos
    * C : KaTiaTfc^av the rest. 2 Qrp^ p.\.

    " Rabbath Ammon, the ancient capital of the Ammonites.


    178
    JEWISH WAR, I. 37S-381 ( = ant xv. 147 150)

    grave portent of impending disaster in a recent in-


    cident, due neither to natural causes nor to the
    action of others. Contrary to the universal law of
    mankind they have brutally murdered our am-
    bassadors ; such are the garlanded victims which
    they have offered to God to obtain success But !

    they will not escape his mighty eye, his invincible


    right hand and to us they will soon answer for
    ;

    their crimes if, with some vestige of the spirit of our


    fathers, we now arise to avenge this violation of
    treaties. Let us each go into action not to defend
    wife or children or country at stake, but to avenge
    our envoys. They will conduct the campaign better
    than we who are alive. I myself will bear the brunt
    of the battle, if I have you obedient at my back ;

    for, be assured, your courage is irresistible, if you do


    not by some reckless action bring injury upon your-
    selves."
    (5) Having by this speech reanimated his army. Herod
    Herod, observing their ardour, offered sacrifice to '^^Sg^
    God, and then proceeded to cross the Jordan with Phii-
    his troops. Encamping in the neighbourhood of^'®^'
    Philadelphia,*^ close to the enemy, and anxious to
    force on an engagement, he began skirmishing with
    them for the possession of a fort which lay between
    the opposing lines. The enemy on their side had
    sent forward a detachment to occupy this post the ;

    party sent by the king promptly beat them off and


    secured the hill. Daily Herod marched out his
    troops, formed them in battle array, and challenged
    the Arabs to combat. But when none came out to
    —
    oppose him for a dire consternation had seized
    them and, even more than the rank and file,^ their
    " Or perhaps " in presence of his troops."

    179
    JOSEPHUS
    "KXOef-Log avos rji' rto Sect, TrpoaeXdojp icndparrev
    382 avr(2>v to ;^apa/<:ajju.a . Kav rovro) crvvavayKa-
    odevre? i^laoLV Ittl rrjv f-Ldx'r]v draKTOL /cat ire-

    (f>VpfJL€VOi Tols iTTTTeVOLV OL TTetoL. TrXrjdei fJLev ovv


    rwu ^lovSaiow Trepi-fjaaw, iXeiTTOvro 8e rat? rrpo-
    dvpLLaLg, Kairoi 8ta Trjv aTToyvojoiv rrjg vlkt)^
    ovTes Kal avrol Trapd^oXoi.
    383 (6) Ato p^xpL fJi^u dvr€lxov ov ttoXvs tjv avrwv
    (f)6vos, (Jjs 8' VTTeSei^av to, vujra, ttoXXol fiev vtto
    Tcuv ^lovSaLajv 77oAAot Se vtto acfywu avrwv ov/jl-

    7TaTovp.€voL hiecjid^ipovro' TrevraKLOXiXLOi yovv k-ne-


    (jov iv rfj TpoTTTJ, TO 8e XoLTTOv ttXtjOo? €.(j)dri avv-
    ojudev eh
    TO x^pdK(jjp.a. tovtovs -rrepLoxdjv IttoXl-
    6pK€L, Kal fjieXXovTag dXojueodaL rot? ottXols rrpo-
    Kar-qneLyev r) Scipa ra)v vhdrwv iTnXeLTrovrajv.
    384 V7T€prj(f)di'€L 8e TTpea^evoyiivovs 6 ^aoiXevs Kai
    Xvrpa SlSoi'TCvv rdXavra fiaXXov er-
    TrevraKoaia
    €K€LTo. rod 8e hlifjovg eKKaiovros i$i6vT€S Kara
    TrXridos 6V€\'etptfov' o(^ds avrovs rolg ^lovSaloLS
    eKOvreg, ct»s" TreVre /xev rjixepaig rerpaKiax^Xiovs
    SedrjvaL, 8' ^kttj to XeiTTop-^vov TrXrjBo? vtt*
    rfj
    aTToyvcoaeci)? i^eXdelv eVt fidxr]v oh crvpu^aXajv
    385 ' Hpcu8T7S" TrdXiv eh eTTraKLOXf-Xiovs /cretVet. rr^At-
    KavTTj TrX-qyfj rrjv ^
    Apa^iav d^ivvdp.€vos^ Kal
    o^eoas Tcbv dvhpujv ra ^povyy/zara TrpovKoipei'
    u)(jT€ Kal TTpooTdr-qs vtto tov eSvovs alpeO-qvac.
    386 (xx. 1) yieraXapPdvei 8e avrov evdew? r)

    TTepl rci)v oXojv TTpayiiarcov <j)povrh 8ta rrjv Trpos


    * AvrojvLOV <f)LXiav, \\aLoapo<; Trepl "Aktlov vevLKt]-

    ^ Bekker: diLiiv6iJ.€vos .ms9.

    180
    JEWISH WAR, I. 381-386 ( = ant. xv. 150-161)

    general Elthemus was paralysed" with fright the —


    king advanced and proceeded to tear up their
    palisades. Thereupon, impelled by necessity, the
    enemy at length emerged for action, in disorder,
    infantry and cavalry intermingled. Superior in
    numbers to the Jews, they had less stomach for a
    fight, though despair of success rendered even them
    reckless.
    (6) Consequently, so long as they held out, their
    casualties were slight but when they turned their
    ;

    backs multitudes were slain by the Jews, and many


    others were trodden to death by their own men.
    Five thousand fell in the rout the rest of the crowd
    ;

    succeeded in forcing their way into their entrenched


    camp. There Herod surrounded and besieged them,
    and they must have succumbed to an assault, had
    not the failure of their water-supply and thirst pre-
    cipitated their capitulation. The king treated their
    envoys with scorn, and, although they offered a
    ransom of five hundred talents, only pressed his
    attack the harder. Parched with thirst, the Arabs
    came out in crowds and willingly surrendered to the
    Jews, so that in five days four thousand were made
    prisoners. On the sixth the remnant in desperation
    came forth to battle these Herod engaged, killing
    ;

    some seven thousand more. Having, by this crushing


    blow, punished Arabia and broken the spirit of its and bec(
    people, he gained such a reputation with them that y[e Ara
    the nation chose him for its Protector. nation.

    (xx. 1) But, this peril surmounted, Herod was in-


    stantly plunged into anxiety about the security of
    his position. He was Antony's friend, and Antony
    had been defeated by Caesar ^ at Actium. (In reality,
    ''
    ^ Literally dry." **
    Oetavius.
    181
    JOSEPHUS
    KOTOS' napelxeu jxevTOL 6eov<; TiXiov t} e7Taa)(ev'
    ovTtto yap Kalcrap
    eaAco/ceVat Xvtowlov eKpivev
    387'Ilpai8ou ivfifj-dvovTos o ye fJLr]u ^O-OiXevs oixooe
    .

    Xvjprjoai roj kluSvuco Sidyvoj, Kal rrXevoas et?


    'Vohov, evda hUrpi^ev \\aloap, TrpooeiOLV avrco
    hi\a BiaSrifiaTos, rrju p.€v eodiJTa Kal ro o\rnxa
    iSicoT-qs, TO 6e (f)p6uripLa ^aaiXevs. fJirjSei' yovv
    Try? dXrjdeias VTrooTeiXapievos avTiKpvs elTtev
    ^

    3HS"dyco, KatCTap, vtto P^vtcovLov ^aotXev?^ yevo-


    fxeuog iv irdatv ofjioXoyco yeyovivai XRV^'-H-^'^
    ^
    AvTOJvicp. Kal ovok tout av VTTOOTeiXaifxr^u
    €L7T€lw, on TidvTOJS dv /Ltc /Lterd T(2)v ottXojv inet-
    paoa^ dxojpf-OTOv,^ et pLTj hieKcoXvoav "Apa^e?.
    Kal aviip.a\Lav fieuroL ye avTco Kara to SuvaToi-
    Kal GLTOV TToAAds" enefjupa pLvpidhas, dAA' ovhe
    /Lterd 7171^ ev Wktlo) TrXrjyrjv KaTeXiTTOi' tov ev-

    389 epyeTTjV, eyevofx-qv he avfi^ovXo? dpLcrros, cog ovKeTi


    )(prj(7L{xog '']ixrjv (jv/^/^ap^o?, fj-iau eiuat Xeyojv tcov

    TTTaioBevTojv hi6p0a>uiv tov KAeoTTaTpa? ddvaTov


    ^v dveXovTL Kal ;(pr]/xaTa Kal Tei)(ri Trpos do(j)d-
    Xetav Kal OTpaTidv Kal ifxavTOv VTTiaxuovpL'qv
    390 KOLva>u6u tov 77 pog oe TToXepLOV. tov 8' dpa Tct?
    aKodg d7Te(f)pa^av ol \\Xeo7TaTpas If-upoL Kal deog
    6 ool TO KpaTelv ^apit^opievog ovvqTTqpiaL 6'
    .

    AuTOJVLO) Kal TeOetKa fxeTa Tijg eKeivov Tvy'qg to


    hidhrjiia. pog oe 8e rjXdop exojv ttju dpeT-qv tt^?
    77

    owTTipias Kal TrpoXa^dw e^eTaoOi'iaeadat,


    eXTTiha
    ."
    TTOTarro? (fiiXos, ov Tiuog, eyeuof-iriv
    391 (2) Upog Tavra Kaloap " dAAd ocol^ov ye,"
    ^ P Lat. Ti^v 'lov5aiu)v j3a(Tt\ei>s the rest.
    PaoiXcjs :

    * ax^picTou Havercamp from a Leyden >i3. (vxapiarop :

    (" a grateful ally ') PAM


    Lat. cm. the rest.
    :

    18^2
    JEWISH WAR, I. 386-391 ( = ant. xv. 187-193)

    lie inspired more fear than he felt himself for Oaesar Battle oi ;

    , , I . . I .
    Actiuni 1 I
    considered his victory to be incomplete so long as septemt
    Herod remained Antony's ally)." The king, never- ^' ^*^*
    theless, resolved to confront the danger and, having
    sailed to Rhodes, where Caesar was sojourning, Herod
    presented himself before him without a diadem, a peaceVi
    commoner in dress and demeanour, but with the J^ 3^^"^'
    proud spirit of a king. His speech was direct ; he
    told the truth without reserve.
    " Caesar," he said, " I was made king by Antony,

    and I acknowledge that I have in all things devoted


    my services to him. Nor will 1 shrink from saying
    that, had not the Arabs detained me, you would
    assuredly have found me in arms inseparable from
    his side. I sent him, however, such auxihary troops

    as I could and many thousand measures of corn ;


    nor even after his defeat at Actium did 1 desert my
    benefactor. When no longer useful as an ally, I
    became his best counsellor I told him the one
    ;

    —
    remedy for his disasters the death of Cleopatra.
    Would he but J promised him money, walls
    kill her,
    to protect him, an army, and myself as his brother
    in arms in the war against you. But his ears, it
    seems, were stopped by his infatuation for Cleopatra
    and by God who has granted you the mastery. 1
    share Antony's defeat and with his downfall lay
    down my diadem. 1 am come to you resting my
    hope of safety upon my integrity, and presuming
    that the subject of inquiry will be not whose friend,
    '
    but how loyal a friend, 1 have been.
    (2) To this Caesar replied Nay, be assured of
    **
    :

    <*
    An exaggerated statement, absent from A.
    183
    JOSEPHUS
    i(f)r],
    " Kal ^aoiXeue vvv ^(^riLorepov a^ios yap
    €1 TToXXojv ap)(€iv ovTco (j)tXias TTpo'iardixevos.
    7T€ipd> be Kal rot? evTVxeoTepoug hiajjiiveiv ttlcjtos,
    cus" eyojye Xap^TTpoTaras vrrcp rod gov (j^pov-qp^aros
    iXTtihas ^X^- KaXcbs p.€vroi ye iTTOirjaev 'Av-
    TcjVLO^ KXeoTTarpa TTeLodeis p,a.XXov rj ooi' Kal
    392 yap ok KeK€pbi]Kap.€u e'/c rrjg dvoia? avrov. Kar-
    apx^L? S\ 6US" €OLK€v, evTTOuas 6t' ihv p,OL ypd(f>ei
    KvLVTOS At'Sios"^ ovp.pLa\iav ere 77e77o/i.^eVa( irpos
    rovs pi.ovop.d)(ovs avrw. vvv /xev ovv hoypLan to
    /Se'jSatov ooL ri]? ^aoiXeias e^ayydXXoj, rreipd-
    oop-OL Se Kal avdi'i dyaOov rt oe rroielv, tu? pirj
    '

    t^TjToirj^ \vTtbvLOv .

    393 (3) TovTOLS (f)iXo(i)poi'rjodp€vo'S rov jSacrtAe'a Kal


    —eptdel'S avroj to SiaSvy/ua Soy/xart 8i€orjp.aLV€v
    TijV Sojpedv, 6v cij TToXXd p.eyaXo(f)p6vujs et? enaivov
    Tavhpos eCjiOey^aTO. 6 he oojpois eTripLeiXi^dp.evog
    avTOV e^rjTetTO rtra tojv Wvtojvlov (fyiXojv 'AAe-
    ^dv LK€Trjv yevopevov evtKa 8e rj KoLoapos opyrj
    TToXXd Kal xaXerrd p.ep.(j)0}xevov tov e^aiTovpievov
    394 ot's" SieKpovooTO ttjv herjOLV. /Ltera he tovto tto-
    pevopLevov eV AlyvTTTOV hid ^vpla? Kaloapa ttovtI
    TO) ^oolXikoj ttXovtco he^dp-evog 'Hpcohrj^ t6t€
    TTpojTov Kal ovviTTTTaoaTO TTOLOVpievoj TTepl TIto-
    Xep,atha tyj^ hvvdpLecos e^eTaoiv eloTiaoev re ovv
    dnaoLV tol£ </»tAot?' p.e6^ ov? Kal ttj Xolttj] OTpa-
    395 Tta TTpos evoj^iai' rrdvTa hiehojKev. Trpovvoiqoev
    * At5tos conj. Hudson from Dio Cass.
    Kl'-u'tos li. 7: hoi
    yi.biQ% \iese: ko.I Bevriotos or heinioLOs MSS.

    " After the battle of Actium Cleopatra, seeking aid in all

    directions, sent for some gladiators who were being trained


    for Antony at Trapezus; the gladiators started but were
    intercepted.
    184
    JEWISH WAR, I. 391-395 ( = ANT. XV. 194-199)

    your safety, and reiern henceforth more securely than and i

    ""^
    before. So staunch a champion of the claims of J.5*" ing,

    friendship deserves to be ruler over many subjects.


    Endeavour to remain as loyal to those who have
    been more fortunate since, for my part, I entertain
    ;

    the most brilliant hopes for your high spirit. Antony,


    however, did well in obeying Cleopatra's behests
    rather than yours ; for through his folly we have
    gained you. But you have already, it seems, done
    me a service for Quintus Didius writes to me that
    ;

    you have sent a force to assist him against the


    gladiators." I therefore now confirm your kingdom
    to you by decree and hereafter I shall endeavour
    ;

    to confer upon you some further benefit, that you


    may not feel the loss of Antony."
    (3) Having thus graciously addressed the king, he
    placed the diadem on his head, and publicly notified
    this award by a decree, in which he expressed his
    commendation of the honoured man in ample and
    generous terms. Herod, after propitiating Caesar
    with presents, then sought to obtain pardon for
    Alexas, one of Antony's friends, who had come to
    sue for mercy ;but here Caesar's resentment was
    too strong for him, and with many bitter complaints
    against Herod's client the emperor rejected his
    petition. Subsequently, when Caesar passed through Herod'.'^
    Syria on his way to Egypt, Herod entertained h un Octavius
    for the first time with all the resources of his realm in his ;

    he accompanied the emperor on horseback when he campaign


    reviewed his troops at Ptolemais he entertained ^^ ^•^•
    ;

    him and all his friends at a banquet and he followed;

    this up by making ample provision for the good


    cheer of the rest of the army. Then, for the march

    185
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Se Kal Sta rrj<; avvhpov Tropeuo/xeVoi? l^^XP'- Hry-
    )^ovoiov Tzapaax^'^i^ vSwp dcf)dovou irravLOvai re
    6iioLOJ<;, ovhk €cm\> 6 tl tcou iTrniqheiajv iveSerjoeu
    rfj 8vvdfi€i. So^a yovv avro) re Katcrapt Kal rols
    arpartcuTai? —apeorrj ttoXXoj ^pa^vrepav Upcohrj
    396 7T€pLelvaL ^aocXeiav 7Tp6<; d Trapiux^^- Sia tovto,
    d)S ^K€v els AtyvTTToi' , -rjS-q KAeoTrarpa? Kal
    *AvTa)PLOV redvewTOji', ov (jlovov avrov rals dX-
    Xats TLpLals, dXXd Kal rfj ^aoLXeia TrpoGedrjKev
    Tr)v re vtto KAeoTrarpa? dTTorixriBelaav )(d)paw Kal
    e^codeu rdbapa Kal "Ittttou Kal ^ajj-dpeiau, Trpos
    he TOUTOt? TOW TrapaXiojv Tdl,av Kal Avd-qhova ^

    397 Kal ^loTTTT-qu Kal Hrpdrowog rrvpyov ehajprjoaro


    6' avro) Kal rrpos (f)vXaKr)v rod aojfiaro? rerpa-
    Koaiovs VaXdr as, ol Trporepov ihopv<f)6povu KAco-
    rrdrpai'. ovhev he ovrcos evrjyeu avrou els rds
    ha)peds ojs ro p.eyaX6(f)pou rov XapL^dvovros
    39S (4-) Mera he r-qv npcvr-qu ^AKridha rrpoorid-qoLV
    avrov rfj ^aoLXeia rov re TpdxcDi'a KaXovfievov
    Kal rrjv rrpooex^ ^aravaiav re Kal rrju Avpavinv
    Xojpav i^ air las rotdohe 'Z.-qvohtopos 6 rov Avoa-
    viov p.epiiodojfievos olkov ov hLeXeLrrev eVac^etS
    rovs cV rod Tpa;^cuvos" XrjGr as Aap-aoK-qvols. oi
    6' e-nl Ovdppojva rov -qyepLOva rijs ^vplas Kara-

    (j)vy6vres eheTjdrjGav hrjXdjaaL rrjv ovp.<^opdv avrojv


    Kai'aapr Kalcrap he yvovs dvreTreareXXev e^-
    399 aiped'fjvaL ro Xr]GriqpLov . urparevaas ovv Ovdppojv
    »
    §§ 361 f. " The later Caesarea.
    ' '*
    The games at Actium were celebrated for the first

    186
    JEWISH WAR, 1.395-399 ( = ANT. XV 200 f. ,217,343 ff.)

    to Pelusium across the arid desert, and likewise for


    the return, he took care to furnish the troops with
    abundance of water in short, there were no neces-
    ;

    saries which the army lacked. The thought could


    not but occur both to Caesar himself and to his
    soldiers that Herod s realm was far too restricted, in
    comparison with the services which he had rendered
    them Accordingly, when Caesar reached Egypt,
    after the death of Cleopatra and Antony, he not
    only conferred new honours upon him, but also
    annexed to his kingdom the territory which Cleopatra Annexatij
    had appropriated," with the addition of Gadara, kJu^ay^.
    Hippos and Samaria and the maritime towns of
    Gaza, Anthedon, Joppa, and Strato's Tower.'' He
    further presented him, as a bodyguard, with four
    hundred Gauls, who had formerly served Cleopatra
    in the same capacity. And nothing so strongly
    moved the emperor to this liberality as the generous
    spirit of him who was the object of it.
    (4) After the first period of the Actian era,^ Subseque
    Caesar added to Herod's realm the country called ^^^Ijl^J^.
    Trachonitis, with the adjacent districts of Batanaea etc)
    ^* ^'
    and Auranitis. The occasion of this grant was as '"^^ **

    follows. Zenodorus, who had taken on lease the


    domain of Lysanias, was perpetually setting the
    brigands of Trachonitis to molest the inhabitants of
    Damascus. The latter fled for protection to Varro,
    the governor of Syria, and besought him to report
    their sufferings to Caesar ; on learning the facts
    Caesar sent back orders to exterminate the bandits.
    Varro, accordingly, led out his troops, cleared the
    time in 28 b.c, then in the years 24, 20, 16 B.C., etc. That
    enlargement of territory therefore took place after the
    *

    course of the tirst Actiad had run,' i.e. in the end of 24, b.c.
    or beginning of 23 b.c. " (SchUrer).
    187
    JOSEPHUS
    Kafiaipec re 7(")t' dvSpan' rrjv yrju Kal a(jiaipelTai
    7^r)v6hix)pov' r)v vorepov Kataap, a>? /xr) yevoiro
    ttolXlu opfJLrjr-qpLOi' TOt? Ar^arats" eVt r-qv AafiaoKou,
    'HpcuSfj SlScjjglu. Kareorrjoev Se avrow Kal Hu-
    pia? oAt7? iTrirpoTTOv erei SeKarco uaXiv iXdojv els
    TTju enapxiav, oj? yL-qhev l^elvai Si^a rrj? €K€lvov
    400 ovfj-^ovXla? ToU iinrpoTroLS SioiKcti^. cVet he
    TeXevra Z,rjv6Scopo^ , TrpoaeVei/xev avrw /cat Tr)v
    fiera^u I pdxioi'o<i Kal 717? FaAiAai'a? yr^i/ aTraaav.
    o 8e TOi^cji' 'HpoS5)7 ixeltov tju, vtto fieu Kaioapos
    €</nA€tTO /xer' 'Aypt7777aj', utt' Wypimra he yierd
    Kalaapa. evOev errl TrXelorov evhanxovias
    fieu
    TTpovKoiJjei', €tV (JLelCov 8' e^rjpdi-j (f)p6vrjfjia Kal re
    TrXeov rrfs p-eyaXovoias eTrereivev els evoe^eiav.

    401 (xxi. 1) WevreKaLheKara) yovv erei rrjs ^aoL-


    Xelas avroi' re rov vaov eireoKevaoev Kal rrepi

    avTOV di'ereixloaro )(^cx>pav rrj? ova-qs hiTiXaoiova


    dfierpoLS p-ev \p-qodiievos TOt? dvaXcofiaGiw dv-
    VTrepPXi^TO) he rfj TToXvTeXeia. reKp-qptoi^ he -qoai
    at jieydXai aroal rrepl to lepov Kal to ^opeiou en
    auToJ (f>povpLov asT pLev yap duojKohopLrjoei' ih
    depieXiojv , o 8' eTnoKevdaas rrXovTOj haiptXel KaT
    ovhev Tcjv ^aoiXeiojv eXaTTOv * AuTcovlau eVa'Accrei i:

    402 els TTji^ WvTOWLOV TiiL-qi>. TO ye pirjv eavToi


    ^acriXeLov /cara Tr]v dvoj heqxdpevos ttoXlv, hvc
    Tovs i-ieyioTovs Kal TTepLKaXXeoTd-ovs o'lkovs, ots

    M. \'ipsaniii.s Agrippa (63-12 b.c). the devoted friend


    minister and presumptive successor to Augustus, builder 01
    the Pantheon and organizer of the Roman nav\'.
    •'" Or thanks to this favoured position."
    « According to A. xv. 380 " the eighteenth year" ; th( li

    188
    JEWISH WAR,I.399-402(=A>srT. xv.360f., 380, 318

    district of these pestsand deprived Zenodorus of his


    tenure. This was the territory which Caesar sub-
    sequently presented to Herod, to prevent it from again
    being used by the brigands as a base for raids upon
    Damascus. When ten years after his first visit e. 20 b.c.

    Caesar returned to the province, he, moreover,


    gave Herod the position of procurator of all Syria,
    for the (Roman) procurators were forbidden to talce
    any measures without his concurrence. Finally, on
    the death of Zenodorus, he further assigned to him
    all the territory between Trachonitis and Galilee.
    But what Herod valued more than all these privileges
    was that in Caesar's affection he stood next after
    Agrippa,* in Agrippa's next after Caesar. Thence-
    forth ^ he advanced to the utmost prosperity his ;

    noble spirit rose to greater heights, and his lofty


    ambition was mainly directed to works of piety.

    (XXI. Thus, in the fifteenth year'' of his reign,


    1) Herod's
    he restored the Temple and, by erecting new founda- reconstfm
    tion-walls, enlarged the surrounding area to double tionoftiw

    ts former extent. The expenditure devoted to this beg'm^


    work was incalculable, its magnificence never sur- <^- 20-19 ^

    passed as evidence one would have pointed to the


    ;

    great colonnades around the Temple courts and to


    the fortress which dominated it on the north. The
    colonnades Herod reconstructed from the founda-
    tions the fortress he restored at a lavish cost in a
    ; The fortre
    ^"^°''''
    style no way inferior to that of a palace, and called ""^

    it Antonia in honour of Antony. His own palace. The royal


    p^^^^^^-
    which he erected in the upper city, comprised two
    most spacious and beautiful buildings, with which
    latter appears to be the correct date of the beginning of the
    work (Schurer), which was not completed till c. a.d. 28

    [Gospel of S. John ii. 20).


    189
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ovS' 6^ vao? TTTj <jvv€Kpivero, TrpoGrj-yopevaev oltto

    TOJV (fiiXoW TOV fjL€V KaLodp€LOV TOV Sc *AypL7T-


    7T€L0V.
    403 {"2) 'AAAa
    yap ovk oIkois fiovov avTOJV rrjv
    Koi ra? €7TLKXrjO€is rrepUypaijjev, Ste^t] Se
    fjivrjiirjv

    et? oAa? TToAet? avrco to (f>LX6rLixov eV fxiv ye rfj .

    HapLapeLTihi ttoXlv KaXXiorco TTepi^oXcp T€ix^od-


    fjL€V09 eVt araSlovs €lkogl /cat Karayayojv efa/ctcr-
    Xt-Xiovs €tV avTTju OLKiJTopag, yi]v Se tovtols npoa-
    veLfjLag XLTrapojrdTrjv, /cat iv fieaco rco KrlcrfJiaTL
    vaov T€ fieyiorov /cat Trepl avrov
    iviSpvadfieuos
    re/xevOb Kaloapc rpLcov rjpLLGrahiojv
    drroSet^as' toj
    TO aaTf Ze^aorryi^ cVaAeaev i^atperov 8e Tot? cv^
    axno) 7Tapeox€v evvojiiav
    404 (3) 'ETTt TOUTOtS" hcxipqaapiivov rod Kaluapos
    avrov irepas TTpoodioei x^P^^> ^ ^^ Kavravda
    vaov avTO) XevKrjs fiappidpov KaOidpuaaro Tiapa
    rds ^lophdvov Tiiqyds- KaXeZrai 8e Wdveiov c
    405 TOTTO?. evda Kopv(f)rj fxev ns opovs els drreLpoi
    vipo? dvareiverai, Trapd Se ttjv VTTopetov Xayovc
    ovvrjpe(j)es avrpov viravoiyei, 8t* ov ^apadpcoSrji
    Kp-qp.v6s els dfjLerpTjTov aTTOppojya ^aOvperat
    TrXrjdei re vharos doaXeijrov /cat Tots" KadifMcoou
    406 Tt TTpos epevvav yrjs ovhev /jlt^kos e^apKel. roi
    Se dvrpov Kara rds e^codev pitas dvareXXovoiv a
    Kal yeveoLS p-^u, (Ls evtoi Sokouglv, evOe)
    Tr-qyai'
    ^Xophdvov, TO S' aKpi^es ev tols ^^17? SrjXcoaofjiev
    407 (4) *0 Se ^aoiXevs /cat ev 'lepixol pLera^i
    Kvrrpov rod <j)povpiov /cat rojv rrporepojv ^aat
    ^ oi'o i Bekker from a Leyden ms. : ovbk the rest.

    " Mount Hermon. For a description of Paneion o

    190
    JEWISH WAR,I.402-407( = ANT. xv.318,296fr., 363 f.)
    the Temple itself bore no comparison these he
    ;

    named after his friends, the one Caesareum, the


    other Agrippeum.
    (2) He was not content, however, to commemorate Foundatu
    his patrons' names by palaces only his munificence fn gamari
    ;

    extended to the creation of whole cities. In the


    district of Samaria he built a town enclosed within
    magnificent walls twenty furlongs in length, intro-
    duced into it six thousand colonists, and gave them
    allotments of highly productive land. In the centre
    of this settlement he erected a massive temple,
    enclosed in ground, a furlong and a half in length,
    consecrated to Caesar while he named the town itself
    ;

    Sebaste. The inhabitants were given a privileged


    constitution.
    (3) When, later on, through Caesar's bounty he riie Temp
    received additional territory, Herod there too dedi-^[ p^J^J,
    cated to him a temple of white marble near the
    sources of the Jordan, at a place called Paneion.
    At this spot a mountain ^ rears its summit to an
    immense height aloft at the base of the cliff is an
    ;

    opening into an overgrown cavern ; within this,


    plunging down to an immeasurable depth, is a
    yawning chasm, enclosing a volume of still water,
    the bottom of which no sounding-line has been found
    long enough to reach. Outside and from beneath
    the cavern well up the springs from which, as some
    think, the Jordan takes its rise but we will tell
    ;

    the true story of this in the sequel.^


    (4) At Jericho, again, between the fortress of
    Cypros ^ and the former palace, the king constructed
    Faneas, later Caesarea Philippi, mod. Banias, see G. A.
    Smith, Hist. Geog. of Holy Land, 473.
    " See iii. 509 ff.

    * Built by Herod in honour of his mother, § 417.

    191
    JOSEPHUS
    Xeicov dXXa KaraoKevdaas d/xetVco nal ;^pr]ai/xctj-
    T€pa Trpo? rds iTnhrjiJiia<; aTTO tcZu avTOJU wuo-
    fiaaeu <f>iXojv. KadoXov hk ovk €otlv €l7t^Iv ovTiva
    TTJ9 PaaiXeiag iTnrijSeLOv tottov tyjs Trpo? Katcrapa
    ri/jLrjg yvyLvov €lao€v. inel Be ttjv IStav ^topav
    €7TX-qpa)G€v vacbi^, etV rrjv e7Tap)(Lav avrov rag
    rifjids V7Tep€^€X€€v Kal iroXXalg TToXeoLU eVtSpu-
    oaTO KaLodpeta.
    408 (5)KaTiSdju Se Kav rols vapaXiots ttoXiv rjSri
    pikv Kap-vovoaVy Hrpdrcovo? eKaXelro 7Tvpyo<;, hid
    he €V(j>viav rov ;(tupiou Se^aadai Bvvap.dvr]u to
    (piXoTijJLOu avTov, Ttdoav dveKTLoeu XevKco Xidcp
    Kal XapLTTpordroLS eKOop-Tjaev ^aoiXeioi^; iv fj
    ,

    4ij9 {idXiora to (f)vaeL p,€yaX6povv eVeSei'^aro. (lera^v


    yap Atupojv Kal 'Jottttt^S-, (Lu tj 770A19 P-^or] Kelrai,
    TTdoav elvai ovp.3€^r]K€V rrjv TrapaXiov dXipLevov,
    ojs TrdvTa tov rrjv (t>OLVLKrjv irr^ AlyvTrrov napa-
    TrXeovra oaXevetv ev TreXdycL Sid ttjv cV Ai/So?
    dneiXTJv, (I) Kal /xerptcus" ivavpil^ovri, r-qXiKovrou
    cVeyetperat^ Kvp.a vpog rals Trerpais, ojore rrjV
    v7:ooTpo<f>rjv tov Kvp.aTos irrl TrXeiOTOi' i^aypiovv
    410 Tr)i' BdXaoGav* dAA* o ^aoiXevg rots' dvaXojpiaoLV
    Kal Trj (f)iXoTipiia I'lKijoa? rrju (f>voLV fxeil^ova pikv
    rov Vieipaicjjs Xip.€va KaTeoK€vao€V, iv he rots'

    p.vxoi^ avTov ^adels opptovs erepov?.


    411 (6) KaOdrrav 8' e^^JV avTirrpdooovTa rov tottou
    ecfuXoveiKrioev ttju hvax^peiau, cLs ttjv p.ev
    rrpos
    oxvpoTTjra rrj? hopLiqoeojs hvodXixjTOV etvai ttj
    daXdoGTj, TO he KaXXos ojs eirl p.r]hevL hvoKoXco
    KeKOopLfjoOai. ovp.pLeTp-qadp.evos ydp ooov ft'pT^-

    ^ iwe',(ifjtTo P.\I : eytlpeTai the rest.


    .

    JEWISH WAR, I. 407-411 (=ANT. XV. 331-334)

    new buildings, finer and more commodious for the other


    reception of guests, and named them after the same Sjonour^o^f
    friends." In short, one can mention no suitable spot Augustus,
    within his realm, which he left destitute of some mark
    of homage to Caesar. And then, after filling his
    own territory with temples, he let the memorials of
    his esteem overflow into the province and erected in
    numerous cities monuments to Caesar.
    (5) His notice was attracted by a town on the Caesarea
    coast, called Strato's Tower, which, though then harbour.
    dilapidated, was, from its advantageous situation,
    suited for the exercise of his liberality. This he
    entirely rebuilt with white stone, and adorned
    with the most magnificent palaces, displaying here,
    as nowhere else, the innate grandeur of his character.
    For the whole sea-board from Dora to Joppa, midway
    between which the city lies, was without a harbour,
    so that vessels bound for Egypt along the coast of
    Phoenicia had to ride at anchor in the open when
    menaced by the south-west wind for even a
    ;

    moderate breeze from this quarter dashes the waves


    to such a height against the cliffs, that their reflux
    spreads a wild commotion far out to sea. However,
    by dint of expenditure and enterprise, the king
    triumphed over nature and constructed a harbour
    larger than the Piraeus, including other deep road-
    steads within its recesses.
    (6) Notwithstanding the totally recalcitrant nature
    3f the site, he grappled with the difficulties so success-
    fully, that the solidity of his masonry defied the sea,
    while its beauty was such as if no obstacle had existed
    Having determined upon the comparative size ^ of
    " Augustus and Agrippa.
    " i.e. " larger than the Piraeus " (§ 410),
    VOL. U H 193
    JOSEPHUS
    KaBUt Xidovs eV opyvias
    /ca/xev roj At/xeVt yLe'y€dos
    CLKOGLV etV TO TTeXayos , (hv rjaav ot TrXeloTOL fxrJKOs
    TToSoju TTevT-qKOvra, ^ddo? evvea, evpo? 8eVa, nines'
    412 8e Koi jieil^ovs. eVct 8e dv€7TXr]pcu6rj to v<^aXov,^
    ovrcus 7]Srj to vrrepexov rod rreXdyovs Telxo? eVt
    SiaKOGLOvg TToSas TjvpvueTO' (Lu OL fikv eKarov
    TTpohehop-qvTO Trpos ~r]v dvaKOTrrjV rod KVfiaro?,
    TTpoKVpLta yovv iKXrjO-q, to 8e Xolttov VTTOKeiTaL
    TO) TrepideovTL XlOlvco t€l)(€l. tovto Se Tfupyois
    T€ hieiXrjTTTaL ixeyioTOLS , (x)V 6 7Tpov)(^U)v kol rrepi-
    KaXXecrraro? d—o tov Kaloapos Trpoyovov Apou-
    OLOv KeKXrjTaL.
    413 (7) TTVKval rrpos Karayojyrjv tCjv
    4:'aAt5es" re
    Kal to rrpo avTow irdv kvkXco
    ivopfiLCofjLei'cov,
    vdyfia Tols dTTO^aivovaiv TrXaTvs nepLTTaTOS. 6 8'
    €lo7tXovs ^6p€Log, aWpLOjTaros yap dveficvv rep
    TOTTw /Sopea?, Kal eVt tov oTOjjLaTo? koXooool
    rpels eKaTepojdev VTreoT-qpLyfievoL kloglv, d>v tovs
    p.€veV Aaid? x^'-P^^ eloTrXeovraji^ Tivpyos raoTOS
    dvex^L, Tovs Be €k Se^iov Svo opdol XiSoi ovv
    €^€vyiJL€VOL TOV KaTa ddrepov ;;^erAos' TTvpyov fiei-
    414 l,OVeS. TTpOOeX^L? 8' OLKiaC TO) XipLeVL, XevKov Kal
    avral XiOov, Kal KaTaTeivovres err^ avTOV ol
    orevojTTol tov . doreo? rrpos €v hidoTripia /xe/x€-
    Tpr)fi€voL. Kal TOV GTOfjiaTo? dvTLKpv vaos Kat-
    oapos €7tI yrjX6(f)ov xraAAet Kal jxeyedeL Sta^opo?"
    * Destinon from Lat. : v\^r)\6v PA : ^dOos the rest.
    * " not less than eighteen," A.
    " A. adds " who died young." Nero Claudius Drusus
    (38-9 B.C.), son of Livia, afterwards wife of Augustus, and
    father of Germanicus.
    * Or " vaulted chambers," " crypts."

    * Strictly a temple of Rome and Augustus, as Reinach

    194
    JEWISH WAR, I. 411-414 ( = ant. xv. 334-339)

    the harbour as we have stated, he had blocks of stone


    let down into twenty fathoms of water, most of
    them measuring fifty feet in length by nine in depth
    and ten " in breadth, some being even larger. Upon
    the submarine foundation thus laid he constructed
    above the surface a mole two hundred feet broad ;
    of which one hundred were built out to break the
    surge, w^hence this portion was called the break-
    water, while the remainder supported a stone wall
    encircling the harbour. From this wall arose, at
    intervals, massive towers, the loftiest and most
    magnificent of which was called Drusion after the
    step-son of Caesar.^
    (7) Numerous inlets
    ^ in the wall provided landing-

    places for mariners putting in to harbour, while the


    whole circular terrace fronting these channels served
    as a broad promenade for disembarking passengers.
    The entrance to the port faced northwards, because
    in these latitudes the north wind is the most favour-
    able of all. At the harbour-mouth stood colossal
    statues, three on either side, resting on columns ;

    the columns on the left of vessels entering port were


    supported by a massive tower, those on the right by
    tw^o upright blocks of stone clamped together, whose
    height exceeded that of the tower on the opposite
    side. Abutting on the harbour were houses, also
    of white stone, and upon it converged the streets
    of the town, laid at equal distances apart. On an
    eminence facing the harbour-mouth stood Caesar's
    temple,'* remarkable for its beauty and grand pro-

    remarks, referring- to Suet. Aug. 52 " templa ... in nulla


    provincia nisi communi suo Romaeque nomine recepit."
    This is indicated in Josephus by the mention of the two
    statues.

    195
    JOSEPHUS
    eV 6' avrcp koXgooos Kaloapo? ovk OLTTobeajv rod
    ^OXvimiaoLV !Si6^ , co Kal TrpoaeiKacrTai, 'Ptb/ji-qg

    be taos 'Hpa rfj Kar' 'Apyog. dvdd-qKev Be rfj

    fiev eTTapxta ttjv ttoXlv, rot? TavTfj Se ttAoI'^o-


    ^evoLg rov Xip-eva, Kai'aapi he ttjv Tip.riv jov
    KTiupLarog- KatadpeLav yovv ojv6p.aoev avTiqv.
    415 (8) Tcf ye pLTju Xoltto. tcov epyojv, dyL4)i.deaTpov
    Kal dearpov Kal dyopds, afta tyjs TTpoorjyopias
    evLSpvGaro. Kal dydtvaq Kara-
    rrevTaerripLKovs
    crrriadp.evos opuoiajs eKdXeaev d—o rov Kat'aapo?,
    rrpojTOS auTOi ddXa peyiara Trpodelg enl rrjg
    eKaToarrjg evevTfKourrjs Sevrepas oXvpLTTtdBog, eu
    oU ov pLOVov ol wtKcovTeg, dXXd Kal ol p.er' avrovs
    Kal ol TpiToi Tov ^aoiXiKov vXovTov p.ereXdp.-
    416 ^avov. dvaKTLoas Be Kal Wvdrjdoua ttji' rrapa-
    Xlov KaTappL(f)delaav ev TroXepLw AypLTnreiov rrpoo- '

    Tjyopeuoe tov 5' airrov (J)lXov Bl' vrrep^oXrjv


    evvoias Kal e-nl rrji; rruAry? exdpa^ev to 6wop.a, t]v
    avTOs ev TO) I'aoj KaTeuKevaoeu.
    417 (9) OtAoTraTojp ye p.T]v, el Kai Tig eTepos' Kal
    yap TO) TTaTpl pLurip,eLOu KaTe9r]Keu voXtu, r]v ev
    Tw KaXXioTcp TYJs ^aaiXeias TreBiw KTicras TTOTapLols
    Te Kal BevBpeuLV TrXovoiav wvopLaaev AvTinaTpiBa, '

    Kal TO VTTep 'lepLXOv^TOi ^povpiov oxvpoTrjTL


    Kal KdXAeL Bidi^opov T6t;^taa9 dvedrjKev ttj p.rjTpl
    418 T:poGei-djv KvTrpov. Oaaav^Aoj Be TdBeX(f)a) tov
    ev 'lepoGoXvpLOLS 6p.a)vvp,ov rrvpyov, ov to Te
    ox^P-o. Kal T-qv ev toj pLeyedei iroXvTeXeiav Bid
    Ttup €^^7? BrjXcoaopLev. Kal ttoXlv dX\r]v KTioas

    • Or Agrippias. A. xiii. 357 ; the town was close to Gaza.


    " At Jerusalem ; the particular gate so called is unknown.

    i9tJ
    JEWISH WAR, 1. 414-418 ( = ANT. XV. 339,xvi. 136-145)
    portions ; it contained a colossal statue of the em-
    peror, not inferior to the Olympian Zeus, which
    served for its model, and another of Rome, rivalling
    that of Hera at Argos. The city Herod dedicated
    to the province, the harbour to navigators in these
    waters, to Caesar the glory of this new foundation,
    to which he accordingly gave the name of Caesarea.
    (8) The rest of the buildings— amphitheatre, Quin-
    theatre, public places —
    were constructed in a style gamerat
    worthy of the name which the city bore. He further Caesaiea
    instituted quinquennial games, hkewise named after
    Caesar, and inaugurated them himself, in the hundred io-9 b.c.
    and ninety-second Olympiad, offering prizes of the [f/the*^^'^
    highest value at these games not the victors only, Olympian
    ;

    but also those who obtained second and third places,


    participated in the royal bounty.
    Another maritime town, which had been destroyed Foundat
    in war-time, namely Anthedon, he rebuilt and re- ?A^°pl^^
    named Agrippium ^ and so great was his affection
    ;
    pium);
    for this same friend Agrippa, that he engraved his
    name upon the gate which he erected in the Temple.^
    (9) No man ever showed greater filial affection, of Anti-

    As a memorial to his father he founded a city in the gypjos a


    fairest plain in his realm, rich in rivers and trees, Piiasaeii!

    and named it Antipatris.'' Above Jericho he built


    the walls of a fortress, remarkable alike for solidity
    and beauty, which he dedicated to his mother under
    the name of Cypros. To his brother Phasael he
    erected the tower in Jerusalem called by his name,
    the appearance and splendid proportions of which
    we shall describe in the sequel He also gave the
    .'^

    Ras el 'Ain, some 10 miles inland from and N.E. of


    pa, on the road from Jerusalem to Caesarea.
    V. 166-169.

    197
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Kara rov arro 'lepuxov^ Iovtojv ai5Aa;i/a Tipo?
    ^opeau (^aaa-qXtda ojvopiao^v.
    419 (lO) Ylapahov? 8' alayvi rovs re olk€lovs Kal
    (f>iXovs ovhk rrjs iavrov pLvqpi-qs r^jiiXqaev aWa ,

    (fypovpLOv iiev imTeLXLcrag rep Trpog Wpa^lau opei


    TrpoarjyopevGev 'HpajBeiov a(j>* iavrov, rov hk
    pLaaroeiBi] koXojvov ovra y€Lpo7Toirirov e^iqKovra ,

    Grahiojv drrcodev 'lepoaoXvpiow, iKoXeoev p,€U


    420 ofjiOLOJS, €^riGKr]G€v he (fnXonp.orepoi'. orpoyyv-
    Xois p^ev yap rrjv aKpav Trvpyois Trepieu-x^ev, eVAry-
    paxjev 8e rov Trepi^oXov ^aaiXeLOLs TToXvreXeard-
    roL?, oj? prj pLOVOV rrjv evSov raJv OLKrjpLarwv oiptv
    ehac XafiTTpdv, dXXd Kal rols efcu^ei^ roixois Kal
    dpiyKols Kal ureyaLS TrepiKexvadai rov rrXovrov
    haijjiXrj. TToppojdev 8e pieyioTois dvaXo'j}JiauLV vBd-
    rcov ttXtjOos eiG-qyayev Kal ^aSpiols hiaKooiois
    XevKordrrjs papfidpov rrjv dvoSov hieXa^ev t^v yap
    br] ro yi^Xo(j}OV emeiKios vipr]X6v Kal rrdv ;)(eipo-

    421 TTOL-qrov. KareoKevaaev he Kal rrepl rds pit>a.s


    dXXa ^aoiXeia riqv re aTTOGKevrjv Kal rov£ (^lXovs
    he^aadai hvvdpLeva, ojore rep pev rrdvra exetv
    ttoXlv eivat, hoKelv ro epvpa, rfj TrepLypacjifj he
    ^aoiXeiov
    422 (11 ) Too-aura avyKrlaa? rrXeLGrai? Kal row
    e^o) TToXeojv ro fieyaXoipvxov eTrehet^aro, Ypt-
    TToXei pLev ydp j^ Kal AapLauKoj Kal YlroXepLatht
    yvpivdat,a, Bu^Ao) he relxos, e^ehpag he Kal arods
    Kal vaovs Kal dyopds Br]pvra) KarauKevdoas Kal
    Tvpcp, T.LhdjVL ye pLTjv Kal AapiaGKoj dear pa, Aao-
    ^ om. Bekker.

    ' Literally " in the form of a breast."


    IQ.S
    JEWISH WAR, I. M8 422( = ANT.xvi.l45f.,xv.323ff.)

    name of Phasaelis to another city which he built in


    the valley to the north of Jericho.
    (10) But while he thus perpetuated the memory The two
    of his family and his friends, he did not neglect to caUell"^^
    leave memorials of himself. Thus he built a fortress Herodiun
    in the hills on the Arabian frontier and called it
    after himself Herodium. An artificial rounded^ hill,
    sixty furlongs from Jerusalem, was given the same
    name, but more elaborate embellishment.^ The
    crest he crowned with a ring of round towers the
    ;

    enclosure was filled with gorgeous palaces, the mag-


    nificent appearance of which was not confined to the
    interior of the apartments, but outer walls, battle-
    ments, and roofs, all had wealth lavished upon them
    in profusion. He had, at immense expense, an
    abundant supply of water brought into it from a
    distance, and provided an easy ascent by two hundred
    steps of the purest white marble the mound, though
    ;

    entirely artificial, being of a considerable height.


    Around the base he erected other palaces for the
    accommodation of his furniture and his friends.
    Thus, in the amplitude of its resources this stronghold
    resembled a town, in its restricted area a simple
    palace.
    (11) After founding all these places, he proceeded Herod's
    to display his generosity to numerous cities outside bounties
    his realm. Thus, he provided gymnasia for Tripolis, to foreigr

    Damascus and Ptolemais, a wall for Byblus, halls,


    porticoes, temples, and market-places for Berytus and
    Tyre, theatres for Sidon and Damascus, an aqueduct
    ^ Built in memory of his victory over the Jewish alHes of

    the Parthians, §265; modern Jehel Fereidis (" Hill of


    Paradise " or Frank mountain), some 4 miles S.E. of
    Bethlehem. The site of the other Herodium is unidentified.

    199
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    SiKevGL Be TotS" TTapaXiOL? 7;8aTaji' cloaycuyrju
    ^
    AuKa}'(jL)viraLS ^aXavela kol Kp-qvag ttoXu-
    Se
    TeAet?, 77po? he TrepiorvXa daufiaGra ttjv re epya-
    oiav KOL TO fieyeOo?' elal d' ot? aAcn^ Kal Xeificj-
    423 I'CL? avedrjKev. voXXal he TroXei? warrep koivojvol
    r-fjg ^aoiXeias Kal ;\;ojpai^ eXa^ov nap* avrov-
    yv}ivaoiapxLai<; 8' aAAa? eTreT-qoioLS re /cat 8t-
    -qveKeoiv ihajp-qaaro -npooohov? narara^a?, (ZoTrep
    424 Kc/joi?, ti'a fj.rjhe77ore eKXeL-rj ro yepag. oltou ye
    fiTju TTaoiv exopriy-qoev rots heoyievois, Kal rfj
    *P6hcp xpTjixara p,ev els vavriKOV KaraoKevqu
    Ttapeaxev 7:oXXa-)(OV^ Kal ttoXXcikls, epLvprjodev he
    TO YYvdiov IhioLS avaXcofiaoLV dfiewov dveheifiaTO.
    425 Kal TL Set Xeyeiv ra? els AvkLovs rj Y.ap,iovs hojpeds
    Tj TTjv St' oX-qg TTJs *Iajvta?, cV oh eheijOijoav €Ka-

    OTOL, haifjcXeLav; dXX WO-qvaloL Kal AaKehai/jLo-


    VLOL iSixoTToAiTat T€ Kal TO Kara }^\vGLav Ylepya-
    fiov ov Tojv 'Wpojhov yejJLOVoiv dvaOrjfxdrojv; ttjv
    S' AvTiO^eajv Tcjv ev Supi'a TrAaretat' ov <f)evKTrjv
    ^

    ovoav VTTO ^op^opov KaTeaTpojoeu t€, GTahicov


    eLKOoL TO fjLTJKos ovoav, ^eoTfj fiapfjidpcp Kal Ttpos
    TCI? Td)V veTOJV d770(f)vyds eKOGpL-qoev lGop.rjKei
    GToa;
    426 (12) Tavra jiev dv tls elnOi Ihia tojv ev Tra-
    dovTOJV^ hrji^ajv eKdGrov, to he 'HAet'oi? xapLodev
    ov fJLOVOV KOLVOV T7)S 'EAActSoS", dAA' oXtjS TrfS
    olKOVfjLevrjS hojpop, els tjv tjho^a tojv ^OXvfXTTLaGLv
    427 dycvvojv hLLKvelraL. rovrovs yap hrj KaraXvo-
    1 TToWd Destinon: ."s-oXXax^ (c/. Plato, Rep. 539 d).
    * evTradouuTwv PLV and a Leipzig .ms.
    ^ Bekker: tCjv iv 'OXiv-TTLaaiv .mss.

    " Keeper of the gymnasium, responsible for the conduct


    200
    JEWISH WAR, I. 422-427 ( = ant. xvi. 147-149)

    for Laodicea on sea, baths, sumptuous fountains and


    colonnades, admirable alike for their architecture
    and their proportions, for Ascalon to other com- ;

    munities he dedicated groves and meadovv-Iand.


    Many cities, as though they had been associated
    with his realm, received from him grants of land ;

    others, like Cos, were endowed with revenues to


    maintain the annual office of gymnasiarch ° to per-
    petuity, to ensure that this honourable post should
    never lapse. Corn he supplied to all applicants ^ ;

    to the people of Rhodes he made contributions again


    and again for shipbuilding,^ and when their '^

    Pythian temple was burnt down he rebuilt it on a


    grander scale at his own expense. Need I allude to
    his donations to the people of Lycia or Samos, or to
    his hberahty, extended to every district of Ionia,
    to meet its needs ? Nay, are not Athenians and
    Lacedaemonians, the inhabitants of NicopoHs and of
    Pergamum in Mysia, laden with Herod's offerings ?
    And that broad street in Syrian Antioch, once
    shunned on account of the mud was it not he who —
    paved its twenty furlongs with polished marble, and,
    as a protection from the rain, adorned it with a
    colonnade of equal length ?
    (12) In these cases, it may be said, the individual eis
    communities concerned were the sole beneficiaries gj'jjj'" ;

    his bounty to the people of Elis, on the other hand, oiynjpic


    "^'^'^^^•
    was a gift not only to Hellas at large but to the
    whole world, wherever the fame of the Olympic
    games penetrates. For, observing that these were
    of festal games and for the maintenance and payment of
    trainers and training-masters.
    " Or " to all in need of it."

    <=
    C/. §280 for his shipbuilding at Rhodes in humbler
    circumstances. <*
    Cf. A. xvi. 147.
    VOL. II H 2 201
    ,

    JOSFPHUS
    fievovs OLTTopLa ;)^p>y/xaroji' opcoi' Kal ro p.6vov Aet-
    ipavov rrjs dp)(aLag 'EAAado? VTToppeov, ov fjLOvov
    dycovoderrj? t)? eTrervx^v TrevTaeTrjpiho^ els 'Pco-
    fjLTjv TrapaTrXeajv iyevero, dXXd kol rrpos ro St-
    7]V€Kes TTopovs xPVf^^'^^ OLTTeSeL^ei' , COS firj^eTTore
    428 dyojvoBeTOvaav avTov rrjv pLvripiiyj eVtAtTrea'. dv-
    ijvVTOv ai/ etrj )(pea}W StaAJcret? ^ (f)6pcoi^ CTre^teVat,
    KadoLTTep OaCTvyAtVats" kol BaAaveturais" kol tols
    TTepl TTjv IxiXiKiav rds ir-qcrlovs ctcr-
    ttoXlx^lols
    (f>opa.s i7r€^€Kov<i>LG€v. rrXeioTov ye p.T)v avrov
    rrjs pLeyaXovoias edpavaeu 6 (j>6^os, d>s pLrj S6^€L€i^
    €TrL<f)dovos n dripdadaL pLeiLov, evepyeroJv rds
    '/}'

    ttoXels irXeov rcav ixdvrcov.


    429 (13) ^KxprjCJCLTO 8e /cat CTco/xart 77/309 rrjV ijjvx'i]i'
    dvaXoycp, Kvvrjyerrjs p^kv dpioros del yevopievos
    ev oj pLaXiara St' epiTreipiav iTTTTLKrjs eTrervyxo-vev
    /xta yovv r/piepa TTore TeaaapaKOVTa 6rjptojv eKpd-
    TqGev, eon he Kal (tvot p6(f>os pLev r) x^P^> '^^
    rrXeov S' eXd<j)OJV Kal dvdypojv evTTopos' noXe-
    430 pLLcrrrjs 8' dwrroararos 77oAAot yovu Kdv rat?
    .

    yvpLvaaiais avrov KareTrXdyqaav dKOvrLGri'-jV re


    WvBoXojrarov^ Kal ro^6rr]v €i>Grox<^TO.rov ISovres.
    rrpos Se rotS" iJjvxi-koIs Kal rots ocopLarLKols Trpo-
    repi'ipiaoLv exp'^]oaro Kal Sefta tvx^]' Kal yap
    OTTavLov eTTraioev ev TToXepLcp, Kal roJv Trratcr/xa-
    ra>v ovK avros atrLOs, dXX rj Trpohouia rivchv tj
    TTpoTTereia crrparLa>rdjv eyevero.
    1 (vdv^oXibraTOV PA.M Exo.
    " Either his second visit to Rome {\2 b.c.) or his third
    (c. 8 B.C.) (Schiirer).
    A
    maritime town of Lycia.
    ''

    ^ On
    the Syrian coast opposite Cyprus, between Eaodicea
    and Aradus.
    "202
    JEWISH WAR, I. V27-4.30

    declining for want of funds and that this soUtary


    rehc of ancient Greece was sinking into decay, he
    not only accepted the post of president for the
    quadrennial celebration which coincided with his
    visit " on his voyage to Rome, but he endowed
    them for all time with revenues, which should pre-
    serve an unfading memory of his term as president.
    The enumeration of the debts and taxes discharged
    by himself would be endless it was thus, for in-
    ;

    stance, that he lightened the burden of their annual


    taxes for the inhabitants of Phaselis,^ Balanea ^ and
    various minor towns in Cilicia. Often, however, his
    noble generosity was thwarted by the fear of exciting
    either jealousy or the suspicion of entertaining some
    higher ambition, in conferring upon states greater
    benefits than they received from their own masters.
    (13)^ Herod's genius was matched by his physical Hisph;
    constitution. Always foremost in the chase, in which P™wes
    he distinguished himself above all by his skill in
    horsemanship, he on one occasion brought down forty
    wild beasts in a single day for the country breeds
    ;

    boars and, in greater abundance, stags and wild


    asses. As a fighter he was irresistible and at ;

    practice spectators were often struck with astonish-


    ment at the precision with which he threw the
    javelin, the unerring aim with which he bent the
    bow. But besides these pre-eminent gifts of soul
    and body, he was blessed by good fortune ^ he rarely ;

    met with a reverse in war, and, when he did, this


    was due not to his own fault, but either to treachery
    or to the recklessness of his troops.

    ^ This paragraph has no parallel in A.


    • Cf. and contrast the estimate in A. xvii. 191 f.

    203
    JOSEPHUS
    431 (xxii. Ta? y£ firju vTraldpoug evTrpayla? rj
    1)
    TV)(rj Kar^ oIkov aviapol? eVe/xecn^aei', kol
    rot?
    KaKohaii^Lovelv iK yvvaiKO? rjp^aro Trepl vv fxaXi-
    432 crra io7To\jhau€v . eTreihr] yap etV rrjv apx"^^ Trap-
    TjXdev, OLTTOTTeiJiiljdfxcvo? rjv lSlcott]? '^kto yaficTijv,
    yevos Tjv i^ 'lepoooXvpLOJU Acupt? ovofxa, ya/xet
    MapidiJLfjirjv rrju WXe^dvSpov rou 'AptCTTO^ouAou
    dvyarepa, 8t* r^u avrw oraGLaoOrjvai avve^rj rou
    oIkov, kol rd^iov fidXiGTa 8e pLerd rrjv in
    piev,
    433 'PcvpLrj? dcjiL^LV. /.Lev yap rou Ik r-fjg
    Trpcorov
    AcoplBos vlov ^AvTiTTarpov hid roi)? €K Mapudpi-
    pLi]<; €(f)vydS€V(7€v rrjs TrdAecu?, piovais rat? iopral^

    KanevaL' erretra top TrdiTTTOv


    e(l)QL£^ rrj?yvvaiKO?
    ^TpKavov iK Yldpdojv irpos avrov iXOoura 8t'
    VTTOPOLav iiTL^ovXrj? dveXXeu, ou fj)(pLaXojTlGaTO pL€i'

    Bap^a4)pdprjg KaraSpapLcuv Suptav, e^r^njaauro Se


    434 Kar^ oIktov ol virkp Kvcppdrrjv opioedvel? kol et .

    ye TovToig eTTeiaOrj TiapaLvovoLV p.j) Sta^rjvai irpos


    'Wpcoh-qv, ovK dv TrapaTTCoXero' SeXeap S' aural
    Bavdrov rrjs vlojvrjs 6 ydpLOs Kariarr]' rovrcp yap
    7T€7TOLdoj£ Kal TTepiGGOV TL TTJg TTaTpiSo? i(f)iepi€VOS
    TjKev. TTapcv^vvev Se 'HpcoSrjp ovk avrds avri-
    7Toiovpi€vo^ ^aGiXela^, dXX' inel to jSaaiAeuetv
    irre^aXXeu avrco.
    435 {'2} Tcov Se eK Mapta/x/XT^S" ttcVtc reKva>v aurco
    yevopiivojv hvo piev dvyarepes, Tpels S' 'qoau uiew.
    Kal rovTOJV 6 vecoraro^ peu eV ^Pcoptr] TratSevo-
    pL€vosreXevra, Svo Se rous" Trpeo^vrdrovs ^aai-
    * i<piU Exc. (the usual verb in Josephus): d0eis the rest.

    " C/. §241. » % im.


    * For his resijo-nation of the throne see B. i. 1 20 tf.
    **
    Salampsio and Cyprus.
    204
    JEWISH WAR, I. 431-4.35 {cf. ant. xv. 14, 164 ff.)

    (xxii.l) But, in revenge for his public prosperity, Herods


    fortune visited Herod with troubles at home his l^^i"f^^'
    ;

    ill-fated career originated with a woman to whom


    he was passionately attached. For, on ascending the
    throne, he had dismissed the wife whom he had
    taken when he was still a commoner, a native of
    Jerusalem named Doris, and married Mariamme,
    daughter of Alexander, the son of Aristobulus.*^ It
    was she who brought into his house the discord,
    which, beginning at an earlier date, was greatly
    aggravated after his return from Rome. For, in the
    first place, in the interests of his children by
    Mariamme, he banished from the capital the son Banishr
    whom he had had by Doris, namely Antipater, Antlpat
    allowing him to visit it on the festivals only. Next he
    put to death, on suspicion of conspiracy, Hyrcanus, Executi
    Mariamme's grandfather, who had come back from ^^g^^g^
    Parthia to Herod's court. Hyrcanus had been taken
    prisoner by Barzapharnes when the latter overran
    Syria,^ but had been liberated through the inter-
    cession of his compassionate countrymen living beyond
    the Euphrates. And had he but followed their
    advice not to cross the river to join Herod, he would
    have escaped his tragic fate but the marriage of
    ;

    his grand-daughter lured him to his death. He came


    relying upon that and impelled by an ardent longing
    for his native land, and roused Herod's resentment
    not by making any claim to the throne, but because
    it him by right.''
    actually belonged to
    Herod had five children by Mariamme, two
    (2) Herod s

    daughters and three sons. The voungest son died


    '^ cji'idrei

    in the course or his trainmg in Rome to the two;

    elder sons ^ he gave a princely education, both out

    * Alexander and Aristobulus.


    205
    JOSEPHUS
    XiKcog rjyei' did re rrjv fir^rpcoav evyiveiav Kal on
    436 ^acriXevovrL iyeyoveioav to he tovtojv
    avrco.
    loxvporepov 6 Mapta/x/Ltr^b epoj? ovvqpyei, Kad^
    rjfjiepai' CKKaicov 'Hpcodrjv Xa^porepos, w? ixrjhevo?

    Tujv hia rrjv orepyoiieviqv XvTrrjpwv aladdveoOai'


    70G0VT0V yap tjv filoog etV avrov rrjg Mapia/XjUi]?,
    437 OGO? eK€LPOv rrpos avrrjv epojg. e)(ovaa Se rr^u
    f.L€vdrrey^OeLav Ik tojv Trpayfidrcov evXoyov, ttjv
    he TTapprjcriav eV rod (hiXeladaL, (fyavepwg (LvelhiLev
    avTO) rd Kara tov TrdrTTTOv '\pKav6v koL tov
    abeX(j)6v ^Yojvddrjv ovhe yap tovtov Kainep ovros
    TratSos" i<l>€Laaro, Sovg fxev airro) ttjv dpxi-^pco-
    cruvqv eTTrafcatSe/ceVei, /xerd Se rr]v rcfMr^v Krelvag
    evdeojg, eTreLhrj rrjv lepdv ioOqra Xa^ovri Kal
    rd) ^cofio) TTpoueXdovTL Kad^ eopTTjv ddpovv en-
    eSd.KpvGev rd ttXtjOos. 77e/x7rerat. p^ev ovv 6 Trai?
    Sid vvKro? ecV 'lepLXovvra, eKel he Kar^ ivroXrjv
    VTTO rd)v YaXardiv ^aTrrtco/xeros" ev KoXvi-i^t^dpa
    reXevra.
    438 (3) Aid ravO^ 'Hpcoh-qv p^ev <l>veihLt,ev r) Ma-
    pLdp,fLr], Kal rrjV dheX(f)rjV avrov Kal rrjv pnqrepa
    heivals i^v^pL^ev AotSopiats*. ciAA' o /xev rre^i-
    fiajro roXg IpiepoLg, heivrj he rd? yuvatxra? dyavd-
    KrrjGL? elurjei, Kal rrpog o pidXiara KLViqaeiv rdv
    'Wpujhrjv ep,eXXov, €tV /xot;^etap hie^aXXov avrrjVy
    439 dAAa re rroXXd vpog ro TTidavov evaKevat^opevaiy
    Kal Kar-qyopovcjai Siort rr^v eiKova rrjv iavrrjs
    * Called Aristobulus (probablj^ his second name) in the
    narrative in A. (xv. 51, etc.).
    ^ A detail not in A. and, as Reinach points out, an
    anachronism, as Herod only received his guard of Gauls
    206
    JEWISH WAR, I. 435-439 {cf. ant. xv. 41 ff., 27)

    of respect for their mother's ilhistrious parentage, and


    because they had been born after his accession to
    the throne. But a still stronger influence in their
    favour was Herod's passion for Mariamme, the con- His pai
    suming ardour of which increased from day to day, Jj^rian
    so that he was insensible to the troubles of which
    his beloved one was the cause for Mariamme 's
    ;

    hatred of him was as great as was his love for her.


    As the events of the past gave her just reason for
    aversion, and her husband's love enabled her to
    speak plainly, she openly upbraided him with the
    fate of her grandfather Hyrcanus and her brother
    Jonathan.* For Herod had not spared even this He mu
    poor lad he had bestowed upon him in his seven- 1^^^!^^^°
    ;

    teenth year the office of high-priest, and then im- Jonath


    mediately after conferring this honour had put him buius)°
    to death, because, on the occasion of a festival, when ^^ b.c
    the lad approached the altar, clad in the priestly
    vestments, the multitude with one accord burst into
    tears. He was, consequently, sent by night to
    Jericho, and there, in accordance with instructions,
    plunged into a swimming-bath by the Gauls * and
    drowned.
    (3) It was on these grounds that Mariamme up- and his
    ^^'^"
    braided Herod, and then proceeded violently to "

    abuse his mother and sister. He was paralyzed


    by his infatuation but the women, seething with
    ;

    indignation, brought against her the charge which


    was bound in their opinion to touch Herod most
    nearly, that of adultery. Among much else which
    they invented to convince him, they accused Mari-
    amme of having sent her portrait to Antony in
    after the death of Cleopatra in 30 b.c. {A xv. 217
    .
    ||
    ; B.'i. 397).
    Aristobulus was murdered live years earlier.
    207
    JOSEPHUS
    TTeinpeiev eh .ViyvTrrov Wvrajvtcp Kal St* vrrep-
    ^oXr)u dcreAyetas" dnovGau hei^eiev eavrrjv avOpojirco
    440 yvvaLKOfiaiovuTL Kal jSta^ca^at Swafjievaj. rovd^
    ojonep GKTjTTTO? €iJL7T€aojv irdpa^ev '
    HpivSrjv,
    l-LaXiGTa jikv Sta top epcxjra ^rjXoTVTTojs €;j^ovTa,
    XoyL/^ofievov he /cat KAeoTrarpa? SetroTr^ra, St'
    ttji'

    1^1^ Avaavia? re 6 ^aotXev? dvfip-qro Kal MaA;^o;>


    o "Apaip' ov yap a0atpecr6t yajjieTrjg ep-erpei rov
    KLvBvpov, dXAd davdrqj.
    441 (4) yieXXojv ovv dTrohiiix-queLV 'IcucTT^Trcu rep
    ai^Spt SaAco/LiT]? avroO, ttlotos Se tjv
    TTjs dheX(f)r]^
    Kal Sta TO KTiho? evvovs, TrapariOeraL r-qv yvvalKa,
    Kpvcf)a Sou? euToXds duaipelv avrt^v, el KdKeluov
    ^Ai'TowLO?. 6 Se 'Ia>CT77770? ourt KaKoijOcog, dXXd
    rou epa>ra rov ^aaiXeo)? Trapaari^aaL rfj yvvaiKl
    ^ovXofievo?, wg ovSe drroOavdjv avrrj? V7Top.evoi
    442 hiaL^evx^^vo.L, to d—opp-qrov eK(f)aivei. KdKeivq
    TTpos enav-qKOura rou 'HpcoS-qu TToXXd re rrepl rov
    77 po? avrrjv GVfXTTadoO? ev rats ojutAtat? errop^vv'
    jjLevov,^ cu? oi3S' epaadel-q nore yuvaiKOS dXX-qs,
    " rrdvv yovv," elrrev, " rat? Trpo? [rovY ^lcL)ar)7TOV
    euroXaT? erreSei^co rou rrpog rjpid? epwra Kreluai
    ."
    [le Trpoara^ab
    443 (o) "KKchpoju e'udeco? a/<oJaa? to diropp-qrou rju,
    Kal ovK du TTore rou ^\ojGiqTrou e^ayyelXac ri-ju
    evroX-qv (^a/xero? el pLX] hca^deipeLev avrrjU, eue-
    Oovoia ro) uddeL Kal ri]? Kolrrj? e^aXopteuo?'^
    dveSrju ev rolg /SaaiAetot?dt'ciAetTO. /cat rovrov
    'LaXajpnq -q dSeX(j)r] rou Kaipdu etV to? Sta^oAd?
    dpirdoaoa r-qv els rou ^IcoaqTTOU erre^e^alcuaeu

    1 +/cai C Lat. 2 p. on, the rest.


    ' Destinon: t^aXXo^tet'os >iss.

    208
    JEWISH WAR, I. 439-443 (c/. ant. xv. 65 ff., 85, 240)

    Egypt and of carrying wantonness so far as to


    exhibit herself, though at a distance, to a man with
    a madness for her sex and powerful enough to resort
    to violence. This accusation struck Herod Hke a
    thunderbolt. His love intensified his jealousy he ;

    reflected on Cleopatra's craft which had brought


    both King Lysanias " and the Arab Malchus to their
    end lie was menaced, he reckoned, with the loss
    ;

    not merely of his consort but of his hfe.


    (4) So, being on the eve of departure from his
    realm, he entrusted his wife to Joseph, the husband
    of his sister Salome, a faithful friend whose loyalty
    was assured by this marriage connexion, giving him
    private injunctions to kill her, should Antony kill
    him. Joseph, not with any malicious intention, but
    from a desire to convince her of the love which the
    king bore her, since even in death he could not bear
    to be separated from her, betrayed the secret. When
    Herod, on his return, in familiar intercourse was
    protesting with many oaths his affection for her and
    that he had never loved any other woman, " A fine
    exhibition you gave," she replied, " of your love for
    me by your orders to Joseph to put me to death " !

    (5) He was beside himself, the moment he heard


    the secret was out. Joseph, he exclaimed, would
    never have disclosed his orders, had he not seduced
    her and, frenzied with passion, he leapt from the
    ;

    bed and paced the palace to and fro in his distrac-


    tion. His sister Salome, seizing this opportunity to
    slander Mariamme, confirmed his suspicion of Joseph.
    " King of Chalcis ; his murder
    at Cleopatra's instigation
    is mentioned in A. xv. 92 he is not named in the general
    ;

    reference to plots against high officials in Syria in B. i. 360.


    Malchus is named in the last passage as an intended victim
    of Cleopatra, but there is no further allusion to his end.
    209
    JOSEPHUS
    VTToiJjLav. 6 8' utt' cLKpdrov U]Xorv7TLas cV/xai'ei?
    444 -apaxprfixa Krelveiv TTpoaera^ev d/M(f)OT€pov?. iierd-
    I'OLa 8' evOeojs elrrero roj Trddei, kol rod dvfiov
    TTeorovTog 6 epojs TrdXiv are^cuTrupetro. rooaimi
    8' Tjv (jiXeypiovT] rrj? eTTi^u/.iias', co? fi^jSe reOi'dvai
    SoKelv avrt]P, vtto he KaKcooecos cos t(x>Gr) rrpoo-
    XaXelv, l^^XP^ '^^ XP^^V Sihaxdels to TrdSos^
    dvdXoyov rrjv Xvttt^v €0-)(€V rfj rrpos rrepLovoav^
    hiadeaei.
    44.5 (xxiii. l) \\.XripovopiovGL Se ttJs" /xT^rpojas" ol
    rralbe? opyrjs Kal rod fivorovs evvoiav Xafipdvovres
    C'Js TToXepiLOV v<f)€a)pajv rov rrarepa, Kal to 7rp6-
    Tepov €7tI Traihev6jJi€VOLy TrXeov 8'
    i<€v 'PojfJLrjs
    COS els VTreorpeipav cruvqvbpovTo 8*
    'louSatav
    446 '.VT(x)V TOis rjXiKLaLS r) bidOeGLS. ko.l iTreihrj ydpaov
    e)(0vr€S (x)pav 6 fxev ttjs ttjOlBos ^aXcop^-qs, t) ttjs
    jjL-qTpos auraJr KaTrjyoprjaev, 6 8' ey-qfiev ^ \p)(^e-
    Xdov Tov KaTTTTaSoKwv ^amXeojs OvyaTepa, Trpou-
    447 Xdfi^avoi' rjSrj toj /xt'crei Kal TrapprjcrLav Ik hi .

    TOV Opdaovs avTOJV d(f>op[ids ol hia^dXXovTes


    eXdfjL^ai'ov , Kal (fyavepwrepov rjhrj tw ^aGiXel hi-
    eXiyovTO Twes cos €77 L^ovXevouro fiev vtt' dfJLcf>o-
    Tepojv Twv VLOJV, 6 he ^ApxeXdco Krjhevaas /ca.
    <f)vyr]v TTapauKevdi^oiTO toj Trevdepw rreTTOidcos, iv
    445 Vt Kalaapos avrov KaT-qyop-queLev dvanXrio- .

    dels he Tojv hia^oXajv ' 11 pcohrjs woTrep eVtret-


    XicrpLOLTOLS VIOLS KaTayei tov eV ttjs Acupt8os
    AvTLTTaTpov Kal Trdvra Tporrov TrpoTCfjidv apxerai
    ^ Conj. from Lat. " funere cognito'": irev6os mss.
    ' Hudson from Lat. : irepLoifflav .mss.

    ° The narrative of Mariamme's death in A. xv. is differ-

    ently told. There are there two episodes, curiously similar.


    210
    JEWISH WAR, 1. 443-4 i8(r/^. ANT. xv.240ff.,xvi. 66 ff.)

    Mad with sheer jealousy, he ordered that both


    should instantly be put to death. But remorse
    followed hard upon rage ;his wrath subsided, his
    love revived. So consuming, indeed, was the flame
    of his passion that he believed she was not dead, and
    in his affliction would address her as though she
    Mere alive until time taught him the reality of his
    ;

    loss, when his grief was as profound as the love which


    he bore her while she was alive."
    (xxiii, 1) The sons inherited their mother's resent- Hostility
    ment, and, reflecting on their father's abominable |,^sTmis\
    crimes, eyed him as an enemy, even in the early ^i ariamm
    Alexandei
    days of their education in Rome, and still more on a
    their return to Judaea. The antagonism grew with Aristobuli
    c.
    their years and when, on reaching an age to marry,
    ;

    one ''
    espoused the daughter of his aunt Salome,
    their mother's accuser, and the other ^ the daughter
    of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, their hatred found
    vent in open speech. Their rashness lent a handle
    to slanderers, and from this time certain persons
    threw out plainer hints to the king that both his
    sons were conspiring against him, and that the son-
    in-law of Archelaus, counting on his father-in-law's
    influence, was preparing to fly, in order to lay an
    accusation against his father before the emperor.
    Herod, drugged with these calumnies, recalled Recall of
    Antipater, his son by Doris, to serve as a bulwark f "^^^^^^^
    against his other sons, and began to honour him with
    every mark of his special esteem.

    An indiscretion of Joseph during a voyage of Herod to


    Antony (c.34 b.c.) leads to the execution of Joseph and
    the imprisonment of Mariamme. A similar indiscretion of
    Soemus during a voyage of Herod to Augustus (c. 29 b.c.)
    leads to her trial, condemnation, and death.
    ^ Aristobulus. <=
    Alexander.
    211
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    449 (2) ToF? S' a(t)6pr]TO<i r]V rj Kal tov
    /Ltera^oArJ,
    e^ iSttortSos" fJir)Tp6<; 6powT€<; TrpoKovrovray hia
    TTji' eavrojv evyevetav ouk eKparovv r-qg dyava-
    KTYjoeaJS, 6</>' eKOLGTov^ 8e rwv dviapojv r-qv opyqv
    e^i(j)aivov' ojod^^ ol (jcev Kad^ r]i-idpav TrpooiaTavro
    450 iidWov, 6 S' "AvrtVarpo? rjhrj kol St' avrov iorrov-
    Bdl,€TO, SeLUoraro?fJL€i> (x}V eV rat? 7rp6? rov irarepa

    KoXaKeiais, hia^oXds 8e Kara rcoi' dSeX(f)<jiJu ttol-


    KiXag ivoK€ua^6fj.€vos Kal to, /xev' avrog Xoyo-
    rroLcJjv, rd Se tovs €7TLrrjS€L0V? (f)-qfJLL^€LV KaOieis,
    /J-^XP^ TOV? aScA^o?)? d-nepp-q^^v ttjs
    TTCLVTaTTaGLV
    451 ^auiXiKTis iX-TTlSos. Kal yap iv ralg htad-qKais
    Kal (f)ap€pa)s ai^ro? tjv rjSr] htdSoxos' w? j^aocXevs
    yovv i7T€fJL(f)d'q Kal Trpos Kaloapa rw re Koafico Kal
    rat? dXXats OeparreiaLS TrXrjv Siahrjiiaro? XP^^'
    fjL€vog. ^' €(^GXVG€i' eloayayelv irrl rrji
    XP^^'^.^
    MapLafJLfJbrj? Koir-qv rrjv fx-qrepa. SvgI S' ottXols
    Kara tcjv dSeXcfxjJv ;(p6o/.teyos-, KoXaKeia Kal 8ia
    ^oXfj, TOV ^auiXea Kal -nepl davaTov twv vlojv vtt-
    €LpydaaTo
    452 (3) Tdv yovv ^AXe^avSpov avpa? jLte;^pt 'Poj/xt^j
    o TTaTTjp TTJg i<f>* iavTO) 6apfiaK€Las eKpLvev en
    KaLGapos. d 8' evpojv pLoXis 6Xo<f)vppiov Trapprj
    Giav Kal SiKaGT-qv epLTreipoTaTOV ^AvTCTraTpov /ca
    'HpcoSov (f)povLii(jL)T€pov, Ta fjLEV dfiapTiqiJiaTa toi
    TraTpog alh-qpLOvo)? vrreGTelXaTO, Tdg 8' auroj
    453 Sta^oXas LGXvpojg dTreAuWro .^ KaOapov he Ka
    ^ (KaarovPAMV. 2 Bekker: ws 5(e) MSS.
    ^ Xiese and Naber: dveovaaro mss. , cf. B. ii. 92.

    " From the narrative in A. xvi. it appears that both th<


    sons were taken to Italy and that the case was heard not a
    Rome but at Aquileia (xvi. 91).
    212
    JEWISH WAR, I. 449-453 ( = ant. xvi. 81 ff.)

    (2) To the younff men this new departure was Antipate


    Intolerable. At the sight of the promotion of this
    son of a woman of no standing, they in their pride
    of birth could not restrain their indignation, and on
    every fresh occasion for annoyance openly displayed
    their wrath. The result was that, while each suc-
    ceeding day saw them in greater disfavour, Antipater
    was now gaining respect on his own merits. Showing
    remarkable adroitness in flattering his father, he
    concocted various calumnies upon his half-brothers,
    some of whicn he set in motion himself, while others
    were, at his instigation, circulated by his confidants,
    until he completely wrecked his brothers' prospects
    of the throne. For both in his father's will and by
    pubHc acts he was now declared to be the heir He is :

    declared
    thus, when he was sent on an embassy to Caesar, he Je?r to tl
    went as a prince, with the robes and all the cere- throne
    ^'
    monial of royalty except the diadem. Eventually
    his influence was strong enough to bring back his
    mother to Mariamme's bed ; and by employing
    against his brothers the two weapons of flattery and
    slander, he stealthily so wrought upon the king's
    mind as to make him even contemplate putting his
    sons to death.
    (3) One of them, at any rate, namely Alexander, Aiexande
    as dragged by his father to Rome and there accused Aifglastus
    at Caesar's tribunal of attempting to poison him." whoeffec
    ^
    The young man, finding himself at last at hberty to tion
    vent his grievances and in the presence of a judge ^^ "•*^' '^-

    with far more experience than Antipater, more


    sagacity than Herod, modestly threw a veil over his
    father's faults, but forcibly exposed the calumnies
    directed against himself. He next proved that his

    213
    JOSEPHUS
    rov abeXSov aTTohei^as KOLVojvovvra rcou klvSuvojv,
    OVTOJ? ijdi'j TO re WvTLTrdrpov Travovpyov kol ttju
    avTOJV drt/xtap' aTrtuSupero (jvvqpyei 8' avro)
    .

    fxera Kadapov rod ovveLSoro? rj Trepl Xoyov^ lgxv?'

    454 ^71^ yap St] Setvoraro? €L7T€lv. koL ro reXevTolov


    ^dfievo? CO? TO) TTarpl KrelveLV avrov? eorrtv "fet Stj^
    KOL TTpoaUraL'f ^ ro eyKXrjiJia, Trpo-qyayev fxkv et?
    SoLKpva TTavraSy rov Se Kaiaapa hUOrjKev ovrojg,
    cog OLTToyvajvaL fiev avrcov rd Kanqyopiqpiiva, 8t-
    aXXd^ai he 'Wpojhiqv evdeojg. at StaAAayat S* errt
    rovroL^ Tjoav, ojore eKeivovs fJ-ev rw irarpl Trdvra
    TTeLdapx^LV, r6i> Se r-qu ^aoiXeiav KaraXiTrelv a)
    ^ovXer ai.
    455 (4) Mera ravra 8' drro 'Poj/xt]? vrreorpe^ev 6
    ^aoiXev?, rcou p.ev eyKXi'ifjidraju a</>teVat^ rovs
    vlov^ hoKCxjv, rrjs S' VTTOVoia? ovk dTrrjXXaypLivo'S'
    TTaprjKoXovdeL yap WvTLTrarpog r) rod pbtaovs
    VTTodeoL?, ye ro (fiavepdv ttjv drrexOeLav
    dAA' etV
    456 OVK e^e(f)epev rov biaXXaKrrjv alhovjxevos. co? hk
    rrjv KiXiKiav irapaTrXeajv Karrjpev et's" ^KXaiovaav,'
    eana pcev avrov (f)iXo(^p6voj? Wpx^Xao^, vnep rrj^
    rov yafi^pov ocori^plas ev^oipLoraJv kol rat? hi-
    aXXayals e(f)rjh6ixevo<^, co? dv /cat rd)(LOv yeypacjxjj^
    roLS eVt 'PojiJLrj<^ ^lAot? ovXAa/JL^dveadat irepl rrji
    hiK-qv WXe^dvhpcp- TTpoTrefiTreL he pLe^pi Zecpvploi
    hcopa hov? I^^XP'' TptdKovra raXdvrojv.
    457 (5) 'Qs" S* els 'lepoGoXvpa 'llpajhijg d(l)LKveL-
    rat, avvayayojv rov Xaov /cat rovs rpeZs vlovs
    TTapaorrjodpevos aTreXoyetro rrepl rrjg dTTohrjpLLas^
    ^ conj. after Aldrich
    et Hr) (et 5e) : i]5u >iss.
    2 TTfjoaierai Holwerda : TrpoaTidfrai MVR : -rrpoTWfTaL the rest.
    3 d(p(iK€vaL (-rjKti'ai.) \KC
    soluisse Lat.
    :

    * 'EXiouaav or 'EXeoOaaf .>JS3.


    2U
    JEWISH WAR, I, 453-457 (=ant. xvi. 122, 129 ff.)

    brother, his partner in peril, was equally innocent, and


    then proceeded bitterly to complain of Antipater's
    villainy and of the ignominy to which he and his
    brother were exposed. He was assisted not only by a
    clear conscience but by his powerful oratory, for he
    was an extremely able speaker. Concluding with the
    remark that it was open to their father to put them
    to death, if he really bf'lieved the charge to be true,
    '

    he v-^^ vd a]} h^'" ', " to tears, and so


    aff- ^^ 0.3^ viOT MOV- .,e^ ^l,e accr na
    ^ vnTNC^lj^e agreement were "'-ic thatVf.^
    Luat tne sons
    conuiiiox- ? T^i:«;+. _i
    -
    J.
    ^'^^^^ obedience to their
    should render im], father, and
    ^' ^"^ bequeath
    that he should be at hbeK^ the kingdom
    to whomhe would,
    After this the king left Rome o.:*^ his homeward
    (4) Herod
    journey, apparently dismissing his chargcb^" against
    cal^^^
    his sons, though not abandoning his suspicions. iVr^r
    he was accompanied by Antipater, the cause of all
    this hatred, who, however, was withheld by awe of
    the author of the reconciliation from openly display-
    ing his animosity. Skirting the coast of Cilicia,
    Herod put in at Elaeusa and received friendly enter-
    tainment at the table of Archelaus, who congratulated
    bim on his son-in-law's acquittal and w^as delighted at
    the reconciliation for he had previously written to
    ;

    lis friends in Rome to assist Alexander on his trial.


    He accompanied his guests as far as Zephyrion and
    Tiade them presents amounting in value to thirty
    ralents.
    (5) On
    reaching Jerusalem, Herod assembled the Herod's
    people, presented to them his three sons, made his ?hepem)i
    excuses for his absence, and rendered profuse thanks Jerusaier

    ^15
    JOSEPHUS
    Kal TToXXa jxkv €vxapicrr€L tco Oeoj, ttoXAol be
    Kaiaapi KaraoTrjaafievco tov oikov avrov rera-
    payix4vov Kal fxellou tl rots' vlolg ^aaiAeta? napa-
    458 G)(6irL TTju ofjLOi'Oiap, " t]u avros €^-7, " (Jvv-
    ,'

    appLOOoj fxaXXov 6 /xev yap efie Kvpiou rrj? dpx^^


    Kal hiKaGrrjV hiahoxov Karior-qaev iyoj 8e /xerd ,

    Tov ovpL(t)epovros ifxavrat KCLKelvou apLti^oyLai}


    Tovohe 70VS rpels TratSa? aTToheiKWiiL ^aoiXels,
    "
    , TT7? yvcofjL-q? TTC rov tov 6e6v ovfjup-qcpov,
    1^''
    ^ Kal VfjLo^^ 7Ta' Vr, -'cveaOat- roj fxev yap

    p.€yedos r-qs P^"„--. apKei Kat vAeLO-


    TO y€ P'^v
    ^^ic Se Katcrap y-^'r)va>G€v Kadlor-noLv Be ,

    vaels r^^aare /iv^re adt/cou? ^7?t€ avco-


    ^nrrio
    TTaii fj> r 5 V f ' 5^? ' \ ^ <

    .^ f\ ^ rLiia? OL00VT€5,
    .'
    eKaoTO) oe Kara tc
    uaAou?
    •^
    ,^ V '/' -
    ^^KiLOV ov yap rooovrou evcppavei rig toi
    Trap* TjXLKLav OeparrevopLevov , ooov ohwrioei roi
    460 CLTLiJLOVfjLevov. ov? ye pirjv eKaoroj ovvelvai herioe
    Gvyyevels Kal (f)LXov?, eycb SiavepLO) Kal Trjg ofio
    voias eyyvTjTag eKeivov? /caraarryCTop-at, aacfxjj
    eTnordpLeuo? on rds" Grdoei? Kal rag ^iXoveiKia
    yevvojoiv al tojv ovvbLarpi^ovrajv KaKorideiaL, ko.
    45 J iLoiv ovTOL xprjOToi, TiqpovoLV rds" OTopyds. d^U
    3' ov p.6vov Tovrovs dXXd Kal toi)? ev rij orparu

    fjLOV ra^idpxovg ev epLol fiovov rd? eA77i.'5a? exei

    errl tov rrapovTOS' ov yap ^acnXeiav, dXXd TLp.r)

    ^aoiXeias toi? vloI? TrapahlSajfiL, Kal tcov fie


    Tjheojv a»S" dpxovTes drroXavoovoLVy to ^dpo<s S

    ^ dfjLei.^6/ij.evos Havercamp on ms. authority.

    • Greek " uneven."


    2)6
    JEWISH WAR, 1. 457-461 {cf. ant. xvi. 132 ff.)

    to less to Caesar, who had re-estabhshed


    God, and no
    his disordered household and had given his sons a
    greater boon than a kingdom, namely concord.
    " The ties of that concord," he continued, " I shall
    bind more closely myself for Caesar has appointed
    ;

    me lord of the realm and arbiter of the succession,


    and I, in consulting my own advantage, also repay
    my debt to him. I now declare these my three He decia
    sons kings, and I beseech first God, and then you, to sons heu
    ratify my decision. They are entitled to the succes- the throi
    sion, this one by his age, the others by their noble
    birth ;indeed the extent of my kingdom would
    suffice for even a greater number. Those, therefore,
    whom Caesar has united and their father now
    nominates, do you uphold let the honours you
    ;

    award them be neither undeserved nor unequal," but


    proportioned to the rank of each for in paying
    ;

    deference to any beyond the deserts of his age, you


    gratify him less than you grieve the one whom you
    slight. I myself shall select the advisers and at-
    tendants ^ who are to consort with each of my sons,
    and shall hold them responsible for keeping the peace,
    being well aware that factions and rivalries among
    princes are produced by the malign influence of
    associates, while virtuous companions promote natural
    affection.
    " I must require these persons, however, and not
    them only but also the officers of my army, for the
    present to rest their hopes on me alone for it is
    ;

    not the kingdom, but the mere honours of royalty,


    which^I am now delivering over to my sons. They
    will enjoy the pleasures of power, as if actual rulers,

    ""
    avy-^eviU and 0iXoi are, as Reinach points out, technical
    terms in the hierarchy of a Hellenistic court.

    217
    JOSEPHUS
    462 Ta)u TTpayfJidraJv cfxov iariv, Kav fi-q OcXco. ok€7t-
    readco 8'
    eKaaros nqv re -qXiKLav fiov kol rrji^
    dycoy-qv rod f^Lov Kal rrjv evocj^eiav ovrc yap
    ovrojs €ifJLL yepojv, oiOT dv dTTcXTriGdrji'aL raxews,
    ovT€ €LS rpv(t)rjv €KhiaLTci}jJL€VOS , Tj Kal vlovs im-
    TO §6 dcLOV OVTOJS TeOepaTTeVKafMCl' COCTT*
    T€fJLV€TaL, ,

    463 dv eirl pnqKLarov ^iov TrpocXdelv. 6 Srj rovs e/xoi)?


    rralSa? depaTrevojv iirl rfj ipifj KaraXvoeL bcvGet
    fMOi Kal rrepl eKeivojv 8t/ca?' ov yap iyoj (fidovojv
    TOL? i^ i/iov yeyevqfJLevoLS dvaKOTrroj ttjv els
    avTovg ^iXorLjJLLav, iTnardfjievos 8e rots' i^eot?

    464 yiveadai Tas orrovhas dpdaovg l^ohiov. €t y€

    firji' eKaaros ivOviiriQelr] rojv TrpoGLOvrojv, on XRV


    GTOS p-^v CUV Trap" e/xou X-qiper ai rrjv dpLOL^-qv, crra-
    GLaCwv Se Kal rrapd toj depaTrevopLevqj to KaKo-
    r]des dvovrjTov e^ei, irdvr as olpLat rd e/xa <f>povq-
    G€LV, TovreGTLv TO. Tcvv ipiojv vlojv Kal yap rov-
    Tois GVfjL(f)€p€L Kparelv epe KdpLol rovrovs^ 6p.o-
    465 voeZv . vp.€is Se, c5 TralBes dyaOoi, Trparrov p,€V
    ivdvp,ovp.€voL T7]V lepdv <j)VGLVy rjs Kal Trapd drjpiois
    at GTopyal pcevovGLv, eVetra rov TTOLrjodpievov
    rds StaXXayds Kai'crapa, rpirov e/xe rdv iv
    7)p,ci>v

    ols €^€GTLv eTTLraGGeLV TrapaKaXovvra, fieLvan


    dSeA^ot. StSc/j/xt he vpuv eGdrjra [rcY t'jSr) Kal
    depaireiav ^aGiXiKrjv irrevxopLaL Se Kal toj dew
    46C) TrjprJGaL Trjv ipLrjv KpiGLV, dv opLOvorJTe." raOr*
    €L7T(JJV Kal (f>LXo(hp6viX)S€KaGTOV TCOV VL(l)V KaTa-
    UTTaodpLevos SteXvoev to ttXtjOos, tovs p^v auv-

    * So the corrector of A tovtois the


    : rest.
    * LRC om. the rest.
    :

    218
    JEWISH WAR, I. 462-466 (cf. ant. xvi. 135)

    but upon me, however unwilling, will fall the burden


    of office. Consider, each one of you, my age, my
    manner of life, my piety. I am not so old that my
    life may soon be past praying for, nor given over to
    the pleasures of luxury, which cut short the lives even
    of the young I have served the deity so faithfully
    :

    that I may hope term of life. Who-


    for the longest
    ever, then, pays court to my
    sons to bring about
    my downfall shall be punished by me for their sakes
    as well as my own. For it is not jealousy of my
    offspring which causes me to restrict the homage
    to be paid them it is the knowledge that such
    ;

    flattering attentions foster recklessness in the young.


    If everyone who is brought into contact with my sons
    will but remember that, if he acts honourably he
    will win his reward from me, whereas if he promotes
    discord his malicious conduct will bring him no
    benefit even from the object of his flattery, then I
    think that all will have my interests, in other words
    my sons' interest, at heart for it is to their advan-
    ;

    tage that I should govern, and to mine that they


    should live in harmony.
    " As for you, my good children, think first of the
    sacred ties of nature and the constancy of affection
    which she instils even into the beasts think of ;

    Caesar, who brought about our reconciliation think, ;

    lastly, of me, who entreat you, when I might com-


    mand, and continue as brothers. I present you,
    from this moment, with the robes and retinue of
    royalty and I pray God to uphold my decision, if
    ;

    you live in unity."


    With these words he tenderly embraced each of
    his sons and then dismissed the multitude. Of these

    219
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    €vxoiJL€vov? rot? €lpr]fjL€V0Lg, OGOL 8' eTTedvfiovv fiera-
    ^oXij?, fJLTjb' OLKrjKoevai TrpooTTOLOv^evovg
    467 (xxiv, 1) ^vva7TT^€L he TOL<i dSeA^ot? r) cttcicti?,

    Kal )(€Lpov? ra? cV aAAT^Aois- VTTovola? exovre?


    OLTTrjXXdyrjCTav, 'AAcfay5/30? fiev Kal 'Aptaro-
    jSouAo? 6Bvvd)iJL€i^OL KeKvpoji-Levov WyTLTTdrpco TOV
    Trpea^eiov, WvTLTrar po? 6e Kal rov Seurepeuett'
    468 vefxeoow rolg dSeA^otS". dAA' d jiev TTOLKLXcoraros
    CUV TO Tjdos e;)(€/uu^eti^ re T^'Set /cat ttoAAoj ro) Trav-

    ovpyo) TO TTpos avrovs €KdXv7TTe puoo<s, rols he hC


    €vy€V€Lav Trdv to vo-qBkv rjv irrl yXojooris' Kal
    napo^vvovT€<; fxev €1'€K€lvto ttoAAoi, TrAetou? Se
    469 TcDi^ <f)iXojv rrapehvovTo KaTduKOTTOi. Trdv he to
    Trap' ^ AXe^dvhpcp XaXrjOev evdeco? rjv Trap* *Avtl-
    TidTpuj, Kal i-LeTa TrpoodrjK-qs fieTe^aLvev dno *Avtl-
    TrdTpov TTpos 'Wpojh-qv ovre yap aTrAd;? <f>dey-
    ^dfievos 6 veavias dvvTrevdvvo? tjv, dAAd els
    hia^oXrjV TO p-qdev e(TTpe(f)eTOy Kal [leTplaJS nap-
    prjGLaoafjLevov /JLeyioTa rot? eXaxioTois vpoo-
    470 eTrXaTTeTO. Kadiei S' AvTiTraTpos del tovs epedi-
    *

    aovTas, OTTOJs avTco to ipevhos e^ot Tas d(jiopiJ.ds


    dXrjdeLS' Kal tojv <l>r]pLLtop.evojv ev tl hieXey^Bev
    aTraoLV ttlotlv eTreTidei. Kal tcov fxev avrov
    <l)iXcjjv ri (f)VGeL oreyai/turaro? rjv eKaoTos, ^ Kare-
    GKevd^eTO hajpeais, cu? fir^hev eK(j)epeodaL tojv drrop-
    prjTa>v, Kal tov ^AvTnrdTpov ^iov ovk dv rj/Laprev
    Tts" eLTTOjv KaKias fxvanjpLov tovs he ^AXe^dvSpo)

    uvvovTas XPVP-^^^^ hia(t)deLpajv r) KoXaKetaLS vttlojv.

    * C/. the N.T. phrase " mystery of lawlessness " {fxvcr-qpiov


    TTji dvofxia^} in 2 Thess. ii. 7,

    220
    )

    JEWISH WAR, I. 466-470 (c/ ant. xvi. 189 ff

    some joined in his prayer while those who hankered


    ;

    for change pretended that they had not even heard


    him.
    (xxiv. 1) But the brothers on parting carried with Renewed
    them discord in their hearts. They separated more fostered b
    suspicious of each other than before Alexander and Antipater
    :

    ^° '^'^"^^•
    Aristobulus aggrieved at the confirmation of Anti-
    pater's right of primogeniture, Antipater resenting
    the rank accorded to his brothers, even though second
    to his own. The latter, however, with the extreme
    subtlety of his character, knew how to hold his
    tongue and, with much adroitness, dissembled his
    hatred of his brothers ;while they, from their pride
    of birth, had all their thoughts upon their lips. They
    were, moreover, beset by many persons trying to
    excite them, while a still larger number insinuated
    themselves into their friendship to spy upon them.
    Every word spoken in Alexander's circle was in-
    stantly in the possession of Antipater and passed from
    Antipater to Herod, with amplifications. The young
    man could not make the simplest remark without
    becoming incriminated, so distorted were his words
    for the purposes of slander if he spoke with a httle
    ;

    freedom, the merest trifles were magnified into


    enormities. Antipater was constantly setting his
    agents on to irritate him, in order that his lies
    might have some basis of truth and if among the
    ;

    speeches reported one item was established, that was


    sufficient warrant for the rest. His own friends were
    all either of a very secretive nature or were induced
    by presents to divulge no secrets so that Antipater 's
    ;

    hfe might have been not incorrectly described as a


    mystery of iniquity." Alexander's associates, on the
    other hand, either by bribery or by that seductive

    221
    2 ,

    JOSEPHUS
    at? rravra Kar^Lpydoraro, 7T€TroL-qK€L npohoras /cat

    471 Toiv TTparroi-Uuajv rj XaXovpievcxJV (fxjjpas- Trdvra


    8e 7T€pL€GK€iJifjL€i'oj£ SpajxaTOvpycov ras" Trpo? 'Hpt6-
    Sr]voSovs rat? Sta^oAai? iTTOiecro TexviKcordras
    avTOs pikv dheX(j>ov TrpoaajTrelou eTTLK^ipLevo?, Kad-
    L€LS Se pLiqvvrds irepovs. KaTreihav aTTayyeXdeLTj
    n Kar WX^^dvhpov, TrapeXdojv vTreKpivero kol
    hiacrupeiv to p-qdev ap^a/xevo?, eneira KarecjKeva-
    ^€v rjcrvx^ Kal npos dyavdKTTjGLV e^eKaXelro tov
    47 /SacrtAea. Trdvra S' et? em^ovXrjv dvtjyeTO /cat to
    SoK€LP TTJ o(f)ayfj TOV TTaTpos i(f)€Bpev€iv 'AAe^-
    avBpov ovhev yap ovtojs ttlotlv exoprp/et rat? 8ta-
    ^oXals, cos d7ToXoyOTJpL€VOS ^ AvTlTTaTpOS V7T€p aVTOV.
    473 (2) TouTot? 'Hpci)Sr]s i^ayptovpievos ooov V(j)-

    T]p€L Kad^ rjpLepav rrjs vpo? rd pLeipdKta OTopyrjg,


    TooovTov ^
    XvTLTrdTpoj TTpoGeTidei. avvaireKXivav
    Se Kal Tcjv Kara to ^aalXeiov ol pueu eKovTes, ol
    8' e^ in-LTdypiaTos, (ZaTrep rTroAe/xatos" o ri/xtc

    raros tojv (jyiXajv, ol re dheXchol tov ^aatAeoj? Kal


    Trdcra rj yeved' rrdvTa yap WvTLTraTpog rjv, Kal to
    TTLKpoTaTov ^
    XXe^dvhpcp, TrdvTa rjv rj 'Ai^rt-
    irdrpov pii]T7]p, ovpi^ovXos /car' avTchv pLrjTpvLa? )(a-
    XtTTOJTepa Kal irXelov tl rrpoyovatv pnoovoa tovs e/c

    474 /SaatAtSos". irdvTes i^tev ovv iirl rat? eAyftcrtv idcpd-


    irevov ^ AuTirraTpov yjSr], crui'a</>t(Tra 8* €Ka(jTov ra

    " Mentioned as entertainiiiir Herod at Ptliodes (i. 280), as


    his executor (i. 667), as befriending Archelaus (ii. 14), etc.
    * Doris.

    225i
    JEWISH WAR, I. 470-474 {cf. ant. xvi. 190 f.)

    flattery,which Antipater invariably found effective,


    had been converted by the latter into traitors and
    detectives to report all that was said or done by his
    brother. With a careful eye to every detail in the
    staging of the play, he would plan with consummate
    art the modes of bringing these calumnies to the
    ears of Herod, himself assuming the role of a devoted
    brother, and leaving that of informer to others.
    Then, when any word was spoken against Alexander,
    he would come forward and play his part, and,
    beginning by ridiculing the allegation, would after-
    wards quietly proceed to confirm it and so call forth
    the king's indignation. Everything was interpreted
    as a plot and made to produce the impression that
    Alexander was watching his opportunity to murder
    his father and nothing lent more credit to these
    ;

    calumnies than Antipater's pleading in his brother's


    defence.
    (2) These insinuations exasperating Herod, his Antipatei

    affection for the young princes diminished daily, po^yerfui.


    while his regard for Antipater proportionately in-
    creased. The king's alienation from the lads was
    shared by people at court, some acting of their own
    accord, others under orders, such as Ptolemy ,** the
    most honoured of his friends, the king's brothers and
    all his family. For Antipater was all-powerful, and
    — this was Alexander's bitterest blow —
    all-powerful
    too was Antipater's mother,'' who was in league with
    him against the two and harsher than a stepmother,
    with a hatred for these sons of a princess greater
    than for ordinary stepchildren. All persons, accord-
    ingly, now paid court to Antipater, because of
    the expectations which he inspired everyone was
    ;

    further instigated to desert his rivals by the orders

    223
    JOSEPHUy
    70V ^acnXeoj? Trpocrrdyiiara, TrapayyeiXavros toIs
    7LiiLOjTaroi<; fJirJTe Trpooiivai ijLTjTe npooexeiv rots
    TTcpl WXe^ai^Spov. <f)o^€p6g S' tjv ov jjlouov tols
    €K ttJs" dXXa Kal tols e^codev </)tAot?*
    ^aaiXeia?,
    ovSevl yap ^aatXecov Kaloap roaavr-qv eSojKcv
    e^ovGiav, ware rov oltt^ avrov (ftvyoura Kal firj
    475 TTpoGTjKovcrqs TTo'Aecu? i^ayayclv. rd 8c pLeipaKia
    rds iikv hia^oXds riyvoovv,^ rrapo /cat /xdAAov dchv-
    XaKTios €V€7Ti7Trov avTal?' ovSei^^yap 6 Trarrjp
    (^avepws d7T€iJLepL(f)€T0' avviei Se Kara fiLKpov dno
    rod ijjvyfjLaros Kal <6rL >^ rrpos rd Xvttovv pidXXov
    irpa\vv€ro. SiedrjKev Se npd? avrd Kal rou Oelov
    ^epujpav ^Am-Lvarpos €x6pajSa)S Kal r-qv rrjOlSa
    "ZaXcofiTjv, d)£ dv yapLerrfV^ ovoav, KadoinXcuu del
    470 Kal Trapo^vvojv. GWi^pyei 8e Kal rtpog rrjv ravrrjs
    dnixOeLav r) AXe^duBpov yvvrj TXacjivpa yevea-
    *

    Xoyouoa rr)v eavrrjg evyiveiav, Kal c6? Traacou rcov


    Kara ro ^aoiXeiov elr) SeaTTori?, Kara rrarepa fxev
    (1770 T-qfidvov, Kara ixqrepa he dird Aapelov rod

    ill 'TaracTTTeoJS" ovoa. 77oAAa Se ajvelStCei^ et? dyeveiav


    r-qv re dSeX(f)r]u r-qv 'Hpc^Sou Kal ras" yvvalKas,
    (Jju iKaarr] Sl^ evyiop^iav ovk dno yevovs fjpeOrj.

    TToXXal S* rjGav, w? du i(f)€LfJL€vov re Trarpicog 'lou-


    SaloLS yafieXv TrXetovs Kal rov ^aaiXeajs rjSofieuov
    TrXetoGLv, at Trdaai Sia to pLeydXav^ov ro FXa-
    (f)vpas Kal ras Xoihopias ifxioovv \AXe^af Spov.

    1 PA.M : nyi'oa the re^t.


    ' PA : ovdeui the rest. " Ins. Casaubon.
    * Text suspected: Naber reads avi'€Tr]i>, Destinon xo-XtTi;*'.
    JEWISH WAR, I. 474-477 {cf. ant. xvi. 193 f.)

    of the king, who had forbidden those highest in his


    favour to approach or pay any attention to Alexander
    or his brother. Herod's formidable influence ex-
    tended, moreover, beyond his realm to his friends
    abroad for no other sovereign had been empowered
    ;

    by Caesar, as he had, to reclaim a fugitive subject


    even from a state outside his jurisdiction. The young
    men, meanwhile, as their father had never openly
    reproached them, were ignorant of these calumnies,
    and being, consequently, off their guard, laid them-
    selves more open to them
    still but httle by Httle
    ;

    their eyes were opened by his coldness and increased


    asperity whenever anything annoyed him. Antipater
    further roused against them the enmity of their uncle
    Pheroras and their aunt Salome, perpetually coaxing
    and working upon his aunt's feelings, as though she
    had been his wife. Salome's hostility was aggravated
    by Glaphyra, Alexander's wife," who boasted of her Arroganc
    noble ancestry and claimed to be mistress of all the pro^oS
    ladies at court, because she was descended on her the ladies
    father's side from Temenus,^ on her mother's from courr°
    Darius, son of Hystaspes. On the other hand, she
    was constantly taunting with their low birth Herod's
    sister and his wives, all of whom had been chosen
    for their beauty and not for their family. His wives
    were numerous, since polygamy was permitted by
    Jewish custom and the king gladly availed himself
    of the privilege. All these, on account of Glaphyra's
    arrogance and abuse, hated Alexander.

    " And daughter of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia (§446).


    ^ One of the Heracleidae, who gave his name to the
    Temenid kings of Macedonia (Thuc. ii. 99), from whom
    Archelaus claimed to be descended.

    VOL. II I 225
    . ,

    JOSEPHUS

    478 (3) "^771^ Se 877 HaXcoix-qi^ , /catVot Trevdepav


    ovoav, avTO? 'ApioTo/SouAo? iavro) hLearaoiaaev
    (hpyiGiievriv kol Trpoodev irrl ral? e/c TXa(f)vpas
    p\ao(j)-qpLiaLS' (hv^ihil^ev yap rfj yvvaLKL avvexoj?
    rrjv TaTTeLVor-qra, koI ojs avros /^ev IhiayrLV, 6 8
    479 aSeA^os" avrov AXe^avhpos yrjfiai /SaatAtSa.
    ^ rov-
    ro KXaiovoa rfj HaXajfifj SLrjyyeiXev "q dvydr-qp,
    TTpooeridei 8' otl /cat 7601^ aAAcov' d8eA(/>ajv to.? /xei'

    fiTjrepas OLTTeLXolev ol rrepl WXe^avhpov, eireihav


    TTapaXd^ojOLV ttju /SacnAetW, larovpyov? a/xa rat?
    hovXaLS 7T0Li]G€LU, avTOV? he KOjfjLoju ypafjifxareL?,
    eTTLOKcoTTTOvreg (Ls 77e7rat8eu/xeVou?^ eVt/LteAcD?
    TTpog d TTju 6pyr)u ov Karaaxovaa HaXaj/jLTj Trdvra
    hiTiyyeiXev 'Hpco6-n- o^ohpa 8' -qv d^LOTTLGTo? Kara
    480 yafx^pov Xeyouaa. /cat ng irepa hta^oXrj aw-
    ebpafieu rj rou dvjJLOv VTreKKavoaoa rod ^aaLXeco?
    TjKOvaev yap axrrovs dvaKoXeXodai /xev avv€.yGi't>

    rrjv pL-qrepa /cat KaroLpnol^eLV eVapoj/xeVoi;? aural.


    TToAAa/cts" 8' avrov hiahthovros rwv WapLdfi/jLY]? iod-q-
    rcov nvd rals fierayevearepais yvvai^lv dTTeiXelv
    cos durl rcjv ^aatAt/caJt' eV rd)(€L TrepLBiqoovGa
    avrals €/c rpv^dyv"^ 77 eTTOL-qpiev as
    481 Ata raura Kairoi rd <f)p6vqp.a rcov veavi-
    (4>)

    OKOJV VTToheioas dp,a>s ovk aTTCKOTrre rrju iXTTiSc


    ,

    rrjs SiopdcuG€a>s, dXXd TrpoGKaXeodpieuos avrovs


    /cat ydp els 'PcopL'qv eKTrXevoeiv epLeXXeu, ^pa\ec
    fxev rjTTeiX-qGev co? ^aoiXevSy rd TroAAa 8* evov-
    derrjoev (Ls Trarijp, /cat <t>LXelv rovs dheX(j)ovs Trap-
    €/caAet SlSovs rd)v 7Tporip,apr-qpLeva>v dcfyeotu, e

    482 rrpos ro fxeXXov dpieivovs yevoivro. ol he rds pLei

    * M : Tat5eL'OMe'»'oi'5the rest.
    ' Niese : rpix^f "hair-cloth" m33. The parallel passagt
    226
    JEWISH WAR, I. 478-482 {cf. ant. xvi. 201-205)

    Aristobulus himself alienated Salome, his saiome


    (3)
    own mother-in-law, furious as she was already at the pr?n
    Glaphyra's scurrility for he was continually up- to Hem
    ;

    braiding his wife for her low origin, saying that he


    had married a woman of the people and his brother
    Alexander a princess. Salome's daughter reported
    this, with tears, to her mother she added that;

    Alexander and Aristobulus had threatened, when


    they came to the throne, to set the mothers of their
    other brothers to work at the loom along with the
    slave-girls, and to make the princes themselves
    village clerks, sarcastically referring to the careful
    education which they had received. At that Salome,
    unable to control her indignation, reported the whole
    to Herod as she was accusing her own son-in-law,
    ;

    her evidence carried very great weight. Another


    calumny came simultaneously to inflame the king's
    wrath. He was told that the young princes had
    their mother's name perpetually on their lips, cursing
    him while they bemoaned her, and that when he
    distributed, as he often did, some of Mariamme's
    apparel to his more recent wives, they would threaten
    that they would ere long strip them of these royal
    robes and clothe them in rags.
    (4) Herod, though he had learnt through such Herod
    reports to fear these high-spirited young men, did' ^^"1"°'"^
    not abandon hopes of their reformation. Just before
    setting sail for Rome he sent for them, and delivered
    some curt threats as sovereign, followed by a long
    paternal admonition, exhorting them to love their
    brothers and promising to pardon their past
    offences if they would amend their ways for the

    A. xvi. 204 has Tpix^ai-v which appears to be a corruption


    of TpVX^<JI-Vt

    227
    JOSEPHUS
    Sta^oXas aveoKevdlovro ipevSel? €LvaL Xdyovre?,
    TTLOTOJoeoOai 8e ttjv arroXoyiav rols epyot? e<^a-
    GKOu- Selu jJiivToi KOLKeZvov a7T0(f)pdTT€iv rd? Xoyo-
    TTOLtag TO) fxT) TTLGTeveLv paStco?' o^u yap iin-
    Aet0eti^ rovs KaraipevGopiivov? avrcou, ecu? du 6
    7r€Ld6(l€VOS fj.
    483 (5) TovTOL? (1)9 TTarepa 7T€LcauT€? rax^oj? rou
    fi€v ev x^pulv (f>6^ov SieKpovcjauro, ttjv S' ct? rd
    fxeXAoura Xvtttju irpooeXa^ov eyvojoav ydp ttjv re
    ^aXcvfi-qu €x6pdv /cat rov delov ^epojpav. rjcrau
    8e papels jJ-ev]^ dp-cjiOTepoL Kal ;(aAe7rot, Oepcupa?
    8e p.eiL.ojv,'^ Ob Trdorjs fJikv eKOLUcovet rrj? jSacriAeta?
    TrX-qu SLaBijpLaTO?, TrpoaoSov?^ 8e tSt'a? el^^u eVa-
    Tou rdXavTa, ttjv Be iripav ^lophdvov Trdoav eVap-
    7T0VT0 x^P^^ Xa^ojv TTapd TdB6X(l)ov Bcopov, o?
    avrov €7T0Lr](j€V Kal rerpdpx'rju alT-qadp,€PO? rrapd
    KaiCTapOb, ^aGiXiKajv re ydjioju rj^iojaev ovvol-
    KLoas d6€X(f>-qv Trj? IBlag yvvaiKos' p.€rd he ttju
    eKetv-qs TeXevrrjV KadojOLOjae rrjv TTpeo^vrdrinv
    rojv eavTov BvyaTepojv IttI TrpoLKL rpiaKooioLS
    484 TaXdvTOLS . dAA' d-nehpa Oepcvpag tov ^aoiXiKOv
    ydpov TTpos epojra BovXi-js , c<^' w ;^aAe7TrJt'as
    ^HpcvBrjs rrju fieu dvyarepa tlo irpos YldpBcov
    vcrrepov dvaipeOevri ovvetev^ev dBeX(f)ih(l)' Oepojpa
    1 om. PAM.
    Destinon.
    Trpoa65ov PVC.

    " Name unknown.


    ' Salampsio, dauerhter of Mariamme I.
    " i.e. to the son of his brother Phasael (A. xvi. 196), also
    called Phasael {A. xvii. 22). Nothing is known of the fate
    228
    JEWISH WAR, I. 482-484 {cf. ant. xvi. 194-196)

    future. For their part, they repudiated the charges,


    declaring that they were false, and assured their
    father that their actions would vindicate their state-
    ment he ought, however (they added), on his side
    ;

    to stop the mouths of these tale-bearers by refusing


    so readily to believe them for there would never
    ;

    be wanting persons ready to calumniate them, so


    long as they found anyone to listen to them.
    (5) The father's heart was quickly reassured by ph^roras
    "

    their words; but if the youths thus dispelled their disfavour j[,^
    1th Her(
    immediate anxiety, the thought of the future brought
    them new apprehensions, knowing, as they did, the
    hostility of Salome and their uncle Pheroras. Both
    were formidable and dangerous, but the more re-
    doubtable was Pheroras, who shared with Herod all
    the honours of royalty, except the diadem. He had
    a private income of a hundred talents, exclusive of
    the revenue derived from the whole of the trans-
    Jordanic region, a gift from his brother, who had
    also, after requesting Caesar's permission, appointed
    him tetrarch. Herod had conferred upon him the
    further honour of marrying one of the royal family,
    by uniting him to the sister of his own wife.*^ On
    her death, he had pledged to him the eldest of his
    own daughters,* with a dowry of three hundred
    talents ;but Pheroras rejected the royal wedding to
    run after a slave-girl of whom he was enamoured.
    Herod, indignant at this slight, married his daughter
    to one of his nephews,^ who was subsequently killed
    by the Parthians his resentment, however, subsided
    ;

    of this youth, and Reinach suggests that in the following


    words there has been some confusion or corruption of text,
    and that Josephus intended to say " son of Phasael who
    had been previously killed by the Parthians " (see B. i. 271).
    229
    JOSEPHUS
    he /Lter' o-u ttoAu ttjv opy-qv dvUi hihovg ovy-
    yvojfxrjv ri] vooqj.
    '^^S (5) Ate^aAA^TO be Kal TrdXai fiev en t,0JGr}5 rrjs
    ^aoiXlSos eTTLfSovXeveiv ainoj (j)apixdKois rore he ,

    TrXelaroL fir^vvral Trpoorieoav, ojs KaiTrep ^iX-


    aheX(j)6TaTov ovra tov
    '
    H pcvh-qv els ttlotlv vtt-

    o-X^W^f- TtDi^ Xeyop^eviov kol heog. ttoXXov? he rojv


    ev VTTOVoia ^aoaviaas reXevralov '^Xdev errl rovs s

    486 ^epojpov <f)LXov£. wv em^ovXr^v p,ev dvriKpvs ^

    (LfJLoXoyrjGev ovhelg, ore he rrjv epojfievrjv dpTra-


    adfievos els Hdpdovs drrohpavaL TrapeoKevd^ero,
    he rov GKeiifiaro? avroj Kal rrjs
    (jvfifJLerexoL^
    KooTofiapos 6 ^aXojpirjs dvrjp, cL aw-
    (f>vy^s ^

    ojKLoev avrriv 6 ^aoiXevs eirl pLOLX^LO. tov rrporepou [\

    487 hLa(f)dapivTos rju 8' iXevOepa StajSoArj? ovhe Sa-


    .

    XwpLT]- Kal yap avri^s ^epcopas dheX(f)6? Kar-


    rjyopei ovvdrjKas rrepl ydpLov rrpos ^vXXaiov rov
    ^O^dha TOV ^Apd^ojv ^aaiXeajs eTTirpoTTOv, o? rjv
    exOpdraros 'Hpcohrj. SteAeyjj^^etcra he Kal tovto
    Kal TrdvB^ ooa ^epaypas eveKdXei GvyyivojoKeraiy
    Kal avrdv he ^epojpav 6 ^aoiXevg dneXvaev row
    eyKX-qpidrajv.
    488 (7) Mere^atyev he e-n ^ hXe^avhpov o x^^H-^^
    rijs OLKias Kal rrepl rrjv eKeivov Ke(f)aXr]V oAo?
    dirripeioaro . rpel? rjaav evvovxoL ripLLwraroL toj
    ^aGiXel, Kal hrjXov e^ d)v eXeLTovpyovv rqj pLev
    yap olvoxoelv -npooereTaKTo, ro) he helTTVov Trpoor-
    (fiepeiv, 6 S' avrov KareKoip.Ll,ev re Kal ovyKar-
    ^ Destinon : ffi/uueVoxoi mss.

    " Mariarame I.

    230
    JEWISH WAR, I. 484-488 {cf. ant. xvi. 219 f., 229 f.)

    ere long and he made allowance for his love-sick


    brother.
    (6) Long before, while the queen " was still alive, and'

    Pheroras had been accused of a plot to poison Herod ; of plotting


    but at the period now reached informers came for-
    J^jQ^g^^^'
    ward in such numbers that Herod, though the most
    affectionate of brothers, was led to believe their
    statements and to take alarm. After putting many
    suspected persons to the torture he came last of all
    to the friends of Pheroras. None of these admitted
    outright that there was such a plot, though they
    said that Pheroras was preparing to fly to Parthia,
    carrying off his mistress with him, and that his
    accomplice in this design and partner in his intended
    flight was Costobarus, Salome's husband, to whom
    the king had given his sister, when her former
    husband was put to death on a charge of adultery.
    Even Salome herself did not escape calumny she :

    was accused by her brother Pheroras of signing a


    contract to marry Syllaeus, the procurator * of
    Obadas, king of Arabia, and Herod's bitterest enemy.
    However, though convicted of this and of everything
    else of which she was accused by Pheroras, she was Herod
    pardoned while Pheroras himself was acquitted by ^^^ ^nd
    ;

    the king of the charges against him. Salome.

    (7) The tempest lowering over Herod's house thus Alexander


    veered round to Alexander and burst in full force by^Herod'
    about his devoted head. There were three eunuchs eunuchs
    who held a special place in the king's esteem, as is
    indicated by the services with which they were
    charged : one poured out his wine, another served
    him his supper, and the third put him to bed and
    ^ Or " viceroy " ; see A. xvi. 220 (Syllaeus administers
    the realm of the indolent Obadas).
    231
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    4S9 €KXiV€TO. Tovrovg €LS ra 77at8tK:a SaSpot? fieyaXoig
    V7rrjydy€T0 6 fjLTjuvdeu 8e roi ^aai-
    'AAe^ai'Spo?.
    Xel hirjXeyxovTo ^acrarot?, /cat rrjv fikv avvovoiav
    evdecu? ojfJLoXoyovi', l^e(f)epov he kol ras etV ainrju
    VTTOGX^cr^Lg, ov Tpoirov drrarriOeicv vtto 'AAefai^-
    490 hpov XeyovTos, co? ovk iv ^HpojSr] Seot rag iXTrlSa?
    ex^w, dvaiSel yepovri kol PaTrropLeuco rag KOfj.a'i,
    €L Sid TOVT* avTOL' olovTai Kal viov, auTw 8e
    jjLYj

    TTpoGex^LV, OS Kal irapd aKovro? StaSc^erat rrjv


    ^aaiXeiav, ovk elg fxaKpdv re rov? p.ev Ixdpovs
    dfxvv€LTai, Tov? (I>lXov? 8' evSatfjiovag TTOLYjaet Kal
    491 fiaKapiovs , Trpoaurous" elvai 8e /cat
    TrdvTOjv 8e
    depaTTeiav tcuv huvarow
    rov ^AXe^auSpou rrepl
    XaBpaiav, rovs "re rfyepLOva? rod GrpaTtcuTiKOV
    Kal rovs Ta^idpxovs Kpv(f)a rrpog avrov ovvUvai.
    492 (8) Taura rov ^Wpojhiqv ovrcos i^e(j>6^-qo€V ws ,

    fJ-rjSe TTapaxprjfia roXfirjoai ra? firjuvceLS €K-


    <f>€p€iv, dXXd KaracKOTTOvg V7T07T€fji7TOjp vvKrojp Kal
    fied^ rjfxepav e/cacrra roju TTparrofxivajv tj Xeyo-
    fjievcjv hi-qpe'uva Kal rovg Iv rats VTroi/jLatg evdeojs
    493 dvTjpei. heivris 8e^ dvofxlag IveTrXrjod-q ro jSaat-
    Xeiov Kara yap ex^pav ^ filaos lScov eKaoros
    e-nXaaaev ra? hia^oXd?, Kal ttoXXoI Trpos rovs 8ta-
    4>6povs (^ovcJvrL rcx) ^aoiXiKO) dvjjLO) KarexpcovTO
    Kal ro fjL€v ipevBos €lx€u napaxp'rjfJ'CL TTLGriv, at
    KoXdo€LS hk rcjv Sia^oXojv rjaav ojK'urepai' Kar-
    iqyopelro yovv rt? aprt Karrjyop-qaas Kal ro)
    npos avrov SieXeyxOevrt ovvaTT-qyero, rds yap
    €^€rd(j€i9 rov ^aotXiajs d 7T€pl ri]s ^vx^js klv-
    494 hvvos VTTerefjLvero^ npov^rj 8' els rooovrov ttl-
    Kpias, (1)S P-i]hk rcuv dKaraLridrojv nvl rtpoo^Xe-
    ' 577 A : itaque Lat. * ^wer^/xveTo AM.
    232
    JEWISH WAR, I. 489-494 {cf. ant. xvi. 231-239)

    slept in his chamber. Alexander by large presents


    corrupted these menials for criminal ends on being
    ;

    informed of which the king submitted them to trial


    by torture. They at once confessed their relations
    with Alexander, and then went on to reveal the
    promises which had brought them about. Alexander,
    they said, had inveigled them by saying " You :

    ought not to place your hopes on Herod, a shameless


    old man who dyes his hair, unless this disguise has
    actually made you take him for a youngster it is ;

    to me, Alexander, that you should look, to me, who


    am to inherit the throne, whether he will or no, and
    shall ere long be avenged on my enemies and bring
    fortune and bliss to my friends, and above all to
    you." They added that persons of rank secretly
    paid court to Alexander and that the generals and
    officers of the army had clandestine interviews with
    him.
    (8) These disclosures so terrified Herod that at the ^J?^^g|.g(j
    time he did not even dare to divulge them but, ;

    sending out spies night and day, he scrutinized all


    that was done or said, and at once put to death
    any who fell under suspicion. The palace was given
    over to frightful anarchy. Everyone, to gratify some
    personal enmity or hatred, invented calumnies ;

    many turned to base account against their adversaries


    the murderous mood of wrathful royalty. Lies found
    instant credit, but chastisement was even swifter
    than calumny : the accuser of a moment ago found
    himself accused and led off to death with him whose
    conviction he had obtained for the grave peril to
    ;

    his life cut short the king's inquiries. He grew so


    embittered that he had no gentle looks even for

    VOL. II I 2 233
    JOSEPHUS
    7T€LU rjfiepojg, eluaL 8e /cat rol? (/)tAoi? OLTT-qveaTaTO^'

    TToAAoi? yovv avTOJV a-nelTrev ro ^aoiXeiov koI rrpos


    ovs ovK €1X^1^ ;^€tpos' i^ovoiav rw Xoyco xaXenog
    495 171^. ovveiri^-q he ^ AvrLTrarpos iv rat? avficj^opalg
    ^AXeidpSpcp Kal orL(j>og TToirjaas rujv ovyyeuwv
    OVK €07 LV -^vTLva hia^oXr]v TrapeXiTrev. rrpoT^x^V
    yd TOL TTpos TOOovTou ^€0? c ^acTiXev? V7t6 rrjs
    repareias axrrov Kal rojv ovvrayp.dTcov, oj9 e(f)-

    eorduat SoKelu avrw rov ^ AXi^avhpov ^L(l)-qpr).

    496 GvXXa^ojv avrov i^anLvrj? eS-qaev Kal rrpos


    ovu^
    ^doavov rcov (^lXojv avrov.
    i)(cop€L otytovre? 8e
    d-nedviTjOKOv ttoXXoI Kal fjirjSev vrrep to oui^€lS6^
    elrrovres' ol S* vtto tcjv dXyrihovojv tpevuaadai
    ^Laadevres eXeyov, (Ls im^ovXevoL re avro) fxero
    WpiOTo^ovXov rov dSeA</>ou Kal 7Tapa(j>vXdrre^
    497 KVVTjyovvra Kreivas els 'Pcojjltjv dnohpavai. rov-
    roL? Kairrep ov mdavols ovglv dXX vtto rrjs dvdy
    KTjs ecr;^eStaa/xeVots' o ^aauXevs eTriarevaev rjhecos
    rrapafivdiav Xapi^dva>v rov hrjoai rov vlov ro pn
    hoKelv dhiKOJS.
    498 (xxv. 1) '0 S' WXe^avBpos e-nel rov narept
    p-erarreideLV dpLi^xavov ecopa, roiS" Setvols opLoa
    Xojpelv Sieyvo), Kal reaoapas Kara rojv ex^po)
    ^l^Xovs avvra^dfxevos rrpooajfioXoyei fiev rrjv eVt
    ^ovXtjv, kolvojvovs 8* drreSeLKwev rovs rtXeiorov
    avrojv, TTpo 8e irdvrojv ^epujpav Kal ^aXaj/jirjp
    ravrrjv yap Srj Kal fjnyTjval TTore avroj pLrj deXovr
    499 vvKrojp elo^Lauafiev-qv . at re ovv ^l^Xol Traprjoa
    'Hpcjhrj etV ;!(€t/)a? 77oAAa Kal Seii^d Kara raJ

    » yoif LTRC.
    234
    JEWISH WAR, I. 494-499 {cf. ANT. xvi. 241-259)

    those who were not accused and treated his own


    friends with the utmost harshness many of these he
    :

    refused to admit to court, while those who were


    beyond the reach of his arm came under the lash of
    his tongue. To add to Alexander's misfortunes,
    Antipater returned to the charge and, raising a
    band of kindred spirits, had recourse to every con-
    ceivable form of calumny. By his portentous fictions
    and fabrications the king was, in fact, reduced to
    such a state of alarm, that he fancied he saw Alex-
    ander coming upon him sword in hand. He, accord-
    ingly had the prince suddenly arrested and imprisoned,
    ,

    and tlien proceeded to put his friends to the torture.


    Many died silent, Avithout saying anything beyond
    what they knew ;but some were driven by their
    sufferings to falsehood and declared that Alexander
    and his brother Aristobulus were conspiring against
    him and were w^atching for an opportunity to kill
    him, while out hunting, meaning then to escape to
    Rome. This statement, improbable as it was and
    invented off-hand under the pressure of torment, the
    king nevertheless found satisfaction in believing,
    consoling himself for having imprisoned his son with
    the thought that his action had been justified.
    (xxv. 1) Alexander, perceiving the impossibility of Aiexandei
    shaking his father's belief, resolved boldly to con- g^tatement
    front the perils that menaced him. He, therefore,
    composed four books directed against his enemies, in
    which he avowed the conspiracy, but denounced
    most of them as accomplices, above all Pheroras and
    Salome the latter, he declared, had one night even
    ;

    forced herway into his chamber and, against his will,


    had immoral relations with him. These documents
    --a mass of shocking accusations incriminating per-
    235
    JOSEPHUS
    hvvarojrdrajv /Socuaat, Kai 8ta 7d)(ov<; et? 'lou-
    raiav WpxiXaos d(f)LKveLTaL nepl rep yafx^po) Kai
    T7J dvyarpl Setaa?. yu'erat 8e ^orjdo? aurots"
    fidXa TTpofJLTiBrj^ Kai Texvrj tyju rod /Sao-iAeco?
    500 dTreiXrjv SieKpovoaro. ovpL^aXdjv yap €vOea>s avrqj
    " 7TOV TTO-re iartu 6 dXir-qpiog ixou yafx^po? ; "
    epoa, " 7T0V be rrjv TrarpoKTOuop o0O)U,at K€(l)aX'qv,
    Tjv rat? efiavTOV ^(^epGLv hiaoTrapd^oj ; Tjpoodiqaa}
    he Kai TTji^ dvyarepa fiou to* KaXco i^u/A^t'oc Kai
    yap el /jltj KeKOivajvrjKev rod OKep.p.aro<i, on
    601 roiovrov yvvr) yeyovev, pLep-iavrai. Bavj^idta) he
    Kai oe rov em^ovXevdevra rrj? dve^LKaKta?, el ^17
    P'^XP'- ^'^^ WXe^auhpog- eyoj yap rj7TeLy6p.r]v drro
    KaTTTTahoKLa? cu? rou fieu evpiqoojv rrdXat heha>-
    Kora hiKa?, fxerd he gov Trepl ttJ? dvyarpos e^erd-
    ocov, Tjv eKeivcp ye rrpos to oov d^ioj/^a ^Xerrojv
    eveyvr]oa} vvv he Trepl dp.(f)olv -qpilv ^ovXevreou
    Kau fjgnarrjp Xiav rf rov KoXdCeiu vlov drovojre'
    po<£ erri^ovXov, dp^eiipajpLev rd? St^td? /cat yevoj-
    ^

    p-eda rij? dXXT]Xa>u opyrjg htdhoxoL."


    502 (2) Tovrois TTepLKOpLTTijaa? Kaiirep Trapareray
    p-evov Wpojhr]v vrtdyerat- hihaxji yovv avra> tol

    ovvraxdeioaq vrr^ ^ AXe^di'hpov Pi^Xovs dvayvo)


    uai Kai KaB^ eKaorov ecjjLords KecjidXaiov ovu
    eoKerrrero. Xapi^dvei 5' o Wpx^^Xao^ d(f)opp,rju roi
    orparrjy-qijLaros Kai Kara p.LKp6v el? rovs eyye-
    ypafxpLevovs Kai ^epojpav ixer-qyayev rd? alria?
    503 ojg 6' eojpa Tnorevovra rov ^aotXea, " OKerrreou,'

    '
    (I'f^yi'Vffa most MS3.
    » ^ FA : et Lat. : om. the rest.
    236
    JEWISH WAR, I. 499-503 {cf. ant. xvi. 261-266)

    —
    sons of the highest rank had passed into Herod's visit of

    hands, »when Archelaus, alarmed for his son-in-law Jn^iJtv^^'^'


    and daughter, arrived in haste in Judaea. Coming Archelaus,

    with singular sagacity to their aid, he succeeded by mwiiator.


    tratagem in diverting the king's threats in another
    direction. For, the moment he met him, he ex-
    laimed :
    " Where is my scoundrel of a son-in-law ?
    Where shall I set eyes on the person of this parricide,
    that I may tear him in pieces with my own hands ?
    My daughter, too, shall share the fate of her fine
    pouse ; for even if she has had no part in his
    chemes, as the wife of such a miscreant she is
    polluted. But you too, the intended victim of the
    olot, astonish me by your forbearance, in leaving, as
    it seems, Alexander still alive For my part, I
    !

    lurried hither from Cappadocia expecting to find


    :hat the culprit had long since paid his penalty and
    :o hold an inquiry with you upon my daughter,
    >vhom, out of regard for your exalted rank, I gave
    I way to that wretch. But now, I find, we have to
    leliberate about the pair of them. If, then, the
    bndness of a father's heart unnerves you for punish-
    ng a rebellious son, let us each lend the other his
    land, each take the other's place in visiting our
    A'rath upon our children." — ^
    (2) With this blustering oration J^e deluded Herod, Archelaus

    lotwithstanding the latter*s~ attitude of defiance, l^iexaade^r,


    Serod, at any rate, handed him for perusal the
    locuments composed by Alexander and examined
    chapter after chapter with him, dwelling upon each.
    \rchelaus, finding here an opportunity for furthering
    lis ruse, little by little shifted the blame on to the

    persons whose names appeared in the volumes, par-


    :icularly Pheroras. When he observed that he was
    237
    JOSEPHUS
    €ff)T],
    " TO fieLpOLKLOV VTTO rOOOVTOJV €17]
    IJLJ] 77076
    7TOVr]p(JjV OVX VTTO TOU fLeipaKiOV
    €77L^Ov\€v6{X€l>OU ,
    av' Kal yap ovx opdv alriav, i^ rjs au elg r-qXc-
    KOVTOV jjLVGos 7Tpo€77€0€v, aTToXavoji' fiev yjSrj jSaoc-
    Xeiag, cXttl^ojv he Kal Siahox'qy, et fit] riue? rjaav
    avarreidovTes Kal ro rrj? rjXLKLas evKoXov eirl
    KaKO) fjL€rax€iptl,6fjL€VOL. Std yap tojv tolovtcou
    i^aTTardaOai fiev ovk €(j)ri^ovs fiovov aXXa Kal
    yepovras, o'lkov? 8e XafXTrpordrovs Kal ^aotAeta?
    oXag avaTpirreodaiy
    604 (3) ILvvrivei rols XeyofxevoL? 'HptuSr^?, Kal rrfv
    fiev TTpos AXe^avBpov opyqu e-navUi irpos oXiyoVy
    ^

    TTpog 8e ^epojpav Trapoj^vvero- rcov yap reaodpajv


    ^ij^Xojv ovros 'qv VTToOeuLg. o? KariSajv ro re rod
    ^aoiXecDS o^vppoTTOv Kal rrjv WpxeXdov (jiiXiav
    Trap* avrqj Trdvrcov Kparovoav a>s ovk eurjv ev- ,

    ox'']f^(^i' oojrrjpta, rrjv hC dvaiheias eiTopitero'


    KaraXeiijjas yovv WXe^avSpov Trpoaecfyvyev Wpx€-
    505 Xdcu. ovx opcti' 6<^77, ttcD? du avrov
    KaKeLi'os
    i^air-qoaLTo roaovrois ivexopievov €yKXTJf.LaaLv, e|
    (Li^ aa(f)(2)? aTToheLKwrai rod ^aoiXeojs iiri^ovXos
    Kal ra)v Trapovrojv rep /JLeipaKLCo KaKwv a'tnos
    yeyovcxjs, el fi7] ^ovXerai ro Travovpyov Kal rds
    dpvqoeis d(f)el'? TrpooofioXoyfjcraL p.ev rd Kanqyop-q-
    ^Uva, ovyyucopL-qv S' alr-qoacdai Trapd rdheX(f)ov^
    Kal (J)lXovptos' el? yap rovro irdvra rponov avro)'
    ovuepy-qoeiu.
    606 (-i) tleLderai Oepojpa?, Kal KaraoKevduas eav-
    rovy cos av olKrporaro? (f)aveir], fieXalvr} re eadrjri
    Kal SaKpvoL? TTpoGTTiTTrei rot? 'Hpcohov TTOoiv, ojg'

    '
    Trapd t' d8e\(poi' Cobet.
    r^
    2 avTbi PA. 8 Niese.
    238
    JEWISH WAR, I. 503-506 {cf. ant. xvi. 267-269)

    gaining the king's confidence, he remarked **


    : We
    nust be careful to see that all these villains have
    lot been conspiring against this young man, and not
    he young man against you. For I can see no reason
    vvhy he should have plunged into such heinous crime,
    .vhen he already enjoyed the honours of royalty and
    expected to succeed to the throne, unless there were
    others seducing him and misguiding the tractable
    ^pirit of youth. Such persons, indeed, have been
    cnown to impose not only on the young, but on old
    nen as well ;by them the most illustrious houses
    md entire kingdoms have been overturned."
    (3) Herod assented to this speech and for a while
    ;

    -elaxed his wrath with Alexander and vented it


    ipon Pheroras, as he was the main theme of the
    four documents. Pheroras, observing this quick
    hange in the king's feelings and the paramount
    influence exercised on him by his friend Archelaus,
    despairing of saving himself by honourable means
    ^ought protection in effrontery he abandoned
    :

    Alexander and threw himself on the mercy of


    Archelaus. The latter replied that he did not see
    how he could sue for pardon for a man involved in
    such grave charges, which clearly proved that he had
    plotted against the king and been the cause of the
    young prince's present misfortunes, unless he were
    prepared to renounce his villainy and his denials, to
    own up to the crimes of which he was accused, and
    to ask pardon of his brother, who indeed loved him ;

    for that object, said Archelaus, he would render him


    every possible assistance.
    (4) Pheroras took his advice, and assuming an
    attitude calculated to arouse the deepest compassion,
    in black raiment and in tears, threw himself at

    239
    JOSEPHUS
    TToXXoLKLS €TVX€V OVyyVOJfJirjS aLTOV/JLeVOS Kal jJLLapow

    fxkv eavrov ofioXoycbv , hehpaKevat yap Trdvra, ocra


    Karrjyopotro, TrapaKonrji' 8e cfipeuaJv Kal /lai'lav

    6Svp6fjL€Vos, r}? atnov etvai rov epajra rrjs yvvai-


    507 Kos eXeyev. Trapaoriqaas Srj Karrjyopov Kal jjidp-

    rvv eavTov Oepcopai/ 'Ap;^eAaos' ovtojs rj^r] Trap-


    rjreLTO Kal tt^v ^Wpcohov KareoreXXev opyrjv xpcl>-

    pL€VOS OLK€LOig VTTohelyiiaGLV Kal yap avro? ttoXXo)


    XaXeTTOjrepa ttolgxojv vtto rabeX<j)OV rrj? ajjivvr]?

    iTTLTTpoaOev riOeadai to rijg (^vaecog dtVatov eV

    yap rals ^aoiXeiais woTrep eV /xeyaAots" awfiaoLV


    del n fiepo? </>Aey/xatVetv vrro rov ^dpovs, orrep
    aTroKOTTTeiv ii€v ov XPW'^'-) Oepanevecv Se rrpao-
    repov.

    508 (5) rioAAd TOLavra Xeycov 'HpcoSr^v fiev irrl

    Oepcopa pLeiXiGG^Taiy hUfxeve 3' auro? dyavaKrwv


    TTpos" ^
    AXl^avhpov Kal rrjv dvyarepa Sta^eu^^as
    ciTra^ctv €<f)aGK€V, ecus TrepLeGrrjGev 'HpcoSrjv dvTi-

    TvapaKaXeZv vrrkp rod fJLecpaKLOV Kal TrdXiv avrw


    fxvrjGT€veGdaL ry^v dvyarepa. G(f>6hpa 8e d^LO-
    TTLGTCxjs Apx^Xaos a) ^ovXeraL GvvoLKit,€LV avrrjv
    ^

    €7T€rp€7T€v ttXtjv AXe^dvhpov 7T€pl TrXeiGTOV yap


    ^

    TTOLeiGdai TTjpeiv Trpos avrov rd rrj? iTnyafilas


    509 SiKaia. (f^afievov he rov ^aGiXeoj? hujpov e^eiv
    Trap" avrov rov vlov, el fxrj Xvoecev rov ydfJLOV,
    ovrojv fiev avrols rjhrj Kal reKVcov, Grepyofxevr^s S'

    OVTOJS VTTO rov fiecpaKLOV rr\s yvvaiKOs, rjv irapa-


    240
    JEWISH WAR, I. 506-509 {cf. ant. xvi. 269)

    Herod's feet and craved his pardon as he had often


    successfully done before. He confessed himself a
    polluted wretch, guilty of all that was laid to his
    charge, but deplored his mental derangement and
    madness, which he attributed to his passion for his
    wife. Archelaus, after thus inducing Pheroras to
    appear as his own accuser and to bear witness
    against himself, now proceeded to plead for him and pleads
    ^^^°^'
    sought to appease Herod's wrath, citing parallel
    cases in his own family history. He had himself,
    he said, suffered much worse injury from his brother,
    but had preferred the claims of natural affection to
    revenge for in kingdoms, as in corpulent individuals,
    ;

    there was always some member becoming inflamed


    from the weight which it supported yet what it
    ;

    needed was not amputation but some milder method


    of cure.
    (5) By many such representations Archelaus sue- and bri

    ceeded Herod's anger against Pheroras.


    in soothing general
    He himself, however, affected to be still indignant reconci

    with Alexander, protesting that he would divorce


    his daughter and carry her off with him, until he
    brought Herod round into the position of a suppliant
    on the young man's behalf and a suitor, once more,
    for the hand of Archelaus's daughter for his son.
    With an air of complete sincerity, Archelaus said
    that he had his permission to unite her to whom
    he would, save only Alexander for his dearest
    ;

    desire was to maintain the marriage ties which


    linked him to Herod. To this the king repHed that
    Archelaus, by consenting not to break the marriage,
    would really be giving his son back to him, seeing
    that they already had children and that the young
    man was so deeply attached to his wife ; if she
    24]
    JOSEPHUS
    ^evovaav fiev ^oeadai hvooj-n-qixa tu)v afiapTq-
    fidrojv, arroppayelaav hk alriav rrjs €1? aTravra
    aTToyvojoeojs- fjLaXaKcoTepa? yap yiveodai ra?
    610 ToXp-as TTaOeGLV oLKelotg TrepLGTrajfievas' Karavev^i
    /'.oAt? Wpx^Xaos SiaAAatTcrerat re Kal hLaXXdoGei

    TO) veavLGKO) rov irarepa. h^lv fievroi TTai'TOJS


    €(1)7] 7T€p,7T€LV avTov €i£ 'PcopLTjv KatoapL biaXe^o-
    p.evov y€ypa(f)€vaL yap avrog eVetVo* Trepl Travrajv.
    oil (6) To p.ev ovp ^ApxeXdov orpar-qy-qpLa, 8i' ov
    Toi' yapiBpov ippvoaro, Trepa? eLX€V' pLerd 5e rag
    StaXXayds eV €Voj)(LaLg Kal (f)iXo<l)povriO€aLV htriyov.
    aTTiovra 8' avrov 'HpojSrjg Sajpelrai raXdwcov
    e^bopL'qKOvra 3c6pot? Opovco re \pvoci) hiaXido) /cat

    evvovxoi<; Kal TraXXaKlSi, 'qrig iKaXelro IlavvuxiS,


    raw T€ (j}iXajv Kar^ d^iav.
    iripLrjoev eKaorov
    512 ofioLW^ re Kal rrpoord^avrog rov
    ol avyyevel^; ,
    ^aGiXeojs TTavres ApxeXdoj dojpa XafLrrpd eSoGav,
    , ^

    TTpoe—epLxjydri re vtto re 'Wptohov Kal rwv hovarujv


    eojg^ AvrLO\eias.
    ^

    513 (xxvi. l) Mer' ov ttoXv he el? rrju TouSatap'


    rrape^aXev dvrjp ttoXv ra)i> ApxeXdov Grparrjyq- ^

    pidrojv Suvarcorepo?, o? ov piovov rds vrf eKeivov


    -TToXirevOeLGas WXe^diSpcv StaXXayds dverpexjjev,
    dXXd Kal dTiCoXeias alnos avrw Kareorr}. yevos
    rjp AdKOjv, KvpVKXrjs rovvopia, TTodcp xpr]pidrojv
    els rrjv ^aGiXeiav eloffydapeis' ov ydp dvrelx^v
    514 en Tj 'EAAa? avrov rfj rroXvreXeia. Xapurpd 8'
    'Wpwhrj Scupa rrpoGeveyKOJv, heXeap (Lu eOrjpdro,
    ^ P: fiexpi-is) the rest.

    " In-i. xvi. 270 it is Herod who undertakes to go to Rome.


    " Mentioned by Pausanias (ii. 3. 5) as the builder of the
    finest baths at Corinth.

    242
    JEWISH WAR, I. 509-514 (=ant. xvi. 269 f., 301)

    remained with him, her very presence would make


    him ashamed of his errors, whereas, were she torn
    from him, he would be driven to utter desperation ;

    for the domestic affections exercised a chastening


    and diverting influence on reckless characters.
    Archelaus was induced, not without difficulty, to
    assent, was reconciled to the youthful offender, and
    reconciled him to his father ; he added, however,
    that it was absolutely essential that the latter should
    be sent to Rome for an interview with Caesar, as he
    himself had forwarded a full report of the matter to
    the emperor."
    (6) Such was the end of the ruse by which Arche- Herod's
    laus rescued his son-in-law. After the reconciliation ArchSai
    the time was passed in festivity and interchange of
    courtesies. On his departure Herod presented him
    with seventy talents, a throne of gold set with
    precious stones, some eunuchs, and a concubine,
    named Pannychis he conferred other favours upon
    ;

    each of his friends, proportionate to their rank.


    Magnificent presents were, likewise, by order of
    royalty, made to Archelaus by all the high officials
    at court. Herod and his nobles then escorted him
    as far as Antioch.
    (xxvi. 1) Not long after, however, there arrived in visitor
    Judaea a man whose influence far outmatched the Scouia
    artifices of Archelaus, and who not only broke up the villain:
    reconciliation which the latter had negotiated in the Herod!
    interest of Alexander, but also proved the cause of
    that prince's ruin. He was a Lacedaemonian, named
    Eurycles,^ whose accursed visit to the realm arose
    from a craving for money, when Greece could no
    longer meet his extravagant requirements. He
    brought with him magnificent presents for Herod, as
    243
    JOSEPHUS
    /cat TTapaxp^f^o- TToXXarrXaaiW Aa^cuv ovhev rjyetro
    rrjv KaBapav hooiv, el ijlt) 8t' aljiaros ifjiTTopev-
    5\r, oerai rrjv ^aGiXeiav. TTepLepx^rai yovv rov /3a-
    criAea KoXaKeia koI heivoTrjTi Xoyojv Koi Trepl
    avTOV ipevSeGLv iyK(x>ixiois . rax^cos 8e GWihojv
    Tov *Hpco8oi> rpoTTOv Kol ndvTa Xeyojv re /cat

    TTpoLTTOJV ra TTpos Tj^oinjV avTO), (fylXos €V rots


    TTpojTOL? yiver ai- kol yap 6 ^aoiXevs Sta ttjv
    TTarpiha kol Travres ol -nepl avrov rjSeojg Trpo-
    erijjiojv rov UTrapTLarrjv.
    516 (2) 'OS' erret to, aaOpa rij? otVtas" Kare^iaOev,
    rds re rwv dSeXcfxjjv Sta<^o/3d? /cat oirtog Ste/cetro
    TTpos eKaarov 6 nar-qp, AvriTrdrpov fiev ^evia
    ^

    TTpoKareiXriTTrOy *j'(/)tAta he AXe^avhpov^^ vnoKpive-


    ^

    rat ifjevad/JLevog eralpov eavrov elvai /cat 'Ap;(e-


    Aaou TrdXai' hio Srj /cat rax^co? a>? SeboKi-
    p.aofievo'S ehex^r], ovvLorrjcnv S' avrov^ evdeojg
    517 Kal 'AptcTTO/SouAoj ra> dheXcfxx). Trdurcov 8' drro-
    TTeipadels rcuv TrpouojTTOJV dXXov dXXojs vn-^ei,
    yiverai he Trpo-qyovfievco? fitodcoros ^ Avrirrdrpov /cat
    TTpohorrj? ^AXe^drhpov, rep fieu dv'eiStJajv, et TTpe-
    o^vraro? cov TrepLoiperau rov? e(l)ehpevovrag avrov
    rat? eXTTLGiv, ^ AXe^dvhpoj he, el yeyewqfievo';^ e/c

    ^aGiXlho? Kal ^aaiXihi gvvolkojv idaet hiahex^odaL


    r-qv dpx'q'^ TOV e^ Ihiajriho?, /cat raura fieyiGrrjv
    518 d(f)opiJLr)v ex^v ^ Apx^Xaov. tjv he mGros ra> /xet-

    ^ Text corrupt : (pLXiav 5e \\\€^dv5pov Bekker.


    * iavrou LTRC. ^ yeyevqu.evo'i AL.

    " Perhaps, as Reinach suggests, because of the pretended


    relationship of Spartans and Jews, 1 Mace. xii. 21 ; Jos.
    J. xii. 226.
    244
    JEWISH WAR, I. 514-518 ( = ant. xvi. 301-305)

    a bait to secure his quarry, and instantly found them


    returned with interest but he accounted a pure
    ;

    and simple gift as nothing, if he failed to make


    merchandise out of the realm at the price of blood.
    So he proceeded to impose on the king by flattery,
    clever talk, and lying encomiums upon his merits.
    Quickly reading Herod's character and studying in
    all he said or did to please him, he was soon numbered
    among his principal friends indeed the king and
    ;

    the whole court were delighted to show special


    honour to this Spartan, out of regard for his country."
    (2) When he had learnt everything about the He
    rottenness that was sapping the royal house, the denoun lexan
    *^'

    quarrel between the brothers and their father's dis- to h ere


    position towards each of them, Eurycles, although
    under a prior obligation to Antipater for the latter's
    hospitality, nevertheless feigned a friendship for
    Alexander, falsely claiming to be an old comrade
    of Archelaus. With this recommendation he was
    quickly received as a proved friend and was at once
    introduced by Alexander to his brother Aristobulus.
    Exploiting in turn all the various personages,'' he
    insinuated himself into favour with each by a different
    method but he chiefly acted as a hireling of
    ;

    Antipater and a traitor to Alexander. To the


    former he represented how disgraceful it was that
    he, the eldest son, should overlook the intrigues
    of persons who had an eye upon his prospects to ;

    Alexander, that he, the son of one princess and


    husband of another, should suffer the son of a woman
    of no station to succeed to the throne, especially
    when he had in Archelaus such powerful support
    behind him. The fiction of his being a friend of
    " Or possibly " Trying in turn all the parts in the play."
    24.5
    JOSEPHUS
    pcu<la) ovfJL^ovXog rrjv Wpx^Xdov (jiiXiav TrXaod-
    fxevos' 'AXe^avSpos rd
    Sto /X7]8ev vnoorreXXoiievos
    T€ /car' WvrLTTarpov aTTOjhvpero Trpos avrov /cat
    ws 'HpoSST]? a-UTOjv TTjV jjLTjrepa /cretVa? ov irapd-
    Bo^ov et /cat avrovs dcjyaipeZrai rrjv iKelvrjs ^aai-
    AeiW" e(^* ols 6 KvpvKXi^s OLKrelpeLV re /cat ctui^-
    619 aXyelv VTreKplvero. rd 8' avrd /cat rw 'Aptaro-
    ^ovXov €L7T€LV SeXeduas /cat rats' /caret rod Trarpos
    fjiefiipeoLv ivS-qodfJLevos dpL<f)OTepovs a>X€TO <j)€pcxjv
    ^
    AvTiTrdrpcp rd dTTopp-qTa' TrpoaerrLipcvSeTaL 8'

    iTTL^ovXrjV d>s iveSpevovrojv avrop twv dSeA^cDv


    /cat piovov OVK i7n<j>€p6vT<jL)V rjBr]rd ^L(f)r). Xa^ojv
    8' eVt rourots" \pr]p.drcDV ttXtjOos erraLverris tjv

    620 ^ Avmrdrpov^ rrpos rov rrarepa. rd 8e reAeuratoi/


    ipyoXa^-qoas rov ^ApLoro^ovXov /cat WXc^dvhpov
    ddvarov Karrj-yopos avrdov irrl rod rrarpos ylveraL,
    Kal TTpooeXddw avrihihovai rd t,rjv e(j)aoK€v ^HpcoBrj
    rojv ets" avrov €vepy€GLd)V /cat rd (f)dj? dfjLoi^-qv rrjs
    ^e^'tas' dvrLTrapex^tv rrdXai ydp iri' avrov rjKovrj-

    odaL ^L(f)os /cat rrjv WXe^dvSpov rerovcoadac Se^iar,


    epiTohcov 8' avrds yeyovevai ro) rd^ei ovvepyelv
    521 vvoKpideis' (fidvau ydp rov WXe^avbpov, cus ovk
    dyaTTO. PaGiXevoas avrds 'Hpoj8/yS" eV oAAorptot?
    /cat fierd rdv rijs /.L-qrpds avrcov <f)6vov rifv eKeiurjs

    dpx^v o-adrjoas, dAA' eVt /cat vodov elodyerac


    ^
    Std8o;)(OV Avrirrdrpoj ro) (f)d6pa) rrjV rraTTTTcoav
    avrujv ^aoiX^iav rrporeivwv. rLpwpT^aeLV ye fitju
    avrds roLS 'YpKavov Kal [rot?]^ ^^laptdp^fii-js
    haipLOcnv ovhe ydp TrpeTTeiv avrdv 8ta8e^acr^at
    ^ +/cat PA. - P: T/";? AM : om. the rest.

    * Or " in which he was an ahen."


    24.6
    JEWISH WAR, I. 518-521 (r/. ant. xvi. 305-307)

    Archelaus made the young prince regard him as a


    counsellor to be trusted and so, without any re-
    ;

    serve, Alexander poured out to him his grievances


    against Antipater, adding that it would not be sur-
    prising if Herod, after murdering their mother, should
    rob him and his brother of her kingdom. Thereupon
    Eurycles pretended to pity and condole with him.
    He then inveigled Aristobulus into using similar
    language, i -d iving implicated both brothers in
    i

    complaints i their father, went off with these


    confidences '
    ; with the addition of his
    own invention, ii..
    '
    '^rs were plotting against

    him, watching their oppoi S^.. and even then were


    almost upon him sword in hand. Richly rewarded
    for his intelligence, he proceeded to sing the praises
    of Antipater to his father. Finally, having under-
    taken a' a price to bring about the death of Aristo-
    bulus and Alexander, he came to lay his indictment
    of them before their parent.
    Visiting Herod, he declared that he came to bring
    him return for his benefactions to himself, the
    life in
    light of day in repayment for his hospitality. *' For,"
    he said, " a sword has long since been sharpened for
    your destruction and Alexander's right arm braced
    to wield it. It is I who have retarded the blow by
    pretending to assist him." Alexander, he continued,
    had said that Herod, not content with reigning him-
    self over an empire which belonged to others,'* not
    content, after murdering their mother, with squander-
    ing her realm, was now proceeding to foist in a
    bastard as his successor and to offer their grand-
    father's kingdom to that pest, Antipater. But he,
    Alexander (so Eurycles reported him), would avenge
    the spirits of Hyrcanus and Mariamme ; for it would
    247
    J05EPHUS
    napa tolovtov Trarpo? ttjv apxh^ Slxcl (j)6vov.
    522 77oAAd S' elvai rd Trapo^vvovra KaS^ rffxepav, (Lore
    fjLTjhe AaAtct? TLva rponov dGVKO(f)dvTr]Tou /cara-
    X€Xei(f)6aL' 7T€pl iJL€u ydp evyevelag erepajv (jLvetas
    yevo^ivrjs aurd? aXoyios vf^pit^eodai, rod Trarpd?
    XiyovTO? " 6 fjLOvo? €vy€vr]<^ WXd^avBpo? /cat rov
    TTarepa 8t' dyeveiav dSo^ojv " Kara 8e rd^ ^rjpa? •

    7TpOGKpOV€LV fieU OLOJTTOJV, €7TaLV€aa<S hk 77 pOG-


    523 aKOveiv e'lpajv. Ttavraxov 8' dix^iXiKTOv evplaKetu
    Tov TTarepa /cat fJLOuco (j)LX6oropyov WurLTzdrpaj, 8t'
    6v^ qheoj'^ /cat redvi'i^eudai /xr) Kparijaas rij? im-
    ^oXrj?.^ Kreivavn 8e elvai, ocorripias d(j}opixriv
    TTpdirov fiei' Wpx^Xaov ovra Kriheonqv, Trpog ou
    hLa(^ev^€odai pahiws, eVetra Kataapa p-^xpL vvv
    524 dyvoovvra rov 'Wpojhov rponov ov ydp oj? 77pd-
    repov avro) TrapaGr-queodai 77e0pt/caj? rov €(f)-
    €Grojra TTarepa^ ovbk <f)d€y^€G9aL^ Trepl rcbu eaurov
    fjLOvou eyKX-qpidraju, dXXd -rrpojrov fiev KTjpv^eLV rd<;
    rov edvov? cruft^opd? /cat rovs p-^XP'^ 4'^X'O^ (f^opo-
    Xoyoufieuov^, eTretr' ei? oTa? rpv(f)d? /cat Tipd^eis
    rd 8t' alfiaros rroptGdevra ;^p7]/xaTa dvr}Xco9r],
    70i)? re e^ r)p.<2)V TrXovrrjoavras olol, /cat rd<^
    52a depaTTevdeiGa? rroXeus eVt riGiv. t,rjrriGeiv 8e /cat
    rov TrdTTTTOv eKel /cat rr/v pur^repa /cat rd rrjg
    ^aaiAeta? jjlvgt] Trdvra Kripv^ecv, i(f>* ols ou Kpidij-
    oeodat TTarpoKrovo?.

    1 5 Destinon : quae Lat.


    * Destinon: eVtjSoi'X^j mss. ; cf. B-. vi. 64- (some .ms3.).
    2 Bekker with Lat. : (pdfy^aadai mss.

    " Rather his ^reat-grandfather, Hyrcanus, who was the

    father of Alexandra, the mother of Mariamme.

    248
    JEWISH WAR, I. 521-525

    ill become him to inherit the throne from such a


    father without bloodshed. Then there were the
    constant daily provocations to which he was sub-
    jected, insomuch that he could not utter a single
    word which escaped calumny. Were allusion made
    to other persons' noble lineage, his father gratuitously
    insulted him by remarking, " Nobody is noble but
    Alexander here, who scorns his father for the base-
    ness of his birth "! On the hunting-field, were he
    silent, he gave offence did he express commenda-
    ;

    tion, he was pronounced ironical to boot. On all


    occasions, in fact, he found his father implacable,
    reserving all his affection for Antipater. He would,
    therefore, willingly die, if his enterprise miscarried.
    If, on the other hand, he struck the fatal blow, he
    had protectors to fall back upon first Archelaus,
    ;

    his father-in-law, to whom he could easily make his


    escape ;and then Caesar, who to that very day was
    ignorant of Herod's true character. For he would
    not, as once before, stand before the emperor, over-
    awed by his father's presence, nor would he confine
    his observations to his personal grievances. No he ;

    would first proclaim to the world the sufferings of his


    nation, bled to death by taxation, and then go on to
    describe the luxury and malpractices on which the
    motley obtained by its blood was lavished, the char-
    acters of the men who had grown rich at his and his
    brother's expense, and the motives which had led to
    the favouritism shown to particular cities. There,
    too, he would bring up for inquiry the fate of his
    grandfather ^ and his mother, and make public all
    the abominations of the realm. Under such condi-
    **

    tions he could not be condemned as a parricide.


    ^ Or " reign."

    249
    JOSEPHUS

    526 (3) TotauTa Kar' 'AAe^ai^Spou T€paT€Vodfi€Vos


    KvpvKXi]? i7TrjU€L TToXXa Tov WvTLTTaTpou, cu? dpa

    fjLOVog re e'lr] (jaXoTrdrajp Koi hid tovto p-^xpt' vvv


    Trj<; eTTL^ovXyjg ifiTToBios. fJLrjTTOj Se KaXojg irrl rot?
    TTpujTOis 6 /SacrtAei)? /caTecrraA/xeVo? dvr]K€arov
    et's"

    527 opyrjV i^aypLOvrat. kol rrdXiv Xa^dw Kaipdv 'Ai^ri-


    TTarpos iripovs Kara rcbv dSeA(/»a>i^ V7T€7T€fi7T€U
    Karrjyopovs Xeyeiv on 'IoukouVSoj Kal Tvpdvvoj
    Xddpa SiaXeyoLvro, rot? LTTrrdpxoLS /xeV vore rou
    ^aaiXeaj? yevopiivois rore S' e/c rivujv rrpoo-
    ,

    KpouGfJidrajv dTTOTTeTrrcuKOGt r-qs rd^eojs. e^' of?


    *Y{pdjhiqsvrrepayavaKr-qoa? evdeoj? i^aodvLaeu
    628 rov5 dvSpa?. dAA' ol jxev ovSev rcjv hia^X-qdevrajv
    d)fxoX6yovv, TTpoeKOfiladr] 8e rt? Trpo? rov 'AAe^-
    eTTLorroXr) napd ^AXe^dvSpov
    avSpetou^ (f)povpapxov
    TTapaKaXovvro? avrdv Sefr/rat rd) <f)povpuo
    Iva
    fierd WpLoro^ovXov rov d6€X(f)ov Kreivavra rov
    TTarepa, Kal Trapdoxj] rol? orrXot? ;\;p7]craa^at Kat
    629 Tat? aAy\at? d(f)opp.at? ravrrjv WXd^avhpo? ijl€v
    .

    elvai eAcyev rdx^aofia Ato^ai^TOf ypa/x/xarcu? 8'


    171^o ^L6(j>avros rov ^aoiXicos, roXfi-qpog dvrjp kol
    ScLVOs fJUfji-qoaodaL Trdor]? ;)(eip6? ypdjifiara- noXXd
    yovv TTapaxapd^as reXevralov eVt rovrco [/cat J'
    KreLver at. ^aoaviaas Se rov (f)povpapxov '}]pd)Br]s
    ovhev rJKovGev ouSe Trap' iKeivov row Sia^e^Xr}-
    [levojv.
    530 (4) 'AAAa KairoL rovs iXeyxovs evploKOJV dode-
    vels rovs VLOVSeVeAewaey rrjpelv, en fiivroL XeXv
    p.€vovg,rov Se Xvpiedjva rrjs OLKtas Kal Spafia-
    rovpyov oXov rov p.voovs EvpuKAe'a, oojrrjpa Kal
    ' Destinon from Lat. : 'AXe^dvdpov PA : 'Hpw5ou the rest.
    ' om. PAM
    Lat.
    250
    JEWISH WAR, I. 526-530 (c/. ant. xvi. 314-321)

    (3) Having delivered this monstrous tirade against


    officers

    Alexander, Eurycles pfoc^eded"to^ extol Antipater torture.


    to the skies, as the only son who had any filial
    affection, an afTection which had so far enabled him
    to thwart the plot. The king, who had scarcely
    recovered his composure after previous shocks, burst
    into ungovernable fury. Antipater, seizing this new
    opportunity, privily sent in others to accuse his
    brothers of holding clandestine interviews with
    Jucundus and Tyrannus, at one time commanders of
    the king's cavalry, but now, owing to some mis-
    demeanours, degraded. This report brought Herod's
    indignation to a climax, and he instantly had the
    two men put to the torture. They made no confes-
    sion of the crimes imputed to them but a letter
    ;

    was produced, addressed by Alexander to the


    governor of Alexandrion, requesting him to admit
    him and his brother Aristobulus to that fortress after
    they had slain their father, and to grant them the
    use of the arms and the other resources of the place.
    This letter Alexander declared to be the handiwork
    of Diophantus, a secretary of the king, an audacious
    fellow who had a clever knack of imitating any
    handwriting, and who, after numerous forgeries, was
    eventually put to death for a crime of that nature.
    Herod had the keeper of the fortress put to the
    torture, but from him too failed to elicit anything
    bearing on the alleged facts.
    (4) Notwithstanding the weakness of the obtain- The end
    ^''
    able evidence, Herod gave orders for a watch to be "^^^
    kept on his sons, though still leaving them their
    liberty. As for Eurycles, the bane of his house and
    stage-manager of the whole abominable business,

    251
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    evepyeriqv KaXcov, TTevrrjKOvra Scupetrat raXavToiS'
    6 be TTjV oLKpi^rj (f>TJfJLr]v <t)dd(jas etV KaTTTrahoKiav
    dpyvpLleraL Kal rrapd Wpx^Xdov, roXjjLrjGa? etTreZv
    631 OTL Kal SiaXXd^ecev 'HpcoSrjv WXe^dvSpoj. Stapa?
    8' €1? T-qv 'EAAaSa toZs €K KaKcov KTiqdeLcnv €tV
    ofioia KaTexP'Tioaro' his yovv inl Kalcrapos Kar-
    rjyoprjdel? eVt tw ordoeojs ifiTrXrJGaL rrjv A)(atav ^

    Kal TTepiSveii' rd? TroAet? (^uyaSeuerat. KaKelvou


    pL€V ovrojs y) WXe^dvbpou Kal ^AptoTo^ovXou
    TTOLvrj TTepL-fjXdev.
    532 (5)"A^LOV 8e avTideluai rov Kcpov Kvdpearov^
    TO) XTTapTLdrrj- Kal yap ovros cjv eV rot? fidXiara
    <f)LXos^ ^AXe^dvSpo) Kal Kara rov avrov Eupu/cAet
    Kaipov €77 tBrjpLTjGas 77vvdavofJL€va} TO) ^aGiXel Trepl
    (Lv €K€ivos hii^aXXev opKOis to ix-qhev aKrjKoevaL
    533 [Trapa]' tcDi^ fieLpaKicov €7naT0jaaT0. ov fxrju
    wvnuiv ye tl tovs ddXlovg' fjLOi^ojv yap 171^ rwv
    KaKOJV aKpoarrfS eToiixoraros 'Hpcubrjs Kal Ke-
    Xapiaaevo? avro) rrd? 6 avfJLmGrevajv Kal auv-
    ayavaKTcov
    634 (xxvii. 1) Ylapoj^vvev 8' avrov Kal ^aXajyurj
    rrju eVt rotS" reKvois ti/xoTT^ra. ravrrjv yap ovv-
    hrjoaadaL rots klv^vvol? 6 WpLoro^ouXo? deXcov,
    ovaav eKvpdv Kal rriBiha, StaTrep-Trerat Gco^euu
    eavTTjV TTapaivchv TTapeoKevdaO at yap ^aoiXea
    e<j>* ots" Kal Trporepov,
    KTeiveiv avrrju hta^Xridelaav
    SuAAatcp TO) "Apa^i yrjixaadai GTrovSd^ovaa
    OTL
    Xddpa Ta Tov jSacrtAeoj? dTtopp-qra hiayyeXXoi Trpos
    635 avTov exOpdv ovTa. tovO' a)077ep TeXevTaia dveXXa
    ^ Evaparov RC (through assimilation to A.'\).
    * Niese (f>i\oL$ mss.
    :
    ^ om. PA.

    " C7". J 487.


    252
    JEWISH WAR, I. 530-535 ( = ant. xvi. 309 ff., 322)

    the king called him his saviour and benefactor, and


    presented him with fifty talents. That villain then,
    before the true story of the affair got abroad, made
    off to Cappadocia, where he extorted more money
    from Archelaus, having the impudence to assert
    that he had reconciled Herod to Alexander. Thence
    he crossed to Greece, where he employed the pro-
    ceeds of his crimes on equally criminal objects.
    Twice arraigned before Caesar for spreading sedition
    throughout Achaia and fleecing the cities of that
    province, he was condemned to exile. Thus did
    retribution overtake him for his betrayal of Alexander
    and Aristobulus.
    (5) As a contrast to the conduct of this Spartan contraste
    °
    may fitly be mentioned that of Euarestus of Cos. another
    The latter, who was one of Alexander's most intimate ^'S'tor.

    friends, paid a visit to Judaea at the same time as


    Eurycles, and on being questioned by the king upon
    the allegations made by his other guest, affirmed on
    oath that he had heard nothing of the kind from the
    young men. His testimony, however, was of no
    avail to the unfortunate wretches for Herod had a
    ;

    ready ear only for slander, and all stood high in his
    favour who shared his credulity and his indignation.
    (xxvii. 1)A further stimulus to Herod's cruelty to Salomes
    his sons was given by Salome. For Aristobulus, tton!"^'*
    wishing to involve her, who was at once his mother-
    in-law and aunt, in the perils threatening himself,
    sent her a warning to look to her own safety, as the
    king was prepared to kill her on the charge previously
    brought against her " namely that, in her anxiety to
    :

    marry the Arab Syllaeus, she had privately communi-


    cated to him the secrets of the king, whose enemy
    he was. This was, as it were, the final hurricane

    253
    JOSEPHUS
    )(€Lfial^of.Leiov9 rovg veavioKOVi €7T€^d7TTLO€v 17

    yap XaXcoiJL-q SpajJLOvcra TTpos ^aoiXda ttjv irap-


    atveoLu efjLrjvvoev. KaKelvo? ovk€tl Kaprepijaas
    8ecr/xet fiev aii<f>OT€povs rov? utets"Kal hie^wpLo^v
    oltt" dXX-qXoji', TTefJLTTeL he rrpos Kalaapa hid rdxovs
    OvoXovfJLVLOu re rou arparoTreSdpx'rjv Kal tojv (f>i-

    Xujv^ "OXvfJLTTOV eyypd(j)ovs^ rds urjvvaeLS ^epovras.


    536 ol S' COS" els 'Pco/x7]v TrXeiJoavres direhooav rd aTTo
    Tov ^aatXeajs ypdiifiara, u(j)6hpa pikv rj)(9eadr)
    Kalaap eVt rots veavioKois, ov fMTjv a)ero heZv
    d(f)€XeadaL rov Trarepa ttjv rrepl^ rcov vlcjv e^ovoiav.
    537 dvriypd(j)ei yovv Kvpiov jxev avrdv KaOiGrds, ev
    fievroL TTOLriaeiv Xeyojv, el pierd kolvov ovveSplou
    T(x)v re Ihiojv Gvyyevojv Kal tojv Kard rrjp eirapxiav
    r^yepLOVcuv e^erdueiev rrjv eTn^ovXiqv Kav p-ev
    ivexojvrat, Kreiveiv, edv he piovov ojglv hpaapidv
    ^e^ovXevpevoL, KoXdl^etu pLerpicorepov.
    538 (2) TovTOLS 'Hpcuhrjs TTeiSerai, Kal rrapa-
    yevopLevog els Brjpvrov, evda Trpoaera^ev Katcrap,
    Gvvrjye rd hiKaaT-qpiov 7TpoKadLL,ovGiv*'.re ol
    rjyepLoves^ ypa(f>ev avrols vtto Kalaapos, Tiarop-
    VLVos re Kal ol Trepl IlehdvLOv rrpeo^eiSy cruv ols
    Kal OvoXovpiVLOS [6y eTrirpoiTOS, erreid^ ol rod
    ^aaiXecus Gvyyevels Kal <f)iXoi, XaXcoprj re /cai
    ^epcopas, pLed^ ovs ol Trdorjs T^vpias dpioroi ttXtji
    ^Ap-^eXdov rod ^aoiXeajs' rovrov ydp ovra ktj-
    heGTTjV ^ AXe^dvhpov hi vrroiptas ^^X^^ 'Hpcuh-qg.

    1 Destinon from Lat. : t6u <pi\oy mss.


    * f77/5d0w9 LTRC. » PA Kard the rest.
    :

    * PA trpoKadi^ovTal
    : the rest.
    ' +A'oTd TO PAM. « om. PA.

    ffide
    *•
    Beirut.
    25*
    JEWISH WAR, 1. 535-538 (c/ ANT. xvi. 323, 332, 356 ff.)

    which submerged the tempest-tossed youths. For


    Salome ran off to the king and reported the warning
    which she had received. Herod, his patience ex- Herod
    hausted, put both his sons in irons and in separate thJ'prin'S
    confinement he then hastily dispatched Volumnius,
    ;
    and repon
    the military tribune, and Olympus, one of his friends, Angiustus^
    with all the information in writing, to Gaesar. Taking
    ship to Rome they deUvered the king's dispatches
    to the emperor, who, while deeply distressed for the
    young men, did not think it right to deprive the
    father of his authority over his sons. He replied
    accordingly, leaving Herod complete liberty of action, Augustus
    but adding a recommendation to him to hold an f fr^g^e han
    inquiry into the plot before a joint council of his
    own relatives and the provincial governors ; then, if
    his sons were convicted, to put them to death, but if
    they had merely meditated flight, to be content with
    a milder penalty.
    (2) Acting on this advice, Herod repaired to Trial held

    Berytus," the place appointed by Caesar, and there c^^g^g^c?


    assembled the court. In accordance with written
    instructions received from Caesar, the Roman officers
    presided, namely Saturninus^ and his legates, Pedanius
    and others with them was associated Volumnius
    ;
    '^

    the procurator. Next came the king's relatives and


    friends, including Salome and Pheroras, and after
    these all the aristocracy of Syria, with the exception
    af King Archelaus for, as Alexander's father-in-
    ;
    '^

    law, he was regarded by Herod with distrust. His


    ''
    C. Sentius Saturninus, governor of Syria, previously
    xtnsul in 19 b.c.
    * It is uncertain whether he is identical with Herod's
    "riend and ambassador (§ 535).
    **
    Cappadocia, it appears, must at this time have been
    jnder the superintendence of the governor of Syria.
    255
    J05EPHUS
    539 Tovs ye fi-qv VLOus ov -npoi^yayev etV rrjv hiKrjv
    fjidXa TTpofxrjdajs' jj^ei yap on kol pLovov ocfydevreg
    iXerjdrjOOVT at Travrajs' et 8e St) koI \6yov pera-

    Xdl3oL€P, pahlajg ^AXe^avhpou OLTToXvaeodat rds


    atTta?. dXX OL pL€u iv nAaravT^ Kcop-rj HibajVLOJU
    i(f)povpovvTO.
    540 (3) KaraoTOLS 5' o ^aotXev^ ch? rrpos Tjapovra?
    8l€T€lv€to, Kar-qyopei t€ r-qv pieu eTTL^ovXrju
    dodevo)?, cl>? dv dnopovpLevos els avrrju iXeyx^J^v,
    Xoihopias 8e kol oKcoppara /cat v^peis Kal nXrjpL-
    pieXelas pLvpias els avrov, d kol davdrov xaXe-
    TTcorepa rols GVvehpoLS d7Te(f)T]veu . eTretra pi-qhevos
    dvTiXeyovTOs eTtOLKricrdpevos > cos avros dXioKOiro
    KOL VLKCOV^ VLKTjV TTLKpdv Kara TOJU TeKVOJU, eTTTjpOJTa
    541 rrfv yvcopLYju eKaarou. Kal TrpojTOS HaTopvtvos
    a7Te(j)rjvaTo KaraKpLveiv p.ev tCjv veavioKotv, dXX
    ov ddvarov ov yap elvai deparou avro), rpicov
    TTapeGTcurajv reKi^oju, erepov reKvois dTrajXeiav
    eTTLxpTicjiLoaoOaL. ovpLip-qchoL 8' avro) Kal ol hvo
    TTpeo^evral yivovrai, Kal tovtols erepoi rives
    54"-'
    rjKoXovdrjoau. OvoXoypvLOs Se rrjs OKvdpojnrjs
    avrov Trdvres ddvarov
    d7ro(f)dGeojs rjp^aro, Kal /x€t'
    KaraKpivovoiv rcov pLeipaKLOJU, ol piev KoXaKevovres,
    ol be pLLcrovvres '}lpcoSr)v, Kal ovSels Si' dyavdKrt]-
    543 OLV. evda h-q piereojpos 'q re Supia Trdaa Kal ro
    ^lovSa'LKOv Tjv eK^exopevcov ro reXos rov hpdp.aros'
    ovhels pLevroL vireXdp^avev eoeoOai piexpt reKvo-
    Krovlas (hpov 'Wpdjh-qv. 6 he ovpas rovs vlovs,

    * yiKi{)i} M and apparently Lat.


    256
    JEWISH WAR, I. 539-543 ( = ant. xvi. 361-373)

    sons were not produced by Herod in court a very —


    wise precaution, for he knew that their mere appear-
    ance would be sure to arouse compassion, while, if
    they were further permitted to speak, Alexander
    would have no difficulty in rebutting the charges.
    So they were detained in custody at Platana," a
    village in the territory of Sidon.
    (3) The king, on rising, nevertheless inveighed Coudemn
    against them as though they had been present. His ponces?
    accusation of a plot was, for lack of proofs, weak ;

    but he dwelt on the affronts, mockeries, insults, and


    offences innumerable of which he had been the
    victim, and which, he declared to the court, were
    more cruel than death itself. After that, none con-
    tradicting him, he commiserated his hard fate that
    even in winning his case against his sons his triumph
    would be bitter and himself the loser, and then asked
    them all to express their opinions. Saturninus first
    delivered his opinion, which was to condemn the
    young men, but not to death as the father of three
    ;

    children present in court, it would not be right for


    him, he said, to vote for the destruction of the
    children of another. His two legates voted in the
    same sense and their example was followed by some
    others. Volumnius was the first to pronounce a pitiless
    sentence ; and all who followed him condemned the
    lads to death, some from flattery, others from hatred
    of Herod, none from indignation against the prisoners.
    From that moment all Syria and Jewry were in sus-
    pense, anxiously awaiting the last act of the drama ;
    yet none supposed that Herod would carry his cruelty
    to the length of murdering his children. He, mean-
    « Eas Damur, on the coast, S. of Beirut and about half-
    way between it and Sidon.
    VOL. II K 257
    JOSEPHUS
    €ts" Tvpol' KOLKcldei' SLarrXevaa? els Katfjdpetav
    rpoTTOv avaipeoeojs tols /xetpa/ciot? icrKenrero.
    544 (4) naAatos" Se ng rod ^aoiXiojs GTpaTia)Tr)s,
    ovojia Tipojv, €)(^ul>v vlov G^ohpa (Tvvqdrj /cat (f)i\ov
    'AAe^avSpoj /cat avros qyaTTTjKojg t8ta ret p.€ip6.KLa,

    hi VTTep^oXrjV dyavaKTTJoecos €K(f>pojv eyiverOy^ /cat


    ro iikv TTpcjTov e/5oa TTepLLOjy 77€7TarrJGdai ro
    SiKaiov, oLTToXcoXevaL rrjv dXr'jdetav, uvyKex^aOai
    TTjV (fiVGLV, dvOpLiaS y€fjL€LV TOV ^lOV , KOL TTOLvd^ OOa
    645 fiTj (f)€LhoiJLevcp rod ^ijv VTTTjyopeve ro ttolOo?. reXog
    8e /cat Toj /SacrtAet ToXp.-qoa<^ irpooeXdelv " dAA'
    e/xot fi€v," " KaKoSaL/jLoveoraro? etVat So/cct?,
    €(f)q,
    OCTTt? Kara, rcov (f)LXrdra)u TTeldfj rols TTOvrjpordroi?,
    €tye Oepojpa /cat SaAoj/XT]? Karayvovs TToXXdKig
    Bdvarov 7tlot€V€l? rovroig Kara row reKvojv, ol
    G€ rcov yvrjGLCov TrepiKorrrovres 8ta8o;^a»i^ eV*
    ^Avrirrdrpo) KaraXeiTTovGL p-ovoj, rov eavrolg ev-
    546 p-^rax^LpLGrou alpovpLevoi ^aaiXia. GKeipaL piivroL
    ye, fiT] TTore /cd/cetVoj yevrjrai pXGO? eV rot? arpa-
    riojrais 6 raJv dSeXc/xjw ddvaros' ov yap eariv
    OGri? OVK e'Aeet rd ptetpaKia, raJw Se rjycpovow /cat
    <f)avepdj9 dyavaKrovGLv -rroAAot." ravO^ dp.a Xeycjv
    (l>v6pLat,€.v rovs dyavaKrovvra<; 6 8e ^acrtAeus" .

    evdeojg iKeivovs re /cat avrdv /cat top' vldv avrov


    GVveXdpL^avev.
    547 (5) 'E^' <I) rcjv Ik rrj? avXrj^ rt? Kovpeoju,
    Tpv(f>ojv ouopLa, 7rpo€K7TrjhriGas €/c rivos deo-
    /SAa/9eta?^ eavrov p-qwr-qs yiverai. " KapLe,"
    yap " Tipcjjv ovros dvcTreideu, drav deparrevo)
    €(f)rj,

    '
    PA : iyivero the rest.
    2 PA : (ppifo^Xa^elas the rest.

    258
    JEWISH WAR, I. 543-547 ( = ant. xvi. 373-387)

    while, dragged his sons to Tyre, and, taking ship


    thence to Caesarea, pondered in his mind over the
    manner of their execution.
    (4) Now there was an old soldier in the king's Action o
    army, named Tiro, whose son was on very intimate Skiier^
    and friendly terms with Alexander, and who had a
    personal affection himself for the young princes.
    This man, in the excess of his indignation, lost his
    reason. At first he went about shouting that justice
    had been trampled under foot, truth was dead, the
    laws of nature confounded, the world full of iniquity,
    and whatever else his emotion suggested to one who
    was careless of his life. At length he boldly pre-
    sented himself to the king and thus addressed him :

    " Most god-forsaken of men, that is my opinion of


    you, you who to the injury of your nearest and
    dearest trust the word of the basest of scoundrels,
    if it be true that Pheroras and Salome, whom you
    have so often sentenced to death, have now made
    you believe their slanders upon your children. They
    are cutting off your legitimate heirs, leaving you none
    but Antipater, choosing him for king as the most
    manageable in their leading-strings. But take care
    that the death of his brothers does not one day rouse
    against him the hatred of the army for there is not
    ;

    a man there who does not pity the lads, and many of
    the officers are freely expressing their indignation."
    He forthwith named these malcontents and they ;

    were promptly arrested by the king, together with


    Tiro and his son.
    (5) Thereupon, one of the court barbers, named and of
    Trypho, possessed by some strange frenzy, rushed J'^^T^^
    *

    forward and turned informer against himself. " Me


    too," he cried, " this Tiro tried to induce to cut your

    259
    JOSEPHUS
    Toj ^vpo) o€ ^Lax^LpLoaodai, /xeyaAas" re /jloc nap*
    618 'AAe^ai'Spov Sojpea? vttlgx^^Ito." ravr* OLKOvaa?
    'Hpojbrjg Tov re Tipcova avv roj iraihl kol rov
    Kovpea ^aadvois hiriXey)(^ev , kol roJu fxev apvov-
    fievcoVy rod 8e
    fii]heu rrXeov Xeyovrog, urpe^Xovv
    549 eKeXevaev rov Tlpcova G<f>ohp6repov. 6 8' vlos
    OLKTelpag vrreox^ro rev ^auiXel rravra firjvvGeiv,
    el ;^aptCTatTO rov rrarepa avrw. KOLKelvov Sovrog
    €L7rev 6 rrarrjp avrov TreioBels
    COS AXe^avhpco ^

    BeXrjoeiev avrov aveXelv. rovd^ ol /xev eh arr-


    aXXay-qv rrjs rod rrarpos at/cta? TreTrXdodat, rives
    he aXrjdes eXeyov.
    550 (6) 'HpcoSrjs yeev eKKXr]oia rcjv re r\ye-
    fi-qv
    \x6v<jL>v KoX Karriyop-qoas rov Xaov err*
    Tipojvos
    avrovg eorparoXoyqcrev avroOc yovv dvaipovvrai
    fierd rod Kovpeojs ^vXols ^aXXop-evoi Kal XlOols.
    551 TTep.ipas Se Kal rovs vlels elsHe^aurrjv , ovaav ov
    rroppco rrjs Kataapetas", Trpooera^ev aTTOirvZ^ai.
    Kal reXeodevros avrco rax^cos rod TTpoordyjjiaros
    rovs veKpovs els AXe^dvhpeiov eKeXevoev dva-
    ^

    KOjJiLcrdrjvaL ro (f)povpLOVj (TVvra(f)iiGOiJLevovs *AAe^-


    dvhpoj rqj firjTpoTrdropL. ro puev ovv *AXe^dvSpov
    Kal WpLoro^ovXov reXos roiodrov [rjv^^}

    652 (xxviii. 1)
    ^
    Avmrdrpo) he dh-qpirov e^ovrt,
    rrjv hiahoxrjv jjllgos fJiev d(j>6p-qrov eK rod edvovs
    eTTeyeiperai, Trdvrcov eTTLorafievajv on rds hia-
    ^oXds roLS dheX<f)Ois Trdoas eTTLOvvrd^eiev ovros,
    VTTOLKOvpei he Kal heos ov fierpiov av^avofJLevr]v
    opojvrL rrjv rcJov dvr)prjjjievwv yevedv -qaav yap
    ^ AXe^drhptp (.Lev eK TXa(f)vpas vleis hvo, Tiypdvrjs
    1 om. LTKC.
    S60
    JEWISH WAR, I. 54>7-552 ( = ant. xvi. 387 ff., xvii. 1)

    throat with my razor when in attendance upon you,


    promising me a large reward from Alexander." On
    hearing this, Herod put Tiro, his son and the barber
    under the torture, and when father and son denied
    all and the other would add nothing more, gave

    orders to rack Tiro still more severely. The son,


    thereupon, moved with compassion, promised to tell
    the king everything if he would spare him his father.
    Herod granting his request, he stated that his father,
    at the instigation of Alexander, intended to kill him.
    This statement, according to some, was a fabrication
    to end his father's sufferings, while others maintained
    that it was true.
    (6) Herod summoned a public assembly, formally Executi
    accused the officers concerned and Tiro, and enlisted ^J^'^*'^'
    the aid of the populace to dispatch them they and ; Aristob
    the barber were beaten to death on the spot with
    cudgels and stones. He then sent his sons to
    Sebaste,*' a town not far from Gaesarea, and ordered
    them to be strangled. The order was promptly
    executed, and direction was given to convey the
    bodies to the fortress of Alexandrion, for burial there
    with Alexander, their maternal grandfather. Such 7-6 b.c.

    was the end of Alexander and Aristobulus.

    (xxviii. 1) Antipater, having now an indisputable Un-


    claim to the succession, became an object of intoler- J°§"flfa!i
    able abhorrence to the nation for all knew that it Antipat
    ;

    was he who had contrived all the calumnies against


    his brothers. He was, moreover, haunted with grave
    alarm at the sight of the children of his victims grow-
    ing to maturity. For Alexander had by Glaphyra
    two sons, Tigranes and Alexander ; and by his
    " Samaria.
    261
    JOSEPHUS
    Kal WXe^auhpo?, ^ApioTo^ovXa) 8' cV Bepi^tVry?
    T7J<; 2aAa»/xT7? *Hpa»8r^9 fjLev Kal *Aypi7r7ra? /cat
    ^Aplgt6^ovXo<; viol, duyarcpeg 8e 'HpcoSid? /cai

    653 yiaptdiJLfjLr) . ttjv p.kv ovv rXa(f)vpai> pL^ra rrj';

    TTpOlKOS *Hpa»§77? 0.77 €77 € flip €U^ €1? Ka7777a5o/<tai^,


    ojs ai^etAei^ WXe^avhpov, rrjv WpLoro^ovXov he
    liepvlKr)^ owa)Ki(j€v deloj Trpo? pLrjrpos 'Ai'Tt-
    Trdrpov rrju yap lLaXcx>iir]v ovoav bLd(f)opow i^-
    OLK€LOvpi€i^o? 6 Ai/TtVaTpo? TOVTOv eVpay/uareuaaTO
    '

    654 Tov yd/JLov. TTepirjeL 8e Kal rov ^eptopav 8o3pot?


    T6 Kal rat? dXXais BepaTielais Kal 701)? Kat'crapo?
    '
    (hiXov; ovK dXlya 77€fjL77a)v eiV riju Poj/jltji''^
    XPV'
    jLtara. 01 ye p,rju Tiepl 'Laropvlvov iv Supi'a TtdvT€.<;
    iv€7TXiqodr]oav row drr^ avTov Sa>pe(I>v. qxLoelTO
    be btbovg TrXeloi', oj<; dv ovk €k rod peyaXoipvxov
    655 ;^api4d/x6P'o? oAA' dvaXloKCov Kara heo<; avvi^aivev .

    8e^ rov<; fieu XapP6.vovra<; ovhev pdXXov euVou?


    ylveodai, ;^aAe77a>Tepou? 8' ix6pov<; oU fJ-i) 8180177.
    Aa/iTrpoTc'pa? 8e «:a^' rjpepau eVoietro ra? 8ta-
    8dcr€is", opdJv Tou ^aoiXea Trap* as avros iXTrlSas

    elxev iTTifieXovpLefov row 6p<bavojv Kal rrjv irrl


    Tots dvr)prjpL€V0LS pLerdvoiav ip(j)aLvovra hC d>v
    TjXeeL Tovs ef eKelvojv.
    550 Hvvayaydw ydp Tjore 'Wpd)br]s ovyyevels
    (2)
    re Kal <f>lXovs Trapaor-qadpevos re rd 7rat8ta Kal
    haKpvojv epTiXi'jGas rovs 6(f)BaXpov<; elrrev " €p.e
    rous pev rovrujv 7ro.r€pas OKudpojTTOs d(j)elXero
    halpojv, ravra 8c pot per a rrjs (fyvaeojs crvvlarrjoLU
    eXeos dp^at't'a?. TTeipdjpai 8\ el Kal Trarrjp
    iyeuopL-qv druxeoraros, rrd7TTros yovv yeveodat
    * dv/TTfwiZ'ff M. * (iri 'Pd!iJ.r)i P.
    ' 6i] LRC : Ti Niese.
    262
    JEWISH WAR, I. 552-556 (cf. ant. xvii. 6-13)

    marriage with Bernice, Salome's daughter, Aristo-


    bulus had three, Herod, Agrippa, and Aristobulus,
    besides two daughters, Herodias and Mariamme.
    After the execution of Alexander, Herod had sent
    back Glaphyra to Cappadocia with her dowry ;

    Bernice, the widow of Aristobulus, he gave in marriage


    to Antipater's maternal uncle,*^ this match being
    arranged by Antipater in order to conciliate his
    enem},- Salome. Antipater further sought to in-
    gratiate himself with Pheroras by presents and other
    attentions, and with Caesar's friends by sending
    considerable sums to Rome. Saturninus and all his
    staff in Syria were glutted with his gifts. Yet the
    more he gave, the more he was hated, as it was felt
    that his bounties were not the outcome of generosity
    but extorted from him by fear. The result was that
    the recipients were no better disposed to him than
    before, while those whom he overlooked became
    more implacable enemies. The presents distributed,
    nevertheless, became daily more magnificent, when
    he saw the king, to the undoing of his own expecta-
    tions, taking care of the orphans and showing his
    remorse for the murder of his sons by his compassion
    for their offspring.
    (2) For Herod, one day, assembled his relatives Herod's
    and friends,^ set the young children before them, niarrlSr^
    and said, with tears in his eyes " I have been
    : arrange-

    bereaved by some evil genius of the sires of these fur"th\


    infants, but pity for the orphans and nature alike
    ^f'jjj'^^'^
    commend them to my care. If I have been the most murdere(
    p^'"^^^-
    unfortunate of fathers, I will try at any rate to prove

    "Theudion, A. xvii. 70.


    * Reinach regards these words as having the technical
    meaning of high officials at court, cf. § 460.
    263
    JOSEPHUS
    KrjSefiovLKcorepos Kal juct' ifxk rjyefJLOvas avrols^
    657 KaraXLTreLV rovs €jJiol (f)iXrdTov? iyyvo) 8e rrjv.

    fi€i> OTjVy CO ^€pojpa, dvyaTcpa ro) Trpea^vrepcp


    Tcjv dSeXcfxjov ^AXe^duSpov TTaiSajv, ti^a 17? avro)
    K'qhepLOJvdvayKoios, ro) 8e ao) vratSi, 'AvrtTrarpe,
    Tr)v WpLGTO^ovXov OvyaTcpa' yevoLo yap dv ovtcjj
    TTar-qp rrjs op(f)avrj?, Kal ttjv dSeA^i^y avrfj? 6
    ifjLos 'Hpojbrj? XrjiperaL, 77/36? fxrjTpos oju dpxtepeoj?
    658 TrdTTTTOV. rd fJL€U ovv e/xd ravTrjv ix^TOJ ttju
    KpiGLVy Tjp hLaKOijjirf pL-qhels rwv e/xe (fyiXovvrcjow
    €7T€VXop.ai 8e Kal rw Oeo) ovvapixoaai rovs ydpLovs
    €771 oviJi(j)€povTi TTJs f/LirJ? ^aoiXeias Kal rojv ificov
    €Ky6vojv, rd re 77at8t'a ravrl yaXiqvoTepois eTnhelv
    ofjLfJLaoLV t) tovs 7TaT€pas avTcbu."

    659 (3) [^EneLSrjY ravra €L7T(hu d-nehdKpvoiv re Kal


    rcbv TTaihow ovw^pfjioaeu rag 86^1(1?, eVetra Kara-
    07TaodfJL€vos €KaoTOV (PiXo4>p6vLos hilXvaev rd
    ovueSpiov. eTTaxvajdr] 8' evOv? ^AvTiTTarpo? Kal
    SrjXo? rju aTTaoiv oSuvcvpLevog' VTreXd/jL^avev ydp
    elvai TTapd ro) Traipl rrju twv op(f)av(jiji' TLpir^u
    iavTOV KardXvaiVy avOis re KLuSuv€VG€iv Trepl rcov
    oXwv, €t 77pds' 'Apx^Xdo) Kal ^epcopav dvra
    TeTpdpx'i)v ^OTjdov exoiev ol AXe^dvhpov rralSe?.
    660 GUveXoyll^ero 8e rd iavrov puoos Kal rdu rwu
    opcfyavdw eXeou €K rod eduov?, oar] re oirovhr)
    l,0jvr(jjv Kal 6(77) jjLvqixrj rrapd 'IoL'8aioi? rcbv hi
    ^ ijyf/j.di'as avTovs PA : Ki^de/mouas avro'is the rest.
    * M : 8iaK6\peL the rest.
    3Corrupt text: Destinon proposes iwdde, to be joined to
    the preceding sentence.
    ° Names unknown.
    Tigranes (§ 552} or perhaps Alexander {A.
    *•
    xviii, 139,
    where the order of names is reversed).
    264
    JEWISH WAR, I. 556-560 {cf. ant. xvii. 14-17)

    myself a more considerate grandfather and to leave


    their tutelage, after my death, to those most dear
    to me. I affiance your daughter,** Pheroras, to the
    elder of these brothers,^ Alexander's sons, in order
    that this alliance may make you his natural guardian.
    To your son,^ Antipater, I betroth the daughter of
    Aristobulus so may you become a father to this
    '^
    ;

    orphan girl. Her sister ^ my own Herod shall take,


    for on his mother's ^ side he is grandson of a high-
    priest. Let then effect be given to my wishes, and
    let no friend of mine frustrate them. And I pray
    God to bless these unions, to the benefit of my realm
    and of my descendants, and to look with serener eyes
    upon these children here than those with which he
    beheld their fathers."
    (3) Having thus spoken he gave way to tears and
    joined the children's hands, and then fondly em-
    bracing one after the other dismissed the assembly.
    At that Antipater's blood ran cold f and his chagrin
    was evident to all. For he imagined that the honour
    bestowed by his father on the orphans was his own
    ruin and that his claims to the throne would be
    again endangered, if Alexander's children were to
    have, in addition to the support of Archelaus, that
    of Pheroras, a tetrarch. He reflected on the hatred
    which the nation bore him and their pity for the
    orphans, the enthusiasm which the Jews had shown
    for his brothers in their lifetime and their fond
    memory of them now^ that, in his interest, they were
    **
    Mariamme.
    <*
    The celebrated Herodias mentioned in the New Testa-
    ment.
    * Mariamme If, daughter of the high priest Simon, son

    of Boethus {A. xv. 320).


    ^ Or *' Antipater instantly shuddered."

    VOL. II K 2 265
    JOSEPHUS
    avTOv (iTToXajXoTOJV tjv abeXcjxjJv. eyvuj brj Travra
    rpoTTou Sta/coTTTetv rds" iyyvag.
    561 (4) Kat 70 VTnivai Travovpyojs eSetae rov
    fxev
    TTa-ipa -)(aXe7T6v koI Trpos rag VTroipla?
    ovra
    KLVovfievov o^icjg, iroXjjLi^Gev he TtpooeXOojv lk€'
    revetv auriKpv? firj OTepiuKeLV avrov -qs rj^LCoaev
    TLfjLTJs, fjLTjSe avTO) [JLEV oi^ofjia ^aaiXeias, Svvap,i.v

    Se V7Tdpx€LV dXXoLS' ov yap Kparr^aecv rujv irpay-


    fidrcov, el rrpos ^ Apx^Xdw TraTTTTCp /cat ^epcopav
    562 K-qheGTTjV 6 WXe^dvhpov ttols TrpoaXd^oi. KaT-qvn-
    ^oXei he TToXXrj? ovotjs yeveds Kara ro ^aalXeLou
    pLeradelvai rovs ydpLovs. rjaav yap rep ^aotXel
    ywalKe? p,ev evvea, re/cva 8* eV rcDv^ enrd, avro^
    p.ev Wi'TLTTarpos Ik Xojpiho^, 'HpojSryS" 8* e/c
    MaptCL/x/XT]? rrjs tov apxiepetos Bvyarpos, Avriiras ^

    he /cat 'Ap;^eAaos" €/c MaA^a/cr^? tt^? Sa/xapetVtSo?,


    /cat dvydr-qp 'OAu/xTria?, t)v 6 dheX(f)ihov£ avrov
    ^IdjOTjTTOs ^lx^^> ^^ ^^ '^V^ 'lepoGoXvfjLLrihog KAeo-
    Trdrpag 'HpcLhrj? /cat OiAtTTTTOs", e/c he naAAaSo?
    563 ^aodrjXog. eyevovro 8' avro) /cat aAAat Ovyarepe?,
    'Pa)^di'rj re /cat HaXojfJLr], rj ptev e/c Oat'Spa?, tJ

    he i^ 'EA77t5os". hvo
    €LX€V dreKi'OV?, dveipidi^
    S'
    re /cat dheX(f)Lhrjv x^P'-^ ^^ rovrojv hvo dSeA^db
    ^ XXe^dvhpov /cat WpLoro^ovXov rds e/c Maptd/x/.tT^S'.

    ovarj? he TToXxyrrpoowTTOv rrjs yeveds 6 WvrLTrarpos


    ehelro peraredrjvai rovs ydpiovs-
    664 (5) XaAerroiS" 8* d ^aoiXevs rjyavdKrTjoev /cara-
    piadojv avrov ro Trpos rovs opchavovs rjdos, evvoid

    ^ tCu'v of LTRC must surely be right: tol'twi' PAM.

    " Not including the deceased Mariamme I, who raises

    the total to ten. See Appendix, " The Herodian Family."


    '266
    JEWISH WAR, I. 560-564^ (cf. ant. xvii. 17-22)

    dead. He resolved accordingly at all costs to break


    off these betrothals.
    (4) Afraid of practising a ruse upon so harsh a
    father, whose suspicions were easily aroused, he boldly
    ventured into his presence and besought him out-
    right not to deprive him of the honour which he had
    deigned to confer on him, nor to leave him the mere
    title of king while others enjoyed the power for he ;

    would never be master of affairs, should Alexander's


    son, with Archelaus as his grandfather, also have
    Pheroras as his father-in-law. He therefore earnestly
    entreated him, as the palace contained a numerous
    family, to modify these matrimonial arrangements.
    The king, in fact, had nine ^ wives and issue by seven Herod's
    of them. Antipater himself was son of Doris, Herod chUdreu.
    (H) of Mariamme (H), the high-priest's daughter,
    Antipater and Archelaus were sons of Malthace, the
    Samaritan Olympias, a daughter by this last wife
    ;

    had married Joseph,^ the king's nephew. By


    Cleopatra, a native of Jerusalem, he had Herod and
    Philip ;by Pallas, Phasael. He had besides other
    daughters, Roxane and Salome, one by Phaedra,
    the other by Elpis. Two of his wives, one a cousin,
    the other a niece, were childless. In addition there
    were two daughters ^ by Mariamme (I), sisters of
    Alexander and Aristobulus. In view of this large
    family Antipater begged for an alteration in the
    projected marriages.
    (5) The king, on discovering Antipater's attitude
    to the orphans, was highly indignant, and the thought

    ''
    Son of Herod's brother Joseph, who was killed at the
    battle of Jericho (§§ 323 f.).
    « Salampsio and Cypros.

    267
    JOSEPHUS
    T€ avro) Trapeorrj Trepl r(x)V di'7]pi^fJL€vojv, fxrj ttotc
    KaKelvoL yivoLvro rojv WvTLTrdrpov SiapoXoju
    565 dyojVLGfia. t6t€ ukv ovv ttoXXo. Trpog opyqv dno-
    KpLvdfJievos drr^Xavvei rov ^AvrLTrarpov, a^^t? 8'
    VTraxO^Xs avrov rals KoXaKeiais pLedrjpfjLOGaro, Kal
    avTO) ixev ttjv 'ApiGro^ovXov ovvojKLGev Ovyarepa,
    Tov he vlov avrov rfj Oepcopa Ovyarpl.
    666 (6) KarafxddoL 8' dv n?, ooov tcrxfcrep' €V
    rovTOLS KoXaKevojv 'AvrtTrarpos", €.k rod T.aXcoiirjP
    eV ofioLOLS dTTorvxeiv ravT-qv yap Stj KaiTrep
    .

    ovoav dheX^r^v Kal 77oAAa Sta Atouta?^ ri]^ yvvaiKOS


    Kaioapos tKerevovoau yafjLrjd-fjvai rep "Apa^c SuA-
    Xaicp, StajjjLOGaro fxev exdpordrrjv €^€lu, et firj
    TravGatro rrjg GTTOvdrj?, ro Se TeXevTalov aKOVGav
    'AAe^a TLVL Tojv (f)LX<jJV GUvcpKLGeVy Kal rujv dvya-
    Tepojv avrrjs ttjv jikv rep 'AAefa Trathi, ttjv S*
    irepav rep Trpos p,7]Tp6s WpTLTrdrpov deio)} tcZv
    8' eK ^\apLdp.fJL7]<s dvyaripujv rj fiev dSeX^rjg vlov

    ^AvriTTarpov etx^u, tj he dheX(f)OV ^aodriXov.

    5C7 (xxix. l) AiaKOipas he rag rLov opcjiavojv


    eXTTiha? 6 ^
    AvTL7Tarpo£ Kal Trpos to Gvp,(f)epov
    avTO) Tas eTTiyajxias TrouiGd/xevos, (vs IttI ^e^atotg
    fieu wpfieL ralg iXvLGiUj TrpoGXa^ojv he rfj KaKia
    TO rreTTOidos d<j>6prjTOS rjv ro yap Trap* eVacrrcj
    pi.GO£ dTTOGKevdGaodai p,r) hvudfieuog €k rov
    4>o^ep6s elvai rrju dGcf)dX€Lau eTTopl^ero. Guvripyei
    he Kal ^epojpas cos dv rjhrj [/catj^ ^aoiXeZ ^e^alco.
    1 Niesewith Heg. AeiiasPA(as
    : in § 641): 'loi-X/a?the rest.
    ^ +aTroi5d<TavTO^ ws Icpauiv 'AvTLTrdrpov PAM (doubtless
    a gloss).
    ^ P: cm. the rest.

    268
    JEWISH WAR, I. 564-567 {cf. ant. xvii. 18, 10, 33)

    crossed his —
    mind might not his murdered sons also Under
    have been the victims of this man's slanders ? He, A^^ip^
    accordmgly, at the moment replied m
    a long and Herod
    angry speech, and dismissed Antipater from his ^opos^,
    presence. Subsequently, however, seduced by his ™^ons.
    flatteries, he made other arrangements, and gave the
    daughter of Aristobulus to Antipater himself, and
    the daughter of Pheroras to his son.
    (6) How powerful was the effect of Antipater 's Enforo.
    adulation on this occasion may be gauged from saToin
    ^

    Salome's ill success in a similar suit. For, although


    she was Herod's sister and had recourse to the inter-
    cession of the Empress Livia to plead with him for
    permission to marry the Arab Syllaeus,^ Herod swore
    that he would regard her as his bitterest enemy if
    she did not renounce this passion and, in the end,
    ;

    he married her, against her will, to one of his friends,


    named Alexas, and one of her daughters ^ to the son ^
    of Alexas, the other ^ to Antipater's maternal uncle.^
    Of his daughters by Mariamme, one ^ was given to
    Antipater, his sister's, the other -^ to Phasael, his
    brother's son.

    (xxix. 1) Antipater, having cut off the orphans' lutrigu

    expectations and arranged the marriages to his own ^"^^P^^

    advantage, regarded his prospects as securely an-


    chored, and, with assurance now added to villainy,
    became insufferable. For, unable to avert the hatred
    which he inspired in all, he sought security in
    intimidation. He was assisted by Pheroras, who
    ° §§ 487, 334. In A. xvii. 10 it is stated that the empress
    (JuHa) took Herod's side and sought to break off Salome's
    proposed match with Syllaeus.
    ^ Names unknown. " Berenice, widow of Aristobulus.

    ^ Theudion (§ 553 note). « Cypros. * Salampsio.

    269
    JOSEPHUS
    568 ytVerat he Kal yvi^aLKcov avurayfjia Kara riiv avXriv,
    o v€WT€pou? iKLvr]0€v dopv^ovs - Tj yoLp (t>€pcopa
    yvvrj fiera ttjs Kal rrjs aSeA^Ty? irpoo-
    fJLr]Tp6s
    Xaf^ovoa Kal rrfv ^ AvTLTrdrpov jJLTjrepa TroAAa /xei-'
    rjueXyaivev Kara ro ^aoiXeioVy iroXfxr^oev 8e Kal
    rod ^aaiXeoj? v^piaai hvo duyarepa?, 8t* a Sr)
    I^LoXiGTa ravrrjv cKelvog Trpo^e^Xrjro' fitoovpLevai
    6G9 ye /jltju vtt^ avrov row aAAcop' eTreKparovv. fiovr)
    8e rrjg ofiovola? avraJv avriiraXo'S tjv T^aXcofirj Kal
    ^aoiXel hii^aXXev rrju ovi'oSoi', to? ovk eV dyaOo)
    rojv avTov upayiidrojv etrj. yvovoai 8' eVetvat
    rr^v hia^oXrjV Kal ojs dyavaKrijaeiev 'HpoiSi^?, rrjg
    fjL€u (^aifepd? GVVoSov Kal rwv (f)LXo(f)poin]Gecov
    €7Tavaavro, rovvavriov 5' vrreKpivovro Kal 8ta-
    (f)€p€GdaL Trpoc dAA7]Aa? dKOVovros ^aacXicos' at?
    ovvvTTeKpivero Kal 'Avrlnarpog, iv ro) (fyavepoj
    570 77 poGKpovwv ^epojpa. GWOVGiai he rjGav avrdjv
    XdOpa Kal KOjfjLOL vvKrepwoL, nqv re ofxovoLav r)
    TTapari^prjGig enereLvev. rjyvoei hk ovhev SaAco/xi]
    rwv TTparrofxevcov Kal Tidvd^ 'Hpcohr^ 5t7)yyeAAer.
    571 (2) 'EfeAcatero 8* eKelvos els dpyrjv Kal fjcdXiGra
    IttI rrjv ^epcopov yvvalKa' ravrrfv yap rrXeov rj

    HaXajjiTj hte^aXXev. ddpoiGas ovv ovvehpiov rcjjv


    re (f)iX(jjV Kal Gvyyevwv dXXa re TToXXd rij? dvdpco-
    7TOV KarrjyopeL Kal rrjV els rds eavrov Ovyarepas
    v^piv, on re ^apiGaioLS jJ-eu \oprjyriGeLev fMiodovs
    Kar" avrov Kal rdv dheX(f>6v avroj KaraoKevdoeiev
    572 TToXejiLov evhrjoafjievr) (j^appidKOLS reXevraZov 8'
    .

    els Oepcopav d7TeGrpe(f>ev rov Aoyov, hvolv Odrepov

    <•
    Salome and Roxana.
    * She had paid the fine imposed upon them for refusing
    270
    JEWISH WAR, I. 568-572 {cf. ant. xvii. 33-48)

    looked on Antipater's claim to the throne as already


    assured. There was, moreover, a gang of women at a cabals
    court who created new disturbances. The wife ofcouTt.^^
    Pheroras, in league with her mother and sister and
    the mother of Antipater, displayed constant effrontery
    in the palace, and even ventured to insult two young
    daughters of the king.'^ She became, in consequence,
    the object of Herod's special aversion yet, notwith-
    ;

    standing the king's hatred, these women domineered


    over the rest. The sole opponent of their league was saiome
    Salome, who reported it to the king as a conclave "^^roceed?
    not conducive to the interests of his realm. Informed to Heroc
    of this denunciation and of Herod's wrath, they
    abandoned their public meetings and all signs of
    friendly recognition, and on the contrary pretended
    to quarrel with one another in the king's hearing ;

    Antipater joined in their dissimulation by taking


    offence, in public, at Pheroras. But they continued
    to hold clandestine meetings and nocturnal carousals,
    and the knowledge that they were watched only
    bound them closer together. Salome, however, was
    ignorant of none of their proceedings and reported
    everything to Herod.
    (2) The king was furiously indignant, particularly Pheroras
    at the wife of Pheroras, the principal object of^'jvorce^i
    Salome's charges. He, accordingly, assembled a wife.
    council of his friends and relations and accused the
    wretched woman of numerous misdeeds, among
    others of insulting his own daughters, of subsidizing
    the Pharisees to oppose him,^ and of alienating his
    brother, after bewitching him with drugs. In con-
    clusion, he addressed Pheroras and told him that he

    to take the oath of allegiance to Herod on his accession


    {A. xvii. 42).
    271
    JOSEPHUS
    eXeadai Xeyojv, t) iavrov aSeA^oi^ 7) rr^v yvvatKa.
    rod he ddrrov dTToXeLipetv to l,rju rj ttju yvvoLKa
    (f>T](TavTos ovK , €-)(OJV 6 Ti )(pr) Spdv /lere^atvev €77*

    ^AvTLTrarpou, qj TraprjyyeiXev p^rjTe rfj ^epojpa


    yvvaLKL /i.7)T6 avrqj /ir)"' aXXco tlvl rchv eKeivqs
    SiaXeyeadaL. 6 8e (f)av€pa)S fiev ov Trapi^awev^ to
    TTpooraypLa, Xddpa Se hievvKTepevev avv iKeivoLs.
    6"3 Koi hehoLKOJS rrjv €7TLT7]povaav Y^aXtopuqv irpay-
    /j,aT€V€TaL Std rcbv eVi rrjs ^IraXlas (fjiXow rrjv ets"
    'PwjjLTjv OLTTohiifxiav avTcp- ypaifjdvTOjvyap eKeivojv
    Setv AvrinaTpov hid xpovov 7T€pi(j>drjvaL npos
    ^

    KaLoapa, 6 Se ov tl /leAAr^CTas" e^€7T€fxip€v depaTrelav


    re XapLTTpdv hovs XPVH-'^'^^ '^V^ '''^
    kol TrXelara
    hiaOrjKrjV koijll^€lu, iv ^aoiXevs fiev 'AvrtVarpos'
    fj

    iyeypaTTTO, WvTLTrdrpov Se 'Hpcohrjg SidSoxos 6 Ik


    yiapidjJLfjLT]? TTjs Tov apxi^peoj? dvyarpo? yeyovajs-
    6"i (3) "FjTrXevoev 8e kol Y^vXXalos 6 " Apaijj iiri

    'PwfJLrjg, rjixeX-qKOj? fiev rwv Kaioapos irpoo-


    rayp^drajv, dvrayajviovp.evo'? he Trpog AvTLTTarpov
    ^

    rrepl d>v SeStKaoTo ^LKoXdco rdxi-ov. ov puKpos


    8' avrcp Kal Trpog ^ Aperav rjv dyojv rov iavrov
    jSaCTiAea' tovtov yap dXXovs re cfilXovs dv^p-qKet
    675 Kal ^oaLfJLOV rujv ev Werpa hvvarojrdrojv } Treloag
    8e TToAAot? ;)^pr]/i,aatt' ^d^arov rou Kato-apos" 8t-
    OLK-qri-jP exprjro ^orjOqj Kal Kad' *Hpto8oi;. TrXeiova
    8e hov£ 'Wpojhrjs ZuAAatou
    d^iOTTjoiv re drro
    ^d^arov Kal hC avrov rd KeXevodevra vtto Kal-
    oapog eloeTTparrev. 6 he jJLrjheu dTTohovg en Kal
    ^ Niese: MfT-e'^Saii'ev .mss.
    ^ Xiese tov it/ IT. Sffarwraroj'
    : PAM, twv iv IT. tov dwaTuj-
    raTQv the rest.

    • Mariamme II, daughter of Simon the high priest.

    272
    JEWISH WAR, I. 572-575 (c/. ant. xvii. 49-55)

    must choose one or the other, either his brother or


    his wife. Pheroras replying that he would sooner
    part with his existence than with his wife, Herod, in
    perplexity, turned to Antipater and ordered him to
    have no further intercourse either with the wife of
    Pheroras, or with her husband, or with any of her
    set. Antipater, while not openly violating this in-
    junction, continued secretly and at night to associate
    with them ; but fearing the vigilance of Salome he
    contrived, with the help of friends in Italy, a visit to Antipab
    Rome. A letter arriving from them, suggesting that Y^^'t to
    Antipater ought to be sent before long to Caesar's o b.'c. c.

    court, Herod without a moment's delay sent him off


    with a brilliant retinue, a large sum of money and
    his will, in which Antipater was named as heir to the
    throne, and Herod, the king's son by Mariamme, the
    high-priest's daughter," as Antipater's successor.
    (3) Syllaeus the Arab also set sail for Rome he intrigue
    ;

    had disregarded Caesar's orders and went to maintain J^g^J^'J^i


    against Antipater the case which he had previously
    pleaded against Nicolas.^ There was also a grave
    matter at issue between him and his own sovereign,
    Aretas, for he had put to death a number of that
    prince's friends, including Soaemus, one of the most
    powerful personages in Petra. By a large bribe he
    secured the services of Fabatus, Caesar's treasurer,
    whom he also employed to assist him against Herod.
    The latter, however, by even larger bribes, detached
    Fabatus from Syllaeus and endeavoured, through
    him, to exact from Syllaeus the penalty imposed by
    Caesar." But Syllaeus still refused to pay anything,
    ''
    Nicolas of Damascus had, in the course of an attempted
    mediation between Herod and Augustus (c. 7 b.c), accused
    Syllaeus of treasonable designs {A. xvi. 335 fF., no parallel
    inB.). A. xvi. 352 f.
    273
    JOSEPHUS
    Kar-qyop^L ^aBdrov irapd Kaioapt, hioiKr)TrjV elvai
    Xeyojv ov rcDv eKelva), rcjv he 'HpcuSr^ ovpL-
    (J'6 (f)€p6vrow. OLS opytadel? Oa^aro?, rjv 8' ert
    i(f)^

    rrapd 'HpojSr) [idXiara riiiajfievog, ytVerat Trpo-


    SoTTjg ZuAAatou tojv a.7ToppTJrojv, rqj re ^aaiXel
    (f)rjGLV OTL SuAAatOS" hia<f>d€Lp€L(iV O.VTOV rOV GOJfiaTO-
    ^vXaKa ¥>.6piv6ov ;)(p7j/xacrtv, ov Set <f)vXdrT€GdaL.

    TTelderai S* d ^aaiXevs' Kal yap redpaTrro /xev d


    Kdpti^^os" iv rfj f^aaiXeia, yevog 8* rjv "Apaifj.
    077 GvXXapL^dvei 8' evdeco? ovk avrov fiovov dXXd Kal
    Svo irepovg "Apa^as evpcov Trap' avroj, rou fjuev
    SuAAaiou Tov 8e (f)vXap-x^ov
    <f)LXov ol 8e jSacravt- .

    topLevoL TTetcrat Kdpii^^oi' djp,oX6yr]Gav eTrl ttoAAoi?


    XP'rjpio.cnv 'HpojdTjV dveXe'iv. ovtol p,ev ovv dva-
    KpiBevres Kal rrapd Haropi'lvcp roj hiiTTOvn ttjv
    Hvplav dv€7Tep(f)dr]Gav etV 'Pwpb-qv.
    578 (-i) 'Hpwhrjg 8' ou/c dvUt ^epojpav ^iaL,6pL€vog
    dTToXXayrjvaL rij? yuvaiKos, ou8'^ eVci'det fJ-'^iX^^'^^'

    8t' t)? ai^ TipbOjpi^Gairo rrjv dvOpcuTTOv, rroXXas tov


    pLLGOVS e\ojv air las, ecus vrrepayavaKriJGas gvv
    5'9,avTfj Kal tov a8eA^dv eV^aAAei. ^epojpas 8e
    dyaTrrjGas rr]V v^piv aTToXXdGGeraL pkv el? ttjv
    iavTOV rerpapxlo-v opLOGag opov e^€LV eva rrjg
    tov 'Wpojhov Bdvarov Kal pLrjheTTore Trpos
    (jyvyrjs

    tdjvra v7TOGTp€ip€iv, €7ravijXd€v 8e ouSe Trpo?


    voGOVvra rov dheXcfjov Kalroi XirrapcLs perarrep,-
    TTopLevov i^oTjXero yap avroj rivas ivroXd? Kara-
    580 Xelipeiv cu? reOvv^^opevos . aXX 6 pLev Trap' iXTrlSa
    (jcu^erat, /lact' ov ttoXv 8e voGel Oepojpas", evpiGKero
    1 6 5' or 6 oe PAM.
    274
    JEWISH WAR, I 575-580 (
    = ant. xvii. 55-59)

    and furthermore accused Fabatus to Caesar, asserting


    that the emperor's agent was acting not for his but
    for Herod's interests. Indignant at this and still
    highly paid by Herod, Fabatus betrayed the secrets
    of Syllaeus, informing the king that he had by bribery
    corrupted Corinthus, one of his bodyguard, and Discover

    warning him to be on his guard against this nian. another^


    The king acted on this advice, knowing that this Arabaga
    Corinthus, though brought up within his dominion,
    was an Arab by birth. He straightway had him
    arrested and with him two other Arabs, whom he
    discovered in his company, one a friend of Syllaeus,
    the other the chief of a tribe. Being put to the
    torture, these men confessed that Corinthus had by
    large bribes induced them to kill Herod. They were,
    accordingly, after being further examined by Saturni-
    nus, the governor of Syria, sent up for trial to Rome.
    (4) Herod, meanwhile, never relaxed his efforts to Exile am
    compel Pheroras to divorce his wife. But, notwith- ph^erom
    standing the abundant cause which he had for hisOBc
    hatred of the creature, he could devise no means of
    punishing her, until finally, in extreme indignation,
    lie banished both her and his brother from the realm.
    Pheroras, accepting this affront with equanimity, de-
    parted to his own tetrarchy," swearing that the only
    limit to his exile should be Herod's death, and that
    never, so long as his brother lived, would he return
    to him. Nor, in fact, would he revisit his brother,
    even during his illness, though urgently pressed to
    do so ; for Herod, believing that he was dying,
    desired to leave him certain instructions. Herod,
    however, unexpectedly recovered, and not long after
    Pheroras himself fell sick Herod thereupon dis-
    ;

    » Peraea (§ 483).
    275
    JOSEPHUS
    he 'Hpcobrj^ jjL€Tpio'>r€pog Kal yap TJKeL Ttpos avrov
    Koi ovfiTTo.doj'i edepOLTTevev. ov ^ir^v VTrepioxvoev
    rod TTadoVi' /X€ra yap r)fi€pa<; oXiyas aTToOvrjGKet
    681 ^epcopas. ov Kal-nep dyavqua^ 'Hpcohrjs P-^XP^
    reXevraias r]f.Lepa<i o/lioj? Kal avrov dveXeiv i(f>r]-
    fiLodrj (jyapp^aKcp. tov ye jJiriv veKpov eis" 'lepo-
    ooXvfxa Kopiioas ttcvOos re pieyiorov oXcp rco eOvei
    Kar-qyyecXev Kal KrjSela? rj^LCocrev Xaprrpordr-q<;.
    eva pikv Srj row WXe^dvSpov Kal Wpiaro^ouXov
    (f)ou€a>v roLodrov Trepiepxerai riXos.

    582 (xxx. 1) 8'


    Were^atvev
    errl rov avOevrr^v
    WvrtTTarpoi' rov OcpoSpa ddvarov dpx'QV
    n) TTOwr}
    Xa^ovoa. ro)v rovrov yap Tii^es" drreXevdepwv
    Karrj(f)€ig roj ^aoiXel npooeXOovre'? rov dheX(j)6v
    avrov SL€4>6dp9aL (fyappaKoi? eXeyov TTpooeveyKelv
    pL€v yap avro) rt rrjv yvvaiKa rcov ov avvrjdojg
    iaKevaopevajv, (jyayovra 8' evdeojs etV rrjV vooov
    583 KaraTTeuelv. dyrjox^vai re rrpo hvolv rjfiepcov rrji^
    p.r]repa ravrrjs^ Kal rrjv dSeXcjirjv yvvaLov €K rijs
    Wpa^ias (jiappaKOiv eprreipov, ottojs (f>iXrpoi
    GKevdarj roj Oepcopct, heSojKevai 8' dvrl rovroi
    davdoLpov HvXXaiov TrpayparevoapLevov rovra
    yap Tjv yvcopipov.
    584 (2) nX-qyel? ovv 6 ^aaiXeus VTroifjiais TrXeioaa
    deparraivas re /cat nvas rcov eXevdepcov €^aadvLl,ev

    ejSoa 8e ns ev rals dXyr]h6oiv " deos 6 yrjv Ka


    ovpavov hieTTOJV pereXdoi r-qv rovrcvv rjplv rcoi
    KaKcov alrlav, ttjv WvriTrdrpov pi]repa." ravrr)<:
    rrjs dpx^? o ^aoiXevs Xa^opevos erre^-fjei rrpoaa
    rr^v dXi^deiav} tj Se yvvrj rrjv re <f)LXLav rrj\

    1 a^r^s PM. » +^7nf777cDp LTRC.


    276
    JEWISH WAR, I. 580-585 ( = ant. xvii. 59-65)

    played greater humanity, for he went to him and


    affectionately tended him. But he could not cope
    with the malady, and a few days later Pheroras
    expired. Notwithstanding the love which Herod had
    for his brother to his dying day, a report was spread
    that he had poisoned even him. Anyhow, he had the
    corpse conveyed to Jerusalem, gave orders for a
    solemn national mourning, and honoured him with
    the most imposing funeral. Such was the end to
    which came one of the murderers of Alexander and
    Aristobulus.

    (xxx. 1) But retribution was now, in turn, descend- Herod


    ing upon the real perpetrator of that crime, Anti- Jw^^'^"^^
    pater ;this retribution arose out of the death of Pheroras
    Pheroras. For certain freedmen of the deceased poisoned
    came, in dejection, to the king and informed him
    that his brother had been carried off by poison ; his
    wife, they said, had served up to him some extra-
    ordinary concoction, after eating which he was im-
    mediately taken ill. They added that, two days
    before, her mother and sister had brought from
    Arabia a woman who was an expert in drugs, to
    make up a love-potion for Pheroras but, instead of ;

    this, she had given him a deadly poison, at the


    instigation of Syllaeus, who knew her.
    (2) Beset with all sorts of suspicions, the king put Reveiatio
    the women-servants and some ladies above that rank °' ^^^^

    to the torture.
    • • • 1
    women
    •

    One victmi in her agonies exclaimed, concernic


    /--v 1-1
    " May God who governs earth and heaven punish ^"^'P^*^"
    the author of our present miseries, Antipater's
    mother "" Clutching at this clue, the king pushed
    !

    his search for the facts yet further. The woman


    « Doris.
    277
    JOSEPHUS
    * Ai/TLTTarpou {JL-qrpo? Trpog ^epcopav Kal tols eKetuov

    yvvaiKas ^StJAov Kal rds XaOpaiag avrcov ovvohovs,


    OTi re 0€pt6pa? kol 'Ai^-tVarpos" ovv eKeivatg
    77lVoteV, V7TOOTp€(f)OWT€9 OLTTO TOV ^O-GlXdoj?, 8t'
    oAt^?^ i^VKTO^y pLTiheva fJ.r)r€ OLK€Tr]v p.r]T€ depd-
    TTaLvav ia)vr€£ TiaparvyxdveLV /it'a hi] tuju dAev-
    .

    depojv Tavra ixr]vvei.


    68G (3) Ta? he hovXas ;^tupt? iKaoTqv 'Wp<J)hris
    e^aodvit^ev. eppi)d-q he Trapd Tr(iaai<; rd npo-
    €Lpr]ixeva GVfx(f)OJva, Kal hton Kara avuO-)]Krjv ^ Avrl-
    TTarpog fikv els 'Pcopi-qw, ^epcopa? S' VTTOXojprjGeiev
    €1? rrji' Uepaiav TToXXdKig yap avrou? htaXaXelv,
    u)s fier^ WXe^auhpov Kal WpiGTo^ouXov eV avrovs
    'Hpu)hi-)s Kal rd? eavr<2)V yvvaiKas'
    fjcera^TJoeraL
    ou ydp (jieiaeodaL^ ^lapidpLix-qv Kal rovs c^
    fierd
    eKeivqs erepou tluos, wcrre dfxeiuov elvai <f)evy€LV
    587 OJS TTOppcurdroj rod d-qpiov. rroXXaKLS he diT-
    ohvpopievov rrpog rrju fx-qrepa rov WvTLTrarpov eLTreZv
    CO? avrds /xev €117 ttoXlos ^jhrj, vedl^OL he Kad*
    qpLepav 6 Trar-qp, (f>6daai S' dv rdxo- Kal reXeu-
    rrjoas TTplv dp^aadat ^aoiXeias dXrjdovg. el he
    Kai TTore eKelvos reXeurriGeLev , (ttotc S' ai^ yevocro
    Tovro;) TTavrdTTaaiv avrco rrjv dTToXavotv rij?
    .",S8 dLahoxyjs yiveodaL ovvroixov. vTro^Xaordveiv he
    Ta? TTj? vhpas Ke(f)aXds, rovs WpLoro^ovXov Kal
    WXe^dvhpou TTalha?. d(f)r]prjodaL 8' avrou vtto
    rod jrarpos Kal rrjv e—l reKvoLS eXnlha' hidhoxov
    ydp ov rujv avrov nva naihcov fierd rrjv reXeur-qv,
    dXXd rou eK MapLapLfirjs 'V{pdjhr]u yeypacfyevai.
    Kal Kard rovro ye rravrdrraaLV Trapayrjpdu olofievov
    avrov Kal SiadqKag jxevelv Kvpias' avrov ydp
    689 TTpovorjoeiv fj.rjheua rrj'i yeueds aTToXLTrelv. ovra
    21 a
    JEWISFI WAR, r. 585-589 ( = ant. xvii. 65-67)

    then revealed the intimacy of Antipater's mother


    with Pheroras and the ladies of his family, and their
    clandestine meetings she added that Pheroras and
    ;

    Antipater, on their return from the king, would pass


    the whole night drinking with those women, without
    allowing a single servant, male or female, to be
    present. This information was given by one of the
    ladies of rank.
    (3) Herod had each of the slave girls separately
    tortured. All their evidence agreed with that already
    stated ; they added that it was by a mutual arrange-
    ment that Antipater had withdrawn to Rome and
    Pheroras to Peraea for they were constantly saying
    ;

    to each other, " After Alexander and Aristobulus,


    we and our wives will be Herod's next victims.
    Having slain Mariamme and her offspring, he will
    spare none ; so it will be better to flee as far as
    possible from the ferocious beast." Antipater, they
    continued, would often complain to his mother that
    he was already grey-headed, while his father grew
    younger every day he would perhaps be the first
    ;

    to die, before he began to be really king. Even


    supposing his father ever did die (and when would
    that be ?) his enjoyment of his heritage must be
    extremely short. Then there were these hydra
    heads, the sons of Aristobulus and Alexander, shoot-
    ing up. His father had robbed him of his hopes for
    his children, by nominating as the next heir to the
    throne not one of his own children, but Herod, the
    son of Mariamme. In that at least he betrayed his
    extreme senility, if he supposed that that part of his
    will would stand for he, Antipater, would take good
    ;

    care to leave none of the family alive. Never had


    ^ +T77S AM. ^ Bekker: ^et'crao-^at mss.
    279
    JOSEPHUS
    ye jjbrjv rcov ixiooreKvorarov
    TTOjirore Trarepcov
    'Wpajb-qv TToXv iiiaa-heX^ov hovvai
    fjidXXov elvau
    yovv avTO) Trpojrjv CKarov rdXavra inl rw [xrj 8ta-
    XeyeodaL Oepojpot. rod Be eiTTOvros " ri yap
    avTov i^XoLTTTOfieu; " aTTOKpivaudai tov *Avtl-
    TTarpov " eWe Travd^ rjiids d(f)€X6fjL€VO£ yvp^vovs
    edoeiev^ L,a)vras. ciAA' d/i.T7;\;aj^of €K(f)vy€lv ovtoj
    (t)OVLK6v dr]pLOV, Trap* cL fMTjhe (faXelv nuag e^eari
    (f)avepa)S. Xddpa yovv vvv aAAT^Aot? ovveGfiev,
    i^eorai hk <j>avep(2)?, idv a;\;tD/xeV ttot* dvhpcov
    <f>p6viqiJia Kal x^lpas."
    59(j Taur' eXeyov at
    (4) Kal on
    /Saaart^o/xei^at,
    ^epcopas ^ovXevaatro (fyvyelv avrojv etV
    pier*
    Ylerpav. eTTLoreuaev 8' 'HpcoSqg TrdoLV rol? Xeyo-
    eK ratv eKarov raXdvTCov pLOvco yap 'Ai^rt-
    jxeuoL?
    Trdrpoj hieiXeKTo irepl avrcov. aTToa/ci^Trret 5' etV
    TTpcorrjv 6 ^u/xos" AcoptSa rrjv ^AvrLTrdrpou jji-qrepa-
    Kal yvpLvcoGas avrrjv iravros ov SeScoprjro Koap^ov,
    591 TToXXcov 8' Tyy raXdvrojVy e/c^aAAet heijrepov. rds
    he (t>€pcopou yvvaiKa? drro rcov ^aadva>v irrjpLeXei
    SiryAAay^eVob- €7tt6tjto Se tw (/)0^a> Kal rrpos
    TTauav VTTOvoiav i^eppi7Tit,€ro, ttoXXovs re rcjv ovk
    alriajv elXKCv els ^aadvovi y hehoLKOJS p,if] nva ran'
    aLTLCov TTapaXtTTrj.
    59- (5) Kdv rovTcp t peirer ai rrpog rou HapLapeinqv
    ^AvTLTTarpov, 0£ rjv eTrirpoTTOS ^Avrmdrpov. /Sa-
    oavit^cov Se ainov rJKovaev otl pLereTrej^nljaro pLeu
    ^AvTiTTarpog e^ Alyvrrrov S-qXrjTTJpLov <f)dppaKOu
    €77' avrov Std nvos rcov eTaipcov AvTL<j)iXov, Xd/Sou *

    he Trap* eKeivov Qevhicxjv 6 deZos' WvTnrdTpov Kal


    ^ Dindorf : idaei ye or idaei mss.
    » <fii\oi PAM Heg. : lor text cf. A. xvii. 70.

    S80
    JEWISH WAR, I. 589-592 {cf. ant. xvii. 65-70)

    father so hated his children, yet Herod hated his


    brother far more ; only the other day he had given
    him (Antipater) a hundred talents to break off all
    intercourse with Pheroras. And when Pheroras
    remarked, " Why, w^hat harm were we doing
    him ? " he had replied " Would to heaven he
    :

    would rob us of everything and leave us to live in


    nakedness. But it is impossible to escape so blood-
    thirsty a beast, who will not even allow us to show
    affection for anyone. Now we must meet in secret ;

    we shall be able to do so openh^ if ever we possess


    the courage and arms of men."
    (4) To these revelations the tortured women added Repudiat
    that Pheroras had had designs of flying with them to Antipatei
    Petra. Herod believed all these statements because mother.
    of the detail of the hundred talents, which he had
    mentioned to none but Antipater. The first to feel
    the explosion of his wrath was Doris, Antipater 's
    mother he stripped her of all the finery which he
    ;

    had bestowed on her and for the second time dis-


    missed her from court. With the ladies of Pheroras 's
    household he made his peace and showed them
    special attentions after their tortures. But he was
    scared with fright and flared up at the least suspicion,
    and many innocent persons w^ere haled by him to
    torture, for fear that a single culprit should escape
    him.
    (5) His attention w^as now directed to Antipater Discoverj

    mm, under
    1 1 .,11
    the Samaritan, agent to his son Antipater. From^/^P^°^'
    .1 ,} , Antipatei
    .

    torture, he learnt that Antipater had and


    ,

    procured from Egypt, through Antiphilus, one of his fo^po^son


    companions, a deadly poison intended for the king Herod. ;

    that from Antiphilus it had passed into the hands of


    Theudion, Antipater's uncle, who had delivered it

    281
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    TTapahoirj (t>epojpa' rovroj tov yap evr^iXaodaL
    Wi'TLTTarpov 'HpojSrjv auro? eariv
    dveXelu ecu?
    €v 'Pajfir] Trj<^ VTTOvoias KexojpicriJLevos' ^epojpav
    693 8c rfj yvvaiKL Trapadeodat to cbopfiaKOW. TavrrjV
    ovv^]^ 6 fjaaiXev? iieraTrepLiljdiJLei'O'^ avriKa to
    Xri(j)6kv eKeXevaeu kopllI,€iv. t) 6' efetat /xev a»?

    KOfJLLOVaa, pL7TT€L 8' iaUTTjU OLTTO TOV TeyOU? TOV T€


    eXeyxov Kal ttjv Ik tov ^aaiXiajs aLKtav (l)9dvovGa-
    TTpOVoia 8', OJb €0LK€V>, deOV fieTLOVTOS ^AvTLTTaTpou
    OVK Ittl K€(j}aXrjv dAA' IttI daTepa Treaovoa 8ta-
    694 ocoLeTaL. KopnGdelrrav 8' avTrju 6 ^aatAei)? dva-
    KTriGdjievo<^, KeKdpojTO yap drro tov TTTOj/jLaTo?,
    rjpcoTa 8t' ^v aLTiaw ptipctev iavT-qv, el fxkv et7ro6
    TdX-qdeSy d(j)-qo€LV Trduiqs TLjLojpia<; iTTOfiuvfievog , €i
    8' VTTOOTelXaLTO, haTTavqaeiV aurrj? eV ^aodvois to
    awfjLa Kal fir)Se Tdcbcp KaTaXeiipeiv
    695 ripo? Tavd^ rj yvvrj }.UKp6v hiaXLVOVoa " Kal
    (6)
    Ttydp," eL7T€i', " eVt (f)€L8oiJ.aL Tcov dnopp-qTOJi',
    Ofpcjpa Tedi'eojTOs; r^ owtovaa tov dTToXeaavTa
    TrdvTas r]iids AvTirraTpov; aKOve, /SaotAeu, Kal
    ^

    iL€Td GOV deos 6 fidpTVS ipLol Trj? dXrjdetas nXavq-


    696 drjvaL jjltj Swdfievo?. 6t€ dTTodvrjGKOVTi Oepojpa
    rrapeKadetov heSaKpvjievos, TOTe /le npOGKaXeGd-
    eKelvos 17 ttoAu a) yvvai, ttjs '
    '
    fievo? ye,' effiy),
    et? ifiavTOV Siavota? tov dSeA^ou St-qpiapTov, toi
    ovTOJS GTepyovTa pLiG-qoas Kal KTelvai ^ovXev-
    Gdfl€VO<i TOV OVTOJS €77* €fJ,ol pLTjSe TedveCOTL TTCJb

    Gvyx^dfxevov. dAA' iyco fjLev dne^oj Trjg doe^etas


    TO iTTLTLpLLOV, GV 8' O (f)vXdGG€L9 /COT* aUTOU C^dp-
    fiaKov VTT^ ^AvTLTTaTpov KaTaXei(j)dev rjpuv <f)ep€ Kai
    ^XerrovTos fiov Tax^o)? d(f)dvLG0V, tva jjltj Kal Kad'
    ^ AM Lat. : om. the rest. ^
    n conj. : fj mss.
    282
    JEWISH WAR, I. 592-596 ( = ant. xvii. 69-76)

    to Pheroras, since it was he whom Antipater had


    commissioned to kill Herod while he himself was at
    Rome and out of the way of suspicion and that ;

    Pheroras had entrusted the poison to his wife. The


    king sent for her and ordered her instantly to produce
    what she had received. She went out, as though to
    fetch it, and then flung herself from the roof, in order
    to evade conviction and the king's rack. However,
    by the providence, it seems, of God, whose vengeance
    was pursuing Antipater, she fell not on her head,
    but on another part of her body, and was not killed.
    She was carried to the king, who had restoratives
    applied, as she was stunned by the fall he then ;

    asked her why she had thrown herself from the roof,
    and swore that, if she told the truth, he would
    exempt her from all punishment, but, if she pre-
    varicated, he would tear her body to pieces with
    tortures and leave not a limb for burial.
    (6) At this the woman hesitated an instant and confessio
    then replied " After all, why should I longer guard
    :
    "/jJoJJ^of
    hese secrets, now that Pheroras is dead ? Merely Pheroras.

    o save Antipater who has been the ruin of us all ?


    Listen to me, O king, and may God hear me too, a
    vitness to the truth of my words who cannot be
    leceived !At the time when you were sitting weep-
    ng beside the dying Pheroras, he called me to him
    md said, Much have I been mistaken, my wife, in
    '

    ny brother's feelings towards me I hated him who


    ;

    oves me so tenderly ; I plotted to kill him who is so


    )verwhelmed with grief for me even before my
    leath. I am but receiving the reward of my im-
    )iety ;as for you, bring that poison which Antipater
    eft us, and you are keeping for his destruction, and
    )romptly destroy it under my eyes, lest I carry away
    283
    "

    JOSEPHUS
    597 aSow rov dXaoropa.' Kal /^eAeucravros
    </>epot/Ltt

    eKo/jLLaa Kal TrXeZarov fxev el? to irvp opwuTos :


    avTov Kar€K€vajoa, ^pax^ ^^ ifiavrfj Trpos ro^^
    ahrjXa /cat rov Ik gov (j)6^ov ir-qp-qoa."
    50s (7) Taur' eiTTOvaa TrpoKoixilei rrjv -nv^iha -nav
    TaTTaaiv exovaav rov (j)appa.K0v ^paxv. /SacrtAeu^
    8' inl rr)v pnqrepa rrjv 'Avrt^tAou Acat rov dSeA</>oi

    ra? ^aordvov? iJL€re(f)ep€v, KOiKelvoL rov 'Ap-rt^iAoi


    KOfjLLGai re (Xtt' AlyvTrrov rrjv rrv^iha ojfjLoXoyo
    Kal Xa^elv Trap" dSeX(f)ov ro t^dpfiaKov echaoKO)
    590 larpevovros iv WXe^ai'Spela. Trepuovres Se o
    ^ AXe^dvhpov Kal Wpio-ro^ovXou haipLOves drrav ri h
    ^aolXeLOV ipeuvqrai re Kal {irjvvral ra>v dhrjXo)] *d

    eyivovro, rovs re TToppwrdroj rrjs: VTroipias ovra


    eovpov ecg rovs eXeyxovs- evpioKerai yovv Kal -<

    rov dpxi'€pea)S dvydrrjp ^lapLdpLfir) rrjs eTTi^ovXrj


    owLurojp- Paoavil,6}ievoi yap rovr* aTreSetfa
    600 avrrjs ol dbeXcfyoL [SaoiXevs Se rrjs ixrjrpcoas roX
    fjirjs Kal rov vlov rjpLVvaro' rov yovv e^ avrrj
    'HpojSrjv, ovra SidSoxov WvrLTrdrpov, rrjs Sta
    6t]Krjs e^rjXenJjev.
    601 (xxxi. 1) 'Etti rovroLS Kal BddvXXos els rov
    eXeyxovs ovvehpapieVy r) reXevraia TTLons rw
    'AvruTrdrpa) ^e^ovXevfievajv' rjv fiev yap dneXei)
    Bepos avrov, Kop.L^ojv 5' -qKev dXXo SrjXr/r-qpLoi-

    lovs dorrihajv Kal ;;^l'Aol'S" erepojv epnercov, Iva e fj-

    TO TTpdjTOV daOevrjoei^ (f)dpfiaKov, rovrco Oepcopa


    jierd rrjs ywauKos oTrXioairo Kara rov ^aacXeojs I
    602 rrdpepyov he rijs enl rov Trarepa roXp^rjs eKopate
    rds Kara rcov dSeXcfxjjv eoKevajprjiievas eTnoroXd
    utt' W.vrL7Tdrpov' rjoav yap Wpx^Xaos Kal OtA
    ^ acdevr)<T€u Dilldorf.

    284
    JEWISH ANTIQUITIES, II. 274-277

    my command. And I bid thee without more delay


    make speed Egypt, pressing forward by night and
    to
    day, and by no dallying to prolong the time for the
    Hebrews, now suffering in servitude."
    (4) Moses, unable to doubt the promises of the Revelation

    Deity, after having seen and heard such confirmation divine nam
    3f them, prayed and entreated that he might be ^^- "•• i^.

    i^ouchsafed this power in Egypt he also besought


    ;

    Him not to deny him the knowledge of His name, but,


    dnce he had been granted speech with Him and
    /ision of Him, further to tell him how He should be
    iddressed, so that, when sacrificing, he might invoke
    iim by name to be present at the sacred rites. Then
    lod revealed to him His name, which ere then had
    lot come to men's ears, and of which I am forbidden
    o speak." Moreover, Moses found those miracles at
    lis service not on that occasion only but at all times

    diensoever there was need of them from all which


    ;

    okens he came to trust more firmly in the oracle from


    he fire, to believe that God would be his gracious
    •rotector, and to hope to be able to deliver his people
    nd upon the Egyptians.
    to bring disaster
    (xiii. Accordingly, on learning that the king of
    1) Moses
    igypt, the Pharaothes under whom he had fled the Egypt,"
    ountry, was dead, he besought Raguel to permit him En:. iv. i^^.

    3r the welfare of his countrymen to go to Egypt ;

    nd, taking with him Sapphora,^ his wife, daughter of


    laguel, and the children whom he had by her, Gersos

    donai (lxx Ki'ptos) was employed, and JHVH in Hebrew


    ss. was written with the vowels of the latter, to indicate
    Read Adonai"; hence, through later neglect of the in-
    ;ntion of the scribes, arose the form Jehovah, which has
    Inquired a sacredness of its own, but in its origin is a
    ybrid.
    ^ Bibl. Zipporah (lxx I,eirc()dbpa).

    285
    JOSEPHUS
    L7T7TOS ^aoL^eojs 'nalhe<i eVi 'Ptu/xy^? TratSeud/Ltei^ot,
    G03 ixeipaKLO. re Kal (j)pourjfiaTO? fjieoToi. rovrov?
    rjSr}

    €77auaKV7TTOVTa? avTOV rat? iXTriaiv anooKeva-


    oaodaL 07r€vSaju ^Ai'TLTrarpog a? fiev TrXdrTeraL /car'
    avTwu €77 LGToXa? i^ ovofxaro^ tcov irrl 'Pto/x-/^?
    (fyiXow, ovg Se e-eidev ypdiljaL Sta(/)^etpas" ;\;p'/]/xacrtv,
    a>S" TToAAa /xep' ^Aacrc/^^/xotev toj^ Trarepa, (f)au€p(jj^
    Se WAe^auSpou Kal ^ApioTo^ovXou oSvpocvro, Trpos
    6e TTjv fxeroLKArjaLU dyauaKTOLew tJSy) ydp^ avrou?
    6 TTarrjp fxereTTepLTTero, Kal rovro rjv to fxaXiora
    rapdoaov WuTLTrarpou.
    604 {-2} "Et6 Se Kal npo rrj? aTroSi^fiLag iv ^lovhala
    pLevcov Totavra? aurdjv eVt 'Pcofirjg -qyopaCev
    /car'
    imoToXd^ , TTpooio'jv tc ojs duvnoTrrog elrj rep Trarpl
    rrepl rwu dSeXcfxjju' dTreXoyelro, rd p.€V ifjevSrj

    Xdycov elvai tCjv ypa(j)op,ivojv, d he veor-qros dp,ap-


    605 rry/xara. rrjuLKavrd ye pirjv rots' ypd(j)0VOLv Kara
    rCjv a6eX(j)ow TrXelara hovs XPVH-'^'^^ GviJ,(f}vp€Li
    ineLpdro rdv eXeyxov, eaOrjrd^ re TroXureXel? Kal
    orp(jjpivd<^ eK7Tojp.ard re
    TTOLKiXas dpyvpd Ka\
    Xpvod dXXa re rroXXd rcov KeLpLTjXtcov,
    ovvcovovp.evo<£
    iLva roj nX-qdei rrjg €iV ravra harrdvris rov^ els
    eKeZva pnodovs eyKaraKpyifj-rf- Staxdata yovv dva-
    Xcofxaro^ dvqveyKev rdXavra, Kal rovrcjv fieyiarr^
    bOG 8'
    77 p6(f>aoL<; rjv tj 77 p6^ 'LuXXalou dlKr). T7dvraiV
    avrov rore Kal rcou ^pa^vrepoju ev ro) pt,eit,ovi
    KaKO) SLaKaXu(f)d€ur(x)U, 66^ at fxev ^doavoL 77daai
    ^ yap Niese from Lat. :
    0' or oe mss.

    * The alternative reaciing of LTRC


    Kal irpoaiwv t^ws
    avvTTo-mo^ tjv toj Trarpi tt((A tQiv abiXcpCji' 5e ("and then, while
    as yet his father had no suspicion of him, would go to him J

    and " etc. ) is specious.


    ' LTHC Lat.; (ynaTaypaxl/Ti PAM (perhaps rightly).
    2»6
    JEWISH WAR, I. 602-606 ( = ant. xvii. 80-82)

    sons of the king, now growing lads and full of manly-


    spirit, were receiving their education in Rome.
    Anxious to rid himself of these scions springing up His forger]

    to dash his hopes, Antipater forged several letters to injure his


    their injury in the name of their friends in Rome, brothers.
    while he prevailed on others by bribery to write that
    the young princes were constantly railing at their
    Alexander and
    father, publicly deploring the fate of
    Aristobulus, and indignant at their own recall for ;

    their father was now summoning them back, and it


    was this fact which caused Antipater the greatest
    uneasiness.
    (2) Even before departure abroad, Antipater,
    his
    while still used to procure, at a price, the
    in Judaea,
    sending of such letters of abuse of his brothers
    >vritten in Rome, and then, in order to avoid sus-
    Dicion, would go to his father and make excuses for
    lis brothers, urging that such and such statements

    vere false, while other matters mentioned were


    nere youthful indiscretions. Now, in Rome, having
    o pay immense sums to the writers of these letters
    Lgainst his brothers, his efforts were directed to
    •onfusing the evidence of such outlay. To this end
    le bought up costly apparel, embroidered carpets,
    ups of silver and gold, and many other precious
    'bjects, in order to conceal under the enormous total
    f these outgoings the wages paid for the other
    ffair. His returns showed an expenditure of 200
    alents, of which the greater part was put down to
    is suit with Syllaeus. But now, though even all
    hese petty knaveries were exposed with the larger
    rime, now when every fresh torture was loudly
    287
    JOSEPHUS
    Trjv TTarpoKTovlav, at 8* eTTLoroXal Sevrepas
    aheX(f)OKrovLa9 KCKpdycaav, ovheXs
    opitos tcov
    els 'Pcop,rjv d<f)LKvovpL€vojv dTT-qyyetXev avrco ra?
    eV 'louSaca rvxcs, KairoL /xera^i) row iXeyx^JV /cat

    T^S" eTTavoSou SteXdovrcov eTrrd pLT]vojv' togovtov


    Cu7 TTpos avrov €k TrdvTUJV pXcros r^v. rdx^L Kal tovs
    diTayyiXXeiv Trporjp-qpevovs ol rcou di'rjprjp,€vajv
    SaipLoves dSeXcfxjju i(j)LpLouv. ypd(f)€L yovv diro
    'PcopL-qs d(j>L^Lv iavTOV rax^lai' eiJayycAt^d/Ltevos',
    Kal w? VTTO Kataapos pLerd ripL-^g dTToXvdeir].
    COS (3) '0 ^aoiXevs he etV x^^P^^ Xa^elv oirevhoiv
    Tov i—L^ovXov Kal BedoLKOJS pirj ttotc rrpoyvovs
    <j>vXd^rjTaL, 8t' €7TLGroXrjs dvOvTreKpivero, rd re
    dXXa (f)LXo(f)pouovpL€i>o? Kal OTrevSeii^ TtapaKaXwv
    diqaeodai yap avrov Kal rds Trpds rrjv pLijrepa
    pLepLipeLS ineixd^uros' ov yap rjyvoei rrju eK^oXrjV
    609 rrjs pLrjrpog 'AvrtVarpo?. rrporepov pL€V ovu elXij-

    <f>ei rrjV ^epojpa reXevrrj? eTnaroXr^v eV


    Trepl rrjs
    Tdpavri Kal pLeyiurou eTTOL-qoaro Trivdos, 6 nves
    (1)9 eirl delcp Kadvpivow, rjv S', cLs €0LK€V, in
    htapLapria rrjs eTTi^ovXrjs rj ovyxvats Kal oi
    ^epujpav KXaiovros, dXXd rov v7T7]perr]V' rjSrj St
    Kal (f)6^os eTTT^et ris avrou row rereXeapievojVy /Lt

    610 TTore <f)OjpadeL'q rd (f)dpuaKov. rore S' iv KtAt/ctc


    Xaftojv Tjv TrpoecprjKapev Trapd rov rrarpog Ittl-
    oroX-qv TTapaxprjpa p^kv eoTrevhev, ojs Se et? KeAeV-
    SepLP KarerrXeL, Xapij^dveL rts" avrov evvoia roji
    rrepl rr]p prjrepa KaKwv, npopiavrevopevris rjdi^ Ka.

    On the borders of Pamphylia and Cilicia. Reinaci


    suspects some confusion as Celenderis was the first port ir
    Cilicia which he would reach.

    288
    JEWISH WAR, I. 606-610 ( = ant. xvii. 82-86)

    proclaiming him a parricide, when the letters were


    reveahng him as once more a fratricide, none the less
    not one of the visitors to Rome told him of the turn of
    his fortunes in Judaea, although seven months elapsed
    between his conviction and his return so intense ;

    was the hatred which all bore him. Perhaps, more-


    over, the lips of those who were minded to speak
    were sealed by the spirits of his murdered brothers.
    However that may be, he wrote from Rome to
    announce the good news of his early return and of
    the honours paid to him by Caesar in taking leave
    of him.
    (3) Theking, impatient to lay hands on the con- Return o
    spirator and fearing that he might be forewarned ,vnar?nc(
    and on his guard, repUed in an equally dissembling of his
    ^^^^^*^°
    letter, couched in affectionate terms and bidding him
    hasten his return because, if he made speed, added
    ;

    Herod, he would be prepared to relinquish his com-


    plaints against his mother. For Antipater was not
    ignorant of her dismissal from court. He had pre-
    viously received at Tarentum a letter announcing the
    death of Pheroras and had displayed the profoundest
    grief, for which some applauded him, attributing it
    to the loss of an uncle ; but
    emotion, it seems,
    his
    was due he wept not for
    to the failure of the plot :

    Pheroras but for his accomplice. He was, moreover,


    already alarmed at the thought of his past proceed-
    ings: had the poison been discovered ? But now,
    when he received in Cilicia the above mentioned letter
    from his father, he instantly pressed on. However,
    as he was entering the harbour of Oelenderis," the
    thought of his mother's disgrace came over him, and
    even without such prompting ^ his soul had already
    ^ Perhaps " involuntarily," propria motu.
    VOL. II L 289
    JOSEPHUS
    611 Kad^ iavTrjv ri]? ipvx'rj?- ol fxev ovv TrpoixrjdeoTepoL
    T(x)V (^iXcjjv ovve^ovXevov fjirj Trporepov ifJLTTLTTTeLV

    TO) irarpl vplv TTvdeodat a? atVtas"oacfycos 8t'

    e^e^aXev avrov ttjv purirepa' SeSieVat yap, jjlt^ 7T0T€


    612 vpoadTjKTj yevoLTO toju kot' eKeiv-qs Sta^oXajv. ol
    Se OLGKeTTroTcpoL Kal rrjv TrarptSa 07T€vSovr€S ISeiv
    fJLOiXXoV iq TO OVlJL(f)€pOV * AvriTTOLTpa) GKOTTOVVre?,
    €7T€Ly€G6aL TTap-^vouv Kal fXYj rfj fjLcXX-queL TTapa-
    oxelv TO) TTarpl fxev vrtoipiav (f}avXr]v, rot? 8ta-
    ^dXXouGL Se d(f)opfXTJv' Kal yap vvv, el tl K€KLur]Tai
    /car* avrov, rrapd ttjv aTTOVuiav y€yov€.v' yLi7]8e yap
    av ToXfiijaat irapovros' droirov 8' etvai hi dh-qXovg
    VTTOifjla? TTpoS-qXcov dyadojv orepioKeadaL, Kal /jltj
    ddrrov aTTohovvai puev iavrov ro) narpi, KopLLoaoOai.
    8e TTjv ^aaiXeiav eV avro) (jlovco oaAeuouoav.
    G13 TreideraL tovtols, ivr^yev yap to haLfjLovtov, Kal
    htaTTepdoas €tV tov Hef^aorov Xcfxeva rrjg Kataa-
    petas" Kardyerac.
    G14 (4-) TlapvmjvT-qaev 8' avro) irapd ho^av iprjixia
    TToXX-q, ndvrojv iKrpe7Top,ivcov Kal fjiy-jSevos Trpoa-
    Uvai roXjjLcovros' ipLLoeZro jiev yap iTTLG-qs, Kal
    TOT€ <l>avr)vaL to ficGOS €gx^v TTappTjGLav, TToXXovs
    Se o eK rod paoiXeajs (j)6^os dTreorpeifjev,^ i-neSri
    TTaGa ttoXls rjBrj rrjg Kar* Avmrdrpov (j>iqixris ^

    TTenX-qpcvro Kal fiovo? -qyvoet rd ^ar' avrdv^ 'A^'Tt-


    TTarpog' ovre Se vpoeTriiKfydiq Xap-rrporepov rts
    iKCLUov TiXiovros irrl 'Pcu/LtTy? ovre drtpLorepou
    615 v7Tehe)(dr]. 6 8e jjSr] fiev evevoei ra? oIkoi ov/jl-
    (jiopds, en he €.k Travovpyias VTreKpvnrero Kal to)

    ' PA : dir4arp€(p€y the rest, * Aa^' tavrbi' LTR.


    290
    JEWISH WAR, I 611-615 {cf. ant. xvii. 86-91)

    a premonition of the future. The more far-sighted


    of his friends advised him not to put himself into his
    father's clutches until he had clearly ascertained the
    reasons for his mother's dismissal, as they feared
    that his arrival might only serve to swell the charges "
    against her. But the less reflective, anxious rather
    to see their native country than to serve Antipater's
    interests, urged him to push on and not by pro-
    crastinating to afford his father ground for sinister
    suspicions and his traducers a handle for calumny.
    *'
    Even supposing," they said, " any intrigue against
    you is now on foot, it is because of your absence ;

    none would have ventured on such a thing had you


    been there. It is absurd to let vague suspicions rob
    you of certain happiness, and not to run to your
    father's arms to receive the kingdom which is totter-
    ing on his unaided shoulders." Antipater, under the
    impulse of his evil genius, followed their advice, and
    sailing across landed at the port of Augustus, at
    Gaesarea.
    (4) Here he found a solitude, unlooked for, pro- His
    found, and ominous all avoided him, none ventured
    ;
    ]^l^^ll^
    to approach him. For, equally hated though he had
    always been,^ this hatred was noW' at liberty to show
    itself. Moreover, fear of the king kept many aloof,
    for every city by now was full of the Antipater
    scandal, and the only person ignorant how he stood
    was Antipater himself. No man ever had a more
    brilliant escort than his when he sailed for Rome,
    none on return a more ignominious reception.
    Divining now the disasters which had befallen at
    home, he still maintained a crafty dissimulation and,
    " Or perhaps " feared that there might have been some

    addition to the charges." " Or " as he was by all."

    291
    "
    JOSEPHUS
    Se'et redvqKOiS tvhodev oo^apo? efp-at to npoacoTTOV
    6\6 i^Ldl,€TO. (jivy-q 8' ovk€tl rju ovB* eV toju Trepi-
    exovTUJV avdhvoLs, /cat oa(f)eg p-kv ovhiu^ tl toju
    oiKoOev aTT-qyyiXXero 8ta r-qv €K tov ^aocXeoj?
    OLTTeiX-qu, V7T€)^€Lrr€TO §e cAtti? IXapwrepa, rdxo.
    pev p-qhkv 7T€(f)Ojpdo6 at, rdxa S', et tl Kal 77e-

    (f>copaTaL, htaoKeudoeLU dvaiSeLCi Kal SoAot?, aTrep


    qp avTO) pova ra Tri<; ocor-qplas e^oSia.
    617 (5) ^pa^dp€i'o? ovv auroi? t7/<:61^ ei? to ^aocXetou
    8t';^a Ttui^ (j>iXojv ovtol yap v^pioddvTe? eVt tou
    VpCUTOU TTvXcoUO? €LpxOrjGaU- €TVX€U 8' €1^801^ COl/

    Ovapoi 6 TTjS Sf/aia? -qyepojv. 6 hk eloeiOL 77/369

    Toi^ TTaTepa Kal rfj ToAprj TrapaKpoTijoa? iamou


    618 rfyyil^ev oj? do7Tao6pevo<^ . KdK€lvos Ta9 x^^P^^
    Ttpo^aXdw Kal Trju K€<f)aXriv TrapaKXivas ,
    " €Otlu,"
    e^e^orjoeu, " Kal touto TraTpoKTOvov to Trept-
    TrXeKeodat poi OeXetv ev T-qXtKavTai'S alTiai<s ovTa.
    (f)6€Lpou, hvooi^eoTdTTj K€(f)aX-)], prjSe p,ou ifjavor]<;

    TTplv aTTOGKevduaodaL tq €yKX-qp.aTa. bi8ojp,L 8i


    aoi hLKaGT-qpiov Kal hiKaGT-qv cvKalpojs rjKouTa
    Ovapov. Wl Kal ok€7Ttou ttjv aTToXoyiav els avpiov
    vapexco ydp oov^ Kaipov Toig TravoupyevpaGLU.^
    619 TTpos TauTtt p,7]hki> vtt^ eKTrX-q^ecog aTTOKpivaGdai
    hvvqOels avTOs V7T€GTpei/j€u, Trapayevopeuai 8e Trpos
    avTOu eKhirjyrjGavTO TrdvTas tous eXeyxoug -q tc
    Kal T) yvvrj.
    prjT-qp Kal ToVe pkv dvavqijjas eu
    OKeipeL TTJ? aTToXoylas fjv.

    1 om iKil LTRC Lat. » aot Xaber.


    ^ 7^a^OL/)7^^taal^ A MLR.
    —
    JEWISH WAR, I. 615-619 ( = ant. xvii. 89-92)

    though dead with fright at the bottom of his heart,


    contrived to preserve an imposing exterior. There
    was no longer any possibiUty of flight or retreat from
    the perils encompassing him. However, he had
    received no definite tidings of events at the palace
    owing to the king's threats against informers— and
    he still cherished a ray of hope perhaps nothing :

    had been discovered, perhaps, even if anything


    had been discovered, he might mend matters by
    effrontery and guile, his sole means of salvation.
    (5) Armed, then, with these weapons he entered and at
    the palace, without his friends, for they had been ^^'^^^.'^ ^
    insolently stopped at the outer gate. At the time
    —
    there was a visitor within Varus,'^ the governor of
    Syria. Antipater proceeded to his father's presence
    and, seeking courage in audacity, approached as
    though to kiss him. Herod, with arms extended and
    head averted, cried out " That too betrays the
    :

    parricide : he would embrace me, with such accusa-


    tions against him !Perdition take thee, most im-
    pious wretch, and touch me not until you have cleared
    yourself of the charges. I offer you a tribunal and
    for judge this timely visitor, Varus. Go and prepare
    your defence for to-morrow I leave you that interval
    ;

    for your artifices." Unable through consternation


    to utter a word in reply, Antipater withdrew^, and his
    mother and his wife ^ came to him and told him in
    detail of all the evidence against him. Then he
    collected himself and applied himself to preparing
    his defence.
    ° P. Quintilius Varus, Ugatus of Syria c. 6-4 b.c, after-

    wards slain by Arminius and the Germans at the battle of


    Teutoburg.
    ''
    The daughter of Herod's predecessor Antigonus, A. xvii.
    92, not his other wife, the daughter of Aristobulus (§ 565).
    293
    JOSEPHUS
    620 (xxxli. 1) T17 8' iTTLOVOT] GVvdBpiov p.kv 6
    ^aoiXeu? aOpoit^ei ru)v ovyyevcov Kal c^lXajv, eia-
    KaXel he Kal rovs 'AvriTrdrpov ^tAou? Trpo-
    KadeL^erai he avro? dfia Ovdpco Kal rov? fi-quvrd^
    TTcivTa? eKeXevaev eioayayelv, ev oh e to i]x9r] a ai'
    Kal TTJg AvrLTTarpou fi-qrpog olKerai nve^ ov vpo
    ^

    TToXXov avveiX-qfiixeuoL, Koiii^ovre? ypap^iiara Trap*


    ''
    avrrjs 7:p6? tov vlov roidhe- errel^ 7Te4>(jjparaL
    Trdvra eKelva toj Trarpi oov, jjly) Trapayivou npog
    avrou, du
    pirj riva TTopiar) Ttapd tov Kataapo?
    621 hvvafJLLu." rovrcov ovv 7019 aAAoi? elorjyfjievcDV
    *ApTLTraTpos elaepxeraL Kal Treooju TTprjvrjg irpo
    rcjjv rrohcjjv tov Trarpo?,
    " LKeTevco, TtdTep," e(f>r),
    " fj.r]hev pLOV TrpoKaTeyvajKevai, Trapaoxelv he jioi

    Ta? d/cod? aKepaiov; el? ttju aTToXoyiav aTTohei^u)


    yap ifxavTOv Kadapov, dv av deXr^g.'
    622 (2) '0 8' avTOj oiydv eyKpayojv^ 77po? tov
    Ovapov eLTTev " dAA' oti fxev Kal crv, Ovape, Kat
    TTO-S hiKaGTrjs ooLog AvTLTTaTpov i^a)Xr) Kpivel,
    ^

    TTeneiopiai. hehoLKa he fir} Ka/JLOV fiLOT^arjs ttjv


    Ti'xrji', Kajie Kpivr^s 770(77]? d^iov GVfi(t>opd'S TOiov-
    tov? vlov? yeyevvqKOTa. XPV ^^ f^^ ^'^ tovto
    eXeeZoBai rrXeov, otl Ttpog ovtoj pnapovs kol ^iXo-
    623 oropyoraTOs TraTrjp eyevofxrjv. tovs fxev yap Ttpo-
    Tepovs /SacrtAet'a? re en veovs d^LOjaa? Kal rrpog
    roL? ev 'PcopLTj rpocfieioLS (f)iXovs Kaluapog, t,r)Xaj-
    Tovs he 7T0ii]Gas ^aoLXevuLV eTepoi?, evpov eni-
    ^ovXovs, OL Tedv-qKaoi to TiXeov 'AvTindTpoj' vecx)
    yap ovTL Kal hiahoxcp tovtco pLdXtara rvjv do(f}a-
    624 Aetay e7Topil,6jJiriv to he pnapdv tovto d-qpiov ttjs
    .

    e/XTys" VTTepepLTrXrjCjdev dve^iKaKLas rjveyKev KaT efj-ov

    1 iirdirfp LTRC. * KfKpayCis (sic) PA.


    29-^
    JEWISH WAR, I. 620-624 {cf. ant. xvii. 93-95)

    (xxxii. 1) On
    the following day the king assembled Trial of

    a council of his relatives and friends, inviting Anti-


    pater's friends to attend as well. He himself pre-
    sided, with Varus, and ordered all the informers to
    be produced. Among these were some domestics of
    Antipater's mother, recently arrested in the act of
    carrying a letter from her to her son in these terms :

    " As your father has discovered all, do not come near


    him, unless you have obtained support from Caesar."
    When these witnesses had been brought in with the
    rest, Antipater entered and, falling prostrate at his
    father's feet, said " 1 beseech you, father, do not
    :

    condemn me in advance, but lend an unprejudiced


    ear to my defence for I shall, if you permit, establish
    ;

    my innocence."
    (2) Herod burst out upon him to be silent and then Herod'^
    '"^
    addressed Varus " That you, Varus, and every
    :

    honest judge will condemn Antipater as an abandoned


    criminal, am fully persuaded. What 1 fear is that
    I

    my fate may also appear hateful to you and that you


    may judge me deserving of every calamity for having
    begotten such sons. And yet you ought rather to
    pity me for having been the most devoted of fathers
    to such abominable wretches. My late sons, whom
    when they were quite young
    I thought fit to destine

    for the throne, whomnot only expensively educated


    I

    in Rome, but introduced to Caesar's friendship,


    and made an object of envy to other sovereigns,
    these I found to be conspirators. They have died,
    mainly to further Antipater's interests he was :

    young, he was the heir, and to secure him was the


    object which 1 had most at heart. And now this
    foul monster, gorged with the benefits of my for-

    995
    JOSEPHUS
    Tov Kopov eSo^a yap avTO) ttoXuu l^rju ;(poVoi^,

    Kal TO ipLov yrjpa<i i^apvvOr), ^aaiAcu? t' ovx


    V7TefjL€LV€v €1 [17] hiOL 7TaTpoKTOVLa<; yeveodai, 8tVata
    yovi' ^ouXevordiJLeuo?, on Karayayajv amov airo
    rrjg XOJpa? oLTreppLiiiieuov Kal 7Tapajodfi€uog rov<;
    Ik paoiXiho^ {lOL yeyevvqixlvovs aTreSetfa ttJ?
    625 dpx^S hidhoxov i^ofJLoXoyoviio.t gol, Ovape, 7r]V
    .

    ifjLavTOV (t)p€voPXdp€Law iyoj ydpY rovg vlou?


    €K€Lvou? /car' ifxavTov -napoj^vva, hiKaias avruw
    drroKoifjai; cXtt tSa? 8t' ^ AvTLTrarpov. Kal ri pikv
    iK€LVOv<; evepyerrjoa rrjXiKOvroVy tjXlkov tovtou;
    (L ye t,wv fjLeu oXiyov helv TrapexcoprjGa rrj? e^-

    ovaiasy (f>avepajs Se rat? hiad-qKatg iueypai/ja rrjg


    dpx'TJ? SidSoxou Kal irpoGohov p,kv Ihia Trevr-qKOvra
    raXdvTOjv eVet/Lta, rcov 8' ifjLOJV exoprjyrjGa XP'H'
    lidrojv dveSrjv, TrXeovri Se vvv els 'Pcjj/jlt^v eScoKa
    rpiaKOGia rdXavra, KacGapi 8* e^ oXr]s ttjs yeveds
    626 fxovov ojs GCjjrrjpa rod Trarpog TTapeOepL-qv. ri 8'
    eKelvoL TOtouTov rjG€^7]Gav, WuTLTTarpos ; "q olov
    ris eXeyxos rjvexOrj xar' avrwu, tjXlko? aTTO-
    627 SeLKvuGLV rovrov eTri^ovXov ; dXXd (j)deyyeG6ai ri
    T€T6Xfir]K€u 6 irarpoKTOvos
    Kal rrdXiv hoXois rr^v
    dXrjBeLav imKaXvi/jeLV Ovape, ool (fyvXaK-
    eXTrit^ei.
    reov iyd) jJiev ^^ yap olha ro Orjpiov Kal Trpo-
    OpOJIJLaL TTjV fldXXoVGaV d^LOTTLGTiaV Kal TOV €7TL-
    TrXaGTOV 6Xo(j)vppi6v ouros €Gtlu 6 Tiapaivcbv ifioi
    .

    7T0T€ (fivXarreoOaL Cowra WXe^aubpou Kal firj


    iraGlV 7TLGT€V€LV TO CTtU/Xa OVTO? 6 fJ-^XP^ '^V^
    "

    KOLTTjg eiGdycDV Kal fjirj fie rt? evehpevoL Trepi-


    ^XeTTCov OVTOS 6 Tafiias tCjv vttvojv Kal x^pi^yo?
    rrjg a/xept^rta?, o Trapafiudovfjiewog ttjv eirl toIs
    ^ P: oni. the rest.

    296
    JEWISH WAR, I. 624-627 {cf. ant. xvii. 95 f.)

    bearance, has turned his bloated insolence upon me.


    He thought me too long-lived my old age oppressed
    ;

    him he could not endure the idea of becoming king


    ;

    by other means than parricide. Justly indeed has


    he served me for bringing him back, a castaway,
    from the country, ousting the sons whom a princess
    bore me and declaring him heir to the throne I !

    admit, Varus, my own infatuation. It was I who


    exasperated those sons against me by cutting off
    their just expectations in the interests of Antipater.
    When did I ever indulge them as I have this
    scoundrel ? To him in my own lifetime I well nigh
    resigned my power I nominated him in my will, in
    ;

    the public eye, heir to the throne I assigned him ;

    a private income of fifty talents, apart from hberal


    contributions from my personal revenues recently, ;

    when he set sail for Rome, I presented him with


    three hundred talents, and recommended him to
    Caesar, alone of all my children, as his father's pre-
    server. What crime did those others commit com-
    parable to that of Antipater ? Or what proof was
    brought against them so convincing as that which
    establishes this traitor's guilt ?
    " However, this parricide haspresumed to open his
    mouth, hoping once more to smother the truth under
    his wiles. Varus, you must be on your guard. /
    know the creature and foresee the plausible pleading,
    the hypocritical lamentations, that are to follow. This
    is the man who, in former days, when Alexander was
    alive, advised me to beware of him and not to trust
    my life to all men's hands is he who conducted
    ; this
    me to my couch and looked round to see that no
    assassin was concealed this is he who dispensed
    ;

    my hours of slumber, ensured my freedom from care,


    VOL. II L2 297
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    dvr)pr]fX€V0L? Xvtttju Kal hiaKpivojv ttju ra)v 1,(jjv7<jjv

    evwotau abeXcjxIbv 6 vvepaoTnoTTj? o


    , e/xos", o crco/xaro-
    628 <f)vXa^. orav dvajjLvqadd), Ovape, to Trauovpyou
    iu eKaoTcp Kal rrjv vnoKpioiv, dTnoTia /ue rov
    t,riv €l(jep)(eTaL Kal davfjidl^aj ttcD? ^advv^ ourcxj?
    eni^ovXov hUcjjvyov. dXX irrel Balfioji' rt? i^ep-qfiot
    rov efjLou olkou Kal fjLOt tovs <j>iXrdTou? eTTauLaTTqatu
    del, KXavoofiai fiev iyd) rr]u dSiKOu elfjiapfxeu-qu Kal
    Kar' ifiauTOU (jrevd^co r-qv ip-qfiiau, Sta^eu^erat
    8' ovSel? Sufjiqcja? rovfxoi' alfia, Kav Std Trdvrojv

    jiov Tojv reKvoju 6 eXeyxo? eXdr]."


    629 (3) ToLavra Xiymv auro? p-kv vtto ovyxvoecoq
    iveKOTTT], ^LKoXdcp 8' eVt rcijv (fyiXojv Xiyetv rag
    d77o8etfetb €V€VO€v. piera^v 8' o ^ApTLTrarpos
    indpas rrju Ke^aX-qv, €p.ev€v yap hi) /3e/3A?7/LteVo?

    630 '^po rujv TTohwv rov Trarpog, eKpod' "av, rrdrep,


    VTTep ipLOV 7T€7T0L-qKag^ TTju drToXoyiav ttcu^ yap
    iyd) TTarpoKTOvo? , ov op.oXoyel'i (j)vXaKa Std iravroi
    iox^]'<€PaL ; repareiau Se p.ov Kal VTTOKpiotv Aeyet?
    rr)v €vae^€Lav. ttcos 6 iravovpyos €v rolg aAAot?

    ovrojs d<i>pajv iyevopuqv, cvg p.rj voelv, on Xad^lv


    oi)8' dv6pd)7T0US pabiov rrjXiKOvrou p.voos ivoKeva-
    topLGVOv, rov 8' ott' ovpavov hiKaar-qv dp.rixo.vov,

    631 o? i(f)opa Travraxou TrdpeoTiv; -q ro


    rrdvra Kal
    TOJV dbeXcjxZv reXos rjyvoovv, oug 6 ^eo? ovrojq
    pLerrjXde rrjS els ae KaKo^ovXias ; ri 8e pie Kal
    TTapco^vvev Kara oov ; ^aoiXeias eX-nis ; aAA' e^a-
    GiXevov. vTTOvoLa P.LO0VS ; ov yap eorepyopuqv
    <l)6^os Ik oov ri? dXXos ; dXXd pL-qv oe r-qpojv
    1 Sapiv PA Lat. * wiiToiTjaai LVRC.
    29«
    JEWISH WAR, I. 627-631 (c/. ant. xvii. 99 f.)

    consoled me in my sorrow for my victims, and sounded


    the feelings of his surviving brothers this is my;

    buckler, my bodyguard When I recall, Varus, his


    !

    knavery and hypocrisy on each occasion, I can scarce


    believe I am alive and marvel how I escaped so deep
    a schemer. But since some evil genius is bent on
    desolating my house and raising up against me one
    after another those who are nearest to my heart, I
    may weep over my unjust destiny, I may groan in
    spirit over my forlorn state, but not one shall escape
    who thirsts for my blood, no, not though conviction
    should extend to all my children."
    (3) Here his emotion rendered further speech im- speech of
    ^""^'^^ -'
    possible, and he signalled to Nicolas, one of his
    friends, to state the evidence. But now Antipater,
    who still lay prostrate at his father's feet, raised his
    head and cried out :
    " You, father, have made my
    defence yourself. For. how could I be a parricide,
    I who, as you admit, have ever served as your pro-

    tector ? You call my filial piety imposture and


    hypocrisy. How could I, cunning in all else, have
    been so senseless as not to perceive that, while it
    was difficult to conceal from man the concoction of
    so atrocious a crime, it was impossible to hide it
    from the Judge in heaven, who sees all, who is present
    everywhere ? Was I ignorant of my brothers' fate,
    whom God so relentlessly punished for their wicked
    designs upon you ? And then, what motive could
    have instigated me against you ? Aspiration to the
    throne ? But I reigned already Suspicion of your
    !

    hatred ? But was I not beloved ? Had I other


    reason to fear you ? Nay, by preserving you I
    **

    " Possibly for Uaov we should read e|w aov


    "
    :
    " Had I
    reason to fear others beside you ?
    299
    JOSEPHUS
    632 erepOLS (t)o^€p6s ^J/xr^i^. evheia xpi^iidroji' ; Kal rivL
    fidXXou i^-fjv dvaXLGK€Lv ; el yap e^ojXeoTaros
    rrdvTOJV dvOpcjTTCov iyevofMrju Kal drjptov ifjvx'^i'

    etxoi^ dvrjjjLepov, Trarep, ovk du rals oat? evepye-


    atati evLK-qOriv, ov Karrjyaye? fieu, co? e(/)r]s" avr6<;,
    TrpoeKpivag hk tooovtojv reKvoju, dneSeL^as Se ^cui/
    /SaatAea, 8t' VTrep^oXrji^ Be tuw dXXojv dyadwu
    633 i-olrjoag €7TL(j)dovou ; co rdXa? iyd) rrjg TTt/cpd?
    aTToS-qiJLLag, cos" ttoXuu eBojKa Kaipov toi (j)B6vuj /cat
    fjLaKpdu T0L9 iTTL^ovXevovuL hitopiav. aoL Se, Trarep,
    Kal rot? CTOt? dyujGiv dTreSrjjjLOVu, Iva fxi) SuAAaio?
    Tov GOV y-qpcos KaTa(f)povqGrj. 'Pco^ry jjlol fidprv;
    rrj? Kal 6 rrjs oiKOViiivvig TTpoardr-qs
    €UCT€/Seta?
    KaiCTap, o (juXoTTaropa TToXXaKL? p.e eiTrajv. Xd^e,
    Trdrep, to, Trap' avrov ypa/x/uara. raura tojv
    ivddSe hia^oXaoi' TTLGTorepa, raura d/ToAoyta ^ot
    pLOWT], T0VT0L9 TTJ? Ct? Cr€ ^iXoGTOpyiaS r€KfJ.rjpLOLS

    634 XP^y-'^^- p-^y^vriGO 8e cu? oO;^ eVoji^ cVAeoi^, ctt-


    LGrdpLevo? rrju ifK^cuXevovGau rfj /SacrtAeta /car' ifjLoO
    hvGiiiveiav. gv 8e /xe, Trdrep, aKCuv dTTcvXeGa?,
    avayK-aaa? Kaipov hia^oXrjs hovvai ro) (f)d6ucp.
    TTdpeLjjLL he eVt rovg eXeyxou?, TrdpetpLL hid yrjg Kal
    daXdaGrjs ovhev ovhajxov iradiov 6 TrarpoKTOvo';.
    635 aAAa pL-qTTOj jxe rovTcp ^I'Aet^ to* reKfji-qptco' kgt-
    eyvajG^xai ydp Kal rrapd deep Kal vapd Goi, Trdrep.
    Kareyvojofjiewos he heofiai fxr) rals aAAcoi^ ^aadvots
    TTLoreveLU, aAAa kgt* ep.oC (f)epeG6a> to vvp,
    ^ uTjTTu: . . . 0i\(i PA.M Lat. : tJ.TjWju TOL'Tu) diOe\-nuai the
    rest ; text apparently corrupt.

    " " Lover of his father."


    * Text doubtful perhaps " ; 1 do not ask. to be given the
    benefit of this evidence."
    300
    JEWISH WAR, I. 632-635 {cf. ant. xvH. 102-105)

    inspired fear in others. Was it lack of money ?

    Who had more at his disposal than I ? Even had I


    been the most abandoned of men, with the heart
    of a ferocious beast, must I not have been reclaimed,
    father, by your benefactions ? For, as you have
    said yourself, you recalled me from exile, you gave
    me preference over such a number of sons, you
    proclaimed me king in your own lifetime, and by
    loading me with other favours made me the envy of
    all. Ah me that fatal journey
    ! What an oppor- !

    tunity I gave to jealousy, what an ample period to


    'hose who were intriguing against me Yet it was !

    jor you, father, and to fight your battles that I took


    :hat journey, to prevent Syllaeus from treating your
    )ld age with contempt. Rome is witness to my filial
    Diety and Caesar, the lord of the universe, who has
    )ften called me Philopator.' "
    '
    Take, father, these
    etters from him. These are more trustworthy than
    he calumnies against me here these are my sole ;

    indication here are the proofs which I offer of my


    ;

    ender feelings for you. Remember how reluctantly


    '
    embarked, knowing the lurking hostility to me
    nihm this realm. It was you, father, who involun-
    arily brought about my ruin, by compelling me to
    pve my envious foes an opportunity for calumny.
    3ut here I am to meet my accusers here I am, the ;

    parricide,' who has traversed sea and land, and


    lowhere been molested But I do not ask for your
    !

    ove on the strength of the evidence so far given of


    ny innocence ^ for I stand condemned before God
    ;

    ind before you, father. But, condemned though


    am, I entreat you not to rely on admissions ex-
    racted by the torture of others. Let the fire be

    301
    JOSEPHUS
    oSeueVoj Sin rchv
    efjLcou oTrXdyxvcov to. opyava,
    fiTj Tov fjLLapov acofiarog' €l yap elfil
    <j}eLh€o9oj^
    '

    TTarpoKTovo's, ovK dc^et'Aoj 9vqaK€LU d^aadvLaros.^


    636 Totavra {jber^ 6\o(i)Vpp,ov kol haKpvojv iK^ocou tov<;
    T€ aAAous (ZTT-ai^ra? Kai tof Ouapou et? olktov
    TTpovKaXeaaro, jiovou Se o 6vp.6s 'HpcoSrju dhaKpw
    SieKpdrei roug iXey)(oug dXrjdels iTnardfJLevou.
    637 (4.) 'Ey TOVTO) NtKoAao? rod paoiXeoj? KeAeu-
    cravTO? TToAAa Trpog to navovpyov to ^ Avmrdrpov
    TTpoenrdjv koi tov Itt* avrco biax^o.? eXeov, eneLTa
    TTLKpdv Karrjyopiav Kar€T€LvaTO, Trdvra p.ev rd
    Kara ttjv ^aoiXeiav KaKovpyr]p.ara TTepLTiOels avTCOy
    ndXiora Se Tr)u dvaipeoiv rwv dheX<f>ujv, diroh^iKuvf;
    ralg €K€luov Sia^oXai? dTToXajXoras . eTn^ovXeveiv
    he avrov eAeyei^ Kal rot? TTepiovGiv cos i<f)€bpoLS
    Trj<; biaSox^S' rov yap napaoKevdoaura irarpl
    <f)dpiiaKOi> T^ 7TOV y dv dheX^dv dTtoayia^ai ;
    5' eVt tov eXey^ov ttj? <j)appiaKeias ra?
    03g TrpoeXdojv
    re p.->-juva€i<; Ji'^'^Y iTreheiKwev Kal irepl Oepojpa
    KaT€axe-Xial,ev otl KdKeluof * AvTirtaTpos noL-q-
    ,

    oeteu dd€X(f)OKT6uou Kal tovs <f)LXTdTous tw ^aaiXel


    hia^detpas dXov tov (jlvoovs dvaTrXt]G€Leu tou olkov,
    dXXa T€ TToXXd TTpog tovtols eliTOjv Kal aTToheL^a?
    KaTa7Tav€L rou Xoyou.
    Q^c) (5) Ouapog 8e dTToXoyeiGdaL KcAcucra? tov Wvtl-
    TTaTpov, CO? ovbev irXiov clttojv tj
    " deos iuTLV /jloi

    tov prjhev dSiKeiv fidpTVS " €K€Lto GtydJv, aLTTjGa?

    ^ The M??. add 6\o<pvf,ixb% (or -ov), an obvious gloss, absent


    from Lat.
    * Bekker: d/Saaan'arws m99. ' ora. PAM.
    302
    JEWISH WAR, I. 635-639 (cf. ant. xvii. 106-128)

    applied to me Let the instruments of torment


    !

    course through my frame nor spare this polluted


    body For, if I am a parricide, I ought not to die
    !

    without being put upon the rack."


    These ejaculations, accompanied by moaning and
    tears, moved all to compassion, including Varus.
    Herod alone remained dry-eyed, furious and knowing
    that the evidence was true.**
    (4) Thereupon Nicolas, as ordered by the king. Speech of
    ^*^'^^^^'
    addressed the assembly. He began with a full ex-
    posure of Antipater's knavery, dissipating the com-
    miseration which his speech had aroused. He then
    launched out into a severe indictment, attributing
    to him all the crimes which had been committed
    throughout the realm, and in particular the execution
    of his brothers, demonstrating that they owed their
    death to Antipater's calumnies. He added that he
    had further designs on the survivors as presumptive
    heirs to the throne " Would one who had pre-
    ;

    pared to poison his father have stopped short at his


    brothers ? " Passing on to the evidence for the
    poisoning plot, he brought forward in succession all
    the information extracted being roused to indigna-
    ;

    tion on the subject of Pheroras, at the idea of Anti-


    pater converting even him into a fratricide and, by
    corrupting the king's nearest of kin, infecting the
    whole palace with pollution. With many more
    observations, supported by proofs, Nicolas concluded
    his speech.
    (5) Varus then called on Antipater for his defence. Outcome
    But he would say no more than " God is wdtness of Antipate
    my innocence " and remained prostrate and silent, imprison
    " According to A. xvii. 106 even Herod was not unmoved,

    though he sought to conceal his emotion.


    303
    . ,

    JOSEPHUS
    TO (^dpfiaKov hidcoai tivl 7oju em Oavara) Kara-
    640 KpLTOJV heoiicoTr] meti^. rod Se 7rapa\priiia TfAeu-
    TTjoavTOS , 6 fiev OLTTopp-qTOvg TroiT^aa? ra? Trpo?
    ^Hpojdrjv opLiXiag Kal ra rrepl to ovvehptov Kaioapi
    ypdipag (JLera piav rjpLepav xajpit^eTai' Seop-el he
    6 ^aaiXevs Wi'TiTraTpou Kal 77po? Katoapa rous
    hiqXojoovTas rrjv oup.(j)opa.u e^eTrepLifjev
    641 (6) McTO. he raura Kal Kara HaXcufxrjg eni-
    ^ovXos * AvT LTTarpos evplorKeraL^' rcjv yap ^Kvtl-
    <I)l\ov Tt? OLKercov rjKev emaroXa? ko[xl^oju qtto
    *Pa)p.r]£ TTapa Atoui'a?^ OepaTTaivihos, ^Ak/jlyJ'; rov-
    vojjia. Kal TTapa p.ev ravriqs e-neoraXro ^aaiXec
    rds TTapa T^aXojfirjg eTnoroXds e'y rot? Atouta?^
    evprjKevau ypdfJLfjLaaiu, 77e77o/x0eVat he avro) Xddpa
    642 8t' evvoiav. at he rrj? 'LaXwpLTjs AotSopta? re rov
    paGiXeojs TTepielxovTTiKporaTas Kal Kar-qyoplav
    fieyiGTrjV. ravras he TrXdaas ^AvrLvarpo? Kal ttju
    643 ^ AKp^-qv hiacfideipas erreiaev 'Wpo'jhr] TTefJiipai. hc-
    TjXeyxOrj eV ttjs Trpo? avrcv eTTiGToX-qs' '<'cit
    he
    yap eKeivo) to yvvaiov eypai/jew " wg e^ovX-qQ-qs
    eypaipd oov tw Trarpl Kal rds cTTtaroAd? eKeivas
    CTTepLipa, TTeTTetGiieuT] rov ^aacXea fir} (j>eLoeo9ai tt^s"
    dheX(f)r}g, OTav duayvo). KaXojs he TTOLrjoeig, ertei'
    hdv aTTapTLodfj Trdvra, fJLvrjfxovevoag (x)v VTTeo)(OV."
    644 (?) TavT-qs (fxjjpadeLO-qs ttj? eTTLGToXrjg Kal rwv
    Kara ivoKevaodeiawv, evvoia p,ev e/x-
    HaXaj/JLT^g
    TTLTTT€L TO) ^aoiXeZ rd^a Kal <Ta>' ^rar' AXe^di^hpou ^

    TrXaodrjvaL ypa/x/xara, vepuaXy-qs S* -qv vtto rod


    nddovs COS" Trap* oXiyov Kal rrjv dheXcjyrjV dvo-
    * iVL^ov\as 'AfT. fi'.'piaK. iraroiriKus PAM.
    - Afuias PA : 'loiX/as the test; c/. § oob,
    • hai TO. Destinon ; »<ai WS5.

    304
    JEWISH WAR, I 639-644. (c/. ant. xvii. 131-144)

    The governor, thereupon, called for the poison and


    had it applied to a prisoner under sentence of death,
    who drank it and instantly expired. Then, after a
    private interview with Herod, Varus drafted his
    report of the meeting for Gaesar, and a day later
    took his departure. The king had Antipater put in
    irons and dispatched messengers to the emperor to
    inform him of the catastrophe.
    (6) It was subsequently discovered that Antipater Di^^corp;
    had also plotted against Salome. For a domestic of A^J'^^^
    Antiphilus arrived from Rome with letters from a saiome
    maid-servant of Livia," named Acme ; she wrote to
    the king to say that she had found among Livia's
    papers some letters from Salome, which, as his weil-
    wisher, she had privately transmitted to him. These
    letters of Salome, containing the most cruel abuse of
    the king and the most scathing condemnation of his
    conduct, were forgeries of Antipater, who had bribed
    Acme to send them to Herod. He was convicted by
    the letter which the woman addressed at the same
    time to him, in these terms :
    " As you desired, I
    have written to your father and forwarded those
    letters, and feel sure that, when he has read them,
    he will not spare his sister. Be good enough, when
    all is over, to remember what you promised.*'

    (7) When this letter was brought to light, with Herods


    those concocted to injure Salome, a suspicion crossed newfwni
    the king's mind that perhaps the letters incriminating naming
    Alexander were also forgeries.* He was, moreover, heir!^^^
    deeply distressed at the thought that he had almost
    killed his sister also, owing to Antipater's intrigues.
    " Livia Drusilla, the wife of Augustus, and after his death

    known as .Julia Augusta; by her former husband she was


    mother of the emperor Tiberius.
    " Cy. § 528.
    305
    JOSEPHUS
    K7€Lva<; St' ^ AvTLTTaTpov ovK€TL ovi^ dve^ciXXero
    645 Xa^^lv riymjpiav virkp avdvTOJv. 8'
    d)pfJir]iJi€vo<;

    €771 AvTiTTarpou iiTeuxidr) voooj


    TOP ^ ;\;aAe77r)- Trept

    lievTOL WKfirj'; Kal row Kara HaXojix-q^ €(jk€v-


    ri]<;

    G46 ojprjfjL€vajv eVeCTreiAei' KalaapL. rrjv re SiaQ-qK-qv


    atTT^aa? ^xeriypar^ev, Kal fSaoiXea fiev dn^heLKwev
    ^
    Avrinav dfieXwu rwv Trpea^irrdTtov ,
    ^
    \p)(eXdov
    Kal ^iXlttttov hia^e^X-qKei yap Kal tovtov<;
    'AvTL7Tarpo<; Kaiaapi be ovv rols Si;(a' xpriiidTa)v
    SojpoLS ;(iAta TaXai^ra, rfj hk yvvatKL Kal t€kvols
    auTov Kal (f)LXoLg Kal ciTreAe u^e'poi? 7T€pl TTeuraKOOia,
    dneveni€v he Kal Tolg aAAoi? Traiolv^ ttjs re ;^ojpa9
    OVK oXiya Kal rc7w XPVf^^'^^^' Aa/XTrpoTarat? 8e
    bajpeals eVt'/xa ZaAcu/xr^i/ r-qv dheX(f)-qv. iv ixex' ovv
    Tat9 biaOrjKaL^ ravra StajpOcoaaro.
    647 (xxxiii, I) ripoT^ei 8' avroj 77p6? ro xaXerrco-
    repov T) i'6ao<;, are Sr) ra>u appojor-qpidraw iv
    yrjpa Kal ddvixia eTnirerjovrajv iqv fxev yap rjSr]

    ox^bou erojv i^bofJ.'qKOvra, rerarreivajro hk rrjv


    tpvx'Tjv rat? rrepl row reKvojv avpi(f)Opals, dj<; fJ-rjh*

    iv vyteia^ n rojv -qheoju rrpooUadaL. ri)s vooov


    5' Tjv iTTLraoLS io)v *AvrL7Tarpos, ov ovk ev Trapepyo),
    patera? hk TTpofjprjro at'eAeii^.
    648 (2) FtVerat iv rals ov}X(l)opal<; avroj Kal
    h'
    hrjfxorLK-q Tt? irravdoraoLS h-uo rjoav oo<f)Laral
    •

    Kara rrjv ttoXlv jxdXtara hoKOVvreg dKpi^ovv rd

    ^ Havercamp on ms. authority: bia. most mss. cf. B. ; i.

    104 for the same error.


    * Destinon (after A. xvii. 147 vUctlv): airaaiv m93.

    ' ir/fta M99.

    " Literally " without


    money."
    Greek "sophists." The Greek term, orijrinally free
    *

    from any sinister associations, for a paid professor of

    306
    JEWISH WAR, I. 644-648 (-ant. xvii. 146-149)

    He determined, therefore, to delay no longer to


    punish him for all his crimes. But when proceeding
    to extreme measures against Antipater, he was
    arrested by a serious illness. He Mrote, however, to
    Caesar on the subject of Acme and the fraud which
    had been practised on Salome he also called for
    ;

    his will and modified it. He now named Antipas


    king, passing over his eldest sons, Archelaus and
    Philip, who had also been the objects of Antipater 's
    calumnies. To Augustus he bequeathed, besides
    gifts in kind," one thousand talents to the empress,
    ;

    to the children, friends and freedmen of the emperor


    about five hundred to the other members of his
    ;

    own family he assigned large tracts of territory and


    considerable sums of money, honouring his sister
    Salome with the most magnificent presents of all.
    Such were the corrections which Herod made in
    his will.
    (xxxiii. 1) His illness steadily grew worse, aggra- Herod'
    vated as were the attacks of disease by age and ISneS
    despondency. For he was now nearly seventy years
    old, and his tragic experiences with his children had
    so broken his spirit, that even in good health he no
    longer enjoyed any of the pleasures of life. His
    malady was further increased by the thought that
    Antipater was still alive for he had determined
    ;

    that his execution should be no casual affair, but


    seriously undertaken on his recovery.
    (2) To his other troubles was now added an in- a sedit
    surrection of the populace. There were in the pui^'^c
    capital two doctors^ with a reputation as profound thegoi
    experts in the laws of their country, who con- tul Tel
    4 B.C.

    rhetoric etc. is employed by Josephus as the equivalent of


    the Jewish " Rabbi."
    307
    JOSEPHUS
    TTarpLa Kal 6ta Tovro eV vavrl rw edvei ixeyiarr^g
    rj^LojfjLeuoL 60^17?, 'louSa? re uto? He7T<f)Ojpaiov^ kol
    649 Mar^ta? eVepo? AJapyaAof. toutoi? ouk oAtyo6
    TTpoofjeaav rcov viujv e^rj-youfJievoLg rov? vofioug,
    Kal ov^i^ov ovv€L)(ov^ ooiiiiepai rojr rj^owTOJi' crrpa-
    ro-ehov. ot rore roi' f^aoiXia TiwOavofievoL rai?
    dOvfiLaig VTTeKpeovra^ Kal rfj voacp Xoyov KadUaav
    €is rov? yvajpifiovg, tu? dpa Katpog iTnrrjSeLOTaros
    elrj ra KaraoKevaoOevra
    TLfiajpelv tJSt] ro) deo) Kal
    650 TTapa tovs epya KaraaTTdv
    Trarpiov? vofMOvg d- .

    dep-LTOu yap elvat Kara rov vaou ^ ecKouag rj npo-


    TOfxa? Tj [,cpov TLVO? eTTajvufiov epyov etVat* Kar-
    eoKevoLKei S' o PaocXev-; vrrkp rr]v fxeyaX-qv TrvXrjv
    de-ov )(pvoovw ov hr) rore Trapffvovv iKKOTrretv ol
    KaXov elvat Xeyoureg, et Kal rt? ylvoiro
    oocjyLorai,
    KLvhvvos, irnep rod TTarpiov vofiov 9vrjaK€LV' roZs
    yap ovTco TeXcuroJatv dddi'aToi' re rrjw ifjv)(rjv Kal
    rrjv Iv dyadolg aiod-qoiv alowiov TrapafiiveLV, rovs
    hk dyei^i^ei?* Kal tt7? eavrcou aortas' aTtetpov^
    dyvoovvTas (biXoipv^elv Kal npo rod he aperijs top
    Ik voaov ddvarov aipeLodai.
    651 (3) "Afia 8e rot? (.kclvow Aoyot? hLecfyrjixiodr]
    Kal OvrjOKeiv 6 ^aoiXev?, wore BappaXewrepov
    Tj-rovro rrj<; €7nx^LpT]Geajg ol veoi. fieo-qg yovv
    rjpepas Kal ttoXXwv Kara ro lepov dvaor pe(^o pievojv
    oxolvotg 7Taxelai<; Kadiixrjoavres 0(f)d<; avrov? dno
    rod reyoug rov xpvoovv derov l^eKorrrov rreXeKeoLU.
    ^ \'ariant readings Z(ir<p(pa'iov, Xcn-ipaipfov : A. \\ has
    "ZafjKi^aiov. * av^vhu awuxov P: avi'rjyov the rest.
    ' LVRC: i'7rop(pyo»'Ta the rest. * d^efe?? PC.

    " Perhaps in imitation of the pediments of Greek temples.

    In the eatly temples ot Zeus the Hat surface of llie pediment


    208
    JEWISH WAR, I. 648-651 ( = ant xvii. 149-155)

    sequently enjoyed the highest esteem of the whole


    nation ; their names were Judas, son of Sepphoraeus,
    and Matthias, son of Margalus. Their lectures on
    the laws were attended by a large youthful audience,
    and day after day they drew together quite an army
    of men in their prime. Hearing now that the king
    was gradually sinking under despondency and dis-
    ease, these doctors threw out hints to their friends
    that this was the fitting moment to avenge God's
    honour and to pull down those structures which had
    been erected in defiance of their fathers' laws. It
    was, in fact, unlawful to place in the temple either
    images or busts or any representation whatsoever of
    a living creature ; notwithstanding this, the king
    had erected over the great gate a golden eagle."
    This it was which these doctors now exhorted their
    disciples to cut down, telling them that, even if the
    action proved hazardous, it was a noble deed to die
    for the law of one's country for the souls of those
    ;

    who came to such an end attained immortality and


    an eternally abiding sense of felicity it was only
    ;

    the ignoble, uninitiated in their philosophy, who


    clung in their ignorance to life and preferred death
    on a sick-bed to that of a hero.
    (3) While they were discoursing in this strain, a PunisTir
    rumour spread that the king was dying the news culprits
    ;

    caused the young men to throw themselves more


    boldly into the enterprise. At mid-day, accordingly,
    when numbers of people were perambulating the
    temple, they let themselves down from the roof by
    stout cords and began chopping off the golden eagle

    was ornamented with an eagle as a symbol of the god,


    whence the whole pediment derived its name (d€T6s or

    309
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    652 r^yyiXOrj 8' evOecos rep ^aotXeujs arparrjya), KOiKei-
    vo? fiera x^ipos ovk oXiyrj^ dvabpafjicov Trepl reaaa-
    pOLKovra veavias auXXafipdvei kol Kariqyayev irpos
    653 ^acrtAea. TTVvdavojjLevcp S' avrco Trpcorov, el toX/jltj-
    oetav rov -x^pvoovv derov iKKOTrreiv, ojfjioXoyovv.
    CTretra, tlvos KcXevaavros , dTreKpivavro rod Trarpiov
    vofJLOv. ri 8' ovrojs yeyijdacni' Stepajrijaavros,
    dvaipelGdai fxeXXovres, eXeyov on nXetovajv dyadcjv
    dTToXavaouGLV jjuerd rrjv TeXexrrrjV.
    654 (4) 'Errt rovrois 6 ^aatXevs St' VTrep^oXrjv
    dpyrjs Kpetrrojv rrjs vocrov yevopLevos Trpoeioiv etV
    €KKXrjGLap, KOL TToXXd TOJi^ dvhpoiv Kaniyoprjoas
    ojs lepoGvXcov /cat TrpoSaGeL rod vopLov Treipal^oi'Tcov
    655 rt pLetl^ov r]^iov KoXdt^eiv ojs dcre^ets'. o 8e SrjpLos
    BeLGag, pur) Std ttoXXojv 6 eXeyxos ^XOr], rrapeKaXec
    Trpcorov pL€v rovs vrrodep^ivovs rrjv Trpd^Lu, eVetra
    rovs iv avrij GvXXrjt^devras KoXdoavra tols Xoi-
    7TOLS rrjv opyrjv d^teVat. TreiSeraL /xoAt? d jSa-
    aiXevs, KOL rovs p^ev KadipaJGavras eavrovs dpLa
    rols GO<f)LGrais Kar€KavG€ ^wt^ra?, rovs Xolttovs
    8e rojv GvXXrjcf)d€VTajv rrapeScoKev rols VTrrjperaLS
    dveAetv
    656 (o) "Kvdev avrov ro GOjp,a ndv tj vogos 8ta-
    Xa^ovGa ttolklXols TrddeoLv ipiepit^ero' irvperos pL€v
    yap rju ov Xd^pos, Kvr]Gp.6s 8e dcjiopiqros rrjs iin-
    (f)av€Las oXr]s /cat koXov Gvvex^^'^ dXy-qhoues, Trepi
    re rovs noSas ojonep vhpojTndjvros otSr^^tara, rov
    re rjrpov (f)XeypLovrj /cat Sr)^ alSoLov GTjTTeSdw gkoj-

    ^ 01) Xiese : 5i' mss.

    «•
    Perhaps " the captain of the Temple " is intended {cf.
    Acts iv. 1 , V. 24).
    310
    JEWISH WAR, I. 652-656 ( = ant. xvii. 156-169)

    with hatchets. The king's captain,^ to whom the


    matter was immediately reported, hastened to the
    scene with a considerable force, arrested about forty
    of the young men and conducted them to the king.
    Herod first asked them whether they had dared
    to cut down the golden eagle they admitted it.
    ;

    " Who ordered you to do so ? " he continued. " The


    law of our fathers." " And why so exultant, when
    you will shortly be put to death ? " " Because, after
    our death, we shall enjoy greater felicity."
    (4) These proceedings provoked the king to such
    fury that he forgot his disease and had himself
    carried to a public assembly,^ where at great length
    he denounced the men as sacrilegious persons who,
    under the pretext of zeal for the law, had some more
    ambitious aim in view, and demanded that they
    should be punished for impiety. The people, appre-
    hensive of wholesale prosecutions, besought him to
    confine the punishment to the instigators of the deed
    and to those who had been arrested in the perpetra-
    tion of it, and to forgo his anger against the rest.
    The king grudgingly consented those who had let
    ;

    themselves down from the roof together with the


    doctors he had burnt alive the remainder of those
    ;

    arrested he handed over to his executioners.

    (5) From time onwards Herod's malady began


    this Herod's
    to spread to his whole body and his sufferings took illness.

    a variety of forms. He had fever, though not a


    raging fever, an intolerable itching of the whole skin,
    continuous pains in the intestines, tumours in the
    feet as in dropsy, inflammation of the abdomen and

    **
    A meeting of the magistrates in the theatre at Jericho,
    according to A. xvii. 160 f.
    311
    JOSEPHUS
    XrjKa^ y€vv<l)oa, Trpo? tovtols opOoTTvoia /cat hvo-
    TTVOia KOi GTTaGfJLol TTOLVTOJV TOiV ^eXoJV, Cl)OT€ Tovg
    eTrideiat^ovras ttolutjv eii/at tww oo^lotow ra
    657 voGTJfiara Xeyeiv. 6 Se TraXaiojv tooovtol'^ TrddeoLv
    o/xojs" Tov l,i]u avrelx^TO, aojTqpiav re rjXTTL^ev Kal
    BepaTTeias eTrevoei- StajSa? yovu rov ^Yophdvqv rot?
    KaTOL KaXXtppo-qu ixprjro depyiols' ravra S' e^etat

    fxev €L? rrju ^ Aa(j>aXrl7 lv XLfjLvqv, vrro yXvKvrrjTO?


    S* icrrl [Kaiy TTOTLfia. So^au Se ivravda rols
    larpol? eXaio) depfjLco rrdv dvaddXifjat to ouafia

    XaXaadeu els TrXrjpr] TTveXoVy eKXvet Kal roi)?

    658 ocjidaXyious a>? redveajs dveoTpeipev. dopv^ov Se


    Tcou depanevovrajv yevofievou rrpos ftev T-qv <f)a>vrju

    dvqveyKev , et? he to Xolttov drroyvovg ttju oojriqpiav

    roU re arpancoTaLg dpd TTevTijKovra Spaxp-dg


    eKiXevaev hiavelp-ai Kal rroXXd XPVP-^"^^ '^ofi

    TjyeiJiOOL Kal rols ^t'Aots".

    659 (6) Ai;t6? 8e v-noGTpicjjojv els ^lepixovvra irapa-


    yiveraL peXayxoXoju rjhr], Kal povov ovk dneiXcou
    ainuj TO) davdroj TrpoeKorrreu els eVtjSoAT^i/' d-
    deuirou TTpd^eo)?- tov? yap d6' eKdoT-qs Kcuprjg
    evLO-qpovs dvhpas e^ 6Xr]g ^{ovSalag ovi'ayayd>i^

    €t? Tou KaXovfjievof LTrrrohpopov eKeXevaev ovy-


    660 KXeljai TrpooKaXeudpevog he HaXcop-qp ttjv d6e\-
    <f)r]u Kal Tou di'hpa ravrris 'AAe^ai " olha," e(f)r^,

    'louSatou? TOV epov eopTaoovTas ddvaTov, hvva-


    '
    om. PAM Lat,
    * Hudson : iiTifiovXr]; .ms9.

    S12
    JEWISH WAR, I. 656-660 ( = ant. xvii. 169-176)

    gangrene of the privy parts, engendering worms,*^ in


    addition to asthma,^ with great difficulty in breathing,
    and convulsions in all his limbs. His condition led
    diviners to pronounce his maladies a judgement
    on him for his treatment of the professors. Yet,
    struggling as he was with such numerous sufferings,
    he clung to life, hoped for recovery, and devised one
    remedy after another. Thus he crossed the Jordan
    to take the warm baths at Callirrhoe, the waters of Herod at
    which descend into the Lake Asphaltitis ^ and from Caiiirrho
    their sweetness are also used for drink. There, the
    physicians deciding to raise the temperature of his
    whole body with hot oil, he was lowered into a bath
    full of that liquid, whereupon he fainted and turned
    up his eyes as though he were dead. His attendants
    raising an uproar, their cries brought him to himself,
    but, now despairing of recovery, he gave orders to
    distribute fifty drachmas per head to the soldiers
    and considerable sums to their officers and to his
    friends.
    (6) He started on his return journey and reached Herod at
    Jericho in an atrabilious condition, in which, hurling af^est of
    defiance as it were at death itself, he proceeded to notables.
    devise an outrageous scheme. Having assembled
    the distinguished men from every village from one
    end of Judaea to the other, he ordered them to be
    locked into the hippodrome. He then summoned
    his sister Salome and her husband Alexas and said ;

    " I know that the Jews will celebrate my death by

    " Cf. the description of the death of his grandson, Herod


    Agrippa I, '• eaten of worms," in Acts xii. 23.
    ''
    The Greek word means inabihty to breathe except in an
    upright posture.
    " The Dead Sea. Callirrhoe (" Baths of Herod ") was
    near the N.E. end of it.
    313
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    (laL he nevSelodaL 8t* irepojv Kal Xafirrpov i7nTd(l)Lov
    e;(etu, dv vfiels OeXijarj-e rats ejials ivToXalg
    VTTovpyrjaaL. rovoSe rovs <j>povpovixlvovs avhpas
    iveihdv eKTruevooj rdy^^Lara KretVare, rrepLGT-qaav-
    res rov? orparLwras, ti^a Trdaa *Iou8ata kol ttols

    OLKOS aKCOV €77* i}lOL haKpVOT)."


    661 (7) TavTa epereXXero, Kal Trapd rojv iv 'Pcofirj
    TTpio^eojv TjKov €77 LOT oXaiy St' ojv ^AKfirj fji€V dv-
    jip-qpevr] KeXevaavTos Kaicrapo? iS-qXovTO, Oavdrcp
    8' *AvTi7Ta7pos KaraKpLTos' eypa(^oi^ ye }iriv cog,
    el Kal ^uyaSeuetv avrov edeX-JGeteu 6 TraTrjp,
    662 eTTLrpeTTOL Ka'toap. 6 8e ^po-xv fiev 77/D09 rr^v
    evdupLLav dvriveyKev, avOis he, Kal yap evheia
    Tpo(f)ri<; Kal ^tj^I orraopLOjhei hiereivero, rCov dXyq-
    hovojv rjOOTjSels (^Odoat rrjv elfxapjjLevrjv eTre^dXero.
    Xa^d)U he iiTjXov fjTrjoev Kal p.axaipLOV , elcvdei yap
    aTTOTepLvajv eoOUiv, eTreira TrepiaOprjaag jjltJ ti? o
    KwXvoJv e'i-q, eTrrjpev rrju he^idv at? 7tXt]^ojv eavrov.
    TTpoohpapLOJV he eKcoXvGev ^ A^ia^os 6 dvei/jtos
    avTov rrjv Karaox^ov olp.(jjy-q 8' evdecos
    663 X^'^P^ .

    r'lpdri pLeyiorr) Kara to ^aoiXetov cos OLXOjJLevov


    ^aoiXeajs, Kal tox^ojs aKOVoag 'AvrtTTarpo? dva-
    dappel re Kal yeyqdojs rovs 4)vXaKas LKerevev inl
    Xvoavras avrov. 6 he -qyepLojv
    XpT^P-aoiv e^a(j)e1vai
    01) ixovov eKUjXvaev dXXd Kal ^aoiXel hpapoju

    " A. xvW. 176, " He was not blind to the feelings of the

    Jews and knew what relief and intense delight his death
    would bring them/' A Jewish festi%'al on the seventh of
    the month Kislev (December), of which the occasion is un-
    recorded in the Jewish calendar known as Megillath Taanith,
    is said by a late Scholiast to commemorate Herod's death
    314
    JEWISH WAR, I. 660-663 ( = ant. xvii. 177-186)

    a festival " yet I can obtain a vicarious mourning


    ;

    and a magnificent funeral, if you consent to follow my


    instructions. You know these men here in custody ;

    the moment I expire have them surrounded by


    the soldiers and massacred so shall all Judaea
    ;

    and every household weep for me, whether they


    will or no."
    (7) At the moment when he was giving these
    Executio

    instructions, he received letters from his ambassadors


    at Rome, informing him that Acme ^ had been
    executed by Caesar's orders and Antipater con-
    demned to death but, the letter continued, if his
    ;

    father were content with banishing him, he had


    Caesar's permission to do so. At this news he for a
    while recovered his spirits, but later, under the strain
    of lack of nourishment and a convulsive cough, over-
    powered by his tortures, he endeavoured to anticipate Herod
    the hour of destiny. He took an apple and called tuiS.*^^
    for a knife, as it was his custom to cut up this fruit
    when eating it, and then, looking round to see that
    there was no one to prevent him, raised his hand to
    strike himself. However, his cousin Achiab rushed
    up and seizing his hand arrested the blow. Instantly
    there arose loud lamentations throughout the palace,
    in the belief that the king had passed away Anti- Executioi
    pater, quick to catch the sound, took heart again
    and. radiant with joy, besought his jailers, for a
    remuneration, to loose him and let him go. The
    head jailer, however, not only prevented this, but
    hastened to the king and reported his prisoner's

    cut the tradition is untrustworthy. It appears from the


    sequel {B. ii. 10) that Herod died a little before Passover.
    See Zeitiin. Megiliat Taanit, pp. 100 f., Schurer, G.J. V.
    ed. 3) i. 416 f, * §641.
    315
    JOSEPHUS
    664 dvTJyyeiXev ttju imBoXriv.^ dveKpayev 5' eK^lvog
    LO\vp67€pou TTJ? vooou Kal TTapaxpTJlJ-CL Trepufjas
    rov£ SopvSopov? dnOKT^LveL Tov "AvTLTTarpoi^.
    ddipai 8e TOW v(.Kp6v avrov Trpoard^a? iu ^TpKavta
    TrdXiu Tag- SLadrjKas irrawopdovTai, Kal hLdho)(OU
    /JL€V Wpx^^aou rov Trpeo^vrarov vlou, dh(.)«j)6v 8e
    ^AvTLTTa, ypd(f)€i, Terpdpxr]v he WvTLTrav.
    665 (8) Merd be rrju dvaipeoLv tov TzatSo? iTn^LOV?
    TtevTe TeXevTo., ^aoiXevoas d<j>' ov p.ev
    rjp.epas
    aTioKTeivas Xv-iyovov eKpdTTjaeu tcou npaypidTOJV
    ^

    €Tr) Teaaapa Kal rpidKOV-a, d<j)* ov he vtto 'Poj-

    p.aiojv dTTeheixd-q ^aotXevg cVrd Kal TpidKOVTa,


    Kal KaTOL fieu rd dXXa TrdvTa tvx^j Sefta XPV^^'
    ixevos, el Kal ri? dXXog, ooTtg Ka-eKT-qaaTO ^aat-
    Xeiav lSlcottj^ wv Kal togovtuj xpovco (f)vXd^a<;
    Ldiois TeKvoL? KaTeXiTTev, cV he tol? /car' oIkov
    666 aTv^^crro-To?. nplu he yvojuai ttju TeXevrrjv avTOV
    TO OTpaTiojTiKou, TTpoeXSovoa jieTa Tavhpog^ r]

    ILaXajpirj hiai^rJKep tov? heojxu'jTas, ov? KTeiveiv o


    ^aoiXevs IveTeiXaTO, iieTaTreiodrjuaL tou ^aaiXea
    Xeyovoa Kal TrdXiu dvarrepiTTeiv eKaorov els Ta
    Ihia. TOVTOJv 5' ol)(Oixevajv ehrjXovv rjhrj to??
    GTpaTicoTai? Kal ovvijyov avTOvg el? eKKXrjolau
    fieTa TOV XoLTTov ttXtjOovs ev toj Kara 'lepixovwTa
    667 diK^LdeaTpoj. evda TrapeXdojv YlToXefialos 6 Kai
    TOV haKTvXtou vapd tov ^aaiXeoJS
    orjuavTrjpa
    TTeTTLOTeviievos TOV T€ ^aoiXea KaTevhaifiovt^ei Kal
    ro TTXrjdog TrapaKaXel, Kal ttjv dTToXeicfideloav toi?
    * Niese: eVi^oLX^f >iS5. ^ Destinon: /xer' dj'Spij M33.
    316
    JEWISH WAR, I. 664.-667 ( = ant. xvii. 187-195)

    design. Herod, with a shout which might have


    seemed beyond a sick man's strength, instantly sent
    his guards and had Antipater executed. He ordered
    his body to be buried at Hyrcanium." After that Herod's

    he again amended his will, nominating Archelaus, favour of"


    his eldest son and brother of Antipas, heir to the Archelaus,

    throne, and Antipas tetrarch.^


    Herod's
    (8) Herod survived the execution of his son but
    five days. He
    expired after a reign of thirty-four (about
    ^^^''^^)-
    years, reckoning from the date when, after putting
    '^

    Antigonus to death, he assumed control of the state ;


    of thirty-seven years, from the date ^ when he was
    proclaimed king by the Romans. In his life as a
    whole he was blessed, if ever man was, by fortune :

    a commoner, he mounted to a throne, retained it


    for all those years and bequeathed it to his own
    children in his family life, on the contrary, no man
    ;

    was more unfortunate. Before the army had learnt


    of his decease, Salome left the palace with her
    husband and released the prisoners whom Herod
    had ordered to be put to death, telling them that the
    king had changed his mind and now dismissed them
    all to their homes. Not until after their departure
    did she and her husband announce the news to the
    loldiers, summoning them and the rest of the people
    to a public assembly in the amphitheatre at Jericho.
    Here Ptolemy, to whom the king had entrusted his Reading o
    ^ r J J J- 4.- his will.
    a Ibenediction
    •

    iignet-rmg, came forward, pronounced


    3n the deceased king, delivered an exhortation to
    :he people, and read a letter which Herod had left
    " Greek here " Hyrcania."
    * Both sons of the Samaritan Malthace. * 37 b.c.

    •^
    40 B.C. (end). Josephus reckons the short portions of
    Roman calendar year at the beginning and end of the
    eign as complete years (Schurer, G.J.V, i. 416).
    317
    JOSEPHUS
    arpajLcoraLS dveytuajaKev iTTiaroX-qv, iv fj
    noXXa
    Trepl T-q? €tV toi^ BlolSoxov evvoia? TrapeKaXei.
    66g ixera hk rr^v iTTLoroX-qi^ Xvaas ras iTnStadrjKas
    dveyivojaKev, iv als ^lXlttttos fikv rov Tpd)(OJvos
    Kal rcov y€LTViujv-ojv ^^copioju KXrjpovofiog, rerpdp-
    -)(rjs S , CO? 77 po ei-a^xeVy 'Ai^TiVa?, jSaatAeu? S
    659 \p-)(^iXaos drredeLKvuro. tovtco [de]^ tov t€ Sa-
    ktvXlov tou eavTov Kalaapi (^ipeiv ivereXXero Kal
    rds SiOLK-qaeLS ~tJ? ^aaiXeias aecTT^/xacr/xeVa?* Kvpiov
    yap drravTcov u)v Siardfetei^ /cat ^e^aLOjrrjv row
    hiaQ-qKoJv elvai Kalaapa' rd ye firju Xotrrd Kara
    rd? rrporipas 5ta^ry/<a? (j)vXdrreLV.
    670 (9) Bot) S' €v6vs iyeuero tojp \\p)(eXdcp ouv-
    rjbofjLevuju, Kal Kara GTl(f)os ol GrparLojrai pLerd

    Tov ttXtjOov^ TrpoGLOvres vttluxvovvto p.ev ttjv

    iavTujv evvoLav, ovviqv\ovTO 8e Kal rrjv rrapd roi


    deov, [xalY perd ravra TTpog racftrju irpdrrovTC
    £71 TOV ^aaiXicos TrapeXtrrev S* ovSeu Wpx^Xao? eis
    .

    TToXmeXeLau, dXXd Trdvra tou ^aoiXiKOV Koopoi


    77 porjveyKev ov^TTopiTre-VGOVTa toj veKpto' kXIvt) pe\
    yap 6X6\pvaos tju StdAt^os", GTpa>p.pr) 8e dXovpyii
    ttolklXt], to Gojpa 8* eV avTTjS 77op(f)vpa K€Ka
    Xvpfieuov, Kal 8idBr}p,a pkv €77€K€lto tjj K(.4>aXfj

    GT€(f}aV0g 8' V7T€p aVTOV y^pVGOVS, TO 8e GKrjTTTpO]

    672 rrapd ttjv h€^idv. Kal Ttepl ttjv KXivqu ol Te VLel


    Kal TO 77XrjSos Tcov Gvyyeuow, icf)^ ols ol hopv(f)6po
    Kal TO QpaKLOV Grlchos, Teppavoi re /cat FaAa'Tat
    673 SL€GK€vaGp,€VOL 7:duT€9 cli? 6tV TcXepov. 77pofiy€]
    8* rj XoLTTTf SvvapiLS oj77XLap€.vri Tol? TiyepoGLV Ka
    ^ cm. p. * P: om. the rest.

    318
    JEWISH WAR, I. 667-673 ( = ant. xvii. 195-199)

    for the troops, in which he earnestly appealed to


    them be loyal to his successor. After this letter,
    to
    he opened and read the codicils under these Philip "
    :

    inherited Trachonitis and the neighbouring districts,


    Antipas, as we have already mentioned,'' was ap-
    pointed tetrarch," and Archelaus king. The last-
    named received a charge from Herod to carry his
    ring to Caesar, with the documents relating to the
    administration of the realm, under seal, because he
    had vested in Caesar the control of all his dispositions
    and the ratification of the will in the remaining
    ;

    particulars the directions of the previous will were


    to hold good.
    (9) Archelaus w^as instantly hailed with acclama- His funen
    tions and congratulations and the troops advancing
    ;

    by companies, with the people, made promises of


    allegiance on their own part, and invoked upon
    him the blessing of God. The king's funeral next
    occupied attention. Archelaus, omitting nothing that
    :;ould contribute to its magnificence, brought forth
    all the royal ornaments to accompany the procession
    n honour of the deceased. The bier was of solid
    ^old, studded with precious stones, and had a cover-
    ng of purple, embroidered with various colours on ;

    :his lay the body enveloped in a purple robe, a diadem


    encircling the head and surmounted by a crown of
    ^old, the sceptre beside his right hand. Around
    :he bier were Herod's sons and a large group of
    lis relations these were followed by the guards,
    ;

    he Thracian contingent, Germans and Gauls, all


    quipped as for war. The remainder of the troops
    narched in front, armed and in orderly array, led by

    « Son of Cleopatra. " § 664.


    « Of Galilee and Peraea {A. xvii. 188).

    319
    JOSEPHUS
    Ta^idpXOL? OLKoXovOoVVTeg iv KOOflO), TTeVTaKOOlOl
    be eV avTOL? rojv olk€T(jju Kal aTreXevdepojv dpoj-
    fjLaTO(f)6poL. CTTaStou? 5' iKopLLoSy) TO CTcu/xa 8ia-
    Kooiovs^ et? ^WpJjheiov, orrov Kara ra? eVroAa?
    iTd(t)r]. Kal rd piev rrepl 'HpojSrjv roiovrov eo^ev
    77epa?.

    1 LVRC Lat. Heg. ; id^on-nKovra PAM (reading o' /or r ).

    The procession startsfrom Jericho which was 150 stades


    (N.E.) from Jerusalem {B. iv. 4-74); Herodion was bO stades
    south of Jerusalem [B. i. -265, 4-19).

    320
    JEWISH WAR, I. 673 ( = ant. xvii. 199)

    theircommanders and subordinate officers behind ;

    these came five hundred of Herod's servants and


    freedmen, carrying spices The body was thus
    conveyed for a distance of two hundred furlongs to
    Herodion, where, in accordance with the directions
    of the deceased, it was interred. So ended Herod's
    reign.

    VOL. II M S21
    Aoroi^ B'

    1 (1. l) 'Ap;)^€Aaa» he viojv "qp^e dopvScDV rj rrjg

    irrl ^PojfJLrjV a.7ToSrjiiLas avdyKT]. TrevOi'^aa? yap


    rjfiepag iTrra rov rtarepa kol rrjv i7TLrd(f)LOV idriaaiv
    TToXvreXrj tll) TrXrjdei Trapao^dw edo^ Se tovto rrapa
    'lofSatot? TToAAot? Ttevias aiTiov, Sta to TrXrjdog

    €Gridv ovK dv€u di^d'/KT]?/ el yap TTapaXeinoi nris,

    ovx ooLOS' iJi€raXa[jL^dveL jxev ead-qra XevKrjv,


    TTpoetOL de ei? to lepoVy evda TTOLKiXaLS ainov
    2 ev(f)rjiiLaLg 6 Aao? eKhexerai. KaKelvos to ttXtjOos
    d<f)* viprjXov ^-qiiaros Kal XP^^'^^ dpovov he^LOjad-
    p.evo? TTJ? re OTTovdrj?, -qu evehei^avro irepl rrjv

    KT^heiav Tov Trarpo?, ev^apLareZ Kal tt]? rrpo? avTOV


    depaTTeia? oj? rrpo^ ^e^aiov rjBr) ^aoiXea' <^eiheodai
    ye pLTiV 01) pLouov e(f)r] ttJ? e^ovaiag eVt toO TrapovTO?,
    dXXd Kal rojv ovoixdroav, eoj? dv avrco Kalaap
    eTJLKvpcoorj rrjv bLaBo\rjv, 6 Kal Kara rag BiadrjKas
    3 7(jju oXojv heoTTOT-qg- ov6e yap ev 'Xepixovvri ttjs

    orpaTid? TO 5td8r]/xa TTepiartTovoTj? avToj SeSexdac


    70V p.evroL Trpodvpiov Kal rrjs evvoias, cjOTtep toi?

    orpaTLcvrai?, ovrco Kal rco hrjfJLOj 7TXrjpeL<; ciTro-

    * (3ia , , . di'dyK7]i oin. Lat.


    322
    BOOK II

    (i. 1) " The necessity under which Archelaus found Accessio

    himself of undertaking a journey to Rome was the p^oj^jgec


    signal for fresh disturbances. After keeping seven archel^
    ^'°'
    days' mourning for his father and providing the usual ^
    funeral banquet for the populace on a sumptuous
    scale— a Jewish custom which reduces many to
    poverty, such entertainment of the people being
    considered obligatory and its omission an act of
    —
    impiety he changed into white raiment and went
    forth to the Temple, where the people received him
    with varied acclamations. Speaking from a golden
    throne on a raised platform he greeted the multitude.
    He thanked them for the zeal which they had dis-
    played over his father's funeral and for the marks of
    homage shown to himself, as to a king whose claim
    to the throne was already confirmed. He would,
    however, he said, for the present abstain not only
    from the exercise of the authority, but even from the
    assumption of the titles, of royalty, until his right to
    the succession had been ratified by Caesar, to whose
    ruling everything had been submitted under the
    terms of the will. Even when, as he reminded
    them, the army at Jericho had desired to place the
    diadem on his head, he had declined it. He would,
    none the less, make an ample return alike to the
    soldiers and to the citizens for their devotion and

    «§§ l-S = A. xvii. 200-203.


    323
    JOSEPHUS
    Sa)G€LV ras d/xot^a?, oirorav vtto tojv Kparovvrajv
    paGiXevs aTTobeLxdrj pe^auos' GTrovbdaeiv yap eV
    TTdGLV TTpos avTovs (f)avrjvaL rod rrarpo? djJLeLVCOV.
    4 (2) 'E771 rovTOL? rjh6fjL€vov ro ttXtjOos evQitos
    OLTTeTTeipdro ttjs Stavolas avrov /xeyaAotS' aLTT]-
    ixaaiv ol [j,€V yap i^oojv e7TLKOv(j)it,eiv rds etV-
    (j)opdsy ol 8e dvaipelv rd reX-q, rive? 8e dnoXveiv
    TOV£ Secr/xcuras" irrevevGe 3' iroLfxajs diraGL Oepa-
    .

    7T€VU)V TO TrXrjdog. eVetra Ovaa? ev ei3co;)(ta fxera


    G row (jiiXojv Tjv evda hrj rrepl SetAr^v ddpoiodcvres
    .

    ovK oXlyoL Twv veojrepileiv tt porjprjiiev ojv TJp^avro


    tSt'ou irevdovs, ore to koivov cttI rep jSacrtAet
    Trenauro, KaroXo(f)Vp6pL€Voi rovs KoXaodivras vtto
    'HpcoSou 8ia rdv eKKO-nevra ;\;pu(7oOv derov rrjs
    r;ttvXtj? rod vaov. rjv 8e to ttIvOos ov^ ^'^-
    €oraXfjL€vov, dXX olpuxjyal hiarrpvaLoi Kal dprjvos
    eyKeXevoros Koireroi re rrepi'qxovvres oXtjv rrjv
    TToXiv, d)S dv ctt' dvSpdoLV ovs €(f)aGKOv VTTep rcov
    7Tarpio)V vofxojv /cat rov vaov [TTvplj^ TTapanoXeGdaL.
    7 rLfxcopelv 8' avrols dv€^6a>v €k tcDv v<f)^ 'HpcoSov
    rerLfirjiievcDV xprjvat^ /cat rrpujrov rov vtt* eKetvov
    Karaoradevra Traveiv dpxtepea' TTpoG-qKCLV yap
    avroLS €VG€^€Gr€pov alpelGdai /cat Kadapojrepov.
    8 (3) Ylpog d TTapoj^vvero p.€V Wpx^Xao?, eVet;\;e
    8e rrjv dfivvav vtto rrj? Trepl rr)v e^oBov eVet^ecos',
    SeSoLKojs pL-qTTore ro ttXtjOos eKTroXepLcooag Kara-
    GX^OeLT) ro) KLvrjfjLarL. 8to TTeiOol pidXXov r] /Sta

    1 om. LVRC Lat. ; cf. i. 655.


    2 VC : xP'ni^o-'^'- the rest with Lat.
    ^ Duties on sales, A. xvii. 205.
    ' Judas, Matthias and their followers, B. i. 648-655.
    ' Joazar, A. xvii. 164.

    S24
    JEWISH WAR, II. 3-8 (=ant. xvii. 203-208)

    goodwill, as soon as the supreme authorities had


    definitely declared him king for it would be his
    ;

    earnest and constant endeavour to treat them better


    than they had been treated by his father.
    Delighted at these professions, the multitude Demands
    (2)
    ^
    at once proceeded to test his intentions by making ^
    large demands. One party clamoured for a reduc-
    tion of the taxes, another for the abolition of the
    duties," a third for the Hberation of the prisoners.
    To all these requests, in his desire to ingratiate him-
    self with the people, he readily assented. Then,
    after offering a sacrifice, he regaled himself with his
    friends. Towards evening, however, a large number Thdr
    of those who were bent on revolution assembled on on'^ihe"
    the same spot, and, now that the public mourning occasion

    for the king was ended, began a lamentation on their obsequie


    own account, bewailing the fate of those whom Herod
    II •11/' -1 11
    had punished tor cuttmg down the golden eagle irom
    1 1 r-
    °^^^^^
    martyiec
    doctors
    the gate of the Temple.^ This mourning was in no
    subdued tones there were piercing shrieks, a dirge
    :

    directed by a conductor, and lamentations with beat-


    ing of the breast which resounded throughout the
    city all this in honour of the unfortunate men who,
    ;

    they asserted, had in defence of their country's laws


    and the Temple perished on the pyre. These
    martyrs ought, they clamoured, to be avenged by the
    punishment of Herod's favourites, and the first step
    was the deposition of the high-priest whom he had
    appointed,^ as they had a right to select a man of
    greater piety and purer morals.
    (3) Archelaus, exasperated by these proceedings,
    but in haste to depart, wished to defer retahation,
    from fear that, if he provoked the hostility of the
    people, he would be detained by a general rising.

    325
    JOSEPHUS
    KaraarlXXeiv iTreiparo rovs v€coT€pLlovTa? Kal tov
    9 crrparrjyov VTTOTrefJupas Travaacrdai Trape/caAct. rov-
    Tov €tV TO lepov TTapeXdovra, irplv (j)diy^aGdai tl,
    XidoLS drrrjXavvov ol oraaiaaral Kal rovs fJLcr^
    avrov ivl GaxfypovLCTfiaj Trpoaiovras, IvUi he ttoX-
    Xov? 6 Wpx^Xaos, Kal Travra TTpos opyrjv dn-
    eKpivavTOy hrjXol re rjoav ovk -qpein^Govres, el
    10 ttX-^Oovs eTTiXd^oivro. Kal Srj rrjs rwv d^vpucov ev-
    ardcrqs ioprrjs, t] TrdcrxoL Trapd 'louSatot? KaAetrat,
    TToXv Tt Bvjidr ojv TrXrjOos eKhexop^evq, KareiOL fxev
    eK rrjs x^P^^ Xaos direipos eirl rr]v BprjUKeiav,
    OL he rovs GO(f)iards rrevdovvres ev rip lepco ovv-
    11 eior-qKeuav rpo^-qv rfj ardaei TTopilopievoL. irpos
    6 heioas Wpx^Xaos, irplv hi oXov rod rrX-qdovs
    hiahpapLelv rrjv vocrov, VTroTTepLTret p.erd OTreipas
    Xi'Xiapxov TTpoord^as ^ia rovs i^dpxovras rrjs
    ordoreojs Karacrxelv. rrpos ovs ro TrXrjdos drtav
    TTapo^vverai Kal rovs /xey ttoXXovs rrjs OTrelpas
    ^dXXovres XlOols hUcjiBeipov, 6 he ;!^tAiap;(os" Ik-
    12 (j^evyei rpavpiarias /LtoAt?. erreiO^ ol fiev ws [irjhevos
    heivov yeyovoros irpeTTOvro Trpos dvolav ov p,r]v
    'ApxeXdcp hixcL (f)6vov KadeKrov en ro TrXrjOos
    i(f)aLvero, rr]v he Grpandv e7Ta^ir]Giv avrols oXrjv,
    rovs pi^€v TTetovs hid rrjs TToXeoJS ddpoovs, rovs he
    13 LTTTTe'is dvd ro Trehiov 61 Ovovaiv eKdorois e^ai<j)vr]S

    " Or perhaps the " captain of the Temple " (Sagan),


    Acts iv. 1.
    * Greek " sustenance." In the parallel A. xvil. 214 the
    writer (an assistant of Josephus), using the same source,
    appears to have taken the word Tpo<pri literall\- " they had no :

    lack of food for the rebels, not being ashamed to beg for it."
    Apparently rounding the N.W. side of the city outside
    <^

    S2t)
    JEWISH WAR, II. 8-13 ( = ant. xvii. 209-217)

    He, accordingly, endeavoured to appease the rebels


    by persuasion, without resort to force, and quietly
    sent his general to entreat them to desist.
    <*
    This
    officer on entering the Temple and before he had even
    opened his mouth, was driven off by the rioters with
    a shower of stones many others whom Archelaus
    ;

    sent in after him to call them to reason were similarly


    treated. To all remonstrances they replied with
    anger, and it was evident that, given any accession
    to their numbers, they had no intention of remaining is quelle
    inactive. And now the feast of unleavened bread, Jioo^g,^
    which the Jews call Passover, came round it is an ; April, 4

    occasion for the contribution of a multitude of sacri-


    fices, and a vast crowd streamed in from the country
    for the ceremony. The promoters of the mourning
    for the doctors stood in a body in the temple, pro-
    curing recruits* for their faction. This alarmed
    Archelaus, who, wishing to prevent the contagion
    from spreading to the whole crowd, sent in a tribune
    in command of a cohort, with orders to restrain by
    force the ringleaders of the sedition. Indignant at
    the appearance of the troops, the whole crowd pelted
    them with stones most of the cohort were killed,
    ;

    while their commander was wounded and escaped with


    difficulty. Then, as if nothing serious had happened,
    the rioters returned to their sacrifices. Archelaus,
    however, now felt that it would be impossible to
    restrain the mob without bloodshed, and let loose
    upon them his entire army, the infantry advancing
    in close order through the city, the cavalry by way of
    the plain. The soldiers falling unexpectedly upon the
    ^^

    the walls, while the infantry struck straight across from the
    palace which lay on the S.W. of the city to the Temple on
    the N.E.
    327
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    vpooneaov-re^ hiachOelpovGL fxev rrepl Tpia^iAt'ou?,
    TO 8e XoLTTOV 7tAi9(?o? ct? TO. TrXrjGLOv op-q 8(-
    eoKehaaav. et-novro be ^ApxeXdou K-qpuKes k€-
    Xevovreg eKaarov avaxtopelv eV oXkov, koi
    rtdvres a)XOvro Tr]V ioprr^v aTroAtTTOvre?.
    14 (ii. 1) Auro? 8€ fierd Trj<; pLrjrpog Kal tcuv
    (j)LXajv YlorrXd Kal YljoXei^aLov Kal ^LKoXdov
    Karrjct Trpos BdXaaaav KaraXiTTojv irrLTpoTTov re
    7COU ^aGiXeiajv Kal K-qhep-ova rcJv oLKeLcov Ot'A-
    15 17T7TOV. ovve^rj€L d' a/xa rot? t€Kvol? ZaAcu/xry Kal
    Tov jSaCTtAeco? dSeA^tSot re Kat yap.^pol, tco
    fiev SoK€LV GVvayojVLOViJievoL irepl rrjs hLaSo)(rjs
    ^Apx^Xdcp, TO 8' dX-qOes Karr]yop-qoovT€<; Ttepl
    Tcov Kara to lepov 7TapavopLrjdevTa>v
    8' auTols Kara ttjv KaLodpetav
    16 (2) T,vvavTa
    T.a^luo? 6 TTjs T.vpLas iTTirpoTTo? ets" 'IoL'8atai'
    dvLd>v irrl (f)vXaKfj tcov 'HpcoSou
    tov- xprjfjidTCDV.
    Tov irreoxev TrpoaajTepoj p^copetv irreXddjv Ovapos,
    ov Sid riroAe/xatoi; ttoAAo, SerjOelg ^ Apx^Xao? pter-
    1" eTTepuparo. rdre fiev ovv "La^lvo? Ovdpo) ;^apt^6-
    fieuo? ovT* €771 ra? aKpa? ecrTreuCTei^ oure ra Tapnela
    TCOV TTaTpcpcov XPVI^'^'^^'^ aTreKXeLoev Wpx^Xdcxj,
    p.lXP'- ^^ '^'7? Kataapo? hiayvojoecos rjpeii-qoeiv
    18 v-eox^'i'o Kal hUTpt^ev IttI ttj? KaLoapetag. co?
    8e Ttui^ e/Lt77o8t^oi''Ttut' o /xev €tV Av'Tid;^etai'
    dTTrjpev, *Apx^Xaog 8e etV 'Pcvpuqv dvrjxdr], 8ta
    Ta;)(Oi;? eVt 'lepoaoAu/xojy opp-Tjoa^ TrapaXap^^dvei
    TCI jSacriAeta, /cat fieTaTrefjLTToiJievo? tov? t€ (f>poup-

    ° Malthace. * Called Ptollas in ^. xvii. -219.

    Herod's chief friend and executor, B. i. 473, 667, ii. 21.


    '

    •*
    Of Damascus, another friend of Herod, and the historian
    on whose work Josephus is here probably dependent.
    328
    JEWISH WAR, II. lS-18 ( = axt. xvii. 218-223)

    various parties busy with their sacrifices slew about


    three thousand of them and dispersed the renaainder
    among the neighbouring hills. The heralds of Arche-
    laus followed and ordered everyone to return home ;
    so they all abandoned the festival and departed.
    (ii. Archelaus himself with his mother'^ and his Archeiau;
    1)
    friends, Poplas,* Ptolemy,^ and Nicolas,"* now de- departs
    °™^'
    scended to the coast, leaving Philip to take charge of °^
    the palace* and to protect his private interests.
    Salome/ with her children, also accompanied him,
    and the nephews and sons-in-law of the late king,
    ostensibly to support the claims of Archelaus to the
    succession, but in reality to accuse him of the recent
    Uega) proceedings in the Temple.
    (2) At Caesarea the party were met by Sabinus, .Mercecar
    procurator of Syria," on his way up to Judaea to take designs >\

    charge of Herod's estate. He was prevented from p^ocumc


    continuing his journey by the arrival of Varus,'*
    whose presence Archelaus had. through Ptolemy,
    urgently solicited. Sabmus. in deference to Varus,
    abandoned for the moment his intention of rushing
    to the castles and excluding Archelaus from access
    to his father s treasuries, and. promising to take no
    action until Caesar had given his decision, remained
    at Caesarea But as soon as those who had ob-
    structed his designs had left. Varus for Antioch,*
    Archelaus for Rome, he sped to Jerusalem and took
    possession of the palace and then, summoning the
    ;

    * Or perhaps " the realm." ^ Herod's sister.


    " More accurately described in A. xvii. 221 as Kalaapo^
    ^wi-^ooTTos '•wv eu Zvpiq irpay>x6.Tu)Vf i.e. imperial finance officer

    for the province.


    * Quintilius Varus, governor (legatus) of Syria {B. i. 617).
    * Before returning to Antioch he visited Jerusalem and
    left a legion there to keep order (§ 40).
    VOL. II M 2 S29
    JOSEPHUS
    apxov? Kal bioiKr]7ag In^ipdro hi^p^vvav rov<;
    rCjv xprjiiaTOJV dvaXoyiOfiovg rds t€ ciKpas napa-
    19 XayL^6.v€.iv. ov jxt-jv ol (j)iXaK€S tojv \\p)(€Xdou
    KaTTjjjLeXovv evToXwv, ep.€vov Se t^povpovvreg
    €Kaora Kal rr)v (f)povpdv dvaTidevreg Katoapt
    fjLaXXov Tj *Ap)(€Xdip.
    20 (3) Kdv TOVTCp TTaXlV *AvTL77aS dpL(j)LG^r)Ta)V
    7T€pl TT^? jSaatAeta? dud^eiOLV d^Lojv ttjs imSLadrj-
    KTjs KvpLOjrepau elvat rrjv StaOrjKrjv, eV fj ^aaiXevg
    avTos iyeypaTTTO. ovXXrnlj€o9aL 8' avro) TrpoiJTT-
    do)(€TO ^aXajji-q Kal ttoXXol tow avv Wpx^Xdco
    21 TrXeourajv ovyyevow. irrriy^ro he r-qu iirjTepa Kal
    Tov dheXcfiov KiKoXdov YlroXefialov, poTrrjv eluai
    hoKOvvra Std 'Wpojhr] ttlotlw yeyovei
    rrju Tiapd
    yap brj iKeiwov TLpnajraTOS' TrXeXarov
    t(2)v (f)LXa>v
    pivTOi TTeTToldet hid SetvoTT^ra Xoyow Klprjvaloj toj
    priTopL, hid Kal Tous" vovOerovvTa? €'lk€lv Wpx^Xdco
    Kara to TTpeo^elou Kal rd? inLhiadrjKag hteKpov-
    22 aaro. peOioraro 8e eV 'Pojprj 'ndvra>v vpos avrov
    Tj GTTovhr] 70JV ovyyevojv, oh hid piaovs rjv *Apx^-
    Xaos, Kal t: po-qyov pivojs eKaoTog avrovopLiag
    iTTedvpei oTpar-qyo) 'PaJ/iat6o^ hiOLKovpevrj?, el he
    TOVTo^ hiapaprdvoi, ^aotXeveLU 'Ai^rtVai^ jjdeXev.
    23 (-i) Hvv7'jpyeL 8* avrois els rovro Kal Ha^ii^os hi*
    emoroXdoVy Kar-qyoprjoa? p.ev ^Ap^eXdov rtapd
    24 Kataapt, TioXXd 8' eTraiveoag ^ Avriirav. ovv-
    rd^avres he rd eyKXrjpara ol jrepl HaXojprju ev-
    e\eipioav Katcrapt, Kal perd tovtous Wpx^Xaos rd
    T€^ Ke^ctAata rwv eavrov hLKaia>u ypdipag Kal rov
    1 toJtou LVRC. 2+d\XaPAM.
    *•
    B. i. 6t6. * Malthace who had sailed with her other son, § I-l.

    330
    JEWISH WAR, II. 18-24 ( = ant. xvii. 223-228)

    governors of the forts and the controllers of the


    treasury, endeavoured to search into the accounts
    and to take possession of the castles. These officers,
    however, mindful of the injunctions of Archelaus,
    continued to guard their respective trusts, for which
    they professed to hold themselves responsible to
    Caesar, rather than to Archelaus.
    (3) Meanwhile another claimant to the throne had
    Antipas,

    set out for Rome, namely, Antipas, who maintained claimant


    that the will in which he had been named king had ^^^^
    f°
    greater validity than the codicil." He had received
    previous promises of support from Salome and from
    many of his relations who had sailed with Archelaus.
    He had won over his mother^ and Ptolemy,
    brother of Nicolas, from whose influence much was
    expected, owing to the confidence reposed in him
    by Herod, who had honoured him above all his
    friends.But what Antipas mainly relied on was the
    brilhant eloquence of his advocate Irenaeus on the;

    strength of this he refused to listen to those who


    advised him to give way to Archelaus, in consideration
    of his rights of seniority and the terms of the codicil.
    At Rome, all the relations, who detested Archelaus,
    transferred their support to him the object that was
    ;

    uppermost in the minds of every one of these was


    autonomy under the administration of a Roman
    governor, but, in default of that, they preferred to
    have Antipas for king.
    (4) They were aided in this design by Sabinus, Theriva^
    who, in dispatches to Caesar, accused Archelaus and ^^ ^^^^
    highly commended Antipas. Salome and her friends
    now drew up their indictment and placed it in Caesar's
    hands Archelaus responded by drafting a summary
    ;

    statement of his rights and sending in his father's


    331
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    haKJv\:o'^ Tov Trarpo? Kal rovs Xoyou^^ ela-e^nei
    20 hioL UroXeiJLaiov. 7TpoaKeil)dijLevo<; 8e o Kalaap ri
    Trap' diJLcf)OLU /car' ibiav, ro re fieyedog Tqs jSaj-,-
    Ae/a? Kat to vXr)do<; Trj<; vpoaoBoVj Trpo? ofi" toi'
    dpidfiou T^js 'HpojSov yeved?, npoavayvou^^ be
    Kal rd napd Ovdpov Kal ^a^ivov TT^pl iovt'mu
    CTreCTraAjLteVa, ouvebpiov fxev ddpolC^eL tcov iv reXcL
    'PajfiaioiUy iv Jj Kal rou i^ WypLTTTra Kal 'looAi'a?
    TT^s" dvyaTp6<; derov Tralha Vdiov TTpajrajs iKadiaev,
    dTToSlBcuaL 6e \6you auroU
    26 (5) "Kuda KaracTTd? d LaAa»/X57? utd? 'Ai^rt-
    TTarpos", 7)1^ 3e roiv ivavTiovfievoju *
    \p\eXda) Se'.i^d-

    raro? einelv, Karr^yopei (jydoKcov toI<; fiev Adyoi?


    d}jL(f)L(j^rjT€lv dpTL /SacrtAet'a? 'Ap;^eAaoi', rot? 5*
    epyoig TTCtAat yeyovevai ^aaiXia, Karetpa)uev6adaL
    8e i^Gi^ TcD;' Kat'crapo? ciKodji^, 01/ htKaoTTjV ttj?
    21 SLaSoxrjs ou TTepLep-eivev, e'i ye fxerd r-qv 'HpcoSoy
    TeXeuTYju eyKaOerovg p^kv v-novep.ipa'^ rovg Trepi-
    d-qoovras avTco to bidbrjp.a, irpoKadioa^ 8' cVt
    TOV dpovov Kal ;(pT7/xaTtaa?''* ^aaiXevs, Ta^^L^ T€
    Trj<; CTrparid? dp-eiipa^ Kal TTpoKOTrd? ;(aptcrd/Liei^Oi,

    28 €TL he TO) hr]p.a) TtdvTa KaTavevaa'^ oocov cL? vapd


    paoiXecoq Tvx^li' -q^iovv, Kal Toug irrl p-eyidTatg
    atViat? Trapd tov Trarpd? SeSe/zeVof? Xvaag, vvv
    rjKei TTapd tov Sea-noTov GKidv aLTr]o6fjLevo<;
    paaiXeia?, rjg yjpTraoev iavTO) to ocjp^a, Kal ttoicou
    ov TcJijv TTpayp.dT(i}v dXXd tojv 6vop.dTa>v Kvpiov
    29 Kai'crapa. TTpoaajveihiiCev 8' cu? Kat to irevdog

    ^ rationes administrationis Lat. (apparently reading


    'Soyicixovu as in A. !').

    * PAV*: Tooaavayvovs the rest (perhaps rightly).


    » +wi MLVRC.
    SS-2
    JEWISH WAR, II. 24-29 ( = ant. xvii. 228-233)

    ring and papers ^ by Ptolemy to the emperor. Caesar,


    after reflecting in private on the allegations of both
    parties, the extent of the kingdom, the amount of
    the revenue, as well as the number of Herod's
    children, and after perusing the letters on the subject
    which he had received from Varus and Sabinus,
    summoned a council of leading Romans, at which for council

    the first time he gave a seat to Caius, the son of Augustus


    Agrippa and his daughter Julia, whom he had
    adopted himself he then called upon the parties to
    ;

    speak.
    (5) Thereupon Antipater, son of Salome, the ablest Antipatei

    orator among the opponents of Archelaus, rose as laiome,


    his accuser. Archelaus, he stated, although at the ^^^^^g^j^u
    moment ostensibly suing for a crown, had in reality
    long since acted as king. He was now merely playing
    upon the patient ears of Caesar, whose sentence upon
    the subject of the succession he had not awaited.
    For, after Herod's death, had he not suborned
    persons to place the diadem on his head, sat in state
    upon the throne and given audience as a king, made
    changes in the ranks of the army and conferred pro-
    motions, assented to all the favours which the people
    had claimed from him as sovereign, and liberated
    those whom his father had imprisoned for the gravest
    crimes ? And after all this he had now come to beg
    from his lord for the shadow of royalty, of which he
    had already appropriated the substance, thus making
    Caesar a dispenser not of realities, but of mere titles !

    A further charge which Antipater brought against


    i " Or, with the other reading Xoyca/xovs, " (public)
    >| accounts."
    I
    333
    JOSEPHUS
    KareLpajvevaaro rod narpos, /xe^* rji-Upav fi€V
    €.'T7La)(riiiaTit(jJV to TrpoGOJTTOV €1? XvTT-qv, VVKTOjp
    Se pi-^XP^^ KajfJLOJV pLeOvGKopLevo?, iv oj Kal ttjv

    Tapax'^v rod TrX-qdovs eV tt^? eVt rovrois aya-


    S*"' vaKriqaeoJS eXeyev yeyovivai. kol tov dyowa rov
    Xoyov TtavTos evaTT-qpeiaaro roj TrXrjdei rwv Trept
    TOV vaov (jyovevBivTcoVy ov? iX-qXvdevat fieu i(f)^

    ioprqi', TTapa he tois tStat? dvoiais wpioj? cltt-

    €G(l)dx6aL' Kal ToaovTov iv to) Upo) ueaoipevoBai


    veKpcw ttXtjOos, daov ovh^ lA'^Y d.XX6^vXos Igoj-
    31 peVG€V TToXepLOS €7T€X6(jJV OLK-qpUKTOS . TaVTTJV /XCVTOt
    TTjV WfJLOTTjTa TTpOGKeijjdpLeVOV aVTOV Kal TOV TTaTcpa
    fJLrjh^ eA77t8o? avTov ttotc d^i^aJGai ^aGiXiKris, f]

    6t€ xeipov T-qv ^vxrjv Kdjivajv tov GcopiaTos


    aKpar-qs rjv vyiaivovTos XoycGpLov Kal ou5' 6v
    €ypa(j)€V ev rai? eirihiaO-qKais yjhei htdhoxop, Kal
    TavTa fjLtjhh' TOV iv Tals hiaB-qKais /.ie/u,0aa^at

    hvvdp.€Vos, as eypaipev vyLalvcov piev to GcTjjia,

    32 Kadapdv 8e ttjv ipvx'q^' ^X^^ Trddovs TravTog. €t

    piivToi Kal KvpLOJTepav Tideivi tis ttjv tov Kdpivov-


    Tos KpLGLV, drroKex^^poTOvrfGdai ^aGiXeias Wpx^-
    Xaov eavTov tols et? avTTjV TrapavopL'qdeLGLV'
    u</>'

    TTOTaTTOv yap dv yevcGdat Xa^ovTa T-qv dpx'qv


    TTapa Katcrapo? tov Trplv Xa^elv togovtovs dv-
    -qprjKOTa;
    33 (6) rioAAd TOiavTa hie^eXdojv WvTLTraTpog Kal
    TOV? TrXeiGTOVS Twv Gvyyevcov TrapaGT-qGdpLevos
    icj)^ CKdGTa) TOW KaTTqyoprjpLevwv pidpTvpas /cara-
    1 om. PA.
    384
    JEWISH WAR, II. 29-33 ( = ant. xvii. 233-240)

    Archelaus was that even in his mourning for his


    father he had played the hypocrite, in the day-time
    assuming a pose of grief, at night drinking to riotous
    excess. In this connexion, he added that the recent
    outbreak of the populace was attributable to their
    indignation at such conduct. Proceeding to the
    main contention of his speech, he laid great stress on
    the multitude of Jews who had been massacred around
    the sanctuary, poor people who had come for a
    festival and, while offering their sacrifices,had them-
    selves been brutally immolated.*^ There had been,
    he said, such a pile of corpses in the temple as would
    never have been raised even by the ruthless inroad
    of a foreign foe. It was, indeed, because he foresaw
    this ferocity of Archelaus that his father had never
    deigned to hold out to him even a hope of ascending
    the throne, until the day when, more stricken in
    mind than in body, and incapable of sound reasoning,
    he did not even know whose name he was inscribing
    in the codicil as that of his successor when, more-
    ;

    over, he had no fault to find with the heir named in


    the will which he had drafted while he possessed
    health of body and a mind quite unclouded by
    affliction. But, he continued, even if greater weight
    were attached by any to the decision of an invalid,
    Archelaus had pronounced his own deposition from
    the kingdom by his outrages upon it. What would he
    become, once invested with authority by Caesar, who
    before receiving it had massacred such multitudes !

    (6) After dilating at length in this strain, and pro-


    ducing most of the relatives as witnesses to each item
    in his accusation, Antipater concluded his speech.

    « C/. the charge against Pilate of mingling the blood of

    Galilaeans with their sacrifices, Luke xiii. 1.


    335
    JOSEPHUS
    34 TraveL tov Xoyov. aviorarai 8e NtKoAao? VTrep
    ^Xp-X^eXdov y Koi tov fiev eV ro) Upo) (f)6vov dvay-
    KOLOV d7T€(f)r]V€V TToXe/jLLOV? ydp yeyovevai tov? dv-
    r]pr)fievovg ov^aaiXelas fiouov dXXd Kal tov
    ttjs
    35 SiKa^ovTos KaiGapo?
    avTTjV tcov 8' aAAcov ey- .

    KX-qfJidTcov GVjjL^ovXovs dTTeSeiKwev avTovg tov? KaT-


    rjyopovs yeyovevai. tyjv ye jjltjv emhiad-qK-qv rj^iov
    hid TOVTO /xaAiara elvai Kvpiav, otl ^e^aiojTrjV ev
    36 avT-rj Kaloapa KadioTaTO tov htahoxov 6 ydp
    Gaj<t>povd)V d'jGTe toj heuTTOTr] tcov oXojv Trapaxojpelv
    TTJ? i^OVGUa? ov hriTTOV TTepl kXi]POv6iXOV KpLGLV
    iG(f)dXXeTO, G(jj(l>pov(ji)v 8' fjpelTO Kal tov Kad-
    LGTafievov 6 yivojGKOJV tov KadiGTdvTa.
    87 (7) ^le^eXdovTos 8e TrdvTa koi ^iKoXdov Trap-
    eXdojv ^ApxeXaog TTpoTTiTrTei^ tcov KauGapo? yovdTcxJv

    V'^^Xl' KdKelvos avTov dva-


    fidXa (f)LXo(f)p6va>g
    GTrjGas eve(f)r]vev fxev wg vaTpcoa?
    d^Log elrj Trjg
    38 SiaSox^JS, ov fi-qv tl ^e^aiov drr e(f)-qv aT o htaXvGas .

    8e TOV? Gvvehpovs eKeivrjs ttjs -qjiepas Kad^ eavTOV


    TTepl (JjV hLTjKOVGeV eOKeTTTeTO, etT€ XPI "^^^ ^^
    rat? SiadrjKaig KaTaGTrJGal Tiva hkdhoxoVy etVe /cat
    Trao-Q TTj yevea Siavelfxai T-qv dpxrjv eboKet ydp
    eTTLKOvpias xpflC^^^ '^o TrX-qdog tojv TrpoGOj-najv.
    39 (iii. 1) Y\plv he opiGai tl rrepl tovtojv Kataapa
    TeXevTa piev r) WpxeXdov pLi^Trjp ^laXdaK-rj voG-q-
    Gaoa, TTapd Ovdpov 8' eK Ttvpiag
    eKopLLGdrjGav
    40 emoToXal nepl ttjs dTTOGTdGeoJS , ^v
    ^Xovhaiixjv
    77 po'ihopievos 6 OvapoSy dve^t) ydp /xera tov ^ Apxe-

    Xdov ttXovv els 'lepoGoXvfxa tov? TtapaKivovvTa?


    Kade^ojv, eTTeihr) TrpoSrjXov rjv to ttXtjOos ovk

    ^ TtpoaTTLTTTu most MSS.


    336
    JEWISH WAR, II. 34-40 ( = ant. xvii. 240-251)

    Nicolas then rose in defence of Archelaus. He main- Nicolas c


    tained that the slaughter in the Temple had been for^he^^
    rendered necessary, because the victims had shown defence.
    themselves enemies not only of the kingdom, but
    also of Caesar, the arbiter of the kingdom. As
    for the other charges made against Archelaus, he
    showed that his accusers themselves had advised
    him to act as he did. The vaUdity of the codicil, he
    claimed, was proved by this fact above all, that in it
    Caesar was constituted surety for the succession ;
    one who was sane enough to cede his authority to
    the master of the world was surely not mistaken in
    his selection of an heir. The sagacity shown in his
    choice of the donor was a guarantee of his sanity in
    the choice of the recipient.
    (7) Nicolas on his side having fully stated his case, Perpiexii
    Archelaus came forward and fell, in silence, at the ^^ngustu:
    knees of Caesar. The emperor very graciously
    raised him up, intimating that he thought him worthy
    to succeed his father, but pronouncing no final de-
    cision. After dismissing his council, he passed the
    day in reflection on what he had heard, considering
    whether he ought to appoint as successor one of
    those named in the wills or to divide the dominion
    among all the children for the numerous members
    ;

    of this family all seemed in need of support.


    (iii. 1) But before Caesar had come to any de- Further
    cision on these matters, Malthace, the mother of pg^^'Jg^Qg
    Archelaus, was taken ill and died, and dispatches provoked
    arrived from Varus in Syria concerning the revolt conduc uct
    of the Jews. This outbreak had been foreseen by ^^'^'""^' lUS1

    Jerusalec
    Varus, who, after the sailing of Archelaus, had gone
    up to Jerusalem to repress its promoters, and, as it
    was evident that the people would not remain quiet,
    S37
    JOSEPHUS
    rip€iir]aov, €V tojv rpicov ano V.
    ^upta? Tayiiarajv,
    41 OTTep dyojv -^Kev, iv rfj jroXei KaTaXeinei. Kal
    avro? fi€i' V7T€GTpeiJj€v elg 'Ai^7to;^£tar, iTreXdojv
    he 6 6.(f)opfir]v avrols 7Tapia\ev veajrepo-
    Y.a^iVO?
    TTodas' Tovs T€ yap <f)povpovs Trapahihovai rag
    OLKpas l^idtero Kal TTiKpujg ra ^aoiXiKa \pri\jia7a
    hi-qpevva, 7T€7tol6(jj9 ov jiovov TOt? VTTO Ovdpov
    KaTaX€L<f)6eLGt orpartajTaLS dXXd Kal TrXrjdeL Sov- ,

    Xojv ISlojv, ou? aTTavras onXioag VTT-qperats ixpTJ^o


    42 77]? TrXeope^lag. evardoiqs he rijs TrevTrjKoorrjg,
    ovroj KaXovaiv nua iopTrjv 'louSatot Trap' €7rra
    yivofievTju e^dopidhas Kal^ rov dpidpLOu tow rjpLepwv
    rrpoaiqyopLav exovoav ovx rj ovurjdrjg dprjOKeia
    ,

    A'i 'ivvriyayev rov hrjfxov, dXX' r) dyaudKr-qoig avv- .

    dhpafiev yovv nXrjSos dneLpov €K re rrjg FaAiAata?


    Kal eK rrjs 'ISou/xat'a?, 'lepfixovvro? re Kal rrjg
    VTTep *lophdpr]i' Ylepaia?, vrrepelxev he rrX-qdei Kal
    TTpodvpLLaLS dvhpwv *Iou8aia?
    6 yvT^GLOS e| avr-qs
    44 Aads". hiaveijxavres he o^dg avrovg
    rpia fiepr) elg
    TpLxrj oTparorrehevovrai, rrpog re tco ^opetco rov
    lepov KXipLari Kal rrpdg rco piearjfi^pivco Kara tou
    IvTTohpopLOV, Tj he rplrrj fioipa rrpos rolg ^aoiXeloig
    Kara hvatv. rrepLKaBetopievoi he rravraxodev rows
    'PcU/XatOUS" €7ToXl6pKOVV.
    45 (2) '0 he 'La^Lvo? rrpos re ro ttXtjOo? avrojv
    vrroheloas Kal tol (f)povi]piara, awex^^? p^^v dy-
    yeXovs errepLvev rrpog Ovapov errapivveiv ev rdx^^
    heofievos, tu? el ^pahvvoL KaraKorrrjoofievov tov
    46 rdyfiarog- avros he irrl tou vip-qXorarov rov ^pov-
    piov TTvpyou dva^ds, o? eKaXeiro Oaaar^Ao? err-
    ^ Agra Hudson (after LaL).
    «•
    ^ 16.
    838
    JEWISH WAR, II. 40-46 ( = ant. xvii. 251-267)

    had left in the city one of the three legions from


    Syria which he had brought with him he himself ;

    then returned to Antioch. It was the arrival of


    Sabinus ° which gave the Jews an occasion for insur-
    rection. For this officer endeavoured to force the
    guardians of the citadels to hand them over to him
    and instituted an exacting search for the royal
    treasures, relying for this task not only on the soldiers
    left by Varus, but on a crowd of his own slaves, all
    of whom he armed and employed as instruments of
    his avarice. So, on the arrival of Pentecost thus End of Mj
    ^'^'
    —
    the Jews call a feast which occurs seven weeks after ^
    JPassover),^ and takes its name from the number of
    —
    intervening days it was not the customary ritual so
    much as indignation w^hich drew the people in crowds
    to the capital. A countless multitude flocked in
    from Galilee, from Idumaea, from Jericho, and from
    Peraea beyond the Jordan, but it was the native
    population of Judaea itself which, both in numbers and
    ardour, was pre-eminent. Distributing themselves
    into three divisions, they formed three camps, one
    3n the north of the Temple, another on the south,
    adjoining the hippodrome," and the third near the
    Dalace, on the west. Thus investing the Romans on
    all sides, they held them under siege.

    (2) Sabinus, terrified at their numbers and deter- a fight in


    *^® ^^"^^
    Tiination, dispatched messenger after messenger to
    V^arus, begging for his prompt support and assuring
    him that, if he delayed, the legion would be cut to
    pieces. He himself mounted to the highest tower in
    * Such must be the meaning, but this sense of napd is
    unusual.
    " Mentioned here only and in the parallel in J. xvii. 255 ;
    its exact position is unknown. It was probably built by
    Herod.
    339
    JOSEPHUS
    cLfVfiov exojv db€}(<f)6v *Hpc68ou hiaifydapevra vtto

    Yldpdow, evrevBev KareoeLev roi? iv tw rdty/itaTt

    orpaTLOJTaLS eTrLX^ipeTv rol? TToXepLLOis' 8t' eKTrX-q^iv

    yap ou5' €LS Tovs a^erepovs Kara^aivetv iddppeL.


    47 TTapaTTeLodeuTe? Be ol oTpanajTai TTpoTrrjhcooiu €19
    ro Upov Kal p.dx'Q^ Kaprepdu rots 'louSaioi?
    ovvdiTTovoLV, cV ff fJL€Xpi pi^v ovBels KadvTTepdei^
    irr-qpLVvev TrepLrjaau ip-eLpla TroAe/xou rwv dveipixtv
    48 eVet 8e ttoAAoi ^Xovhaiojv dva^dvres iirl rds" OTodg
    Kara Kc^aArj? avTcov rd ^eX-q, ovverpi^ovro
    rjcjyUoav

    TToAAoi fcal oure tou? dvojdeu ^dXXovras dpivi'€odaL


    pdhiov -qv, ov7€ rovs ovo7dhr]v pLaxopievov? vtto-
    pLeveiv.

    49 (3) KaraTTOvoupLevoL 8e' Trpos aM^OTcpctji' vtto-

    TTLpLTTpdoLv rd? GTod<; , epya davp-dota fieyeOoug re


    /<at TToAureAeias" eve/ccv'* ot 8' eV ai^rojt' i^ai<f)vrig

    1)770 T-qg <l)Xoy6s irepiax^Q^vjes ttoXXoI pLev iv avTJj


    hie(j)6dpr]oau, ttoXXol 8e vtto tojv voXepnajv tttj-

    bdjvres elg avTovg, riveg 8' eig tovttlooj Kara 7oO


    7€ixovs iKprjpLvil^ovTO, evLOL 8' ut:' dpiqxo.vLag Tolg

    50 18101? ^L(f)eoLU TO 77vp eSdauoi^' oool 8e KadepTTv-


    oavres drro rd)V reixdjv fi^o-v elg rovg Poj^atou?
    €va€-ax^'i-P^O70i hid rrjV eKTrXrj^LV rjoau. Kal^ rdji>

    pikv drroXujXoTujv, tcjv 8* vvo rod heovg OKeha-


    odevTOJU, ip-qpLOJ rep rov Oeov drjoavpo) irpoo-

    ' ^J.(v PA, which Destinon retains, writing aiveTpl^ovro <t€>


    above and making the apodosis begin at KaTa^rol'ov^.tvQl..
    »
    VxP' LVRC Lat.

    S40
    JEWISH WAR. II. 46-50 ( = ant. xvii. 257-264)

    the fortress — called Phasael, after Herod'sbrother,\vlio


    was slain by the Parthians" — and thence signalled
    to the legionaries to attack the enemy, for he was in
    such a panic that he had not even the courage to
    descend to his own men. The soldiers, obedient to
    this poltroon, leapt into the Temple and engaged in
    a stubborn contest with the Jews. So long as they
    remained unassailed from above, their military ex-
    perience gave them the advantage over the novices
    opposed to them but when a large body of Jews
    ;

    mounted the porticoes and poured their missiles


    down upon their heads, many fell, and the Romans
    found it no easy task either to defend themselves
    against those attacking them from above or to
    hold their ground against their other opponents
    in hand-to-hand fight.
    (3) Harassed by these two foes, the legionaries Burning
    set fire to the porticoes, which for massive grandeur porticoes
    and magnificence
    ~ were wonderful works of art. Of ^"^ '*'"**
    or the
    the Jews who occupied them, many, suddenly en- treasury.
    veloped, perished in the flames many leapt down ;

    among their enemies and were slain by them ; some


    flung themselves over the precipitous wall in their
    rear others, in despair, threw themselves on their
    ;

    own swords avoid becoming victims of the


    to
    flames ; any who successfully crept down
    while
    from the wall and dashed at the Romans fell an
    easy prey, owing to their dazed condition. Then,
    their enemies either slain or dispersed in panic, the
    soldiers fell upon God's treasury, now reft of
    defenders, and plundered it to the amount of some

    " 6/. ZJ.i. 27 If., and for the tower of Phasael i. 418, v. 166.

    341
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    7T€o6uT€? OL orpaTLOjTaL TTepl T6Tpa/<oata TaAavTa
    bnqpnaoai^, (Lu ooa fir) StCKAaTTi] T.a^lvog rjdpotoev.
    51 (4) 'louSatoL'? he -q re tujv kpyow kol avhpcov
    (f)dopa TToXv TrXeiov? /cat p.a)(_Lii(x)r€pov? iTnavu-
    doTTjoeu 'PajpLaiOLgy Kal Trepioxovre? ra ^aoiXeta
    TTOLvrag rj7T€iXovv Sia(t)d€Lp€LV, el 1-17] ddrrov aTTLOiev
    VTno)(yovvro yap aheiav rco Za/StVco ^ovXopLevcp
    o2 fJ-era TaypLaro? e^teVat. ovveXdpi^avou 8'
    rod
    avToT?^ ol nXeiovs roju ^aotXiKajv avropLoXrjGavreg
    ro pLei'TOL TToXepLLKcoTarop p.epos, T^e^aor-qvol
    TpLOX^XioL, 'Pov(f)6<g re Kal Tpdrog inl rovroLS, o
    pLev Toi)? TTc^oi)? rcju BaoiXiKOJV vtt^ avrov excov,
    'Pov<f)0? he rovg tTTTret?, (Lu eKarepog /cat ;\;ajpt9
    VTTTjKOov hwdpLeo)? St' dXKTjv Kal Gvveoiv rjv
    53 TToXepLou poTTTj,'^ TTpooeBevro 'Pa»/xatot?. 'louSaiot
    p.ev ovv eveKeivro rfj TToXiopKia, rojv ret^ojv a/xa
    TTeipojpievoL rod c^povpiov Kal rols rrepl rov ILa^vov
    ipL^ocjvreg arrteVat, /X7]8' epLTrohojv avrolg yeveodai
    hid xpovov TToXXov KopLLl,opLevoi<i rr]v irdrpiov
    54 avrovopLiav. 2a/StVoj 8' dyaTT-qrov pikv tju vrre^-
    eXdelVy rjTTLoreL he rat? VTtooxeoeoiv /cat to Trpdov
    avrojv heXeap et? evehpav vTrajfrrevev dp.a he /cat
    r-qv aTTO Ovdpov ^OTjOetau eX7Til,<jji> hterpi^ev rrjv
    TToXiopKLav.
    55 (iv. 1) 'Ei^ he rovrcp Kal rd Kara rr)v x^P^^
    '
    ed. pr. : avTovi MS9.
    2 ijv TToX/MOf ponr) Naber : Tj iro\iiJ.Qv (jOTr-qv niost MSS.

    <"
    According 264 Sabinus secured 400 talents
    to A. xvii.
    apart from the sums stolen by the soldiers. The writer oi A.
    is clearly imitating Thuc. vii. 85 ro (xku oZv adpoLodh tqZ
    aTf,aTtv/jLaTO': i% to KOifdf oC wo\u iy^vero, rb hh 5iaK\aTr(v ttoXv,
    a passage of which there may
    be a faint reminiscence here.
    * i.e. troops drafted in the region of Sebaste - Samaria.
    342
    JEWISH WAR, II. 50-55 ( = ant. xvii. 264-

    four hundred talents ; of this sum all that was not


    stolen by them was collected by Sabinus.*^
    (4) However, the effect of this loss of buildings and Sabimis
    of lives was only to rally the Jews in far greater j^n^hf^^
    strength and efficiency against the Romans. Sur- palace.

    rounding the palace, they threatened to kill them to


    a man unless they promptly withdrew if Sabinus ;

    were prepared to retire with his legion, they guar-


    anteed him a safe conduct. The rebels now had with
    them the bulk of the royal troops which had deserted
    to their side. The most efficient division, however,
    of those troops still adhered to the Romans, namely,
    three thousand Sebastenians,^ under Rufus and
    Gratus, the latter commanding the royal infantry,
    —
    the former the cavalry ; a pair, either of whom,
    even without any force under him, was worth an
    army,^ owing to their bravery and acumen. So the
    Jews pressed the siege, making assaults on the
    fortress, while at the same time they loudly called
    on Sabinus and his followers to depart and not to
    stand in the way of men who after such a lapse of
    time were on the road to recovering their national
    independence. Sabinus would have been quite
    content to slink away, but he mistrusted their pro-
    mises, and suspected that their mildness was a bait
    to ensnare him he was, moreover, hoping for succour
    ;

    from Varus and so let the siege drag on.


    (iv. 1) Meanwhile, the country also, in various

    These cohorts of Sehasteni are often mentioned in inscrip-


    tions, and elsewhere in Josephus, e.g. B. ii. 58, 63, 74, 236.
    The aireipa 'Ze^aarrj mentioned in Acts xxvii. 1 as quartered
    at Caesarea was probably one of them, though le^aarri^
    Atiffusta, not Sebastenian its full title was probably cohors
    ;

    Avgusta Sehastenorum (Schiirer).


    * Literally " sufficient to turn the scale of war."
    343
    JOSEPHUS
    voXXaxoOei' irapdaoero, /cat ovxvovs ^aoiXeidv o
    Kacpo? dviireiBev. Kara fiev ye r-qv 'ISou/xatW
    8tCT;)(tAiot Toil' VTTO 'Wpojhrj TrdAat arpaTevaafxevcov
    ovoTavres evoTrXoi 8i€/xa;)(OVTO rot? ^aoiXiKol^,- ol?
    'A;^ta/3o? OLveijjLO? ^aaiXdojs oltto tcov IpvyLVordrajv
    XojpLcov eTToXefieL, V7T0(f)€vy(jJv rr]v iv rol? TreStois"
    56 GVfiTrXoKrjv cv he T.e7T<f>a)peL rrj?TaXiXatag 'louSa?,
    VLOS 'E^e/cta rov Kararpexovros rtore rrjv x^P^^
    dpxi-XrjaTou koI ;(eipaj^eVTOS' v(f)* 'HpcuSou jSaat-
    Aecus", crvoT-qaas rrX-qdo? ovx dXiyov dvappiqyvvoLv
    TOL? /SaCTtAtKOL? OTrXodi^Kas Kal rov? rrepl avTov
    OTrXioag rol? r-qv hvvaoreiav t,r)XovoLV e7re;\;etp6t.
    57 {"2) Kara 8e tt^v nepatav Zt/Ltcui' rt? tcuv /Saat-
    Ai/ca»i/ SouAtuv', evp.op(^iq. ocufiaros Kal jxeyedeL
    TTeTToidojs , TTepiTLdrjGLU fxev eavTO) SidSrjiJLa, Trepucuv
    he fieS' (Lv ovvrjOpOLoev Xtjotow rd re ev 'l6pi;(0t
    ^aoiXeta KaraTTLfXTTprjOLU Kal rroXXas erepa? rcvv
    TToXvreXojv eTravXets, dprrayds eV rov
    paStcu?
    58 TTvpo? avrco vopiL,6p.evos. Kav rrdaav OLKrjGLV
    e(f)6r]

    evTrpertTj KaradiXe^as, el fjirj Vpdrog 6 row ^aoiXt-


    Kcjv TTetojv Tjyepiujv rovs re TpaxoJVLra<;^ ro^oras
    Kal ro iiaxip^ojrarov rujv ^e^acrrrjvdjv dvaXa^dtv
    59 vTTavridleL rov dvhpa. ra)U p.ev ovv Wepaiatv^
    ovx^ol hLecf)ddpr]oaif ev rfj p-dxi], tov ^ijxojva 8*
    avrov dvachevyovra 5i* opdlov (f)dpayyo? 6 Vparo?
    V 77 or ejjLver at Kal ^evyovros eK TrXayiov rov au;(eVa
    vXi'i^a? drreppa^ev.'^ KarecjiXeyr] he Kal rd TrX-qoiov
    ^ Hudson from Lat. Tpaxanoras etc. mss.
    :

    * Destinon from A. vaiuv, Traiduv or ire^'il'u .ms3.


    ji :

    ' aTr(pp7)^ev PA.


    " i.e. Herod, whom he had once saved from suicide,
    B. i. 662 ; c/. n. 77. " B. i. 204.
    344
    JEWISH WAR, II. 55-59 ( = ant. xvii. 269-277) ^

    districts, was a prey to disorder, and the opportunity Anarchy i

    •J
    induced J u
    numbers r X -J. -4. Palestine.
    or persons to aspire to sovereignty.
    In Idumaea, two thousand of Herod's veterans formed Revolt of
    up in arms and took the field against the royal troops, veterans i

    They were opposed by Achiab, the king's" cousin, i^d^^^^^e^


    who, avoiding an engagement in the plain, fell back
    on the strongest positions. At Sepphoris in Galilee and of
    Judas, son of Ezechias, the brigand-chief who in oaiiiee."
    former days infested the country and was subdued
    by King Herod,^ raised a considerable body of
    followers, broke open the royal arsenals, and, having
    armed his companions, attacked the other aspirants
    to power.
    (2) In Peraea Simon/ one of the royal slaves, proud The usuri
    mon in
    of his tall and handsome figure, assumed the diadem, pe^a ea.
    Perambulating the country with the brigands whom
    he had collected, he burnt down the royal palace at
    Jericho and many other stately mansions, such in-
    cendiarism providing him with an easy opportunity
    for plunder. Not a house of any respectability would
    have escaped the flames, had not Gratus, the com-
    mander of the royal infantry, with the archers of
    Trachonitis and the finest troops of the Sebastenians,
    gone out to encounter this rascal. In the ensuing
    engagement numbers of the Peraeans fell. Simon
    himself, endeavouring to escape up a steep ravine,
    was intercepted by Gratus, who struck the fugitive
    from the side a blow on the neck, which severed his
    head from his body. The palace at Betharamatha,'*
    * Mentioned by Tacitus, Hist. v.9 " post mortem Herodis
    . Simo quidam regium nomen inuaserat " (Reinach).
    '^
    Beth-haram of the Old Test. (Jos. xiii. 27), Beth-ramtha
    ^f the Talmud, rebuilt by Herod Antipas and renamed Julias
    A. xviii. 27) or Livias ; some six miles north of ttie tiead
    jf the Dead Sea and east of the Jordan.
    345
    JOSEPHUS
    ^lophdvov jSaCTi'Aeta Kara Br]dapdixada^ ovaravrajv
    iripcjv rivu)V eV ttjs Ocpatas".
    60 (3) Tore /cat 7T0LfJ,-qv rig di'rLTTOLrjdrjvai, /Saat-
    Aeta? iroXfi-qaev. WBpoyyalos
    eVaAetro, rrpov-
    $€V€L S* avroj r-qv eA7Tt8a ocopLaros loxv? Kal 4^vxrj
    davdrov Kara<^povov(ja, rrpos he rovrois dhe\(f)ol
    61 reaaapes ofJLOLOL. rovrcov iKdcrrco Xo^ov vrroL^ev^a?
    evoirXov ojoTrep orpanqyoZs expfj'i'o Kal oarpdnat?
    errl ra? Karahpopids, avros he Kaddrrep ^aoiXeu?
    62 rojv oepLVorepojv -qTTrero Trpayfidrajv. rore p,ev
    8'
    ovv eavroj rrepLridrjGLV htdh-qp^a, hiefieivev
    vorepov ovk oXlyov xpovop rrjv ^copav Kararpe^cov
    ovv rols dheX(f)ol9' Kal ro Kreivetv avrolg rrpo-
    TjyovpLevov rju 'Pajfiaiovs re Kal rov? /SacriAtKou?,
    hiecfyevyev 8' ovSe ^lovhalcxjv el ri? eh X^^P*^^ eXdot
    63 (j)epcov Kephos- eroXfi-qaav he rrore 'Pajfiaiajv
    Xoxov ddpovv TTepLGx^t^ Ko.r Wp^fiaovvra' alra 8'
    ovroL Kal orrXa hieKoixit^ov roj rdyfiari. rov fiev
    ovv eKarovrdpxTiv avrojv "Apecov Kal reaaapdKovra
    rovs yewaiordrovs Kar-qKovnaav, ol he XolttoI
    Kivhvvevovres ravro Tradelv, Tpdrov ovv rol?
    64 He^aoTTjvols eTTL^orjdrjoavros, e^e(l)vyov. ttoAAo,
    roLavra rovs eTTixcoptovs Kal rovs dXXo(f)vXovs
    Trap' oXov rov rroXefMov epyaodp,evoL p.erd XP^'^^^
    ol pLev rpels ex^tpcoOrjoav, vtt^ ^ApxeXdov ptev 6
    rrpeo^vraroSy ol 8' e^r)S hvo Tpdro) Kal FIto-
    Xepaioj TTepiTTeoovres' 6 he rerapros ^ApxeXdqj
    65 7Tpooex^P'r]<y€V Kara he^tdv. rovro pLev hrj to
    reXos vorepov avrovs i^ehex^To, rore he XrjorpiKov
    7ToXep.ov rrjV ^lovhaiav rrdoav eveTTLpLTrXaoav.

    ^ Niese : Bridap6.ni.v evda or Bijdapafxddov Mss. : iv 'Afifj-ddois


    A. \K Br}dapafx<pda A. xviii. 27.

    346
    JEWISH WAR, II. 59-65 ( = ant. xvii. 277-285)

    near the Jordan, was likewise burnt to the ground by


    another body of Peraean insurgents.
    (3) Now, too, a mere shepherd had the temerity The usurpi
    to aspire to the throne. He was called Athrongaeus, ga^euTthe
    and his sole recommendations, to raise such hopes, shepherd.

    were vigour of body, a soul contemptuous of death,


    and four brothers resembHng himself. To each of
    these he entrusted an armed band and employed
    them as generals and satraps for his raids, while he
    himself, like a king, handled matters of graver
    moment. It was now that he donned the diadem,
    but his raiding expeditions throughout the country
    with his brothers continued long afterwards. Their
    principal object was to kill Romans and royalists, but
    no Jew, from whom they had anything to gain,
    escaped, if he fell into their hands. On one occasion
    they ventured to surround, near Emmaus," an entire
    Roman company,^ engaged in convoying corn and
    arms to the legion. Their centurion Arius and forty
    Df his bravest men w^ere shot down by the brigands ;

    the remainder, in danger of a hke fate, were rescued


    :hrough the intervention of Gratus with his Sebasten-
    ans. After perpetrating throughout the war many
    such outrages upon compatriot and foreigner alike,
    :hree of them were eventually captured, the eldest
    Dy Archelaus, the two next by Gratus and Ptolemy ;

    :he fourth made terms with Archelaus and sur-


    •endered.*' Such was the end to which they ulti-
    nately came ;but at the period of which we are
    ipeaking, these men were making the whole of
    fudaea one scene of guerilla warfare.

    " See § 71 note. * Centuria.


    ' There were five in all (§ 60) : the fate of the fifth is un-
    ecorded.
    347
    JOSEPHUS
    66 (v. l) Ovdpco he Se^a/xeVoj ra Trapa Ha^Lvov
    /cat re rrepl tov
    rojv -qyefjiouojv ypa/LX/iara Selcrat
    rdyiiaTOS oXou TTapeorr) Kal GnevSen^ eVi tt^i'
    67 ^oTjOeLav. dvaXa^ojv drj rd XoLTrd hvo rdyfiara
    Kal rd? avv avTols T€OGapa<i tAas" LTTTreoju inl
    nToAe/iatSo? TJei, Trpoajd^as €Kel Kal rovs Trapa
    row ^aoiXiojv Kal hvvacncbv er.LKOvpovs (JVueXdeiv
    rrpooeXa^eu 8e Kal napd SrjpvTLOJv 8t€p;(op,evos"
    68 TTju ttoXlv Kal TrevraKooLov? oirXlra?.
    ;)(tAtoL'? i-nel
    8' €iV rrju to re dXXo ovfj-pLaxiKOv
    IlToAe/xai'Sa
    TrX-qOog avTO) rraprju Kal Kara to Trpog 'Hpojhrjv
    €xdo<; 'ApeVa? o "Apai/f ovk oXiyqv dyojv hvvaiJiLV
    iTTTTLKrjv re Kal 7re^t/<:rji/, (.lepos rrjg orpand? evdecvs
    enejJLTrei' els rrju FaAtAatai^ yeirvicooai^ rfj flroAe-
    /xatSt Kal Fatoi'^ rjyefJLOi^a rojv aurov 0tAa>i^, o?
    rovs re inraurLdoavras rpeTrerai Kal HeTT^ajpiv
    ttoXlv eXdw avrrjp fiev efiTTLTrp-qoL, rov? 8' iv-
    69 oiKOVura? dvh pair ohil,er ai . [lerd 8e 717? oXrjs Suva-
    lieoj? avro? Ovapos el? ^afidpetav eXdoas rrj? fieu
    TToXeoj? dTreox^ro, pir]hev ev rols rajv dXXa>v do-
    pv^ois TTapaKeKLv-qKvlav evpojv, auAt^erat Se nepi
    riva KcjfjLr^u Wpovv KaXovfJLevrjv KrrjpLa 8e rjv
    nroXepLalov Kal 8td rovro
    kpd^a)V vtto rojv ^

    hi-qpTrdadrj 'HpcuSou ^iXoiq.


    p.-qvi6vrajv Kal rols
    70 evdev els lLa-<^dj TrpoeiGLU, Kojp.'qv erepav epvpivi^v,
    Tjv opLOLOJS hi-qpTTaoav rds re Trpooopovs^ rtdaas
    ooais eTTervyxo-vov TTvpds . 8e Kal (f)6vou rtevX-q'
    pojTO rrdvra Kal rrpos rds dpnayds rojv ^ Apd^ojv
    ^ Yaiov] Galli filio Lat. : rci vl.^ A. ||.

    2 Destinon and Niese: trpocbbov^ .mss.

    **
    Lat. alae^ i.e. regiments of auxiliary cavalry, usually
    348
    JEWISH WAR, II. 66-70 ( = ant. xvii. 286-290)

    (v. 1) On
    receiving the dispatches from Sabinus varus
    and Varus was alarmed for the whole the^JeUef
    his officers,
    legion and resolved to hasten to its relief. Accord- of Sabinus
    ingly, mobilizing the two remaining legions with the
    fom* regiments" of horse which were attached to them,
    he marched for Ptolemais, having ordered the
    auxiliary troops furnished by the kings and chieftains
    to assemble at that place. On his way through
    Berytus,^ his army was further increased by 1500
    armed recruits from that city. When the other con-
    tingent of allies had joined him at Ptolemais, as well
    as Aretas the Arab who, in memory of his hatred of
    Herod, brought a considerable body of cavalry and
    infantry, Varus at once sent a detachment of his His cam-
    army into the region of Galilee adjoining Ptolemais, GaHiee^an
    under the command of his friend Gains the latter Samaria.
    ;

    routed all who opposed him, captured and burnt the


    city of Sepphoris and reduced its inhabitants to
    slavery. Varus himself with the main body pursued
    his march into the country of Samaria he spared;

    the city, finding that it had taken no part in the


    general tumult, and encamped near a village called
    Arous ^ this belonged to Ptolemy and for that
    ;

    reason was sacked by the Arabs, who were infuriated


    ven against the friends of Herod. Thence he ad-
    i^anced to Sappho,** another fortified village, which
    hey likewise sacked, as well as all the neighbouring
    which they encountered on their march.
    v'illages
    The whole district became a scene of fire and blood,
    md nothing was safe against the ravages of the
    :onsisting of 500 horse, as distinct from the strictly " legion-
    iry " squadrons of cavalry, consisting of only 120 horse,
    5. iii. 120 (Reinach).
    ^ Beirut. * Position unknown.

    '^
    Unknown ; Sampho in A. xvii. 290.
    S49
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    71 ovSeu OLVT€L)(€v. KaT€(j>\iyq he koI ^A/jLjAaovs
    (f)vy6urajv rcbv olKTjropcov, Ovdpov 8t' opyrjv tcjv
    7T€pl *'Apeiov dTTOG(f)ay€VTcov KeAeucrai/Tos-.
    72 'Ev^eVSe^ et? 'lepoGoXvfxa TvpoeXdow 6(f)6€LS
    (2)
    T€ ttj? hwdfieoj? rd orparorreha toji-
    fjLOVov fierd
    73 'louSatcov hieoKehaoev. koI ol p.kv (ly^^ovro (f)V-
    yovreg dvd x^P^^' he^dfievoi 8e avrov ol Karo
    rrjv
    rrju dn€OK€vdi,ovTo ret? air tag rrjs dTTO-
    TToXiv
    ordoeajs, avrol fjLev ovSkv TTapaKLi^rjoaL Xeyov-
    res, 8ta 8e rrjv ioprrjv dvayKaioj? Se^a/xevot re
    TrXrjdos ovfXTToXiopK-qOrjvaL pidXXov 'Pco/xatot? rj ctu/x-

    74 TToXefJirjoaL rot? dTTOoraGLv. TTpovTTrjvrrjKeLoav S<


    avroj 'I CO (77^ 770? [reY 6 dvei/jLOS ^Ap^eXdov Ka
    Gvv Tpdrcp 'Poi}(/»o?, dyovre? dp,a roj ^aoiXiKu
    orpaTO) Kal rovs 'I.e^aGrrjvov?, ol re drro roi
    'Pojfia'LKov rdyiJLaTO<; tov Gwi^drj rponov K€KOGfxr)
    p.€voi' Sa/Stro? fikv yap ovh^ ei? oiJjlv vrro/xeiVa'
    iXdelv Ovdpcp TTpoe^rjXdev rrjg TToXeoiS ^ttI ddXaG
    75 oav. Ovapo? be [/cara]^ fxolpav rrjg GTparids en
    rovs alrlous rod KLV-qfiarog eTrepupev nepl* rrj

    Xcopav, Kal ttoXXcou dyofxevajv rovs fxev rjrro


    dopv^cvbets (j)avevra<i e(f)povpeL, rovs S' alncordrov
    dveGravpcDoev rrepl hiGX^Xiovs
    76 (3) ^WyyeXdr] 8' avrco Kara rr]v ^Xhovpiaiav er
    GvufjieveLV fjLvpiovg OTrXlras. 6 8e rovs fiev "Apa^a
    evpojv OX) GVfjLjjLdxcov Tjdog e^ovras, dAA' t8taj rrdde
    Grparevop.evovs Kal rrepa rrjs eavrov TrpoaipeGeoj
    rrjv xojpav KaKOVvras ^X^^^ '^^ Trpos ^HpcoSr).
    dTTOTTepneraL, jierd be rwv ihiwv rayjidrojv en
    1 P : Ivdfv 8( AM : ?i'0(i' the rest. ^ q^^ p \m.
    3 om. LVRC. * (ttI PAM.
    " § 63. Ttie Emmaus intended is doubtless the town S.E.
    S50
    JEWISH WAR, II. 71-76 ( = ant. xvii. 291-297)

    Arabs. Emmaus, the inhabitants of which had fled,


    was burnt to the ground by the orders of Varus, in
    revenge for the slaughter of Arius and his men.'^
    (2) Proceeding thence to Jerusalem, he had only
    He quells
    to show himself at the head of his troops to dis- rection a
    perse the Jewish camps. Their occupants fled up Jernsaier
    country but the Jews in the city received him and dis-
    ;

    claimed all responsibility for the revolt, asserting that


    they themselves had never stirred, that the festival
    had compelled them to admit the crowd, and that
    they had been rather besieged with the Romans than
    in league with the rebels. Prior to this, Varus had
    been met outside the city by Joseph, the cousin of
    Archelaus,^ with Rufus and Gratus, at the head of
    the royal army and the Sebastenians, and by the
    Roman legionaries, in their customary equipment ; for
    Sabinus, not venturing to face Varus, had previously
    left the city for the coast. Varus now detached part
    of his army to scour the country in search of the
    authors of the insurrection, many of whom were
    brought in. Those who appeared to be the less
    turbulent individuals he imprisoned the most ;

    culpable, in number about two thousand, he crucified.


    (3) He was informed that in Idumaea ten thousand and in
    ^*^"™^''^-
    still held together in arms. Finding that the Arabs
    were not properly conducting themselves as allies,
    but were rather making war to gratify their private
    resentment, and, from hatred of Herod, were doing
    more injury to the country than he had intended, he
    dismissed them, and with his own legions marched
    of Lydda at the foot of the Judaean hills, mod. Amwas, at
    one time Nlcopolis, not the village much nearer to Jerusalem
    mentioned in Luke xxiv. 13.
    ^ Joseph, son of Herod's brother Joseph, who was killed
    at Jericho {A. xviii. 134, B. i. 323 f.).

    351
    JOSEPHUS
    77 Tovs d(j)€OT(2>Ta? rjTreLyero. KOLKelvot. Trplv €i?
    y^elpas iXdelv 'A;>^ta/SoL' avfJc^ovXevaavrog G(f)d?
    auTou? TrapeSocrav, Ovapo? 8e to) 7TXi]d€L piev rj(f)UL
    ras alriaSy rov? Se -qyepova? €^€Taodr]aop.evov?
    78 €7T€pL7T€v €77t KatGapa. Kaloap Se rots" jLtep' aAAot?
    Gvveyvco, rit'o.? Se rcDi' rod jSaatAeco? cruyye^cDv,
    T^cravyap iv avrol? eVtot TjpoGrjKovres 'Hpcx}Srj
    Kara yevos, KoAacrat rrpoGera^ev, on Kar* oIk€LOV
    79 ^aGiXews iGrparevGavro Ovapos pi€v ovv rovrov
    .

    rov rpoTTOV KaraGrrjGapevos to. iv 'lepoGoXvp^ot?


    Kal <f)povpai' KaTaXnrojv to /cat irporepov rdyp.a
    els ^AuTLOx^i'OiV eTrdveLGLV.
    (vi 1) 'App^eAaoj 8* eVt 'PcojjLrjs ndXiv dXXr)
    go
    GVVLGTarai hiKr] Tipos 'louSatou?, ot Trpo rris diro-
    CTTCtCTeoj? 677 IT peipavros Ovdpov TTpeG^eis e^eXrj-
    XvdeGav TTepi T'q<i rov 'idvovs avrovopLia?- -^oav 8e
    7T€vr-^Kovra p-kv ol Trapovres, GvpLTrapLGravro 8e
    avrolg rwv iirl 'Pcjpurjs ^lovhalcov vnkp oKraKiG-
    81 xtAtou?. ddpOLGavros be Kat'crapo? Gvvihpiov rcjv
    iv TcAet 'PojpLaiojv Kal rojv (fjiXcov eV rep Kara ro
    YlaXdrtov WttoXXowos l^pco, KrLGp,a 8' rju t8^o^
    avrou daupLaoLcp iroXvreXeia K€KOGp't]p.€uou, perd
    pikv rCov rt peG^evr ojv rd ^XovhalKOv rtXrjOo^ eGrrj
    82 Gvv 8e rot? (f)iXoLS dvriKpus Wpx^Xao?, rdjv 8e
    rovrov Gvyyevcov ol (j)iXoL nap ovherepoig, GupLnap-
    iGraodai pikv WpxeXdco hid plGos Kal <l)ddvov ov)^
    VTTopievovres y6(f)drjvai 8e p^rd rcov Karrjyopwv
    83 v-6 KauGapos alSovpevoi. rovrotg Gvp,7Taprjv^ Kat
    OtAiTTTTO? aSeA^os" 'Ap^eAaou, 7Tpo7Tep,(f)dels Kar
    evvotav vnd Ovdpov Svolv eveKa, Wp^eXdcp n
    GVvaycxiViGaGdai, Kav hiavepirj rov 'HpcuSoy Kataa/:
    oXkov TjaGi rol<; iyyovoi?, KXrjpov nvds d^LcoOrjvai.
    S52
    JEWISH WAR, 11. 77-83 ( = ant. xvii. 297-303)

    in haste to meet the rebels. They, before any action


    took place, on the advice of Achiab," surrendered ;

    Varus discharged the rank and file and sent the


    leaders to Caesar for trial. Caesar pardoned all with
    the exception of certain individuals of royal blood,
    for their number included some relatives of Herod ;

    these he ordered to be punished for taking up arms


    against a sovereign who was of their own family.
    Having thus restored order in Jerusalem, Varus left
    as garrison the legion previously quartered there and
    returned to Antioch.
    (vi. 1) Meanw^hile, Archelaus in Rome had to a Jewish
    defend himself in a new suit against certain Jewish ^^^)^{^g^^^ ^
    deputies who, before the revolt, had set out with the asks for
    ^"^'^""""^
    permission of Varus to plead for the autonomy of
    their nation. Fifty deputies appeared, but more
    than eight thousand of the Jews in Rome espoused
    their cause. Caesar assembled a council, composed Augustus
    of the Roman magistrates and his friends, in the freTh"°°^
    temple of the Palatine Apollo, a building erected by council,
    himself with astonishingly rich ornamentation. The
    Jewish crowd took up a position with the deputies ;

    Dpposite them was Archelaus with his friends the ;

    friends of his relatives appeared neither on the one


    side nor on the other, scorning through hatred and
    snvy to join Archelaus, yet ashamed to let Caesar see
    them among his accusers. Another person present
    was Philip, brother of Archelaus, whom Varus, out
    Df friendliness, had sent off under escort with two
    Dbjects : primarily to support Archelaus, but also to
    :ome in for a share of Herod's estate in case Caesar
    should distribute it among all his descendants.
    " § 55.
    ^ M : TovToii Trapi]v PA : iiri tovtols TrapTJv the rest.

    VOL. II X 353
    J05EPHUS
    84 (2) *E7TLTpa7T€v Sc XdyeLU toi? KanqyopoL? ra?
    'HpcuSou 7Tapavo}xias rrpajrov hie^-^eaau, ov jSacrtAea
    Xeyovre?, dXXa rojv Trcvrrore TvpavvTjGOLVTajv (Lfio-
    Tarov ^vrjvo)(^evai rvpavvov TrXeldrajv yovv avr^py]-
    fievajv VTT^ avTOV roiavTa ireTTOvdevai rov^ Kara-
    XeMevra?, (joot€ fiaKaptLeoOaL rovg OLTroXojXorag'
    85 ^e^aoavLKevai yap ov jjlovov ra aoj/xara rcvv
    VTTorerayiJLevcov, dXXa /cat rd? TToXeig- rag /xev yap
    Idta? XeXaj^rjuOai, rd? be rojv dXXo(j)vXojv kcko-
    GfirjKevaL Kal to tt^S" 'louSatas" alfia KexapiaOai
    86 Tolg e^ojdev drj/xot?. dvrl be rijs rraAata? ev-
    baifMOVLa? Kal tcop' Trarpiojv voficov irevlas to eOuog
    Kal Tapavop.ias eaxaT-qs rreTrX-qpajKev at, KadoXov
    be rrXeiovg VTTopLefievqKevaL rd? e^ 'Hpwbov avfj.-

    (f)opd? ev oXiyois eTeaiv 'louSatous" ojv ev TravTi


    Tcu y^povcp fxeTOL ttjv eV Ba^vXojuo? dva\o'jp-qGiv
    erradou ol TrpoyovoL, Rep^ov ^aotXevovros drrava-
    87 GTavTeg. eh togovtov fxevTOi fieTpLorrjTos^ KaV
    Tov bvGTuxelv edov? TrpoeXOelv, ujGTe VTTOjJielvai
    T-qg TTLKpds bovXeiag Kal biabox^jv avdalpeTov
    8S WpxeXaov yovv tov ttiXlkovtov Tvpdvvov Tralba
    /xerd Tr]v tov vaTpos TeXevTrjv /SaatAe'a t€ vpoG-
    eiTTelv eToipLcog Kal Gvp-TTevdriG at tov 'Hpoj8oi
    OdvaTov avTO) Kal GVvev^aGOai rrepl Trjg biaboxyj?
    89 TOV 8' (jjGTxep dycoviaGavra, pLXj voOog vlos elvat
    bc^eiev 'Rpcobov, npooip^iaGaGOai t7]v jSacrtAet'at

    Tpio\iXitov TToXiTajv (f)6vcp, kgI TOGavTa p.ev Tap-


    cGTaKevat dv/xaTa rrepl ttjs dpxTJg toj dew, togovtoi^

    ^ PAM Lat. : ra7r£tj/2TT)T3s the rest.


    * (K Hudson, Bekker.
    33 +
    JEWISH WAR, II. 84-89 ( = ant. xvii. 304-313)

    (2) The plaintiffs, being given permission to state speeche


    Mie
    ^''^ Jewi
    '^*^^^'
    their case, began by enumerating Herod's enormities. deputies
    " It was not a king," they said, " whom they had had
    to tolerate, but the most cruel tyrant that ever
    existed. Numerous had been his victims, but the
    survivors had suffered so much that they envied the
    fate of the dead. For he had tortured not only the
    persons of his subjects, but also their cities and ;

    while he crippled the towns in his own dominion, he


    embellished those of other nations, lavishing the life-
    blood of Judaea on foreign communities. In place
    of their ancient prosperity and ancestral laws, he
    had sunk the nation to poverty and the last degree
    of iniquity. In short, the miseries which Herod in
    the course of a few years had inflicted on the Jews
    surpassed all that their forefathers had suffered during
    all the time since they left Babylon to return to their
    country in the reign of Xerxes." And yet so chast-
    ened and habituated to misfortune had they become,
    that they had consented to this bitter servitude
    being made hereditary and had actually chosen the
    heir themselves This Archelaus, son of such a
    !

    tyrant, they had, on his father's decease, promptly


    acclaimed king they had joined in his mourning for
    ;

    Herod's death, in his prayers for the prosperity of his


    own reign. But he, anxious apparently not to be
    taken for a bastard son of Herod, had ushered in his
    reign with the massacre of three thousand citizens ;

    that was the grand total of the victims which he had


    offered to God on behalf of his throne, that was the
    number of corpses with which he had filled the
    " i.e. the return under Ezra, which Josephus (A. xi. 120)

    places in the reign of Xerxes, not as in the O.T. in that of


    Artaxerxes.
    355
    JOSEPHUS
    90 S' iii7T€7TXrjKevaL V€Kpols TO Upov iv ioprfj. rovg
    [levroL T7€ptAet(/)^eWas- ck roGOvrwv KaKUJV et/coTOj?
    i7TeGrpd(f)dai TTore rj^r]^ rrpos ra? ovfjL(f)opag /cat

    7ToXep.ov vojJLcp TO,? TrXrjya? iOeXeLU Kara TrpooujTTOV


    he-)(^eodai, heloBai he '^toixalajv iXeijaai rd re*
    rfj^ 'louSata? Xelifjava /cat to TrepLGOOv avrrjg
    pir]

    91 VTTopplipai Tot? oj/xtu? orrapdrrovoLV, ovvdipavras


    be rfj Hvpla rrjV ^cupat^ auTcDi^ Stot/c€tv €77 iStot?
    -qyepLOOLW eTTihei^eoOaL ydp, co? ot vvv OTaoiivheLS
    hta^aXXopLevoi /cat TToXepLtKol (fyepeuv olhaatv pLe-

    92 rpiovs TiyepLovag. 'loL'Satot Kar-/xei^ oui^ e/c ttJ?


    rjyopLa? KareXr^^av €tV roLavrrjv d^lajotv, dvaard?
    8e Nt/cdAao? dTreAt'craTO^ /Ltev tcl? etV tou? fiaotXels
    alrias, KarrjyopeL de rod edvov? ro re hvoapKrov
    /cat to bvGTretde? (f)VG€L Trpos roijs ^aoiXels-
    ovvSid^aXXe he /cat rovg Wpx^Xdou ovyyevels,
    oooL TTpo? rou9 Karriyopov? dcfjeiorrjKeoav.
    93 (3) ToTe pLev ovv Katcrap aKovoas eKarepwv
    hieXvae ro ovveSpiov, fierd 8' -qp-epag oXiyas
    ro p.ev ripLiov ri)? ^aGiXeias \pxeXdcx) hlhcoaiv ^

    /cat jSaaiAea
    idudp)(r]u TrpoaeLTTojv, vrroaxopLevog he
    94 TTOLTjoeLV, el d^LOV eavrov rrapdoxoL,* ro he Xolttov
    rjp.LOU hieXojv elg hvo rerpap^ias Suatv erepoig
    TTaialv ^Hpcohou hlhwoLV, ri-jv pLev ^iXimraj, rrjv
    he ^AvrLTTo. roj vpos Wpx^Xaov dpL<f)Lo^rirovprL
    eyevero he vtto rovrcp pLev rj
    95 77ept rrjg /SaatAeias".
    re riepata /cai FaAiAata, rrpooohos hiaKOGiajv
    raXduroju, Baravea he Kal Tpa;(ajp' Avpavlris re
    '
    7767? TTOTe LVRC. * trs. re rd ed. pr.
    • Nieseand others from Lat. : dTreOL'aaro >iss. ; cf. B. i. 453.
    * Niese: TrapdaxT? -mss.

    856
    JEWISH WAR, II. 90-95 ( = ANT. xvii. 313-319)

    Temple at a festival ! It was, however, but natural


    that those who had survived such disasters should
    now at length turn and confront their calamities and
    desire to face their blows, in accordance with the laws
    of war. They implored the Romans to take pity on
    the relics of Judaea and not to fling what remained
    of it to those who were savagely rending it in pieces,
    but to unite their country to Syria and to entrust the
    administration to governors from among themselves.
    The Jews would then show that, calumniated though
    they now were as factious and always at war, they
    knew how to obey equitable rulers." With this
    petition the Jews brought their accusation to a close.
    Nicolas then rose and, after refuting the charges ^-^^^[^
    brought against the occupants of the throne, retorted
    by an accusation of the national character, impatient
    of all authority and insubordinate towards their
    sovereigns. The relatives of Archelaus who had
    gone over to his accusers also came in for a share of
    his strictures.

    (3) Caesar, after hearing both parties, dismissed Augustui

    the assembly. His decision was announced a few Herod's

    days later he gave half the kingdom to Archelaus,


    :
    between^
    with the title of ethnarch, promising, moreover, to ^^/jfj^pi^"

    make him king, should he prove his deserts ; the other (as eth-

    half he divided into two tetrarchies, which he pre- Antipa's 1

    sented to two other sons of Herod, one to Philip, the tetrarchs

    other to Antipas, who had disputed the throne with


    Archelaus. Antipas had for his province Peraea and
    Galilee, with a revenue of two hundred talents.
    Batanaea, Trachonitis, Auranitis and certain portions
    357
    JOSEPHUS
    Kal fJieprj tlvol tov Zrjuojvo? olkov tol Trepl Ylavidha,^
    TTpooohov exovra raXavrajv eKarov, vno ^lXltttto)
    96 re-raKTO. rrjs ^Apx^Xdov 8' iBvapxias 'I8ou/xata
    T£ KOL 'louSata Trdoa Kal Sa^apetTt? tjv, k€kov-
    <f)Loii€vrj TerdpTcp /le'pet rojv (f)6pow els TLpLrjv tov
    97 fjLT] ixerd tow dXXcov dTTOOTrjvai. TToXets S' vtt-

    rjKOOV? TTapeXa^ev HTpdTOjvos rrvpyov Kal He^aGTrjv


    Kal *lo7r777]v Kal ^lepoooXvp-a- rdj yap 'EAAr^yiSa?
    rdl,av Kal TdBapa Kal "Ittttov aTTOTef-Loiieuos ttjs
    ^aoiXeias TrpoaeOrjKev Hvpia. rrpoaohos [§']* 'TjV

    Apx^Xdo) SodeldTjs X^P^^ TeTpaKocrtcov TaXdv-


    TTjS ^

    9Stojv. ^aXojjjLrj Se rrpos ols 6 ^aaiXeu? iv ralg


    Sta^T^/cat? KaTeXiTTev 'la^veta? re /cat 'A^corou /cat

    OaaaT^At'So? aTToheLKVvTai SecTTOTig, ;\;apt^erat S'


    avTrj Kataap /cat to, iv 'Acr/caAcoyt ^aatAeta*
    CTUVT^yero 8' e/c TrdvTOJv i^rjKOVTa rrpoaohov raAavra*
    TOV 8e OLKOV aVTTJS V7t6 TTjV WpX^XdoV TOTTapx'iOLV
    99 era^ev. ttjs 8' aAAi]? 'HpaS8ou yeveds" e/caaro? to
    KaTo.XeL(f)dev iv Tats hiad-qKais iKopLL^ero. Sval
    8' ai)Tou OvyaTpduL Trapdlvots Katoap e^codev
    Xo.pit€Tai TTevTTjKOVTa pLvpidSag dpyvplov /cat

    100 ovvojKiaev avTas TOt? Oepcopa TratoiV. ^cto, 8e


    TOV oIkov iTTihiiveipiev avTols ttjv iavTO) /caTa-
    Xei^Oeluav v<f>* 'Hpcu8ou hcjpedv, ovaav x^^^^^
    So Reinach after Graetz and Schiirer,
    * c/. .-/. 189:
    xvii.
    the .Mss. have 'li'vavcj/Ivav or 'Id/jLueLay, the last a worthless
    conjecture, conflicting with § 98. - om. P.

    " Called in the parallel passage {A. xvii. 319) and else-
    where {e.g. B. i. 398J Zenodorus.

    358
    JEWISH WAR, 11. 95-100 ( = ant. xvii. 319-323)

    of the domain of Zeno "neighbourhood of


    in the
    Panias,* producing a revenue of a hundred talents,
    were allotted to Philip. The ethnarchy of Archelaus
    comprised the whole of Idumaea and Judaea, besides
    the district of Samaria, which had a quarter of its
    tribute remitted in consideration of its having taken
    no part in the insurrection. The cities subjected to
    Archelaus were Strato's Tower, ^ Sebaste,'^ Joppa and
    Jerusalem the Greek towns of Gaza, Gadara, and
    ;

    Hippos were, on the other hand, detached from his


    principality and annexed to Syria. The territory
    given to Archelaus produced a revenue of four
    hundred* talents. Salome, besides the legacy which
    the king had left her in his will, was declared mistress
    of Jamnia, Azotus and Phasaelis Caesar also made
    ;

    her a present of the palace of Ascalon, her revenue


    from all sources amounting to sixty talents her ;

    estates, however, were placed under the jurisdiction^


    of Archelaus. Each of the other members of Herod's
    family received the legacy named in the will. To the
    king's two unmarried daughters ^ Caesar presented,
    in addition, 500,000 (drachms) of silver and gave
    them in marriage to the sons of Pheroras. After
    this division of the estate, he further distributed
    among the family Herod's legacy to himself, amount-
    * The region to the south and east of Caesarea Philippi and

    referred to as " Ituraea " in Luke iii. 1 (" Philip, tetrarch of


    the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis ").
    " Caesarea-on-sea.
    ^ Samaria.
    " 600 according to A. xvii. 320.
    ^ Greek " toparchy."
    « Roxane and Salome (i. 563).
    S59
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    raXdvTcov , evreX-q nva row Ket/xr^Aicuv ei? rrjv tov
    KaroLXOfJLevov niJLrjv i^eXofxevog.
    101 (vii. l) Kdv rovrci) veavias ris 'louSato? /xev
    TO yevo?, rpac^ei? 8' iv Hihajvi Trapd rep rd>v
    'PajfiaLOJu OLTTeXevOepoj,^ 8t' oixoioT-qra i.Lop(f)Tjs

    ipevhofievoseavrov WXe^avhpov tov dvaipeOevra


    V(f)^ 'Hpc68ou, /car' iXTrlSa tov XrjO€LV rjKev et?
    102 'PcjjpLTjv. ovvepyos S* 771^ Tts" OfiocfivXo? ainco
    TrdvTa TCL Kara ttjv ^aoiXeiav e77 lot dfievo?, v<f)
    ov hihaxOels eAeyev, cos ol 7TepL(f)6evT€£ irrl T'qv
    dvalpeoLV avTou t€ kol ^ ApioTo^ovXov 8t' oIktov
    eKKXeipeiav avTovs ojjlolojv vrro^oXfj owfMaTOJV.
    103 TOVTOLS yovu Tovs iv KprjTrj 'louSatou? €^-
    arraTrjoas /cat XafXTrpajs l^ohLaoBels hieriXevG€V €t?
    Mt^Aov" €vBa GVvayeLpa? ttoXXco rrXeov 8t' vnep-
    ^oXrjU d^LOTTLGTLaS dv€77eLG€P KGL TOVS lSl0^€V0VS
    104 €LS 'Pojfir]v avTOj ovveKTrXevoai. KaTaxOels 8e
    €LS ALKaidpx^Lav hojpd t€ a pLTiXr) 9 rj Trapd Tajv*
    77

    e/cet 'loL'Satojv XapLJ^dvet Kal KadaTrep /SaatAeu?


    VTTO TtJJV TTaTpCpOJV
    7TpO€7TefJL(f)drj ^iXwV TTpO'
    eXrjXvdeL 8' els togovtov 7tlgt€ojs to ttjs iJLop(f)rjs
    ojioLov, wore tovs iojpaKOTag ^AXe^avSpou /cat
    105 Ga(f)cos eTTLGTapLevovs Sto/xvua^at tovtov etvat. to
    ye pLTjv 'Iou8at/c6v^ eV ttj 'PcopLij dirav l^ex'^Q^)
    TTpos TTjv Siav avTov, /cat 7tXt]9os drreLpov rju Trepl
    TOVS OT€VOJiTOVS 8t' (Lv eKopLiteTO- KOI ydp [hr)Y
    Trpo-fjXdop eh TOGOVTOV <f)p€vo^Xa^€Las ol Mi^Aiot,

    * 'VuifjLa'iK^v a.ire\ev6ipiov manv MSS.


    2 om. P.

    • 1500 in A. xvii. 323. As Reinach points out, the figure [la

    .S6O
    JEWISH WAR, II. 100-105 ( = ant xvii. 323-331)

    ing to a thousand " talents, reserving only some


    trifling works of art which he kept in honour of the
    deceased,
    (vii. 1) At this time a young man who, though by The pseud
    birth a Jew, had been brought up at Sidon at the
    house of a Roman freedman, on the strength of a
    certain physical resemblance passed himself off as
    the prince Alexander, whom Herod
    had put to death.*
    and came to Rome
    the hope of imposing upon
    in
    others. He had as his assistant a compatriot,
    perfectly acquainted with the affairs of the realm,
    acting upon whose instructions he gave out that the
    executioners sent to kill him and Aristobulus had,
    out of compassion, stolen them away, substituting in
    their stead the corpses of individuals who resembled
    them. With this tale he completely deceived the
    Jews of Crete, and, being handsomely furnished with
    supplies, sailed across to Melos, where, through the
    sxtreme plausibility of his story, he collected a much
    larger sum and even induced his hosts to embark with
    tiim for Rome. Landing at Dicaearchia,'' he was
    oaded with presents by the Jewish colony there and
    A-as escorted on his way like a king by the friends of
    lis supposed father. The resemblance was so con-
    zincing that those who had seen Alexander and
    <nown him well swore that this was he. At Rome
    i\] Jewry poured forth to see him. and vast crowds

    :hronged the narrow streets through which he was


    Dorne for the crazy Melians went so far as to carry
    ;

    pven in B. is probably right we are told in B. i, 646 (as in


    ;

    he parallel passage in A.) that Herod left 1000 talents to


    \ugustus and 500 to his wife, children, and friends, \
    Irachm was "the ordinary day wage of a labourer": a
    alent was 6000 drachms.
    * i, 551. ' The Greek name for Puteoli ( Vita 16).
    VOL. II N2 36l
    JOSEPHUS
    cocTTC <l)op€Lco T€ avTou Koyilteiv Koi OepaTTelav
    ^aaiXiKr^v iStot? 7TapaG)(elv dvaXcojJiaaLU.
    106 (2) Kalaap Be ywcLaKCDV [a/cpi^cD? J^ rou? 'AAe^-
    dvSpov ^apaKT-qpas Karrjyoprjro yap U(/>' 'HpcuSou
    y

    770/3' avrto, uvveo'jpa fikv koI Trplv IheZv rov


    dvBpOJTTOV TTjV TTJg OfJLOLOTTjTO? 6.77 6.7 TjV , StSoU?
    8e Kol [TTiGTeujsY' "Tou? IXapojTepai's eXTrioiv
    TL
    KeAaSdv Ttva TreixTrei tojv aa^ijjs eTTLGrafievajv
    ^AXe^avhpov, KeXevaas ayayelv airro) tov veavi-
    107 oKov. 6 8e COS" elheVy ireKfjLrjparo (lev rax^ara /cat
    TO.? Sta</)opa? TOV rrpoawTTOVy ro he oXov aa»/xa
    GKXrjporepou re Kal SouAo^ai^c? Karafiadajv evorjGev
    108 TTCLV TO GVvraypLa. 7t6vv he avrov Trapco^vvev rj
    ToXfjia Tcov Trap* auTOV Xeyofievajv rolg yap
    TTVudavofMevoiS Trepl WpLGTo^ouXov crco^ecr^at fjiev

    KaKeivov eXeyev, a7ToXeXeL(f}daL S' eTTLT-qhes ev


    Kurrpo) Ta? em^ovXas (j^vXaGGopLevov rjrrov yap
    109 err LxetpeLGO at Ste^euy/xeVou?. ovv aTToXa^opievos
    avTov Kar " Trapa KaLGapos
    Ihiav " pllgOov," e(f)rj,

    e^ets- TO frjv toi; p.rjvvGai rov avaTreiGavra ere


    TrAavctCT^at' T-qXiKav-ra." K6Kelvos avraj hrjXcj-
    oeiv eLTTOjv errerai Trpos Kalaapa Kal rov ^lovhalov
    ivheiKwrai KaraxpyjGapievov avrov rfj opioioTrjri
    Trpos ipyaGtav roGavra yap elX-q^evai hojpa Kad^
    eKaGT-qv ttoXlv oaa Ccov ^AXe^ai^hpos ovk* eXa^ev.
    110 yeXaGas he Kataap eVt Tourot? top' jjiev ifjevhaXe^-
    avhpov hi eve^iav Gcop^arog eyKarera^ev toIs epe-
    Tat?, TOV ava—eiGavTa he eKeXevGev avaLpeOrjvaf
    Mr^Atot? 5' TjpKeGev eTTLTipiiov Trjg avotag to di^a-
    XcopLaTa.
    ^ om. PAM. 2 op^^ Lat., perhaps rightly cf. A.
    ; ||.

    3 wXdffacrdaL LVRC. * om. ouk PAM.

    S62
    JEWISH WAR, II. 105-110 ( = ant. xvii. 331-338)

    him in a litter and to provide a royal retinue at their


    own expense.
    (2) Caesar, who had an exact recollection of The
    Alexander's features, as he had been arraigned by Scted
    Herod at his tribunal," divined, even before he had Augustus
    seen the fellow, that the affair was an imposture,
    based on resemblance however, to give a chance to
    ;

    a more favourable hope, he sent Celadus, one of those


    who knew Alexander best, with orders to bring the
    young man to him. Celadus had no sooner set eyes
    on him than he detected the points of difference
    in the face, and noting that his whole person had
    a coarser and servile appearance, penetrated the
    whole plot. The audacity of the fellow's statements
    quite exasperated him. For, when questioned about
    Aristobulus, he was in the habit of replying that
    he, too, was alive, but had been purposely left
    behind in Cyprus as a precaution against treachery,
    as they were less exposed to assault when separated.
    Celadus, therefore, took him aside and said, " Caesar
    will reward you by sparing your life, if you will in-
    form him who induced you to play such a trick."
    Promising Celadus to give the required information,
    he accompanied him to Caesar and denounced the
    Jew who had thus traded upon his resemblance to
    Alexander ; for, as he said, he had in every town
    received more presents than Alexander ever received
    in his lifetime. Caesar laughed at these words and en-
    rolled the pseudo-Alexander, as an able-bodied man,
    among, the oarsmen of his galleys his inspiring ;

    genius he ordered to execution. As for the Melians


    he considered them sufficiently punished for their
    folly by their lavish extravagance.

    « i. 452.
    363
    JOSEPHUS
    in (S) Y\apaXa^d)V 8e r-qv iduapxiO-v *Ap;^eAao?
    /cat Kara iivrjiJLrjv rojv TraAai hia(f)opa)v ov fxovov
    'lofSatoi? aAAa kol Sa/i,apeuCTt XPV^^H'^^^^ co/xa»?,
    Trpeo^evGafjLevojv eKarepajv Kar^ avrov 77/50? Kat-
    oapa eret rrjs oLpXV^ ivdrcu (l)vyahev€raL fxev avro?
    €LS BUvvaw ttoXlu rrjg FaAAta?, rj ovoia 8' avrov
    112 Tot? Kataapo? eyKaTajdoaeraL. rrplv
    Orjoavpols
    KAr)drjvai 8' tov Kaiaapo? ovap Ihelv
    auroi' utto
    (paoLV roiovSe- ebo^ev opdv o-rdxvg evvea TrXrjpeig
    Kal jieydXov; vtto ^oojv Kara^L^pojOKOfievovg.
    pi€Ta7T€iJnljdfievo<i Be rovi /xai^ret? Kal rajv XaA-
    haiojv Tti'd? €7TVvBdv€T0, Ti orjfxaiveLU hoKoleu.
    113 d'AAojv 8' dAActi? i^r]yovfi€va>v HipLOJv rt? 'Eacrato?
    TO yevo<^ e(f)r] rovg fxiv oTd\v<; iviavrov? voiii^eLVf
    jSda? 8e jjLera^oXrjv Trpaypidrojv hid to t')7P'
    x^P^^
    dporpLOjura? aXXdoaeLW, (Lore ^auiXevoeiv fiev
    avrov rov roju cjraxvwv dpidfjiov, ev TTOLKiXais
    he TTpayiidrojv fxera^oXal? yevoyievov reXevrrjoeiv.
    ravra aKOVoas 'App^cAao? fierd nevre rj/jLepa? eTTi

    r-qv Slktjv jxereKXridr]}


    114 (4-) "A|toi/ 8e pLV-qpLrfS TjyrjadiJL-qu Kal rd rijs
    yvvaLKOs avrov rXa(})vpas ovap, ^rrep rjv Ovydrrjp
    ixev ApxeXdov rov \\a7T77ah6KOjv ^aoiXeojs yvvr) ,

    8' AXe^dvhpov yeyovvla rd Trpcorov, 6s rjv ddeX(f)d?


    ^

    ^ ApxeXdov TTepl ov hU^Lfjiev, vlds 8' 'Hpco8ou tou

    1 eKX-qdv p.

    " From
    this point until the outbreak of the war the nar-
    rative becomes much more condensed. Probably the work
    of Nicolas of Damascus, the source hitherto followed, ended
    here.
    " " The tenth " A. xvii. 34-2 : so Dio Cass. Iv. 27, and
    cf. the
    allusion to the 10th year of Archelaus in Vita 5 (Reinach).
    S64
    JEWISH WAR, II. 111-114. ( = ANT. xvii. 339-349)

    (3) Archelaus," on taking possession of his- eth- Cruelty at


    ' - ' - deposition
    '^'P^'''^'^"
    narchy, did not forget old feuds, but treated not Archelaus
    only the Jews but even the Samaritans with great
    brutality. Both parties sent deputies to Caesar to
    denounce him, and in the ninth ^ year of his rule he 6 a.d.

    was banished to Vienna,'' a town in Gaul, and his


    property confiscated to the imperial treasury. It is
    said that, before he received his summons from His
    Caesar, he had this dream he thought he saw nine
    : 5^°^,^/'^^^

    tall and full-grown ears of corn on which oxen were


    browsing. He sent for the soothsayers and some
    Chaldaeans and asked them their opinion of its
    meaning. Various interpretations being given, a
    certain Simon, of the sect^ of the Essenes, said that
    in his view the ears of corn denoted years and the
    oxen a revolution, because in ploughing they turn
    over the soil he would therefore reign for as many
    ;

    years as there were ears of corn and would die after


    a chequered experience of revolutionary changes.*
    Five days later Archelaus was summoned to his trial.
    (4) I think mention may also fitly be made of the History oi

    dream of his wife Glaphyra. Daughter of Archelaus, Qiapiiym.


    king of Cappadocia, she had for her first husband
    Alexander,^ the brother of Archelaus, of whom we
    have been speaking, and son of King Herod, who
    " A
    city of the Allobroges in Gallia Narbonensis, on the
    eastbank of the Rhone, mod. Vienne.
    " Greek " race."

    ' Reinach suggests that the dream of Archelaus, modelled


    on Pharaoh's dream in Genesis, is a piece of Essene Haggadah
    which Josephus learnt during his stay with the hermit
    Bannus ( Vita 1). The
    1 historian claims to be an interpreter
    ot dreams himself {B. iii. 352).
    ' i. 446. After Alexander's death Herod sent her back
    to her father with her dowry but without her children
    (i. 553).
    365
    JOSEPHUS
    €K yap TOiavTTjs vXrjg KareGKevaae rrjv (jK-qv-jv.
    7} S' ovSev iieTa(j)epo}Jievov kol GVixTrepivooTovvros
    104 vaov Stec^epe. tovtujv ovv Kara GTTOvhrjv crvy-
    KOfiLudei'TOji', eKOLGTov Kal irapa SvvafjLLV (faXo-
    TLfxr]GaiJL€Vov, ap^LreKTovas rols epyoLs ichLGrrjGL Kar*
    ivToXrjv rod deov ovg Kal ro TrXrjdos dv eVeAe^aro
    105 rrjs i^ovGia? eV avro) yevopL,€vr)g. ra Se ovofiara
    avrojVy KOL yap eV rat? UpaZs pi^XoLg avayeypa-
    TTrai, raur' rjv Bacrar^Aos" jiev Ovpl Tralg r-fjg 'louSa
    <j)vXri? VLOJVO?^ Be Maptaa^ry? rrjg dBeXcprj? rod
    GrparrjyoVy 'EAi^a^os" de 'Icra^a;(OU AartSo? (f)vXrjg.
    106 ro Se TTXrjdos ovroj? vtto TTpodvpLias rol? iyx^t-pov-
    pLevoLS i—rjXdev, ojGre Mojuctt^? dvelp^ev avrovg
    v7TOKr)pv^dfjL€vos dpKelv rovs ovras' rovro yap at
    Sr]fiLovpyoL 7rpo€Lp-qK€Gav' i)(Ojpovv ovv eVt rrju rijs
    107 GKTjvri? KaraGKevqVy Kal }>\ajVGrjg avrov? e/caara
    rrcpl rcov piirpojv Kara rrjv VTTodrjKTjv rod d^oO
    Kal rod fieyedovs ocra re Set GKevrj y^ujpelv avrrjv
    dvehiSaGKe Trpos rds dvGias VTT-qper-qGovra. e(f)iXo-
    ripLodvro he Kal yvvalKes nepl re GroXds lepanKas
    Kal TTepl ra dXXa ogojv exPDi^ ro epyov KOGpLov re
    Kal Xeirovpyias eveKa rod Oeod.
    108 (2) Ildvrojv 8' ev erolpLOj yeyev-qpLevajv ;(;pi'CTtoL>
    re Kal dpyvpov ^ Kal )(aXKod Kal rcov v(j>avrojVy
    TrpoeL—ojv eoprrjv }>[covGrJ£ Kal dvGias Kara rrjV
    eKaGrov SvvapLLV LGrr) rrjv GKTjvrjv, Trpdjrov pikv
    aWpiov SLa/jLerpr)Gdfjievog ro pLev evpos TrevriqKOvra
    ^ Bernard : lios codd. ^ j^s^ Lat.:om. codd.
    " Bibl. Bezalel.
    ^ M?5. erroneously " son." Exodus mentions his grand-
    father Hur, and Hur according to Josephus was the husband
    of Miriam (§ 54).
    ' Bibl. Oholiab (lxx 'EXid^), son of Ahisamach.
    S66
    JEWISH WAR, II. 114-118 ( = ANT xvii. 349-xvii. 4)

    put him to death, as we have ah-eady related. After


    his death she married Juba, king of Libya, on whose '^

    decease ^ she returned home and hved in widowhood


    with her father. There Archelaus, the ethnarch,
    saw her and fell so passionately in love with her that
    he instantly divorced his wife Mariamme ^ and
    married her. So she came back to Judaea, where,
    not long after her arrival, she imagined that Alex-
    ander stood beside her and said " Your Libyan :

    marriage might have sufficed you, but, not content


    with that, you now return to my hearth and home,
    having taken to yourself a third husband, and him,
    audacious woman, my own brother/^ But I will not
    brook this outrage and shall reclaim you whether
    you will or no." After relating this dream she
    survived barely two days
    (viii. 1) The territory of Archelaus was now re- Judaea, :

    duced to a province, and Coponius. a Roman of the p°J!J'fnce


    equestrian order, was sent out as procurator, en- under th

    trusted by Augustus with full powers, including the copoiuu^


    infliction of capital punishment Under his adminis- '^ 6-9 a.i

    tration, a Galilaean. named Judas.^ incited his Rising oi

    countrymen to revolt, upbraiding them as cowards Gaiuaeai

    when it was obligatory, Deut. xxv. 5 (Mark xii. 19).


    childless,
    Glaphyra had two children by Alexander; A, xvii. 341 em-
    phasizes this fact.
    « Judas of Galilee (as he is called here and in Gamaliel's

    speech inActs v. 37) or of Gamala in Gaulanitis {A. xviii. 4)


    was the founder of the Zealots, whose fanaticism and violence
    under Florus, the last of the procurators, hastened the war
    with Rome. Of the issue of the revolt we learn only from
    Acts loc. cit. Judas was killed and his followers dispersed.
    :

    There is no sufficient reason tor identifying this fanatic


    doctor, as Schiirer does, with the brigand Judas, son of
    lizechias, who raised an insurrection in Galilee after the death
    of Herod (B. ii. oQ).

    367
    JOSEPHUS
    (f)6pov re 'Poj{iaLOLg reXelv VTrofievovoLV Kal fxeTo.
    rov Seoi' otcrovGL Ovtjtov'; heoTTorag. rjv 8' olto?

    ao(f)iorri<i tSta? aipeaew? ovSev rols a'AAot? Trpoa-


    €OLKCO£.

    119 (2) Tpla yap rrapa 'loDSatot? e'tbrj (j)L\ooo(^€iraiy


    Kal Tov jjiev alperiGTal Oaptaatot, tov be Za5-
    houKaloi, rplrov 8e, o 817 kol 8ok€l oejivor-qra
    aoKelv, *EcrCTT]i^oi. /caAowrat, 'louSatot /Ltei' yeVo?
    120 ot'Te?, ^lAaAAryAot 8e Kai tcui^ aAAcuv TzAeoi^. oltoi
    TOL? ^tei^ 7]8oi^a? 6U9 KaKiav drrocrTpecbovTaL, rrjv 8e
    eyKpareiav Kal ro firj tol^ rtadeoiv V7T07tl7tt€lv
    dperrjv Kal ydfiov fxev Trap'
    v7To)^a^.^dvovGiv .

    avrols tov? 8' aAAoTpt'ou? 7Tat8a? eV-


    vvepoijjLa,
    Aa/xjSai^oi^TC? drraAou? 6Tt Txpo? rd fxadi^^aTa avy-
    yevet? i^yoOvTat Kal rol<; Tjde^nv avrcov €vtv7tovol,
    121 701' fiev ydixov Kal rrjv e^ auTOV StaSox'Tji' ovk
    dvatpouvTeg, Tag 8e row yvvaiKUJv doeXyelas
    <^v\aTT6ii€voi Kal fJirjheiJLLav rripelu Trerretcr/xeVot
    rrji' TTpos €va viariv.

    122 (3) Karac^pop'TjTat 8e ttAol'tou, Kal daufidaLov


    [77ap'j' avTolg ro koiuojulkov, ovbe 'ioriv evpelu
    Kr-qoeu rivd Trap* avroi<; V7Tep€\ovra' vofiog yap
    Tovs €LS rrju atpeaw eloiovra? br]ii€V€LV rw rdyfLart

    1 om. P.

    An exaggerated statement, corrected in A. xviii. 23


    "
    ('* while they agree in all other respects with the Pharisees,
    they have an invincible passion for liberty and take God for
    their only leader and lord ").
    * A shorter sketch of the three sects is given in A. xviii.

    11-2-2, where the author refers to the fuller statement in the

    368
    JEWISH WAR, II. 118-122 {cf. ant. xviii. 4, 9, 11)

    for consenting to pay tribute to the Romans and


    tolerating mortal masters, after having God for their
    lord. This man was a sophist who founded a sect of
    his own, having nothing in common with the others.**

    (2) Jewish philosophy, in


    fact, takes three forms. The thre
    The followers of the
    school are called Pharisees, ll^^^^^
    first
    of the second Sadducees, of the third Essenes.^
    The Essenes have a reputation for cultivating (i.) The
    peculiar sanctity.'' Of Jewish birth, they show a ^fje-"^^'
    greater attachment to each other than do the other ascendsi
    sects. They shun pleasures as a vice and regard a'lld^com
    temperance and the control of the passions as a'"""ijyf
    special virtue. Marriage they disdain, but they
    adopt other men's children, w^iile yet pliable and
    docile, and regard them as their kin and mould them
    in accordance with theirown principles. They do
    not, indeed, on principle, condemn wedlock and the
    propagation thereby of the race, but they wish to
    protect themselves against women's wantonness,
    being persuaded that none of the sex keeps her
    plighted troth to one man.
    (3) Riches they despise, and their community of
    goods is truly admirable you will not find one ;

    among them distinguished by greater opulence than


    another. They have a law that new members on
    admission to the sect shall confiscate their property
    present passage. He has first-hand knowledge, having
    " passed through the three courses " himself ( Vita 11).
    " Or " solemnity." The name Essene probably means
    " pious " (Aram, hasa) ; Philo connected it with the Greek
    boLos'. 'KaaaiOL .TrapLouvfjioi. daioTriTos {Quod 07nnls probus
    . .

    liber, § KaXovurai fxev 'Eaaalot irapa. ttjv daLOT-qra /noi


    12) ;

    doKu) TTJs TTfjoariyopLas d^iudevTes {ap. Eus. Praep. Ev. viii. 11).
    Philo, Pliny {Nat. Hist. v. 17), and Josephus are our three
    authorities on the sect.
    369
    JOSEPHUS
    TT7i^ ovatav, cucrre eV aTTacriv fi-qre TTCvlas raTretvo-
    rrjra rrXovrov, twv 8*
    <f)aLV€odaL fJ^rjO^ vrrepoxrjv
    €Kd(TTov KT-qfidrojv dvaii€}JiiyyLh'ojv filav uj07T€p
    123 dheXSols dnauLV ovaiav elvai. KrjXlSa S' iTToXafi-
    ^dvovGL rovXaioVy ko.v dXeLcbdfj rt? aKcou, ofxrjx^'^^
    TO Gojfia' TO yap auxf-telv iv KaXoj TtdevraL,
    X^vx^'-P'Ovelv re SuaTTavros . ;\;€tpoTOVT7Tot 8' ol tojv
    KOLvojv Kal aiperoi} 7rpo9 aTrduTcuv €Cj
    €77 LfjieXriTal

    ra? eKaaroi.
    ;^petas'
    124 (4.) Mta 8' OL'/c earii^ auroji^ vrdAt?, dAA' €v
    eKdarrj fxeroiKovoLV ttoXXol. Kal rot? erepujdev
    rjKovcnv alp€.TLcrTa1<s rrdvr^ dvaTteTnaTai rd Trap'
    avToZs opLoiojs (JJOTTep Ihia, Kal Trpo? ou? ou Trpo-
    125 repoi' €lSov eloiaaiv cog avvr^BeoTdrovs' hid Kai
    770Lovvrai rag aTToSrjfjLLag ovdeu fiev oXojg 67n-
    KOfiilofievoL, 8td Se rovs Xrjordg eVoTrAot. K-qhe-
    fidjv 8' €v cKdarr] TzdAet tou rdyixaros i^aLperojg
    roji' ^evojv d77 oh €i.Kvvr at, rafjuevoju ioS-qra Kal rd
    126 e77iT7]8eta. KaraoroXr^ he Kal ax'^l^^-O- croj/LtaTO?
    op-OLOv Tols /Lterd (fyo^ov Traihayajyov Uvotg Traioiv.
    ovre he eoOrJTas ovre V7Tohi']p.aTa daei^ovoi Trplv
    hiappayrjvai rd rrpdrepov 7ravTd77a'JLv t) 8a77a-
    127 VTjdrjvaL rep ;\;pdra>, ovhev 8' €v dXX-qXoLg out*
    dyopdiovGLV ovt€ ttcoXovolv, dXXd toj xPTiC^^'^^
    hihovg eKaoTOS to. Trap' avrco to [Trap* eKCtVou]'
    XprjOLpLOv dvTLKopiLleTaL' Kal x^P'-^ ^^ '^V'^ duTi-
    hoaeojg dKojXvTOS rj pLerdXTjipig avTolg rrap*^ d)v dv
    BeXojoiv.
    128 (0) ripos" ye pLTjV TO Belov evoeBelg iStoj?" Trplv

    ^ Bekker on ms. authority: ddiaipfrot the rest. * om. P.


    ' om. Trap Bekker, Naber, " to take whatever they
    choose."
    S70
    JEWISH WAR, II. 122-128

    to the order, with the result that you will nowhere


    see either abject poverty or inordinate wealth the ;

    individual'spossessions join the common stock and all,


    hke brothers, enjoy a single patrimony. Oil they
    consider defiling, and anyone who accidentally comes
    in contact with it scours his person ; for they make
    a point of keeping a dry skin and of always being
    dressed in white. They elect officers to attend to the
    interests of the community, the special services of
    each officer being determined by the whole body.
    (4) They occupy no one city, but settle in large Their
    ^™®
    numbers town. On the arrival of any of the
    in every ''^

    sect from elsewhere, all the resources of the com-


    munity are put at their disposal, just as if they were
    their own ;and they enter the houses of men whom
    they have never seen before as though they were
    their most intimate friends. Consequently, they
    carry nothing whatever with them on their journeys,
    except arms as a protection against brigands. In
    every city there is one of the order expressly ap-
    pointed to attend to strangers, who provides them
    with raiment and other necessaries. In their dress
    and deportment they resemble children under rigorous
    disciphne. They do not change their garments or
    shoes until they are torn to shreds or worn thread-
    bare with age. There is no buying or selling among
    themselves, but each gives what he has to any in need
    and receives from him in exchange something useful
    to himself; they are, moreover, freely permitted
    to take anything from any of their brothers without
    making any return.
    (5) Their piety towards the Deity takes a peculiar

    371
    JOSEPHUS
    yap avaox^^v tov tJXlou ovdev ^^eyyovrai rwv
    ^e^rj/^cov, TTarpLOV? Se rtj^a? €tV avrov €VXO-?,
    129 (jJOTTep LK€TevovT€S avaT^lXai. Kat /xerd TauTa
    TTpog a? eKauTOL re^va? laaGiv vtto rcbv €Tn-
    fxeX-qrcov hiac^ievTai, kol p^^XP^ 7r€/x 77x179 wpag ip-
    yaodp.evoL ovvtovco? TrdXiv el? ev GVvadpoLC,ovTaL
    X<-opiov, i,coodpL€V0L re OKeTTdapLaoLV Atvot? ovtojs
    drroXovovrai to croj/xa i/jvxpol? vbaoLV, xat p.€TCL
    ravrrjv ttju dyveiav els Ihiov OLK-qp.a avviaoiVy
    evOa piiqhevl row erepoSo^ow eTrtrerpaTTTat Trap-
    eXdelv, avroi re Kadapol Kaddirep els dyiov ri
    130 repLevos rrapayivovrai ro heLTTvqriqpLOV kol KaO- .

    iodvrojv /xe^' -qavx^O-S o p.ev gltottolos eV rd^ei


    TrapariBiqoi rovs dprovs, 6 Se pidyetpos €V dyyelov
    131 €^ ^^os ebeopLaros eKdorco Traparidrjoiv. rrpo-
    Karevx^rai 3' o lepevs rijs rpo(f)rjs, Kal yevaaodal
    Tti^a 77 plv rrjs ^^xt^S dOeparov dpiGroTTOtrjoapievois^
    8' enevx^TO.i' TrdXiv dpxdp.evoi re Kal 77av6pLevoL
    yepalpovGL deov ojs X'^PVY^^ "^V^ ^f^^S". eTreiO^
    (Ls lepds KaradepLevoL rds eadijras TraAtv eV epya
    132 P'^XP^ he'iXrjs rpeTTOvrai. henrvovoi 8' op.oicjJS

    V770GrpeiljavTes ovyKadetop-evujv rojv ^ei^ojv, el


    rvxoLev avro'ts napovres- ovre he Kpavyq TTore
    rov oIkov ovre Sopv^os pLialveL, rds he XaXids ev
    133 rd^ei Trapax^Jpovotv aAAr^Aots". Kal rols e^ojdev (Ls
    pLVorrjpLOV n
    <f>pLKr6v r] rojv evhov GLaj77rj Kara-
    <f)aLveraL, rovrou 8* a'trtov tj hi-qveKTjS vi^i/jis Kal

    ^ Some -Mss. of Porphyry: dpiaTOTroir]<jd/jL(vos mss. of


    Josephus,

    " Cf. § 148, " the rays of the God." How far the Essenes,
    with their affinities to Judaism, can be regarded as sun-
    uorshippers is doubtful. But, un-Jewish as this custom
    372
    JEWISH WAR, II. 128-1S3

    form. Before the sun is up they utter no word on Their


    prayei
    mundane matters, but offer to him certain prayers,
    ,

    ''
    P""^^'^""^
    the sun,
    which have been handed down from their forefathers,
    as though entreating him to rise." They are then
    dismissed by their superiors to the various crafts in
    which they are severally proficient and are strenu- Their
    ^^"^"^'"
    ously employed until the fifth hour, when they again
    assemble in one place and, after girding their loins
    with linen cloths, bathe their bodies in cold water.
    After this purification, they assemble in a private
    apartment which none of the uninitiated is permitt ed _ ,

    to enter ;
    pure now themselves, they repair to the -^
    refectory, as to some sacred shrine. When they have Their
    taken their seats in silence, the baker serves out th^^^—f^
    loaves to them in order, and the cook sets before
    each one plate with a single course. Before meat
    the priest says a grace, and none may partake until
    after the prayer. When breakfast is ended, he pro-
    nounces a further grace thus at the beginning and
    ;

    at the close they do homage to God as the bountiful


    giver of life. Then laying aside their raiment, as
    holy vestments, they again betake themselves to
    their labours until the evening. On their return
    they sup in like manner, and any guests who may
    have arrived sit down with them. No clamour or
    disturbance ever pollutes their dwelling they speak
    ;

    in turn, each making way for his neighbour. To


    persons outside the silence of those within appears
    like some awful mystery it is in fact due to their
    ;

    invariable sobriety and to the limitation of their

    seems, there was a time when even Jews at Jerusalem


    " turned their backs on the Temple and their faces towards
    the east and worshipped the sun towards the east " (Mishnah,
    Sukkah, v. 2-4; Ezek. viii. 16).
    373
    JOSEPHUS
    TO irap*
    jJLcrpeiadai avrol? rpoSr^v Kal ttotov
    fji€xpi' Kopov.
    134 (6) Tojv fji€v ovv dXXojv ovK eoTLv 6 tl firj tCjv
    iTTLfJLeXrjTcjv rrpoora^dvTOJV ivepyovoL, Svo 8e raura
    77ap' auTots- airre^ovoia, iTTLKovpta /cat eAeoj*
    ^o'qOelv T€ yap tols agio's, OTTorav heojvTai, Kal
    Kad^ iavrovs i(J)UraL Kal rpo(j>d<; aTropovfjLei'OLg
    opeyetu. ra? rovg ovyyevel? pLGTahooet?
    Se el?
    135 OVK €^€GTL TTOLelodaL bi^a Tojv eTTLTpoTrcxJU. opyrj?
    rajiiai hiKaiOL, dvfJLOV KadeKriKol, 7TLOT€Cog Trpo-
    crrdraL, elprivrj^ VTTOvpyoi. Kal rrdv fjLeu ro p-qSev
    VTT* avrow laxvporepov opKov, to de opLvveLV
    [avTolgV TTepuoravroA x^Zpov Trjg imopKLas vtto-
    Xap.^dvovT€9' rjbrj yap KareyvajoBai (^acrtv tov
    136 dr:LG70V}ievov Si^ct Beov. UTTovhal^ovoL 8' eKTOTrajg
    7T€pl rd TOJV TTaXaidw uvvrdyiiara, /xaAtara rd
    Trpoi' ipv^^s
    dxjilXeLav Kal acufiaros eKXeyovres'
    €vBev avTols Trpos BepaTreiav TraBcov pijat t€
    dXe^rjTripioi Kal XiBujv IhiOT-qres dvepevvcovTai.
    137 ('^) Tot? Se irjXovoLV r-qv atpeoLV avrcov ovk
    evBvs rj Trdpohos, dXX IttI iviavrov e^co p^ivovn
    TTjV aVTTjV VTTOTLBeVTai StaLTaV, d^LvdpLOV T6 Kal
    ro TTpoetprj/jLevov 77ept^aj/Lta /cat XevKrju ioBrjra
    13S Sov'Tes". eTretbdv he rovrco rw XP^^V rreipav iy-
    Kparelas So), TrpooeiaLV fji€v eyyiov rfj hiairr^ Kal
    ^ cm. Dindorf with one ms. the incorrect reading irepi.-
    :

    iffTarai has probably caused the insertion of the pronoun.

    *»
    Or " when they ask an alms."
    Herod himself excused them from taking the oath of
    *

    allegiance (J. xv. 371). The "tremendous oaths" sworn


    on admission to the order (§ 139) form a curious exception.
    ' i.e. probably charms or amulets. Lightfoot, Colossiaiu
    S74
    JEWISH WAR, II. 133-138

    allotted portions of meat and drink to the demands


    of nature.
    (6) In all other matters they do nothing without Their
    orders from their superiors ; two things only are left <^^^"ty
    to individual discretion, the rendering of assistance
    and compassion. Members may of their own motion
    help the deserving, when in need," and supply food to
    the destitute but presents to relatives are pro-
    ;

    hibited, without leave from the managers. Holding


    righteous indignation in reserve, they are masters of
    their temper, champions of fidelity, very ministers
    of peace. Any word of theirs has more force than and
    an oath swearing they avoid, regarding it as worse ofoath"
    ;

    than perjury, for they say that one who is not believed
    without an appeal to God stands condemned already.^
    They display an extraordinary interest in the writings Their
    ^*^'^^'®''
    of the ancients, singling out in particular those which
    make for the welfare of soul and body with the
    ;

    help of these, and with a view to the treatment of


    diseases, they make investigations into medicinal
    roots and the properties of stones.^
    (7) A candidate anxious to join their sect is not Admiss
    immediately admitted. For one year, during which l^j.^^^^
    he remains outside the fraternity, they prescribe for "ovice's
    him their own rule of life, presenting him with a and oat
    small hatchet,^ the loin-cloth already mentioned,^
    and white raiment. Having given proof of his
    temperance during this probationary period, he is
    brought into closer touch with the rule and is allowed
    (ed. 8), pp. 89f. note, connectirig this passage with Anf. viii.

    44 (on Solomon's power over demons), regards the " writ-


    ff.

    ings " as Solomonian books and the Essenes as primarily


    dealers in charms, rather than physicians.
    The object of this is explained below (§ 148).
    <*

    « § 129.
    375
    JOSEPHUS
    KaBapojTcpojv rujv Trpo? ayveiav vharajv /Ltera-
    XafjL^dvei, TrapaAa/xjSaierat be els tol? avfi^LajGetg
    ovheTTOj. fiera yap rrjv ry^g Kapreplag eViSei^u'
    SvoLU dXXoig ereaiv to TjOos SoKLfidlerai Kal <f)av€Lg
    139 a^tos" ovTojg elg rov ofxiXov iyKpLveraL. Trplv he

    TTJg KOLvrj'; dipaGdaL rpo(^rj<; opKOVs avroZg ofiuvat


    (f)pLKojS€Lg, TrpojTOv fiev evoe^Tjoeiv to Belov,
    err e era to. Trpos dvBpo'jTTOVs Strata (^vXd^eiv koI
    firiTe Kara, yvcoiirjv ^XdipeLV tlvcl fjLrjre i^ Ittl-
    Toy/xaTOS", fMLGrjoetv 8' del rovs dbcKovg Kal ovv-
    140 ayojVLeloOaL Tots" SiKatot?" to ttlgtov del irdoLV irap-
    e^etv, fidXiGTa he TOt? KparovGLV ov yap hi^^a deov
    TTepiyeveoOai^ tlvI to dp\eLV' Kav auTos" dpxrj,
    [jirjhe—oTe e^v^pLGew els ttjv e^ovotav, pnqh^ eGdrJTL
    7] TLVL rrXeiovi KOGfico Tov? VTTOTeTayfjLevovg virep-
    141 XapLTTpvvelGdai^' ttjv dXriBeiav dya—dv del Kal Tovg
    ipevhojievovs TTpo^dXXeGdat^- x^^P'^^ KXoTri]^ Kal
    ^pvxTjV dvoGLOvKephovg KaBapdv (^vXd^eiv, Kal
    l^rjTe KpvipeLv tl tov£ alpeTiGTa? P-ijB^ eTepoi^
    avTojv TL firjvvGeLv, Kav p^^xpi BavaTov tls ^id^-qTat.
    142 Trpo? TOiJTOL? ofjLi'UGLV pLrjhevl fiev fieTahovuaL tcov
    tj c5? auTo? fieTeXaBev, d(f)e^eGBaL
    hoyp.dTOJv eTepoJS
    he Kal GvvTrjprjGeiv ojjLOLOjg tcl Te rrjg
    XfiGTeiag
    aipeoews avTOJV ^ijiXia Kal to, tcov dyyeXojv 6v6-
    /iara. TotouTOt? p-ev opKOLS toj)? TrpoGiovTas
    e6aG(f)aXL^ovTaL.
    143 (8) Tovs 5' eV d^LOXP^OLS dp.apTrjp.aGU' dXovTag
    eK^dXXovGL Tov Tciy/xaTos". o S' eKKpuBels oIktLgtco

    ^ irepiyipeadai LVR Porj)h.


    • Herwerden : virepXafnTpCvfcfai mss,
    ' Porph. : iX^yxeiv irpo^dWeedai Mss,

    S76
    '

    JEWISH WAR, II. 138-143

    to share the purer kind of holy water, but is not yet


    received into the meetings of the community. For
    after this exhibition of endurance, his character is
    tested for two years more, and only then, if found
    worthy, is he enrolled in the society. But, before
    he may touch the common food, he is made to swear \-j<^

    tremendous oaths first that he will practise piety


    :

    towards the Deity, next that he will observe justice


    towards men that he will wrong none whether of
    :

    his own mind or under another's orders that he will ;

    for ever hate the unjust and fight the battle of the
    just ; that he will for ever keep faith with all men,
    especially with the powers that be, since no ruler
    attains his office save by the will of God " that, ;

    should he himself bear rule, he will never abuse his


    authority nor, either in dress or by other outward
    marks of superiority, outshine his subjects to be ;

    for ever a lover of truth and to expose liars to keep ;

    his hands from stealing and his soul pure from unholy
    gain to conceal nothing from the members of the
    ;

    sect and to report none of their secrets to others,


    even though tortured to death. He swears, more-
    over, to transmit their rules exactly as he himself
    received them to abstain from robbery
    ; and in ;

    like manner carefully to preserve the books of the


    sect and the names of the angels.^ Such are the
    oaths by which they secure their proselytes.
    (8) Those who are convicted of serious crimes they Expuisioi
    [pel from the order and the ejected individual oXt!^^^^
    ;

    " Reinach compares A. xv. 374, where the Essene Mena-


    hem says to Herod :
    " You will reign, for God has deemed
    you worthy." Cf. also Rom. xiii. 1.
    **
    Reinach conjectures that the developed angelolog-y of
    Rabbinic Judaism was partly of Essene origin. Lightfoot
    finds in this esoteric doctrine a link with Zoroastrianism.
    377
    JOSEPHUS
    TToXXaKLS jjLopcp hLa(f)9€Lp€TaL' ToT? yap opKois Koi
    Tois eOeaiv efSeSe/xeVo? ouSe rrjs Trapa rols aAAot?
    Tpo(f)rjs Svvarai /jLeraXafji^dveu' rro-qcjiayojv he
    , /cat
    144 \iji(jj TO Gojfia rrjKOjjievos hia^OeipeTai. hto hrj

    TToXXovs eXerjoavres eV rats" ioxo-'^o.i? duaTTVoalg


    dveXa^oVy iKav-qv IttI rols d/xaprT^/xacrtP' avrwv
    davdrov ^dcravov -qyovfJievoL.
    TTjv fJiexpt'
    145 (9) n^pt 8e TCLS" KpLaetg aKpL^earaTOL Kal
    hiKaioL, Kal hiKaCovGi fxh' ovk iXdrrov? twv
    EKarov GVveXOovres, ro 8' opLodkv v-n avrcov
    dKLvrjTov. oe^as Se /xeya Trap' avToZs pierd rdv
    deov TouVo/xa rod vop^oderou, Kav ^Xao(f)r]p,rjGr)
    146 rt? et? Tovrov KoXdterai Bavdrco.
    , rots' Se rtpe-
    o^vrepoLS VTraKovELU Kal rol? TrXeloGLV eV KaXoj
    TidevraL' SeVa yovu GvyKadeL,o fxevajv ovk dv XaXrj-
    147 G€L€V dKovrcov ra)V evvea. /cat to TXTUoat he
    Tt?
    els T] TO Sc^toi^ p-epo? (j)vXdGGovr ai, Kal
    pLeGovs
    rat? e^hojidaiv epyojv e(f>d7TreGdaL hia<j)opojTara
    ^\ovhaia>v drrdyTajv ov p.6vov yap rpo(f>ds eavroZs
    Trpd fxids rjiiepag TrapaoKevaQovGiv , d>s purj nvp
    ivavoLev^ eKeivrjV rr^u rjpLepav, dAA' ovhe OKevos
    148 Tt pLeraKLvqaaL BappovGLV ovhe dTTOTrarelv Tat? .

    5' d'AAat? rjpbepais^odpov opvaaovres ^ddos tto-


    hialou rfj GKaXihi, tolovtov yap eonv to hihofievov
    VTr" avrdw d^Lvlhtov rolg veoGvordroiS, Kal Trept-
    KaXv^avres BoipLdrioVy^ cos (jlt) rds avyds v^ptloLeu
    149 rov deoVy BaKevovGiv els avrov. eTretra ttjv dv-
    opvxBeloav yrjv e(j>eXKOVGiv els tov ^oBpov Kal
    ^ ivatpdeUv PA*: ^^'tt^^g A (corrector) : ivaTrToui/ correctors
    o\ LR.
    2 l^xaTiou PAM : doluariu} Porph.
    <»
    Moses.
    378
    JEWISH WAR, II. 143-149

    often comes to a most miserable end. For, being


    bound by their oaths and usages, he is not at liberty
    to partake of other men's food, and so falls to eating
    grass and wastes away and dies of starvation. This
    has led them in compassion to receive many back in
    the last stage of exhaustion, deeming that torments
    which have brought them to the verge of death are a
    sufficient penalty for their misdoings.
    (9) They are just and scrupulously careful in their Their
    trial of cases, never passing sentence in a court of r^^'renJ
    less than a hundred members the decision thus for Mose
    ;

    reached is irrevocable. After God they hold most ianism a


    in awe the name of their lawsriver," any blasphemer °^\^^
    n ^ .
    -IT -iiiT-
    oi whom IS punished with death. It is a point or
    -customs
    •

    honour with them to obey their elders, and a majority;


    for instance, if ten sit together, one will not speak if
    the nine desire silence. They are careful not to spit
    into the midst of the company or to the right,^ and
    are stricter than all Jews in abstaining from work on
    the seventh day for not only do they prepare their
    ;

    food on the day before, to avoid kindling a fire on


    that one, but they do not venture to remove any
    vessel or even to go to stool. On other days they
    dig a trench a foot deep with a mattock such is the—
    nature of the hatchet which they present to the
    —
    neophytes^ and wrapping their mantle about them,
    that they may not offend the rays of the deity sit ,'^

    above it. They then replace the excavated soil in

    * Reinach refers to a similar prohibition, applying only to

    prayer-time, in the Jerusalem Talmud {Berachoth, iii. 5).


    "
    § 137.
    **
    Thesun, c/. § 128. Schiirer contrasts the Testaments of
    the XII Patriarchs, Benj. 8 (the sun is not defiled by the
    sight of ordure, but purifies it).

    379
    JOSEPHUS
    rOVrO TTOLOVGL TOVS €p-qiJLOT€pOVS TOTTOVg €K\€y6p.€-
    voL. Kal-rrep 8e^ (f)vaLKrj? ovorj^ rrjs rwv^ XvjxaTojv
    eKKpioeojs OLTToXoveodai {ler^ avrrjV KaOdrrep jiefjua-
    OfJL€V0LS edifiov.
    150 (lO) ^Lrjprjin-ai Kara xpovov
    rr)? doK-qoeca?
    8e
    €15 fxoLpas Kal togovtov ol /xera-
    reaaapas,
    yeveaTepoL tow Trpoyeveurepojv iXarrovvTai cuar',
    ei ifjavaeiav avTwv, iKeivovs aTToXoveodai KaOdrrep

    151 dXXo(l)vXoj ovfx<f)vp€VTa?. Kal fiaKpo^LOL fidv, oj?


    rovs TToXXovs VTrkp eKarov Trapareiveiv err], 8td
    aTrXorrjTa rrj^ StatTTyS", efiotye 8oKetv, Kal rr)V
    TT71/

    exna^iaVy Karacjypoviqral Se rwv heivcjVy Kal rd?


    ^xkv dXyrjhovas i'Lkojut€S tols (^poviqpLaGLV, rov hk
    ddvaTOV, el fier* euxAeta? TrpoGLOL,^ voixil^ovres
    152 ddavaGia<i dfxelvova. hirjXey^ev he avTow ev drra-
    Giv tolS ijjv^ds 6 TTpos 'PajfxaLOVS TToXefios, ev co

    crpe^XovjjLevoL Kal XvyLCofjievoi, Kai6p,evoL t€


    re
    Kal KXcofxevoL Kal 8td Trdvrojv obevovre? rojv jSacra-
    VLGT-qpiojv opydvojVy Iv" rj ^XaG({)'qfj,rjGcoGLV rov
    vopLoQenqv r) ^dycuGiv ri rcvv dGvvrjdojv, ovherepov
    VTTefjLeivav rtaOelv, dXX ovhe KoXaKevGai TTore tovs
    153 aLKilofievovs rj haKpvGai. iieihLOJvres he ev rat?
    dXyrjhoGiV Kal Kareipajvevojievoi rojv rd? ^aGdvovs
    7TpoG(f)ep6vTOJv evdufJLOL rds" (pvxds r](f}LeGav ojs
    vdXiv KOiJuovfJievoL.
    154 (11) Kat yap eppcorat Trap' avrols ^he r) 8o|a,
    (f>6ap'7d p.ev elvai ret ocofJLara Kal Trjv vXrjv ov
    ^ Most Mss. 5rj : oiV M : om. PA.
    * + a u/aaT IK Cjf MLVRC. ^ Trpoaetai PAM.
    '^
    As Reinach remarks, the whole procedure, except the
    final ablution, follows the directions given in Deut. xxiii. 12-
    14.

    380
    —
    JEWISH WAR, II. 149-154

    the trench. For this purpose they select the more


    retired spots. And though this discharge of the
    excrements is a natural function, they make it a rule
    to wash themselves after it, as if defiled.^
    (10) Thev are divided, according to the duration of The four
    their discipline, into four grades ; ^ and so far are the l^s^senes.
    junior members inferior to the seniors, that a senior
    if but touched by a junior, must take a bath, as after
    contact with an alien. They live to a great age
    most of them to upwards of a century in conse- —
    quence, I imagine, of the simplicity and regularity of
    their mode of life. They make light of danger, and
    triumph over pain by their resolute will ;death, if it
    come with honour, they consider better than im-
    mortality. The war with the Romans tried their Their end

    souls through and through by every variety of test, persecuti


    Racked and twisted, burnt and broken, and made to
    pass through every instrument of torture, in order to
    induce them to blaspheme their lawgiver or to eat
    some forbidden thing, they refused to yield to either
    demand, nor ever once did they cringe to their
    persecutors or shed a tear. Smiling in their agonies
    and mildly deriding their tormentors, they cheerfully
    resigned their souls, confident that they would
    receive them back again.
    (11) For it is a fixed belief of theirs that the body is Their bei

    corruptible and its constituent matter impermanent, immortal


    of the so
    ''
    Lightfoot {Col. p. 363, note) remarks that the passage
    must be read in connexion with the account of the ad-
    mission to the order (§§ 137 f.). The three lowest grades
    are the novices in their first, second, and third years of pro-
    bation. " After passing through these three stages in three
    successive years, [the Essene] enters upon the fourth and
    highest grade, thus becoming a perfect member."

    381
    J05EPHUS
    fiovifiov avra)V, ra? he i/fu^a? dOauaToug del 8ia-
    fieveiv, Kal oviiTrXeKeodai fiev e/c rou XeTTToraTCV
    (potTcuCTa? aidepo^ ojorrep elpKralg roc? ocufxaaiv
    155 Xvyyi tlvl <f}uoLKfj KaraG—cofxeia^, eTreiSav Se du'
    eOcoGL Tcov Kara adpKa heafxajv, ota Br] fjbaKpdg
    SouAetas" drrriXXayfieva? , rore xalpecv Kal jxereco-
    povs (^epeoBai. koI rat? p^ev dyadalg, SpLO-
    Bo^ovure? Tratalv 'KXXrjVcov, dTTO^aivovrai tyju
    vrrep WKeavou Siatrai^ aTTOKeloBai /cat ^chpov ovre
    opL^poL? ovre VL(f)eTol^ ovre Kavp,aoL ^apvv6p,evoVy
    dAA' ov e^ ojKeavov Trpav? del l,e(f)vpo9 eTTLTTvecov
    avaijjvx^i' rats' Be (j)avXaLS l,o(f)cuBrj Kal )(^eip.epiov

    d^opiL^ovrai pivxov, yepLOvra ripLOjpLoJv dBiaXeiTT-


    156 rojv. BoKOVdL 6e pLot Kara rrjv avrrjv evvoiav
    "KXXrjueg rols re dvBpelot^ avrcow, ovs Tjpoja? Kal
    7)pLLdeovs KaXovoiv, rds pLaKapojv vvjoov? dva-
    redeiKevaiy rat? he rcJju TTOvrjpow ifjvx^^i? Kad^ ahov
    rov^ daeBoji^ Xojpov, evda Kal KoXaCopLevov; rtva?
    pLvdoXoyovoLV, Stcju^ous- ^rat TavraAou? ^l^iovdg
    re Kal Tirvov?, rrpcorov [.lev dihiovs V(f)LardpievoL
    rag ipv^dg, eTreira el? TrporpoTrrjv dperrjg Kal
    157 KaKLag drrorpoTT-qv. rovg re yap dyadovg yiveoBai
    Kara rov ^iov dpLeluovg eXTTihi npirj? Kal /xera rrjv
    reXevr-qv,rwv re KaKojv ep,TiohiteaSai rag 6pp,dg
    heet 7T poohoKOJvr ojv, el Kal XdBoiev ev ra> Lrjv,

    pier a rrjv hidXvcnu dOdvarou rLpLOjpiav v<j)e^eiv.

    158 ravra pLev ovv ^KgotjuoI rrepl ipv^'^jg deoXoyovotv,


    d(j)VKrov heXeap rolg dira^ yevoap^evois rrjg aocblas
    avrcjjv KaBievreg}
    ^ tQjv PLV: tov T^i' M.
    « PAM (cf. i. 373): iyKaOi^uTis the rest.
    382
    JEWISH WAR, II. 154-158

    but that the soul is immortal and imperishable.**


    Emanating from the finest ether, these souls become
    entangled, as it were, in the prison-house of the body,
    to which they are dragged down by a sort of natural
    spell but when once they are released from the
    ;

    bonds of the flesh, then, as though liberated from a


    long servitude, they rejoice and are borne aloft.
    Sharing the belief of the sons of Greece, they main-
    tain that for virtuous souls there is reserved an abode
    beyond the ocean, a place which is not oppressed by
    rain or snow or heat, but is refreshed by the ever
    gentle breath of the west wind coming in from ocean ;

    while they relegate base souls to a murky and


    tempestuous dungeon, big with never-ending punish-
    ments. The Greeks, I imagine, had the same con-
    ception when they set apart the isles of the blessed "
    for their brave men, whom they call heroes and demi-
    gods, and the region of the impious for the souls of
    the wicked down in Hades, where, as their mytho-
    logists tell, persons such as Sisyphus, Tantalus, Ixion,
    and Tityus are undergoing punishment. Their aim
    was first to establish the doctrine of the immortality
    of the soul, and secondly to promote virtue and to
    deter from vice for the good are made better in
    ;

    their lifetime by the hope of a reward after death, and


    the passions of the wicked are restrained by the fear
    that, even though they escape detection while alive,
    they will undergo never-ending punishment after their
    decease. Such are the theological viewsof the Essenes
    concerning the soul, whereby they irresistibly attract
    all who have once tasted their philosophy.
    " Cf. A. xviii. 18.
    ''
    First mentioned in Hesiod, Works and Days, 170 ff.
    they dwell with care-free hearts in the isles of the blessed
    beside the deep-eddying ocean, those happy heroes," etc.
    383
    JOSEPHUS
    159 (12) Etatv 8' iv avTols ot Kal ra /xeAAovra
    77 poyu'coGK€iV VTTLOxvovvraiy fti^XoL? lepaZs kol
    SLa(f)6poLg ayvctat? Kal 7Tpo(f)rjra>v d7TO<f)deyfJLa(JLV

    e^TratSoTpt^ou/xevof OTrdviov 8' et rrore iv rat?


    7Tpoayop€V(jeGLV daroxovaiv.
    160 (13) "RdTLv he Kal erepov ^Kgg-i-jvcov rdyiia,
    hianav p^ev Kal eOrj Kal vopap^a rolg aAAot? 6[jlo-
    <f)povovv, bL€Grd)£ 8e ttJ Kara ydpLOV ho^r]- pi^eyicnov
    yap dTTOKOTrreiv olovrai rod ^lov p,epog, rrjv hua-
    SoxT^v, rov? pLTj yaiJLOVvra? , pidXXov Se, el Trdvres
    ro avro (hpovrjuetav, eKXiTrelv dv rd yevos rdx^Gra.
    161 hoKip^di^ovreg p^evrot rpieria rds yapierds, eTreihdv
    rplg KadapddJOLV els rrelpav rod BvvaadaL riKrecv,
    ovrojg dyovrau. raZs 8' eyKVjxoGLV ovx opLiXovGiv,
    evSeLKVvp.evoL ro (jltj 8t' 7]hovrjV dXXd reKvcov
    Xpeiav yapLeiv. Xovrpd he ralg yvvat^lv dfjUTrexo-
    pLevais evSvpiara, Kaddrrep roZs dvhpduiv iv jrepi-
    iajpLari. roiavra puev eOr] rovhe rod rdyp.aro£.
    162 (14) Awo he row Ttporepojv ^apiaaloi piev ol
    /xer' dKpi^eias hoKOVvre? i^qyeZodat ra vopLLpua
    Kal rrjv Trpojrrjv drrdyovres aZpeoiv elpLappievr} re
    163 Kal Bed) rrpoodTrrovai Trdvra, Kal rd piev Tipdrreiv
    rd hcKata Kal pirj Kard rd rrXeZorov iirl roZs
    dvOpo'jTTOis KeZadaL, ^orjdeZv he elg eKaorov Kal rrjv
    elpiappLevrjv ipuxr'jV re irdoav puev d(j)daprov, p.era-

    " Josephus quotes three instances of Essene predictions

    which were fulfilled, those of Judas (B. i. 78), Simon (ii. 113)
    and Menahem (A. xv. 373 ff,). The}* taught their art to
    disciples {A. xiii. 311), This gift of fortune-telling was
    perhaps connected with magic or astrology; it is not treated
    as inspired (Lightfoot, Col. p. 69, note Ij.

    384
    JEWISH WAR, II. 159-163 {cf. ant. xviii. 13 f.)

    (12) There are some among them who profess to Their gif
    P'"°p'^^
    foretell the future, being versed from their early °
    years in holy books, various forms of purification and
    apophthegms of prophets and seldom, if ever, do
    ;

    they err in their predictions."


    (13) There is yet another order of Essenes, which, Essene
    while at one with the rest in its mode of life, customs, wu"^™*^
    and regulations, differs from them in its views on practise
    ™^"'*^®
    marriage. They think that those who decline to
    marry cut off the chief function of hfe, the propaga-
    tion of the race, and, what is more, that, were all to
    adopt the same view, the whole race would very
    quickly die out. They give their wives, however, a
    three years' probation, and only marry them after
    they have by three ^ periods of purification given
    proof of fecundity. They have no intercourse with
    them during pregnancy, thus showing that their
    motive in marrying is not self-indulgence but the
    procreation of children. In the bath the women wear
    a dress, the men a loin-cloth. Such are the usages
    of this order.
    ( Of the two first-named ^ schools, the Pharisees,
    1 4<) (ii.) The
    ^^^^^'^^^^
    who are considered the most accurate interpreters of
    the laws, and hold the position of the leading sect,
    attribute everything to Fate and to God they hold ;

    that to act rightly or otherwise rests, indeed, for the


    most part with men, but that in each action Fate
    co-operates.'^ Every soul, they maintain, is im-
    ^ The text can hardly be right ; the Lat. has " constanti
    purgatione."
    ' " more ancient," Reinach.
    <*
    Cf. the saying of R. Akiba " Everything is foreseen and
    :

    freewill is given," Sayings of Jewish FatJiers, iii. 22 (24).


    Josephus, as Reinach remarks, substitutes " Fate " for
    *'
    Providence " for his Gentile readers.
    VOL. II o g85
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ^aiVctv he et? erepou ocofxa rrju rojv ayaOwv ixovqVy
    ras Se toju <j>avX(x>v dLdloj rLfiojpta KoXal^eoOaL.
    1G4 Y^ah^ovKaloL be, to Sevrepou TOiyfxa, ri^v fxkv
    elfJLapfj.ei'rjv TravraTraoLV dvaipovoLV Kal rou Beou
    105 ^^co Tov Spdv TL KaKOV t) €(f)opdv riOevrat.' (jyaolv

    S' eV dvdpojTTtov eKAoyfj to re xaXov Kal to KaKov


    TTpoKeloOau Kal Kara yi'coiirju eKaorou rovroju
    iKarepov^ Trpooievai. 4^v)(?i^ Te r-qv hiapiovriv Kal
    Ta9 KaB^ ahov^ rip.ojpia'; Kal rtpLag d^'aipouoti'.

    166 Kal Oaptcraiot pei^ (fjLXdXXrjXoi. re Kal ttjv et? to


    KOivov opLOvoiav doKovvTe?, "LahbovKaiojv 6e Kal
    7Tp6<; dXXrjXov; to yjOo? dypLcuTepov, at re eVt/at^iat
    TTpO? TOU? OjlOLOVg dTTTQUel? CU9 7Tp6<; dXXoTpLOU<i
    roiavTa p-kv Trepl toju iu lovdatOL^ (f)LXooo(f)OvuTcoi/
    €1^01^ CtTTCtr.

    (ix. j) Trjg ^Apx^Xdou 8* iOvapx'i-^'^ fxera-


    167
    7T€00vori<; ei? Inapxiav ol Xolttol, OiAitttto^ Kal
    *Hpa>8T79 o KXr)6el<i ' Ai^Ti—as", Slcokoup Td<; eaurcov

    TeTpapxias' SaAoj/xr^ yap TeXeurojoa 'louAta rfj


    70V ^e^aoTov yvvaLKl Tqv t€ auTT^? roTrapx^iau
    Kal ^Xdpveiav Kal tov^ eV ^aoar^Xihi. (fyoLviKoJuas
    IQS KareXiTTev. pLera^aGi^g be €ls Tt/Se'ptoi^ toi' '\ou-
    Ai'a? VLOi' Tr]<;
    '
    Pojixaiajv r)y€fJLOi'La<; perd rrji/

    AvyovoTov TeXevT-qv, d({)rjyqoapei^'ou tojv rrpay-

    '
    Herwerdeii: tKartpw V: tKaripu.- the rest.
    ' iftt^' adov C • KadoKov the rest

    " Ttie doctrine of the reincarnation of the soul is expressed


    in rather similar terms in B. iii. 371 (c/. Ap. ii. 2l&).
    386
    JEWISH WAR, II. 163-168 {cf. ant. xviii. 14, 27-33)

    perishable, but the soul of the good alone passes into


    another body,'^ while the souls of the wicked suffer
    eternal punishment.
    The Sadducees, the second of the orders, do away (iii.)The

    with Fate altogether, and remove God beyond, not


    ^^^''^^^'^s^

    merely the commission, but the very sight, of evil.


    They maintain that man has the free choice of good
    or evil, and that it rests with each man's will whether
    he follows the one or the other. As for the persist-
    ence of the soul after death, penalties in the under-
    world, and rewards, they will have none of them.
    The Pharisees are affectionate to each other and
    cultivate harmonious relations with the community.
    The Sadducees, on the contrary, are, even among
    themselves, rather boorish in their behaviour, and in
    their intercourse with their peers ^ are as rude as to
    aliens. Such is what I have to say on the Jewish
    philosophical schools.

    (ix. 1) When the ethnarchy of Archelaus was con- The


    verted into a province, the other princes, Philip and n'jjnp^an
    Herod surnamed Antipas, continued to govern their Herod
    '^^'''
    respective tetrarchies as for Salome, she at her "
    ;

    death*^ bequeathed her toparchy to Julia, the wife of


    Augustus, together with Jamnia and the palm-groves
    of Phasaelis. On the death of Augustus, who had
    directed the state for fifty-seven years six months

    ^ i.e. with the other sects or generally with their com-


    patriots.
    " Which took place under the second of the procurators,
    M. Ambivius {r. 9-1-2 a.d.) J. xviii. 31. For her share in
    :

    the division of Herod's kingdom see § 98. Jamnia was in the


    lowlands of PhiHstia, PhasaeHs in the Jordan valley, as also
    was Archelais which is added to the list of Julia's legacies
    in A. loc. c'd.

    387
    JOSEPHUS
    liarojv eT€aLV eVra Kal TrevTrjKovTa, rrpo^ Se iitjolv
    e^ Kal rjfiepaL? 6vo, Sia/ietVai^re? eV rat? rerpap-
    ;)((.'at? o 76 'Hpaj5T7? Kal 6 OiAitttto?, c) fiev rrpos
    TQts Tou 'lopSdi^ou TTrjyalg ev flayeaSt ttoAiv
    KTt'^et \\aLaapeLaVy Kav Trj Karoo TavXaviTLKfj
    *louAtdSa, 'Hpcu^r^? 8' cV /xei^ 717 raAiAat'a Ti-
    jSepidSa, eV be rfj Uepaia (f)€pujvvpiOV MouAta?.
    169 (2) neiJL(j)deU 6e et? ^iovbalau i7TLrpo7TO<; vtto

    Tt^eplov OtAdTO? vvKTOjp K€KaXvixii€va^ ei? 'lepo-

    aoAy/xa TTapeLGKOiiil^eL rd? Kat'crapo? eUovas , at

    170 OTjiialaL KaXovvraL. tovto fxeO' rip.epav p.eylGTr]v

    Tapaxr]V riyeipev 'lofdaiot?' ol re ydp eyyvg 77p6>


    TT]!' di/>tP' l^eTrXayrjoav cu? TrerraTrniivajv avrois
    Tojv vofjLUjv, ovhkv yap ol^lovglv ev rfj TrdAet Set-
    Ki-jXou riOeoBaiy Kal rrpog rrjv ayavaKrr,aiv rojv
    Kara rr]u ttoXlu ddpov; 6 eV rrj<; \cjpa<; Aad?
    171 ovveppevoev. opix-qoavres be vpo^ HtAdTOi^ els

    KaLodpeiav iKerevov e^eveyKelv i^ 'lepoooXvfjLojv


    rds orjiiaiag Kal rripelv avroU rd Trdrpia. niXdroo
    8' dpvovfJL€vou rrepl rrju otKLau TrprjveU Kara-

    " This figure, repeated in A. xviii. 32. is about a month

    too long. From the death of Caesar (15 March 44 b.c.) to


    the death of Augustus (19 Aug. a.d. 14, Suet. Jug. 100) is 57
    years 5 months and 4 days. The four days may be reduced
    to two by reckoning from the opening of Caesar's will (17
    March) as proposed by Gardthausen, quoted by Reinach the ;

    latter accounts for the error in the number of months by a


    confusion of the figures for 5 {(') and 6 (f).
    By her former husband, Tiberius Claudius Nero.
    ''

    ' Caesarea Philippi of the N.T., mod. Danias.

    * Bethsaida Julias {el-Tetl) east of the Jordan a little to

    388
    JEWISH WAR, II. 168-171 ( = ant. xviii. 32-36, 55-57)

    and two days,^ the empire of the Romans passed to


    Tiberius, son of Juha." On his accession, Herod Accessior

    (Antipas) and Phihp continued to hold their tet- n^fo'.^^


    rarchies and respectively founded cities Philip built : Foundati^
    Caesarea near the sources of the Jordan, in the
    '^
    ^^j^^,^'^^^^''

    district of Paneas, and Julias'^ in lower Gaulanitis ; Tiberias,'


    ^^^'
    Herod built Tiberias in Galilee and a city which also
    took the name of Juha, in Peraea.^
    (2) Pilate, being sent by Tiberius as procurator pilate
    to Judaea, introduced into Jerusalem by night and excites^ti
    under cover the effigies of Caesar which are called p^^^^^
    standards/ This proceeding, when day broke, affair of t

    aroused immense excitement among the Jews those staadard: ;

    on the spot were in consternation, considering their


    laws to have been trampled under foot, as those laws
    permit no image to be erected in the city while the ;

    indignation of the townspeople stirred the country-


    folk, who flocked together in crowds. Hastening
    after Pilate to Caesarea, the Jews implored him to
    remove the standards from Jerusalem and to uphold
    the laws of their ancestors. When Pilate refused,
    they fell prostrate around his house and for five

    the north of the head of the Sea of Galilee. It was called


    after Julia,daughter of Augustus, A. xviii. 28 as she was :

    banished in 2 b.c, Schurer infers that the refoundation of the


    town by Philip must have been earlier than that date.
    * The Peraean Julias (formerly Betharamatha, B. ii. 59
    note) opposite Jericho was called after the Empress Julian
    Livia {A. xviii. 27) ; other writers call it Livias and that,
    rather than Julias, was probably the name given by the
    founder.
    ^ correctly described in A. xviii. 55, " The busts (or
    More
    "medallions") of Caesar which were attached to the
    standards." Tacitus {Hist. iv. 6-2) records how these impera-
    torum imagines were torn down by Civilis and his victorious
    Gauls.
    389
    J05EPHUS
    TreaovTes eVt rrevre rjiiepa? Kal vvKra? toas
    (iKLViqTOL bieKaprepouv.
    172 (3) Tfj 8' e^T^? o ritAdTO? KaBioas eVt ^rjfxaros
    6V Toi iieyaXuj orahico kol rrpooKaXeadiievo? ro
    rrX-qdo? cu? aTTOKp'ivaaBai hrfiev avrolg BeXojv,
    hlhojGLV Tol? GrparLcoTais oi-jfj-elov €k ovvTayixaros
    KVKXcLcjaoBaL rous" ^lovhaiov? ev rols 077 Aoi?.

    173 7TepLGr(ior)<i de rptcrrt^^et ttjs" (hdXayyos 'lofSalot


    /lei' a;!(av'er? T^crai/ rrpog ro dSoKrjTOV rrjg oifjecog,
    OiAdTO? Se KaraKoipeiv elrrajv avrovs, et /xt7
    TTpoohe^aivTO -rcib Kataapos' eiVova?, yvpivovv to.
    174 |<.'<i»T7 TOt? crTpartajTai? evcucrei'. ot 8e 'louSatot
    KaQd-ep €K GVvBrjfjLarog dBpooi KaraTreoovre? Kal
    rov9 TrapaKXivavres i-roLpLOV? duaipelv^
    avx^i^'o.s
    o4>d<; e^ouw
    p.dXXov t) tov vopbov Tjapa^rfvai.
    VTTepBavpidaas he 6 YXtXaros to t^s" SetatSai/xoi^ia?
    O-Kparov €KKOfjLLaaL p.ev avTLKa Ta? cr7yp,aia?

    *IepoCToAJ/xajv KcAeuet.

    175 MeroL 5e rravra Tapaxriv irepav cVtVet toi/


    (4r)

    tepop' Brjoavpou, KaXelraL he Kop^owds,^ el? Kara-


    yojyrju vhdrwv e^avaXiOKOJV' KaTrjyev he avro
    TeT paKO a iijjv^ orahlow. rrpog tovto rov ttXtjBovs
    dyavdKTTjais rjv, Kal rov fltAaToy napovro? et?
    'IfpoCToAuz-ta rrepLGrdvres ro ^rif.La Kare^oojv.
    176 o be, Trporjdei yap avrojv rrjv rapay^^i'jVy roj TrXrjBet
    roug Grpanajras evorrXovs [^v \^ eoOriGiv IhiojrLKaZs
    KeKaXvfjLpLevov? eyKarajil^as Kal ^i(f>ei pieu XPV'
    oaoBai KojXvGag, fuAot? he Traieiu rovg KeKpayo-
    ras eyKeXevodpievog, GvvBrip.a hihojoiv d-rro rod ^1]-
    ^ PA : £!S duaip'-oiv the rest.
    * P r.nd correctors of A and L: Kou{ioiva% the rest.

    390
    JEWISH WAR, II. 171-176 ( = ant. xviii. 57-61)

    whole days and nights remained motionless in that


    position.
    (3) On the ensuing day Pilate took his seat on his
    tribunal in the great stadium and summoning the
    multitude, with the apparent intention of answering
    them, gave the arranged signal to his armed soldiers
    to surround the Jews. Finding themselves in a ring
    of troops, three deep, the Jews were struck dumb at
    this unexpected sight. Pilate, after threatening to
    cut them down, if they refused to admit Caesar's
    images, signalled to the soldiers to draw their swords.
    Thereupon the Jews, as by concerted action, flung
    themselves in a body on the ground, extended their
    necks, and exclaimed that they were ready rather to
    die than to transgress the law. Overcome with
    astonishment at such intense religious zeal, Pilate
    gave orders for the immediate removal of the
    standards from Jerusalem.
    (4) On a later occasion he provoked a fresh uproar (n.) the

    by expending upon the construction of an aqueduct ^^^'^^^

    the sacred treasure known as Corhonas the water <*


    ;

    was brought from a distance of 400 furlongs. In-


    dignant at this proceeding, the populace formed a
    ring round the tribunal of Pilate, then on a visit to
    Jerusalem, and besieged him with angry clamour.
    He, foreseeing the tumult, had interspersed among
    the crowd a troop of his soldiers, armed but disguised
    in civilian dress, with orders not to use their swords,
    but to beat any rioters with cudgels. He now from
    " Cf. Matt, xxvii. 6, tov Kop^avav {v.l. KopjSwi/di') = " the
    sacred treasury," the only parallel for this use of the word.
    Corhan =" devoted," " taboo " {cf. Ap. \. 167).

    * PAM : om. the rest.

    391
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    177 fJLaro?. TVTTTOixevoi he ol *lovhaLOi ttoXXol fJLev vtto
    Tcbu rrX-qyojv, ttoAAoi 8e vtto ocjxZv avrojv iv ttj (jivyfj

    KaTaTTarrjOevres d~ajXovro. irpos §e ttjv oviK^opav


    Tojv dvr]pr]ii€vojv KaravXaykv to ttXtjOo? iaiajTrrjaev.
    1"8 (5)TOVTU) Kariqyopos 'HpcuSou rod re-
    Kai^
    Tpap\ovvros 'AyptVTra? fio? 'AptarojSouAou, ov
    6 Ttarrip 'WpojhrjS dulKreivev , Trapayiverai rrpos
    Tt/Septov. Tov he jxr) Trpoode^afieuov r-qv Kar-
    -qyopiav fievcov eVt 'Pcofirj? rov? re dXXov? tujv
    yvcvpifxcDV idepdrrevev Kal fjidXcGra tow TepiJ,avLKOv
    179 TTalha Tdiov, IhLcorrjv ert oura. Kal hrj ttotc
    eGTLojv avrov rd re dXXa ttolklXojs e(j)iXo<j)pov€.lro
    Kal reXevralov rag xelpas dvareivag (j>avepa)S
    rjv^aro ddrrov avrov dedaaadai rcov oXojv hecTTTO-
    180 rr]v drrodavovros Ti^epiov. rovro ns rcov OLKerojv
    avrov htayyeXXei toj Tc^epLco, Kal o? dyavaKriquas
    elpyvvGLV rov ^ XypiTTTrav Kal fxer^ acKLas ^(-X^^
    avrov €Ttl fjirjvas e^ iv heapiojr-qpia) , iiexpis avros
    ireXevr-qaev -qyefjiovevGas errj hvo rrpos rot? e'lKOui
    Kal rpeZs rjfjLepas errl {jltjuIv e^.
    181 (6) WTToheixOels he Tdios Kalaap dvL-qacv re
    rcov heo/JLOJV rov ^AypLTrrrav Kal rrjg ^lXlttttou
    rerpapxi-O-S, OvrjGKei^ yap ovros, Kadiurr^Gi ^aacXea.
    ^
    TrapayevofjLevos he els rrjV dpxrjv \yp Itttt as (fidovo)

    ^ P : TeduTjKd the rest.

    " i. 551.
    ''
    The whole story is told in much greater detail in .7.
    xviii. (? from some Roman source), where, however, there is
    no mention of this object of his visit. The visit was made
    " year before Tiberius died " {A. xviii. 126).
    in the
    Eutychus, his freedman and charioteer, A. xviii. 168 ;
    '

    according to the account there given the words were spoken


    during a drive, not at dinner.
    392
    J. WAR, II. 177-181 (c/. ANT. xviii 62, 126, 166 flF , 237)

    his tribunal gave the agreed signal. Large numbers


    of the Jews perished, some from the blows which they
    received, others trodden to death by their companions
    in the ensuing flight. Cowed by the fate of the
    victims, the multitude was reduced to silence.
    (5) At
    time Agrippa, son of the Aristobulus Herod
    this
    who was put to death by his father Herod,* came to ^ome^^
    Tiberius to accuse Herod the tetrarch.^ The em- 36 a. d.
    peror having declined to countenance the charge,
    Agrippa remained in Rome, paying court to various
    notabilities and in particular to Gaius, son of Germani-
    cus,who was still a private citizen. On one occasion
    when he was entertaining him at dinner, Agrippa,
    after paying him all kinds of compliments, finally
    raised his hands to heaven and openly prayed that he
    might soon see Gaius master of the world, through the is im-

    decease of Tiberius. This was reported by one of ^[be^i'ua


    Agrippa's domestics to Tiberius ; whereupon the
    '^

    emperor, in indignation, threw Agrippa into prison,


    where he kept him under rigorous treatment for six
    months until his own death, which closed a reign of ^i^^^^J
    twenty-two years, six months and three days.'*
    (6) Gaius, on being proclaimed emperor, liberated Accessic
    Agrippa and gave him, with the title of king, the fc^Auaui
    tetrarchy of Philip, now deceased.^ Agrippa's ,^°"pp*^

    arrival to take possession of his kingdom ^ aroused and mad


    king.

    22 years 5 months and 3 days according to A. xviii. 224


    <*

    (c/. § 168 for confusion of the numbers 5 and 6). But neither
    statement quite agrees with our secular authorities the :

    reign lasted from 19 Aug. 14 (death of Augustus) to 16 March


    (Tac. or 26 March, Dion), i.e. 22 years 6 months and 28
    ;

    days (or 22 years 7 months 7 days).


    * He had died in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius
    {A. xviii. 106), i.e. in a.d. 33-4..
    f A.D. 38-39.

    VOL. II o2 393
    JOSEPHUS
    ra? *V\pcoSou rov t€7 pdp\ov hi-qy^ipev InidvpLias.
    182 ivrjye be fiaXLOTa tovtov et's" eArrtSa jSaaiAet'a?
    'HpajSta? r] yvvrj, KaroveihiCovaa rrjv apyiav koL
    (jyafievri rrapa to [irj ^ovXeaOai ttXclv Ittl Kai'aopa
    OT€pLGK€odaL fieiCouo? dpxT]?' 07T0V yap Wypin-
    Ttav i^ lSlcotou ^aoiXia TreTToiriKev, rjTrov y dv
    183 €K€Li'ou SioTOLoeLev €.K r€Tpdpxov; TOUTOt? dva-
    TTeiodel? 'HptuSv]? rjK€i' Trpog Vdiov, vcj)^ ov rrjs
    TrXeove^ia^ It: lt Lp.d7 ai (f)vyfj et? ^Traviau^- rjKO-
    Xovdrjoev yap ainco Kar-qyopos *Aypt777ras", Kal
    o)
    rrjv rerpapxiau Ik€lvov
    ttjv TrpoaedriKeu Fdiog.
    Kal 'HpojSrjg pL€v iv ^Travia cru[jL(i)vyovGr]^ avrco
    Kal rrj<i yvvaiKog reXevra.
    1S4 (x. 1) rdLO<^ Se Kataap errl roaovrov i^v^pt-
    oev ft? TT^v fu-)(riv, cjore deou iavrov Kal hoKelv^
    ^ovXeodai Kal KaXelodai, rcov re evyeveordrajv
    dvhpujv aKpoTopLTjoai rr^v TTarplba, eKTelvat he rrfv
    185 doe^eiav Kal errl ^Xovhaiav. Werpojviov fxev ovv
    fierd or par Lag errl 'XepoooXvpLtov errepL^ev ey-
    Kadihpvoovra rcZi vaoj rovs dvhptdvras avrov,
    TTpoord^ag, el pirj he^OLvro *IouSatoi, rods re
    KojXvovra? dveXeli^ Kal rrdu rd Xolttov eOvos
    186 e^avhpartohioaoOai. deep S' dpa row rrpoaray-
    pidrojv epieXev. Kal WerpojVLOS p.ei' ovu rpiol
    rdypiaoL Kal ttoXXoIs €k rijg Hvpla? ovjiiLdxaLS els j
    187 rrjv ^\ovhaLav rjXavvev €k r'Pjs 'AvrioYeia?, loi>-
    OaLOJV be ot p.ev rjTTiorovv errl rals rod noXepiOV

    ^ So (or "IcTrai'iai') all MSS. TaWta;' Niese and TaWia


    :

    below, to conform to A. xviii. 25?.


    ^ Kal doKeif Niese: 5oKui' Kal PA.M Exc. Kal Sokuu Kal the
    :

    rest.

    * According to A. xviii. -252 to Lyons in Gaul.


    894-
    JEWISH WAR, II. 181-187 {cf. ant. xviii 240-262)

    the envy and ambition of Herod the tetrarch. But it The end
    was above all his wife Herodias who instigated the ot Herod
    tetrarch to aspire to a throne she reproached him
    ;
    Aniipas.

    for his indolence and told him that it was only his
    reluctance to set sail and wait upon Caesar which
    kept him out of promotion. " Now that he has made
    a king of Agrippa, a mere commoner, '* she said,
    **
    surely he could not hesitate to confer the same title
    on a tetrarch." Yielding *to these solicitations,
    Herod presented himself to Gains, who punished him
    for his cupidity by banishing him to Spain." For an
    accuser had followed him in the person of Agrippa,^
    to whose kingdom Gains annexed his rival's tetrarchy.
    Herod died in Spain, whither his wife had accom-
    panied him into exile.
    (x. 1) The insolence with which the emperor Gains on

    Gains defied fortune surpassed all bounds he wished : of his su


    to be considered a god and to be hailed as such, he
    ^gjj'^ig
    cut off the flower of the nobility of his country, and
    his impiety extended even to Judaea. In fact, he
    sent Petronius with an army to Jerusalem to instal in
    the sanctuary statues of himself in the event of the;

    Jews refusing to admit them, his orders were to put


    the recalcitrants to death and to reduce the whole
    nation to slavery. But these orders, as the sequel
    showed, v^ere under God's care. Petronius, accord- :^''^'^'''^l <^

    1 . 1, , . IT r Petromu
    ingly, with three legions ^ and a large contingent ot ptok
    leniai
    .

    Syrian auxiliaries, left Antioch on the march for JjJ^f oj^^J


    Judaea. Among the Jews, some put no belief in the 40 a. d.

    In A. xviii. 247 Agrippa sends his freedman Fortunatus


    *•

    to accuse Antlpas.
    Two only, according: to A. xviii. 262 (and so Philo, Leg.
    "

    ad Caium 31, § 207 " half his army " ; there were four legions
    in Syria at this time).

    395
    JOSEPHUS
    (j}rjiJLai?, 01 8c TnoTevoureg rjoav eV dfJLr])(dvco npog
    Tr]u dfj-vvav Ta\v 5' cxcop^i' 8ia TravTcov to Seo<i
    rjbr) TTapovGTj^^ €tV flroAejaatSa rrj? crrpartdb.
    158 (2) rioAt? 5' eoTTti/ a?rn7 ttJ? FaAiAaia? Trapd-
    Xio^; Kara, to m^V^ TreStoi^ iKnafievr], Trepiex^raL
    be opeoLV iK fiev rod Ttpos dvaroXrjV KXifxaro? dno
    07ahi<jL>v i^TjKOVTa roj rrj? VaXiXala?, drro be
    Tov ixeurjiJi^pLUoO toj Kap/xr/Aoj Stexouri OTaSiov^
    Ikotov €lko(7l, TO) 8' vipr^XoTara) xa-r' dpKrou, o
    KaXovcTLv /<Aiju,a/ca Tvplcvv ol iTnxcopi'OL- /cat tovto
    159 de oraSt'ou? d(f}€GrrjKei' eKarov. rod 8' doreo?
    oaov drro dvo OTahicov 6 KaXovfxevos Bt^Aco?
    TTorafio? TTapappel -TTavrdrraaiv oAtyo?, Trap' a) to
    Me'/xuoi^os" iivqfxelov iariv exov iyyu? aurov rorrov
    190 iKarovraTT-qxf] Oav/jLaro? d^LOV KVKXorepy)^ fikv
    ydp ioTLv Kal koIXo<;, dvabiSojGLi' 8e r-qu veXivqv
    ipdfifxou, oTav eKKevojarj ttoAAo, rrXola -npoa-
    Tjv

    o^ovra,^ TrdXiv dvr lttXt] pour at to x^P^^^t Kara-


    ovpovTOJv iikv ojOTTep iTTLTTjSe? Tore tcuu dvefiajv
    ei's" auTo Trjv e^codev dpy-qv ^a/LA/xov, tov he pLerdX-

    191 Xov Trdaav evOecos pLeTa^dXXovrog elg veXov. 6au-


    liaoLOJTepov 8ej' tovtov p.0L hoKel to rrfv vrrep-
    X^deloav veXov eV tou tottou rrdXtv ibdixpiov yive-
    oOaL eLKaiav. to p.ev ovv ;(ajptov tovto TotavTrjV
    elX-qx^v (f)VGLV.
    192 (3) 'loudatot he pLeTo, yvvaiKtov koI reKvcov
    dBpoioBevTeg el? to Trebiov to Trpos [iToXepLatdL
    KadiKerevov tov [\eTpujVLOV vrrep toii' rraTpiajv
    vopLOjv TrpujTov, e-€LTa vnep avTcou. 6 be rrpog
    Te TO TrXijdog Kal tol? berjoet? evbov? tov? piev

    ^ Dindorf : -,ap o'7/?y MS3.


    * Dindorf: Trpoax^*"'* ^'3. ^ om. most m33.
    396
    JEWISH WAR. II 187-192 (c/ ant xviii 262 f)

    rumours of war, others believed, but saw no means of


    defence ; alarm, however, soon became universal,
    the army having already reached Ptolemais.
    (2) Ptolemais is a maritmie town in Galilee, built Digresi

    at the entrance to the Great Plam, and encompassed ptoierr

    with mountains To the east, at a distance of 60 vurec:


    ^^^^•
    furlongs, is the Galilaean range to the south, 120
    ;

    furlongs off, lies Carmel to the north is the highest


    ;

    chain of all, called by the natives the " Ladder of the


    Tyrians," 100 furlongs away. At a distance of about
    two furlongs from the town runs the diminutive river
    Beleus** on its bank stands the tomb of Memnon,
    ;

    and close to it is a very remarkable region, a hun-


    dred cubits in extent. It consists of a circular basin
    which produces vitreous sand. Numerous boats put
    in to this spot and empty the basin of its sand, where-

    upon it is filled up again by the action of the winds,


    which, as if by design, drift into it the common sand
    outside, the latter being all promptly converted by
    this mine into vitreous matter. But the phenomenon
    which, to my mind, is even more remarkable, is that
    the excess particles of glass which overflow from the
    cavity become ordinary sand as before. Such are the
    curious properties of this spot.
    (3) The Jews assembled with their wives and Petrcn

    children in Ptolemais and implored


    the plain of Jewisn
    ^^ "^'°
    Petronius to have regard first for the laws of their
    fathers, and next for themselves. Yielding so far to
    this vast multitude and their entreaties, he left the
    " Belus in Tac. Hist. v. 7 and Pliny. N.H. xxxv). i90,
    modern Nahr Na'man.
    397
    JOSEPHUS
    duSpLavrag Kal ra? arpa~La<;^ iv YlroXeiiatSi AetVet,
    193 TrpoeXdojv^ Se ei? tyju VaXiXatav Kal ouyKaXeoa?
    ro T€ TrXrjOo'; Kal tous" yvajplpLov? TrdvTag et?
    TtjSeptaSa ri'-ju re 'Pajfiaicov 8te^r]6t hvvapLLV Kal
    Toi? Kaioapog aTreiAds-, eVt he rr]v d^lcooLv drr-
    194 i(j)aLvev dyfajfiova' 7rdvTa)V yap tojv vTToreray-
    p.€vojv idvayv Kara ttoXlv ovyKaOiSpuKorcDV rots
    dAAot? deoLS Kal ra? Kaioapog elKovas, ro fjLOvovg
    €K€Lwoug dvTirdoueoBaL Ttpos rovro ox^hov d<f)-
    Lorafievafv eli'ac Kal /xe^' v^peojg.
    195 (4-) Ta»i^ 8e rov v6p.ov Kal to Trdrptov edog
    TTporeivopLevajv Kal c6? ovhk Oeov tl hcLKT^Xov, ovx
    0770)? dvbpo?, ov Kara rov vaov fiovov dAA' ou8e
    cV eiVat'cu rLvl tottoj rrjg )(copag deodai depurov
    elrj, vrroXa^dju 6 YlerpcovLog
    " dAAd jjltjv Kal ifiol
    (f)vXaKr€Os d rovfiov heoTTorov vofiog," e<j>-q'

    Trapa^ds yap avrdv Kal (^eiod^evos vjjlojv


    TToXeiirjoeL 8' i3^a? d Treijupag
    dTToXovfjiai hiKaiajs.
    Kal OVK eya'j- Kal ydp avros, worrep Vfieis,
    IJ.€

    196 inLrdcrGopLaL." rrpog ravra ro ttXtjOos Trdur*


    e/Sda 77p6 rov vopiov Trdoxeiv iroipLw? ^X^^^'
    KaraareiXas 8' avrwv 6 Uerpcuvios rrjv ^ot'^v,
    ]9~ " TToXepLTjoere ," eiTrev, "
    dpa Kaioapt;" Kal 'lou-
    Satot TTtpt pL€u Kaloapos Kal rov h-qp-ou row
    'Pa>p.aLojv 6lg rr^s rjp.epa'; dveiv €<f)aGav, €t he
    ^ovXerat rd? eLKOvas eyKaOihpveLv, nporepov avrdv
    he'iv dvav rd ^Xovhaiujv edvos -npoBvoaaOai'
    TrapexeLv he o(j)ds avrov? eroipLovg els rr]v a<l)ayr]V
    198 dp.a reKi-OLS Kal yvvai^iv. errl rovroLS ^aO/ixa Kal
    OLKrog elofjei rov Y\erpdjviov rrjs re. dvvTTep^Xi^rov
    * So PAM : rrji- uff ffTpariay Kal roij<i di-opia^ras the rest.
    * C: -npoaiXduiv the rest.
    S98
    JEWISH WAR, II. 192-198 {cf ant. xviii. 269-271)

    statues and his troops at Ptolemais and advanced into


    Galilee, where he summoned the people, with all
    persons of distinction, to Tiberias. There he dwelt
    upon the power of the Romans and the emperor's
    menaces, and, moreover, pointed out the recklessness
    of their request all the subject nations, he urged,
    ;

    had erected in each of their cities statues of Caesar,


    along with those of their other gods, and that they
    alone should oppose this practice amounted almost to
    rebellion, aggravated by insult.
    (4) When the Jews appealed to their law and the
    custom of their ancestors, and pleaded that they were
    forbidden to place an image of God, much more of a
    man, not only in their sanctuary but even in any un-
    consecrated spot throughout the country, Petronius
    replied, " But I too must obey the law of my master ;

    if I transgress it and spare you, J shall be put to


    death, with justice. War will be made on you by
    him who sent me, not by me for I too, like you, am
    ;

    under orders." At this the multitude cried out that


    they were ready to endure everything for the law.
    Petronius, having checked their clamour, said, Will '

    you then go to war with Caesar ? " The Jews


    replied that they offered sacrifice twice daily for
    Caesar" and the Roman people, but that if he wished
    to set up these statues, he must first sacrifice the
    entire Jewish nation and that they presented them-
    ;

    selves, their wives and their children, ready for the


    slaughter. These words filled Petronius with aston-
    ishment and pity at the spectacle of the incomparable
    " Cf. Ap. ii. 77 with note. From the present passage we
    may infer that the daily sacrifice for the Emperor was offered
    partly at the morning, partly at the evening service.

    ^99
    JOSEPHUS
    OpriOKela^ lujv avhpchv koI rod vp6<; Odvarou
    €TOLfiou 77apaaTiqiJ.aT0^ . Kal Tore jiev aTrpaKToi

    199 (5) Taii 3' cfr)? ddp6ov<; re toi)? SLit^arou? kqt'


    IdLav Kai 70 TrXrjdo^ iv koluo) ouAAeycui^' TTore piev
    TiapeKaXei, vo-rk be ovve^o-vXevev , to ttMov ptevroL
    htrj-eiXei, r-qv re 'Ptu/xatcuv eTTavareLVOpLevos loxvv
    Kai TOi)? Vatou 6ufj.ov<; ttju re Ihiav Trpo? toutoi?
    200 di'dyKTqv. 7Tp6<; Be pr]heplav Trelpav evhihovTOiv,
    a»? eojpa Kal ttjv ^copau KLvhvvevovaav donopov
    Kara yap wpau oTTopov
    pLecuaL, TTevrrjKoura -qpiepag
    dpyd TTpoohierpL^ev avrtp rd TrXrjdrj, reXevralov
    201 ddpoLoas avrous Kal " TrapaKLvSvueureov ipLol
    pid\/\ou," elnoWy " rj yap rod 6eov ovvepyovuro?
    Tretaas" Kaiaapa GcoOrjOOfxat ped^ vpLcov rjBeoj?,
    t} vapo^vvdevros virep rooovrojv eroLfx<jj<; evihojooj
    r-qv ipLavrov ijjux'i'i^, hiac^rjKev rd 7TXrj6o<i ttoAAo,
    Kar€V\6peuou^ avjoj, Kal TrapaXa^oju rrju orparidu
    Ik rr)^ IlroXepatSog vneorpeihev €t? rrju ^Avtlo'
    202 ^eiai^. eudeu evOeuJS eTreoieXXev Kai'aapi r-qv re
    ifx^oX-rju r-qv els 'lovSatai^ eavrov Kal rds LKeaias
    rov edvovs, on 7e, el p.r) ^ovXerat vpd<; rol^
    dvbpdoii' Kal r-qv x^jpav dTToXeoai, deoL c^vXdrreiv
    re avroLS^ TOf vopLov Kal rtapievai rd TrpdoraypLa.
    203 ravraLS Tat? ov 0(i>6hpa pLerpiajs qpt-
    eTricroXals
    eypaijjev d Vdios, QTreiAoJi/ Werpojvlo)Bdvarov, on
    rdjv vpcGraypidroju avrou ^padv? VTTrjperr)? eyl-
    vero} dXXd rov? pev rovroju ypaix^aro(f)dpov<;
    oive^q )(eiiJ.aodr,uaL rpeU pTjUas ev rfj ^aAdacjTy,
    '
    (7l/\^f7<^TL;^ PA, whence ai\\i',f.v Destinon.
    • /noTd-xcM^nuf PA* ' Niese: avrous m33.
    * PA : t')i\>iTo the lest.
    400
    JEWISH WAR, II. 198-203 {cf. ant. xviii. 272-305)

    devotion of this people to their rehgion and their


    unflinching resignation to death. So for the time he
    dismissed them, nothing being decided.
    (5) During the ensuing days he held crowded
    private conferences " with the aristocracy, and public
    meetings with the people at these he had recourse
    ;

    alternatively to entreaty, to advice, most often, how-


    ever, to threats, holding over their heads the might
    of the Romans, the fury of Gains, and the necessity
    which circumstances imposed upon himself. As,
    however, none of these efforts would induce them to
    yield, and as he saw that the country was in danger
    —
    of remaining unsown for it was seed-time and the
    people had spent fifty ^ days idly waiting upon him
    — he finally called them together and said "It is :

    better that I should take the risk. Either, God


    aiding me, I shall prevail with Caesar and have the
    satisfaction of saving myself as well as you, or, if his
    indignation is roused, I am ready on behalf of the
    lives of so many to surrender my own." With that he
    dismissed the multitude, who rained blessings on his
    head, and collecting his troops left Ptolemais and
    returned to Antioch. From that city he hastened to
    report to Caesar his expedition into Judaea and the
    entreaties of the nation, adding that, unless he wished
    to destroy the country as well as its inhabitants, he
    ought to respect their law and revoke the order. To
    this dispatch Gains replied in no measured terms,
    threatening to put Petronius to death for his tardiness
    in executing his orders. However, it so happened
    that the bearers of this message were weather-bound
    for three months at sea, while others, who brought

    " These later conferences were held at Tiberias, A. xviii.


    269 ff, ^ 40 according to A. xviii. 272.
    401
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    rov 8e Vatov ddvarov aAAot KarayyeAAoi^re?
    ^vttXoovv. e(f)dr] yovv rag rrepl rovrojv Werpuj-
    uios eTTioroXas
    AajStui' €77ra kol e'lKoaiv T]/M€pat?
    r) ras" Kad^ eavrov.
    204 xi. (1) Vatov 8e r]y€yiov€VoavTO<; err] rpla Kal
    lirfvas OKTOJ KOL SoXo(l)Ovrj6€vrog dpTra^erat ijl€V

    VTTO TCOV iv 'PcOIJiTj OT paTeVpi6.T(jjV ^€LS TTjU dpX'Tj^Y


    205 KXavSiog , Tj he ovyKXr]ro?, e^qyov/JLevcov rcju
    VTrdrajv Hevriov Haropvivov Kal YlofiTTajvLOv Se-
    KovvSov, Tpialv rat? au/xjuevoucrai? aTretpats" €7n-
    rpeipaaa (f)vXdTTeLV rrjv ttoXlv els to ViaTreTcoXiov
    rjOpoLadr), Kal 8td rrjV wpLor-qra ttjv Vatou KAau-
    St'oj TToXefj-elv etprjcfyiCeTo- KaTaar-qoeodai yap hi
    dpiUTOKparia?, d'jo—ep ovv rrdXaL hiajKelro, rrju
    dpxqv Tj Kpivelv 4'v4'V "^^^ d^LOV rrjs -qyep^ovias
    206 (^) ^vvep-q [heY rrjVLKavra npos i-TTchrjpLoOvra
    Tov AypLTnTav ri'-jv re ovyKXrjrov KaXovaau €i?
    GupL^ovXlau TTefxipat Kal KXavhiov eV rrjg 7rape/x-
    jSoArys", OTTO)? 77p6? d heoL xPV^^^I^os avrols yevoiro.

    [KdKelvosY ovvLhojv TOV rjhr] rfj hwdfJieL Kaioapa


    207 TTpo? KXavhiOv aTTeiaiu. 6 8' avTOV Trpea^evT-qv
    npos Tr]v oijyKXrjTOV dvaTrepLTrei hrjXovvTa Tr)v
    eauTOV TTpoaipecnu, on Trpojrov p.ev aKOJV vtto twv
    orpaTLojTojv dprrayeiTj, Kal ouTe ttjv eKeivwv

    1 om. P. 2 om. PA.

    " Tn the account of this affair of Petronius A. xviji. apain

    enters much more into detail than B. ii. outstanding addi-:

    tions are the pro%'identiaI rainfall and the intercession of


    Agrippa with Gaius at Rome on behalf of the Jews.
    ' So A. xix. 201 ; in reality just o%er 3 years and 10
    months (16 March 37 to 24 January 41 a.h.)
    ' The story of the assassination is told at icngth from some

    402
    J. WAR, II. 203-207 {cf. ANT. xviii. 308, xix. 201, 236 ff.)

    the news of the death of Gaius, had a fortunate The temp


    passage. So Petronius received this last information ihedpatii
    twenty-seven days earher than the letter conveying J^^^^'j^^
    his own death-warrant."
    (xi. 1)/ When Gaius, after a reign of three years and
    Accession
    V, '
    - ® o CLAUDIUS,
    , , . ,

    eight months, ° was assassmated,^ the troops m


    .

    Home* rf

    carried off Claudius by force to make him emperor.


    But the senate, on the motion of the consuls, Sentius
    Saturninus and Pomponius Secundus, after entrusting
    the protection of the city to the three ^ cohorts that
    remained loyal to them, assembled in the Capitol and,
    on the ground of the savagery of Gaius, decreed war
    on Claudius they were determined either to revert
    ;

    to their former constitution as an aristocracy, or to


    elect by suffrage a leader worthy of the empire.
    (2) Agrippa was at the time in Rome, and, as Tmportan
    chance would have it, he received a summons alike by'^Agdpp
    from the senate, calling him into consultation, and as mediat
    from Claudius in the camp /; both parties solicited ciandms
    his services in this pressing emergency. Agrippa, ^"^^l^J^
    "
    reflecting that Claudius was already virtually em-
    peror with the power at his back, repaired to him.
    Claudius, thereupon, sent him off as his envoy to
    inform the senate of his sentiments. He Mas to
    state, in the first place, that it was against his will
    that he had been carried off by the soldiers at the;

    same time he considered it both unjust to betray

    first-hand authority in A. xix., where it fills more than half


    the book. In the accession of Claudius, Agrippa plays a
    larger part in B. than in A.
    " The praetorian guard. * Four according to A. xix. 188.

    ' Ttie praetorian camp established by Sejanus in a.d. 23

    on the N.E. of Rome, outside the ancient city, but afterwards


    included within the AureUan walls; the site is used to-day
    tor barracks for the Italian army.
    403
    . ,

    JOSEPHUS
    GTrovhrju eyKaraXivelv BiKaiov ovr€ aa^aAe? rr)v
    iavrou Kpivoi'
    '7V)(^-qv koI yap to tv^^Iv Tri<;

    208 rjy€iJ,ovLKrj<; KArjaeoj? iTTLKLuBvvov elvai- ineid^ on


    bioiKYjaet^ T-qu dpx'^^ wunep dyado^ vpoGTarr)^
    ovx ^5" apKelodat yap rfj rLfifj rrjg
    Tvpavvo?'
    77 poG-qyopias, Tr)V 8'
    e<^' eKaGTU) rojv vpayjidrtov

    ^ovXr]u TTaGiv dnohajGeiv' kgl yap et firj <f)VGeL


    pLeTpio? rjv, LKaiow VTToheiypia oaj(f)poGVi'r]g avro)
    TTpoKeiGOai Tov Vatov Qdvarov.
    209 (3) TaOr' aTTTJyyetAei' 'AyptTTTra?. tj he ^ovXr)
    d7T€Kpivaro Grparcp kgl yvcvfiats dyadal^
    Kai
    Tenoidvla hovXeiav Ikovgiov ovx VTrofievelv. /cat
    KAai'Sto? (!)<; rJKOVGeu to. Trapd rrj^ ^ovXrjg, TrdXiv
    rov * AypLTTTTau aTTayyeXovi'Ta avTOi^ on
    €-€fjnlj€v
    TTpohovvai p-kv rov? el? avrou opLOuorjGavra?^ ov^
    VTTOpLeVOL, TToXeiJLrjGeLV S' aKCOU VpO? OV? TjKlGTa
    210 ^ovXoLTo. Selv jievroL 7Tpoa7ToheL\0rjvai toj tto-
    Xefxcp xcxjpiov e^oj ttj? voXecj?' ov yap oglov hid
    TTju avTojv KaKO^ovXiav 6pL0({)vXa) (f)6i>cp pLLaiveodai
    TQ repLevrj ttj? Trarpiho?. 6 p-kv ovv ct/<:ouaas
    ravra rot? ^ovXevral? dTTViyyeiXev
    211 fi) Mera^ti he rcou /ierd rrjg GvyKXrjTOV GTpa-
    nojTcov ns GTraodpLevo? to ^i^o? " dvhpe?,'
    e^orjGev, " GVorpanajTai, Tt TraOoure? dheX(j)0-
    KTOvelv ^ouX6p.e6a Kai Kara rcoi^ p-erd \\Xavhioi
    ouyyevojv 6pp.dv, e^ovre? p.ev avroKpdropa p.rjhei
    p.€p.(f)6rji>aL hvidfievou, rooavra he rd StVaia 77p6«
    212 ous" pierd rcov p.eXXop.ev " ravrc
    67tXcoi> xojpelv ;

    ^ bLOLK-qaoL L\ R. ^ oatcavTCi L\ RC.


    ° There is no verb in the Greek ; Reinach suspects thi
    text.
    * Or, with the other reading, " had sworn fidelity to him.'

    404
    JEWISH WAR, II. 207-212 (cf. ant. xix. 246-254 ff.)

    such devoted supporters and unsafe (to abandon) ^


    the fortune which had befallen him, for the mere fact
    of having received the imperial title entailed risks.
    Agrippa was further to state that he would govern
    the empire as a virtuous ruler and not as a tyrant ;

    he would be content with the honour of the title, and


    on all public affairs would consult the whole people ;

    indeed, were he not by nature inclined to moderation,


    the fate of Gaius would serve as a sufficient warning
    to him to act with discretion.
    (3) To this message, delivered by Agrippa, the
    senate replied that, relying on the army and the
    wisdom of their own resolutions, they would not
    submit to voluntary servitude. When Claudius
    heard this answer of the senate, he again sent
    Agrippa to tell them that he would not consent to
    betray those who had unanimously elected him,^ and
    must therefore reluctantly fight those who were the
    last persons in the world he wished to have as his
    enemies. It would, however, he said, be necessary
    to select for the conflict some spot outside the city,
    as it would be monstrous that their obstinate per-
    versity should cause the sacred precincts of their
    country to be polluted with her children's blood.
    Agrippa noted and delivered this message to the
    senators.
    (4) In the midst of these negotiations one of the
    soldiers who had adhered to the senate, drawing his
    sword, cried out :
    " Comrades in arms, what has
    possessed us that we should wish to murder our
    brothers and to rush upon our kinsmen in the ranks
    of Claudius, when we have an emperor with whom
    no fault can be found and are united by such close
    ties with those against whom we propose to take the

    405
    JOSEPHUS
    elTTOjv 8td fiearjs (Lpfjurjaev rij? ^ovXijs Trdvra?
    rovs GVGrpaTLcora? €(f)eXK6fX€i'og. ol 8' evnarplSaL

    TrapaxpTifJ^OL piev rrpog tyju drroXenpLv 77ept8eoj?

    ea^ov, avdtg 8' oj? d—oorpo<f)rj ocor-qpLo? ov


    Kare(f)aLV€TO , rrjv tow orparLcurow ohov -qTreiyovro

    213 TTpos KAai;8toy. VTTrjVTOJv 8' avrol? Trpo rod


    TELXOus yvpLVol? Tols ^L(I)€GLV OL O(j>ohp6repov
    KoXaKevovreg rrjv Tuxr/i^' Kau ouue^rj KLvhvvevaat
    rovs TTpodyovras Trplv yvojvai rrjv oppirjw tow
    GTpaTLCJTOJV KXavdLOV, €t pLTj Trpoobpafxdw WypLTT-
    77a? avTOj TO KLvbvvevpLa r-qg rrpd^eoj? iSriXajoeu,
    OTi re et pLTj Kardoxot ttjv opji-qv tcou inl Tovq
    evTTaTpidas XeXvGGr^Korojv , drroXeGa? 8t' ou? to
    Kparelv eon rrepLOTrrov iprjixiag €golto /SacriAeu?.
    21 -i (o) Taur' dxrouVas- KAau8tos- Kareox^^ rag
    Opjxds TOV GT par LOJT LKOV , 7TpOGhe\€TaL T€ TTjV

    GvyKXrjTOV elg to GTpaTOTrehov Kal (f)LXo(f)poviiGd-

    ptevog ^ili^i- ^^v avTolg aurtVa Ovgow tco deep


    215 ra Trept tt}? -qyep-OPtag ;)(aptCTTrJpta. Kal tov
    ^ AypLTTTiav evdeoj? idojpelTO ttj TraTpojq. ^aaiAeia
    TTdGTj, 77 poGTLdelg e^ojSev Kal Ta? utt' AvyovGrov
    hoBeiGas 'Hpoj8r) Tpa\ojvlTiv Kal kvpavlTtv,
    Xojpl<; 8e TOVTOjv eVepar-- jSacriAetav ttjv Xvoaviov
    216 KaXovfxevTiv . Kal toj jxkv h-qp-to biaTdypiaTL T-qv

    hojpedv iSrjXov, tols dpxovoLV 8e rrpoGCTa^ev


    iyxoipd^avTag deXroL'; ^(aAKar? ttju Sogiv clg to
    217 KaTreTojXtov dvadelpai. bojpelraL 8' avTOV Kai

    406
    JEWISH WAR, II. 212-217 {cf. ant. xix. 263-277)

    field ? " With those words he rushed through the


    midst of the senate, with all his fellow-soldiers at his
    heels. At were moment-
    this desertion the patricians
    arily struck with dismay then, perceiving no other
    ;

    refuge to which to turn, they followed the soldiers and


    hastened to Claudius. Outside the walls they found
    themselves faced by the more hot-headed courtiers
    of fortune, with bared swords, and the lives of the
    leaders of the party would have been imperilled before
    Claudius even knew of the fury of the soldiers,
    had not Agrippa run to him and told him of the
    perilous situation and that unless he checked the
    impetuosity of the troops, who were mad against
    the patricians, he would lose the very men who
    lent lustre to his sovereignty and be left monarch
    of a v/ilderness.
    (5) On receiving this message, Claudius repressed Agrippa
    the fury of the soldiers, admitted the senators to his ot^j^i^jae"
    camp, and, after warmly greeting them, went off
    with them without delay to sacrifice thank-offerings
    to God on his accession to the empire. Upon
    Agrippa he forthwith conferred the whole of his
    grandfather's kingdom, annexing to it from over
    the border not only the districts of Trachonitis and
    Auranitis of which Augustus had made a present to
    Herod," but a further principality known as the king-
    dom of Lysanias.'' This donation he announced to
    the people by an edict, and ordered the magistrates
    to have it engraved on brazen tablets to be deposited
    in the Capitol. He, moreover, presented Herod,
    " B. i. 398.
    ''
    Abila (north-west of Damascus) and parts of Lebanon
    i.e.
    {A. xix. 275). Caligula had alreadj^ given Agrippa " the
    tetrarchy of Lysanias " (^. xviii. 237); Claudius merely con-
    firms this gift.
    407
    JOSEPHUS
    rov a8eA<;66v 'Hpcvbiqv, 6 S' avrog Kal yafifipog
    rjv BepuLKT) ovvotKOJi', jSacTiAeta rfj XaAK'tot.
    218 (6) Tax€cu? S', oj? av eV TOcrauTr;? ap;(7)?,
    TrAoiiTo? 'Aypt7777a ovveppei, Kal tol? \p-qixaaiv
    auTO? ou/<: ctV piaKpau^ Karey^priaaro' T-qXiKOvrov
    yap Tols 'lepoGoXvpLOL? Trepi^aXelv Tjp^aro r€LXO?,
    TjXiKOu ai^ reAea^ei' dvrjVVTOv 'Pcu^aatotb e7TOL7]a€v
    219 TT]!^ TToXiopKtau. dAA' e<^^7^ Trptp- vipojaai to epyov
    reXevr-qoa? ev Kaiaapeta, /^c/SacrtAeuKco? /xei^ err]
    rpta, TTporepou 8e tcui^ T^-rpapxicLv rpiolv eTepot?
    220 ereoLU ac^riy-qGapLevo? KaraXeiTreL Se rpet? /ixei/
    .

    duyarepas €k KvTrpov yeyevvrjjjLevag, BepvLK-qv Kal


    Mapta/x/x77i' Kat Apouat'AAai^, uioi' Sc eV rr^s" avTrjg
    ^AypLTTTTav. ov TTauraTTaoLV oi^to? utjttlov ttolXlv
    TQ? paaiXeLag KAat-dio? eVap^^tav 770trjaa9 eVt-
    rpOTTOU 7TefJi7T€L KoVOTTLOl' ^ddov, e7T€LTa Tl^€pLOV
    ^AXe^aubpou, OL fJiiqSev TrapaKtvovvreg rcov im-
    221 ;(CL>pttut' iOcov €v elpTjvri to edvo? Stec^vAa^ap'. /Lxerd
    ravra Kal 6 ^aotXevwu rrjs XaA/<tSo? *Hpa»Sr/?
    TeAeuTOL, /caraAtTTOji^ 6k /u.ep' ri^g dSeA^tS?^? Bep-
    VLKr]<; hvo 77ar8a? Bepi^tKiap'Oi' T€ /cat 'Tp/cav'dt', cV
    Sc T7]? TTpoTepas Maptd/z/xT]? 'Apiard^ouAot'. re-
    ^ pttKpi Hudson from Lat. "in rebus exiguis."
    "Bernice was Herod's second wife he had previously ;

    married Mariamme, grand-daughter of Herod the Great


    {A. xviii. 134).
    On the north of the city, to enclose the suburb Bezetha
    ''

    or " new city " (B. v. 151 ff^ J. xix. 326).


    The work was stopped, before Agrippa's death, by
    •^

    Marsus, the governor of Svria, under orders from Claudius


    {B. V. 152, A. xix. 326 f.)
    <*
    A more precise statement is given in A. xix. 351. He
    reigned four years in all under Gaius (37-41 and three under )

    Claudius (41-44); for the first three years under Gaius he


    408
    J.WAR,II.217-221(c/A.xix. 277,326,343ff.,xx.l00fF.)

    who was at once the ^tu er and, by his marriage with and his
    Bernice, the son-in-law of Agrippa,'^ with the kingdom ^Trod^^k
    ofChalcis. ol Cha'lci

    (6) From so extensive a realm wealth soon flowed Reign an(

    in to Agrippa, nor w^as he long in expending his^^j^rmja]


    riches. For he began to surround Jerusalem with
    a wall^ on such a scale as, had it been completed,
    would have rendered ineffectual all the efforts of the
    Romans in the subsequent siege. But before the
    work had reached the projected height, he died'' at a.d. 44.
    Caesarea, after a reign of three years, to which must
    be added his previous three years' tenure of his
    tetrarchies.^ He left issue by his wife Cypros,^
    —
    three daughters Bernice, Mariamme, and Drusilla
    — and one son, Agrippa. As the last was a minor/ Judaea
    Claudius again reduced the kingdoms to a province uf^ier'^'^^
    and sent as procurators, first Cuspius Fadus,^ and procurau
    then Tiberius Alexander,'^ who by abstaining from
    all interference with the customs of the country kept
    the nation at peace. Subsequently Herod, king of Death of
    Chalcis, died ;he left by his marriage with his niece of chaicii
    Bernice, two sons, Bernicianus and Hyrcanus, and*-''-^^*
    by his previous wife, Mariamme, a third, Aristobulus.
    held the tetrarchies of Philip and Lysanias, for the fourth he
    held that of Herod Antipas as well. His " reign " in the
    present passage is limited to his tenure of the whole kingdom
    of Herod the Great.
    * Daughter of Phasael, the nephew, and of Salampsio, the

    daughter of Herod the Great {A. xviii. 130 f.)


    '^
    He was seventeen years old {A. xix. 354).
    » c. A.D. 44-45.
    ''
    c. A.D. 46-48. Of a distinguished Jewish family of
    Alexandria, son of the Alabarch Alexander and nephew
    of Philo; renounced Judaism to tal<e service under the
    Romans, as procurator of Judaea, as prefect of Egypt (ii.
    309), and as chief of the general staff of Titus at the siege of
    Jerusalem (vi. 237).
    409
    JOSEPHUS
    6vqK€L S' auTOj Kal erepo? aj^eX<f)6^ ^ Apioro^ovkos
    222 IdLioTTj^ KaraXtTTcov ^lojra.Trrji' dvyarepa. ovroi
    Hev ovv rjoav, cu? TrpoelTTOv, WpLGro^ovXou tov
    ^Wpwhov TratSe?, 'AptcrTo^ouAo? 8e koX 'AAef-
    ai'S/jo? eV Mapta/x/xT7S' 'HpcoST^ yeydp'eto-ai^ utet?,
    ou? o TTarrjp dvelXev tj he WXc^dvSpov yeved rrj?
    lJi€ydXrj^ ^ApfjLeviag ijSaoLXeuoey.
    2:3 (xii. 1) MeTCL 8e rrju 'YipwSov reXeur-qv, o?
    r)PX^ '^^S" XaAKt'So?, Kadior-qGLV KXavStos els
    rrjv ^aoiXelav rov deiov rov ^AyptTTTrav vldv
    ^ AypiTTTTa' rrjg 8' dXXrjs eTrapx^'O.? StaSexerai rrjv
    €77 LT pOTTT^V
    (1770 AXe^dvhpOV KoU/XaVOS", €(/)' OU
    ^

    dopv^OL re rjp^avro Kal (f)dopd rrdXiV ^lovhalcov


    224 iyevero. ouveX-qXvdoros ydp rod TrXrjOovg inl
    rrjv eoprrjv tojp' dCvfjLcov els ^lepoaoXvfJLO Kal rrjs"
    'Poj/xai'/crj? OTreipa? virep T-qv tov Upov crrodv
    i(f)€Gra)Gr]?, evorrXoL 8' del rds eoprds 7Tapa(j}vXdr-
    TOVGLV, ojs jjL-q TL veojrepil,OL ro ttXtjOos rjOpoL-
    GiievoVy elg -rt? tojv Grpariajrwu dvaGvpdfxevos r-qv
    eGdrjra Kal KaraKvipa? dGX'qP'dvoJS TrpoGaireGrpe-
    ipev TOt? 'louSatot? ttjv ehpav Kal to) gx'^'^P^o.tl
    225 o/xoiW e7Te(f)dey^aTo. Trpog tovto aTrav
    (f)a)i''qv

    TO TiXrjBos TjyavdKTrjGev, Kal Kare^ocov tov


    fiev
    Kovfjiavov KoXdleLV tov gt paT lajT-qv ol he tjttov ,

    vq^ovTes Twv vecjjv Kal to (f>vGei GTaGLwhes eK


    TOV eduov? exojpovv errl p.dx'qVy XiOovs re dpTrd
    226 oavTes enl tovs GTpaTicoTag e^aXXov. Kal Kov-
    " i.e. of A^'rippa.
    *•
    Called after her mother, a princess of Emesa {A. xviii.
    135).
    Agrippa, Herod of Chalcis, Aristobulus.
    *

    Alexander II and Tigranes. Tigranes was made king


    <*

    of Armenia by Augustus, but was soon deposed; anothei


    410
    JEWISH WAR, II. 221-^26 ( = ant. xx. 104-109)

    Another brother,'^ Aristobulus, died in private station,


    leaving a daughter Jotape.*' These three,'' as I have
    previously stated, were the children of Aristobulus,
    son of Herod Aristobulus and Alexander were the
    ;

    issue of Herod's marriage with Mariamme and


    were put to death by their father. The posterity
    of Alexander became kings of Greater Armenia.*^
    (xii. 1) After the death of Herod, sovereign of Agnppa i

    °^
    Chalcis, Claudius kingdom to his)!,'"",
    presented
    Chalcis.
    his
    A •
    A . f A •

    nephew Agnppa, son or Agnppa. As


    I
    procurator or cnmanus
    the rest of the province (Tiberius) Alexander was procuratc
    1 1
    succeeded by Lumanus *
    1 /-I
    under his admmistration
    ;
    48-5 II- 1 . • •
    A.D.

    disturbances broke out, resulting in another ^ large


    loss of Jewish lives. The usual crowd had assembled sedition ;

    at Jerusalem for the feast of unleavened bread, and Jerusaien


    r. ^'^ Passov
    • •

    the Koman cohort had taken up its position on the caused bj


    I I I I I 1

    roof of the portico of the temple for a body of men oVa^Rom


    ;

    in arms invariably mounts guard at the feasts, to soldier.


    '^

    prevent disorders arising from such a concourse of


    people. Thereupon one of the soldiers, raising his
    robe, stooped in an indecent attitude, so as to turn
    his backside to the Jews, and made a noise in keeping
    with his posture.^ Enraged at this insult, the whole
    multitude with loud cries called upon Cumanus to
    punish the soldier some of the more hot-headed
    ;

    young men and seditious persons in the crowd started


    a fight, and, picking up stones, hurled them at the
    Tigranes, son of Alexander IF, was given the same kingdom
    by Nero {A. xviii. 139 f., cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 3).
    * Ventidius Cumanus (Tac. Ann. xii. 54).

    'Cf. B. ii. 51.


    " We
    cannot infer from the present tense, as Reinach does,
    the use of a source anterior to a.d. 70 ; cf. the similar use of
    this tense in Ap. ii. 193 (note).
    '*
    Reinach appositely quotes Horace, Sat. i. 9. 69 "hodie
    tricesima sabbata : vin tu curtis ludaeis oppedere ?"
    |

    411
    JOSEPHUS
    /xavo? 8et<7a9, ji-q tov X
    opfMrj yevoLTO, TrAet'ou? OTrAtVa? fieranefJi^TTeTaL.
    Se rat? aroat? i-nixeoyLevajv ^o^os ifiTTLTTTei
    rajv
    TOLS 'louSat'ots- o.KardGX€ro<; kol rpaTreure? eV ,

    227 rod Upov hi€(j)€vyov ei? tt^i^ ttoXlv. rooavrr] he


    TTepl ras" i^ohous ^lol ovvojdoujjievajv iyevero,
    ware TTarrjdevra? vtt' aXXriXaw kol owTpi^evra';
    VTTep 7pia}j.vpiov<;^ aTToBaveiv, yevlodai 8e j-qv
    ioprr]v nevdo^ ixkv oXcp ro) eOvei, Bprjvov he KaO'
    iKaarr^v OLKiav.
    228 (2) MereAa/LtjSap'ei' he ravrrjv rrjv ov(j.<^opav
    [aAAo?i^ XrjGrpLK6<i Oopv^os Kara yap ttjv Bat- -

    dojpoj hr]piO(jLau dvohou^ llr€(f)duou riv6<; SovXou


    Kaicrapo? dTTOGKevrjV KOfJLiCofJLeviqv hiriprfaGav Xtj- 1.

    229 OTol 'HpoGTTeGovre';. Koujuai^o? hk 7T€pi7Teixijja<; rov? |:

    eV rojv TrXrjGiOV KOjp,a)u Secr/xcoTa? eKeXevGev


    dvdyeGdai 7rp6? avrou, imKaXajv on pLT) hico^avres
    TOi)? Ar^ara? GvXXd^oiev. evBa rojv GTparLcorojv
    TLS eupojv €v rivi Kojpurj tov lepov vo^iov hteppq^ev
    23U T€ TO ^l^Xlov Kal els rtvp Kare^aXev. 'JouSatoi
    he cu? oXtjs avTols ttjs )(^djpas KaTa(f)XeyeLGr]s
    GVvexvdrjGav, Kal Kaddrrep opyduu) rivl rfj Setcrt-
    hatpbovia ovveXKOfievoL rrpo? ev Kiqpvyp^a Trdvres
    elg KaLodpetav eTrl Koupiavop Gvvehpapiov, iKerevov-
    res TOV ovTOJS els tov deov Kal tov v6p,ov avTon
    231 e^u^piGavTa p,r] Trepuhelv dTLp.ujpiqTOV. 6 he
    ov yap TjpepLeL to ttXyjOos, el p.r) tv^ol napa-
    * PAM Lfit. (Ens.): rot-s m' ,'^1'" J the rest duo u-vpLddes A.
    : \\.

    « om.M Lat. ^ p^^ L^t. 656*' the rest.


    :

    " 20,000 according to J. xx. 112.


    ''
    The two Bethhorons (Upper and Lower), some ten anc
    twelve miles respectively north-west of Jerusalem, on th«

    412
    JEWISH WAR, IF. 226-231 ( = ant. xx. 110-117)

    troops. Cumanus, fearing a general attack upon


    himself, sent for reinforcements. These troops
    pouring into the porticoes, the Jews were seized with
    irresistible panic and turned to fly from the temple
    and make their escape into the town But such
    violence was used as they pressed round the exits
    that they were trodden under foot and crushed to
    death by one another upwards of thirty thousand
    ;
    **

    perished, and the feast was turned into mourning


    for the whole nation and for every household into
    lamentation.
    (2) This calamity was followed by other disorders, The affair
    originating with brigands On the public road lead- "/,o?an-,tii
    ing up to Bethhoron ° some brigands attacked one ofScnptu
    Stephen, a slave of Caesar, and robbed him of his
    baggage. Cumanus, thereupon, sent troops round
    the neighbouring villages, with orders to bring up the
    inhabitants'' to him in chains, reprimanding them for
    not having pursued and arrested the robbers. On
    this occasion a soldier, finding in one village a copy
    of the sacred law, tore the book in pieces and flung
    it into the fire.'* At that the Jews were roused as
    though it were their whole country which had been
    consumed in the flames and, their religion acting like
    ;

    some instrument^ to draw them together, all on the


    first announcement of the news hurried in a body to

    Cumanus at Caesarea, and implored him not to leave


    unpunished the author of such an outrage on God
    and on their law. The procurator, seeing that the
    multitude would not be pacified unless they obtained
    main road to Joppa, famous in history : the defile was the
    scene of the defeat of Cestius described below {B. ii. 546 ff.).
    " A. XX. 114, *' the notables."
    " The burnina: of the book is not mentioned in A.

    *^ Or, as we should say, a magnet.

    413
    JOSEPHUS
    yLvBiaSy ri$LOV T€ Trpoayeiv rov orpariujr-qv Koi
    Sia fieocnu tojv aiTLOJixivajv OLTra^driv at rrjv IttI

    davdro) KeXevei. Kal 'louSatot fiev dvexojpovv.


    232 (3) Au^i? Se VaXiXaiojv Kal T^afiapdoju ytVerat
    ovf.i^oXrj. Kara yap VT^fiau KaXovjieviqv KcopLr^v,
    rjTLg eV tw fieydXoj TreSttu KeiTai rrjg HafiapeiTthog,
    TToXXcov di'a^aLUOUTcov ^lovSaicou enl rrju ioprrjv
    233 diatpeLTai FaXiXalog^ Trpog tovto TrXeloroL
    Tt?
    jxeu €K rrjg TaAtAata? Gvvihpapiov ojs TToXefx-qoovres
    Tols ^anapevoLV, ol yvcopLfioi 8' avrojv iXdovre?
    TTpos Kovptauov rjVTL^oXovv, TTplu dvTjKeGrov TrdOov^
    €LS T-qv VaXiXaiav hia^dvra nfiajprjaaoOaL rovg
    aLTLOv^ rod <j>6vov' f^LOvujs yap dv ovrojg bLaXvdrjvaL
    irpo TToXefjLOu ro TTXrjdoS' Kou/^at'O? pikv ovv iv
    SevTepoj ra? €K€lvojv LKeoias rcou iu y^epoi^ Trpay-
    pdrojv dip-evo^ dnpaKTov^ d-neTrepupev rov? iK^rag.
    234 (!•) IKyyeXdkv 8e et? 'iepocroAu/xa to TrdOo? rov
    ^

    7T€(f)OU€ViJ.€uov TO. nX-qdr) GVi'€Tdpa^€u Kal ttJ? loprrf^


    d(l)€p€VOL -npos Tr)U 'Lap.dpeiav e^wpfioiv dorparrj
    yrjTOL Kal p-Tj^evl rcou dp\6vTa)v Kari^ovri 7T€l66
    235 fievoL. Tov XrjGrpLKOU 8' auroiv /cat GraGLOjhovg
    AeivaLOV Ttb uio? 'EAea^apo? Kal 'AAe^av8pos"
    (i^TjpXov, ol TOt? ofMopoL? Trjs ^ AKpa^aTiqvrj? ron-
    apxi-o.5 7tpog7T€g6vt€S avrovs re dvrjpovv p,r)hep.Lds
    'qXiKias (peiboj 7T0L0vp.€V0L Kal rds koj/j-q? ii'eTTip,-
    vpaoav.
    ^ For ttoWCjv . . . dvaip. T(s FaXiXatoj PAM have ttoXXo.
    Tiif . , . dfaipoCi/Tat (accommodation to yl. xx. WX'r).
    2 Xfipi PAM.
    * Tacitus, A7in. xii. 54-, irives a different account of tht
    events recorded in (3)-(7) (Keinach). According to hiir
    Cumanus was governor of Galilee and Felix of Samaria.
    " Ginae {A xx. US), Ginaea {B. iii. 48), where it is namec
    .

    414-
    JEWISFI WAR, II. 231-235 ( = ant. xx. 117-121)

    satisfaction, thought fit to call out the soldier and


    ordered him to be led to execution through the ranks
    of his accusers. On this the Jews withdrew.
    (3) Next came a conflict between the Galilaeans Battle
    between
    and the Samaritans.** At a village called Gema,^ Jews and
    p o /^ 1 1

    situate in the great plain of Samaria, a Galilaean, one Samaritan


    of a large company of Jews on their way up to the Jf mu?d°er
    festival, was murdered.'' Thereupon, a considerable of a
    crowd assembled in haste from Galilee with the in-
    tention of making war on the Samaritans mean- ;

    while, the notables of the country went off to Cuma-


    nus, and entreated him, ere any irreparable mischief
    was done, to repair to Galilee and punish the per-
    petrators of the murder, as that was the only means
    of dispersing the crowd before they came to blows.
    Cumanus, however, treating their request as less
    important than other affairs on his hands,^ dismissed
    the petitioners without any satisfaction.
    (4) When the news of the murder reached Jeru-
    salem, the masses were profoundly stirred, and,
    I
    abandoning the festival, they dashed off to Samaria,
    without generals and without listening to any of the
    j
    magistrates who sought to hold them back. The
    brigands and rioters among the party had as their
    eaders Eleazar, son of Deinaeus, and Alexander,*
    I

    jvvho, falling upon the borderers of the toparchy of

    I
    \crabatene,-^ massacred the inhabitants without
    jlistinction of age and burnt the villages.

    IS the northern frontier of Samaria, En-gannim of the Old


    Testament (Jos. xix. 21), mod. Jenin ;at the head of the
    reat Plain of Esdraelon. With the incident cf. Luke ix. 52 f.
    * According to A. xx. 1 18 several pilgrims were murdered.
    A. says " bribed by the Samaritans."
    <*

    • Alexander is not mentioned in A,


    f South-east of Shechem.

    415
    JOSEPHUS
    236 (5) Kou/xai'O? 5e dvaXa^cou (itto rrj<; Kataapeta?
    fitau iX-qv LTTTTeojv KaXovfievrjv He^aorrji'coif i^e-
    ^OTjdeL rots 7TopdovfJL€voL<i, Kal Tcjv TTepl Tov 'EAea-
    lapov TToAAou? fjL€V ovvlXa^ev TrXeLorov? 8' dn-
    ,

    237 eKT€LV€v. Trpo? 8e to Xolttov ttXtjOo? tcov TToXefJielv


    TOt? T.afiap€VOiv copfirjjjLevoju ol dpxovTeg rcoi'
    '\€pocroXvijLa)v iKhpajiovreg oaKKOvg d/x7re;(o/L/,ep'ot
    Kal T€<f)pav TOW KccpaXcov Karax^ovre? LKerevov
    dvaxcopeli^, Kal jxtj 8td ttjv et? Sa^apet? djivvav
    €771 'lepoCToAu/xa *Pa)p,aLovs Trapo^vvew, iXerjoai re
    Trjv TTarpiha Kal rov vaov, reKva re Kal yvvalKa?
    Ihta?, a TTavra Kivhvvev^iv St* ivos eKhiKiav FaAt-
    23^ Aatou 77
    a paTToXio 9 at. tovtols TretoOei'Tes 'louSaiot
    bL^XvOrjaav. erpdnovro he 77oAAot 77pos' Xr)OT€Lav
    hid TTju aSetav, Kal Kara Trdaav
    xcopav dprrayai rrjV
    239 T£ Tjoav Kal rcbv 6paovTepa>v eTravaoTaoeis. Kal
    rcuv Hafiapeajv ol hvvarol Trpog Ou^tjuiStof Kova
    hpdrov, OS rjv r^yepLOJV Trjg ^vpiag, et? Tvpov Trapa-
    yevojjLeuoL hiK-qv Tivd Trapd tojv TTopdrjodvrcov ttji
    240 y^ajpav Tj^iovv Xa^eiv. Trapovreg he Kal ol yvco-
    pijioi Ttov ^\ovhaLa>v Kal 6 dpxt^pevg 'lojya^ry?
    vlos ^Avdvov Kardp^at fiev eXeyov rrj? Tapaxq-
    Hafiapeag hid rov (f)6i'OV, atrLOV he rcJjv dTTO^e^-q
    KGTOjv Kof/xavoi^ yeyovivai, prj OeX-qcravra rod*:
    avdevra? rov o<^ayev7os eTte^eXBeZv.
    241 (6) \\ovahpdTO? he Tore fiev eKarepovg VTrep
    TiOeraL (f)rjoag, erteihav els tovs tottovs Trapa
    yevTiTai, hiepevvrjoeLV eKaura, avdis he TrapeXOoj

    ° Lat. ala.
    ^ See ii. 52 (note) : J. adds " and four companies (rd-)
    fxara, ? cohorts) of infantry."
    ' Later the first victim of the slcarli, § 256.
    416
    JEWISH WAR, II. 236-241 ( = ant. xx. 122-129)

    (5) Cumanus, taking with him from Gaesarea a


    troop of cavalry known as " Sebastenians," * now
    °
    set off to the assistance of the victims of these
    ravages he made prisoners of many of Eleazar's
    ;

    companions and killed a yet larger number. As for


    the rest of the party who had rushed to war with the
    Samaritans, the magistrates of Jerusalem hastened
    after them, clad in sackcloth and with ashes strewn
    upon their heads, and implored them to return home
    and not, by their desire for reprisals on the Samaritans,
    to bring down the wrath of the Romans on Jerusalem,
    but to take pity on their country and sanctuary, on their
    own wives and children all these were threatened
    ;

    with destruction merely for the object of avenging


    the blood of a single Galilaean. Yielding to these
    remonstrances the Jews dispersed. Many of them,
    however, emboldened by impunity, had recourse to
    robbery, and raids and insurrections, fostered by
    the more reckless, broke out all over the country.
    The leading Samaritans, accordingly, went off to
    Tyre to see Ummidius Quadratus, the governor of
    Syria, and urged him to punish the authors of these
    depredations. The Jewish notables, including the
    high-priest Jonathan,^ son of Ananus, also presented
    themselves, and maintained that it was the Samari-
    tans, by the murder in question, who had originated
    the disturbance, but that the responsibility for all
    that ensued lay with Cumanus for refusing to take
    proceedings against the assassins.
    (6) Quadratus, at the moment, deferred giving a interven
    reply to either party, telling them that when he Quadrate
    visited the district he would investigate the parti- governor
    '

    culars ; subsequently he proceeded to Caesarea,'* " ^"

    «* " To Samaria " {A. xx. 129).


    VOL. II P 417
    JOSEPHUS
    et? KatadpeLav tov<; vtto Kovixavov i,ajyprjddvTa?
    242 dvearavpcxjaev Travras. eKelOev els AuSSa irapa-
    y€v6fJL€vo<; ttolXlu Sli]kovg€v rujv Sa/xapetov', kol
    fieraTTepufjoLfievog OKrajKaideKa tojv ^lovhaLotv, ovs
    i7T€7Tvoro pLeT€a\r]K€.vaL ttjs fidx'T)?, TreXeKei 8t-
    8uo 8' irepovg rojv hwaTajraroju Kal
    243 ex^i-pLoaro.
    Tovs dpxL€pel<; ^YojvdOriv Kal ^Avaviav, rov re
    Tovrov TTalha "Avavov Kal nvag aAAous" ^lovbaiajv
    yvcopLjiovs dve7T€fjnJj€v €7tI Kalaapa, 6fxoLOj<; §€
    244 /cat T^a/jLapecvv rovs eir i<j)av ear dr ovs . TraprjyyeLXev
    be Kal Kovfiavco Kal KeXepu tw ;^tAiap;(a> TrAett'

    €771 'P(jofir)<; hujoovra? KAauStoj \6yov vrrep toju


    yeyevrjfievcxjv. ravra hiaTTpa^dfievo? drro Xvhhcov
    dve^aivev el? 'lepoaoXufia, Kal KaraXa^ojv ro
    7TXi]6o? dyov r-qv tujv d^vp-cov eoprrjv ddopiJ^aj<;
    els 'AyTto;^eiai' eTrav^eL.
    245 (7) Kara he rrjv 'PcofirjV Kalaap dKovoa<;
    Kovfxavov Kal ^afiapeajv , Traprjv he Kal WypirTTras
    eKdvfioj? V7TepayowLl,6fjLevo<; ^lovhaloju, eTreLhrj Kal
    K.ovjj.ai'a) TToXXol row hvvarwv Trapioravro, Za/xa-
    peojv fJLev Karayvov<; rpels dveXelv Trpoaera^ev rov?
    246 hvvarojrdrovg , Kovfiavov he e(f)vyddevoev. KeXepa
    he heGficoriqv dvaTre/jnljag el? 'lepoooXvfJLa irapa-
    hoOrivai 'lofSatot? rrpo? alKiav eKeXevoev Kal
    TTeptovpeura r-qv ttoXlv ovrco rrju Ke(f)aXrjv dwo-
    KOTTrjvai.
    247 (8) Mera ravra 'louSata? iJ-ei' ertirpoTTOv OryAt/ca
    rov WdXXavro? dheX(j>6v eK-ep-rrei rrfs re 2a/xa-
    pela? Kal VaXiXaia? Kal [lepala?, eK he rrj?

    41 S
    JEWISH WAR, II. 241-247 ( = ant. xx. 129-137)

    where he crucified all the prisoners taken by Cumanus.


    From there he went on to Lydda, where he gave
    another hearing to the Samaritans. He then sent
    for eighteen" Jews, who, as he was informed, had
    taken part in the combat, and had them beheaded.
    He sent up to Caesar, along with two other persons
    of the highest eminence, the high-priests Jonathan
    and Ananias, Ananus,^ the son of the latter, and
    some other Jewish notables, together with the most
    distinguished of the Samaritans. He also directed
    Cumanus and Celer, the tribune, to take ship for
    Rome and to render an account of their conduct to
    Olaudius. Having taken these measures, he left
    Lydda and went up to Jerusalem and, finding the ;

    3eople peaceably celebrating the feast of unleavened


    Dread, ^ he returned to Antioch.
    (7) At Rome Caesar gave his hearing to Cumanus
    Claudius

    md the Samaritans in the presence of Agrippa, who ment for^^


    nade a spirited
    ^
    defence on behalf of the Jews, while Jews and
    -, 1 . . T , . banishes
    was supported by many eminent
    T
    ^umanus on his side Cumanus.
    )ersons. The emperor condemned the Samaritans,
    )rdered three of their most prominent men to be
    executed, and banished Cumanus. Celer he sent
    )ack in chains to Jerusalem, with orders that he was
    o be delivered over to Jewish outrage after being :

    Iragged round the city, he was then to be beheaded.


    (8) After this Claudius sent out Felix, the brother Feiijc,

    )f Pallas, as procurator of Judaea, Samaria, Galilee, r!^^f 52-60!^

    <»
    A certain Doetus with four others (A. xx. 130).
    " " Ananus the captain " (? of the temple) in A. xx. 131,
    si'here Jonathan's name is omitted.
    " A national feast " (unspecified), ^. xx. 133. According
    "

    B. the disturbances described in this chapter must have


    xtended over a whole year from one Passover (§ 224) to the
    lext.

    4>19
    JOSEPHUS
    XaAK"i8os" ^AypLTTTrav els iieil^ova jSacrtAfiav /Ltera-
    TidrjGLV, Sous' avro) r-qv re ^lXLttttov y€voiJievr]v
    eTjapxiaVy avrrj 8' tjv Tpa^oj^lng /cat Barai'ea Kal
    TavXavLTLg, TrpoaedrjKev 8e ri'-jv re Avoaviov /3aat-
    Aetav /cat tt^p' Ovdpou yevoixivqv rerpap^iav
    248 auTos" 8e Stot/crjcras' tt^v "qyepioviav ereau rpta-
    KaiSeKa, rrpos Se p^-qolv o/ctco /cat et/cocrti^ -qfiepac?
    reXevra KaraXiTTOjv ^epojua rrj? otpxV'^ StdSoxoi^
    249 ou rat? ^AypLTrTTLV-qg rrjs yvvacKos aTrarats" eV
    K\-qpovop.ia rrj? ^PX^^ £LO£7Toirjoaro , Kairrep vlo)
    e)(ow yvqaiov Bperrav't/cov e/c MeacraAtVi]? tt^'
    7Tporepa<; yvvaiKos Kal ^OKraoulav dvyarepa rrj.
    VTT* avTOV ^evx^elaav Nepcop'f yeyoret 8' aurc
    Kal iK n€TtyT79 ^Avrcouia.
    250 (xiii. l) "Ooa fxev ovv Nepcui^ 8t' VTrep^oXrj
    evhaipiovias re /cat 77Aoi;tou Trapa^povrjaa? c^
    v^ptaev els ttjv rv)(T]v, "^ rtVa rpoTTov rov re dSe^
    (f)6v Kal rr)v yuvat/ca /cat ri^i^ fi-qrepa hie^rjXdei
    d(j)* (Lv CTTt rovs evyeveordrovs [xerrjveyKev rrj
    251 (hpLor-qra, Kal ws reXevralov vtto ^pevo^Xa^eia
    e^ojKeiXev el? GKr]vrju Kal Oearpou, eTreiSr] 8
    oxXov TTaoiv eorw, TrapaXeLipco, rpeipopLai he €7
    TO. 'louSatots- /car' avrov yevofieva.

    252 ('2) Tr^v jxev ovv yuKpav App-eviav SlSojoi


    ^

    ^aoiXeveiv Wpiarof^ovXa) rco 'Wpojhov, rfj >

    ^AypirtTTa ^aoiXeia reooapa? TToXei? TrpoartOrja


    ovv rats roTrapxlaig, "A/SeAa jjiev Kal 'IouAta8
    " Antonius Felix (Tac. Hi.^f. v. 9 the reading KXat'Si
    ;

    ^qXiKa in A. XX. 137 is doubtful) was probably, like h


    influential brother Pallas, a freedman of Antonia. mother .

    Claudius. According to Tacitus (here probably untrus


    worthy) he had already been procurator of Samaria (§ 2.'
    note).
    4:20
    :

    JEWISH WAR, II. 247-252 (c/. ant. xx. 138, 148-159)

    and Peraea.<* Agrippa he transferred from Chalcis Agrippaii


    to a larger kingdom, assigning to him Philip's former Trachoniti
    province, namely Trachonitis, Batanaea, and Gaul- ®tc., a.d. .5

    anitis ; he added the kingdom of Lysanias


    to this
    and the old tetrarchy of Varus. ^ After governing
    the empire for thirteen years eight months and
    twenty days," Claudius died, leaving Nero as his Death of
    successor. Yielding to the artifices of his wife J ^^s^*^^'
    Agrippina, he had adopted this prince as heir to the
    throne, although he had by his former wife, Messalina,
    I legitimate son, Britannicus, besides a daughter,

    3ctavia, whom he had given in marriage to Nero ;

    le had also, by Petina, another daughter, Antonia.


    (xiii. 1) All the outrageous acts in defiance of Accession
    'ortune of which Nero was guilty, when excess of character c
    jrosperity and riches drove him mad how he nero. ;

    uccessively made away with his brother, wife, and


    nother how his cruelty then found fresh victims in
    ;

    he highest of the nobility how his infatuation


    ;

    inally landed him on the stage and the boards of the


    —
    heatre all these subjects, being so hackneyed, I
    )ropose to pass over and to turn to the events of
    ewish history under his reign.
    (2) He presented the kingdom of the lesser Agrippa's
    Armenia to Aristobulus, son of Herod ^ he annexed euiffg^ed.
    ;

    o Agrippa's kingdom four cities with their districts,*

    * Varus is identified by Schiirer with the minister of


    Lgrippa mentioned in Vita 48 ff., where he is described
    11,
    s a descendant of Soemus who had been a tetrarch in the
    .ebanon district (ib. 52) it is assumed that he inherited
    :

    )ra time a part of this tetrarchy.


    * The calculation, repeated in A. xx. 148, is here correct

    Claudius reigned from 24th January 41 to 13th October 34.


    " Of Chalcis, grandson of Herod the Great.
    * Greek " toparchies."

    421
    JOSEPHUS
    Kararrjv flepatav, Tapixc^a? he Kal TijSepiaSa
    TaXiXala?, et? Se rrjv Xoltttji' ^lovhalav ^rjXiKa
    Ti^?
    253 KarioTTjuev eTrirpoTTOv. ovtos rov re dpxi-XrjaTrjV
    ^KXedCapov ereatv cIkogi ttjv ^ajpav Xr^adfJievov
    Kal TToXXovs TLov Gvv auToj t,ojypr)oas dveTrefiipev
    els 'PcoiJLTjV TCi)V 8' dvaGTavpa)devTCDV vtt^ avrov
    Xrjorcov /cat riov irrl Koivujvia (j^copaOevrajv b-qpio-
    rcoi', ovg iKoXaoeVy aTreipov ri rrXrjdos tjv.
    254 (3) KaOapdeLGTjs he rijs X^P^^ erepov efSo?
    Xrjorcov ev 'lepoaoXvpbOLS enec^vero, ol KaXovpievoi
    oiKapiOLy pLed^ rjpLepav Kal ev p-earj rfj rroXei
    255 (f)OvevovTes dvdpcoTTOvg. p^dXiara he^ ev rals
    eopraZs paoyopLevoL r<2) TrX-qdei Kal rals eodrjatv
    VTTOKpVTTTOVreS piiKpd ^L(l)ihia, TOVrOL? eVVTTOV
    Tov? hia<^6povs, eneira rreGovrcov piepos eyivovro kl

    tCjv iTTayavaKTovvTcov ol 7Te(f)ovevK6T€s, hio Kal iz

    TTavrdTTaoiv vtto d^iOTnorias rioav dvevperoi


    'Zb^ TTpwTos p-ev ovv utt' avTOJv *Icova^T7? o dpxi-epeus
    d7TOG(f)dTTeTai, pLera 8' atnov Kad^ rjpLepav dv
    "'
    TjpodvTO TToXXoL' Kal Tcov Gvp.^op6jv 6 (f)6^os rjv
    XOiXe77(x)repo?, eKdGTou KaBdrrep ev TToXepLOj Kad
    257 wpav rov ddvarov rrpoohexop^evov TrpoeGKorrovvrc.

    he TToppatdev Tovg hia^opovs, Kal ovhe rol? (fiiXoLs


    TTpoGLOVGLv^ 7TLGTIS Tjv , iv /xcCTats" he Tals VTTOVoiaLS
    Kal Tat? (j)vXaKaL? dvrjpovvro' togovtov tcov IttI'
    ^ovXevovrcov to Tdxos rjv Kal tov XaOelv -q Texvrj
    258 (4-) ^vveGTT] he vpos tovtois otI(J)os eTepov \^

    7Tov)]pa)v, X^'-P^ H-^^ KadapojTepov, Tat? yvcopLaLS

    1 om. PALV: yap Eus. 2 + In LVRC.


    " Abila not mentioned in A. xx. 159 : there were severa'
    is
    places of the name and the exact position of this one is doubt
    tul. For JuUas = Livias sec § IbS (note).
    422
    JEWISH WAR, II. 252-258 (c/. ant. xx. 159-167)

    namely, Abila and Julias in Peraea," and Tarichaeae


    and Tiberias in Galilee he appointed ^ Felix to be
    ;

    procurator of the rest of Judaea. Felix took prisoner ^eiix quel

    Eleazar,'' the brigand chief, who for twenty years brfgands.


    had ravaged the country, with many of his associates,
    and sent them for trial to Rome. Of the brigands
    whom he crucified, and of the common people who
    were convicted of complicity with them and punished
    by him, the number was incalculable.
    (3) But while the country was thus cleared of these Rise of th(
    ^^*^"'
    pests, a new species of banditti was springing up in '

    Jerusalem, the so-called sicarii,'^ who committed


    murders in broad daylight in the heart of the city.
    rhe festivals were their special seasons, when they
    A'ould mingle with the crowd, carrying short daggers
    concealed under their clothing, with which they
    stabbed their enemies. Then, when they fell, the
    murderers joined in the cries of indignation and,
    ;hrough this plausible behaviour, were never dis-
    covered. The first to be assassinated by them was
    fonathan the high-priest after his death there were
    ;

    lumerous daily murders. The panic created was


    nore alarming than the calamity itself; every one,
    LS on the battlefield, hourly expecting death. Men
    :ept watch at a distance on their enemies and would
    lot trust even their friends when they approached,
    fet, even while their suspicions were aroused and
    hey were on their guard, they fell so swift were ;

    he conspirators and so crafty in eluding detection.


    (4) Besides these there arose another body of and of false
    P"""?'^^^^-
    illains, with purer hands but more impious intentions,

    "*
    i.e.confirmed his previous appointment (§ 24.7).
    Son of Deinaeus, § 235.
    '^-

    ^ " Assassins," from Lat. sica, a curved dagger.


    423
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    8e aGe^earepov, orrep ovhkv rjrrov rojv a(f)ayecov
    259 rrjvevhaip-oviav rrj? TToXecos eXvpn'^varo. TrXdvoL
    yap dvdpojTTOLKal OLTrarewvcg [vttoY TrpocrxrjP'O.TL ,

    deiacrixov Kal
    veojrepKJfxovs fiera^oXd? npay-
    fxar€v6fJL€V0L, SaLfiovdv ro ttXtjOo? eTretdov^ Kal
    TTporjyov el? rrjV iprjfiLav, a>? eVet rov deov hel^ovros
    260 avTols orjjJLela iXevdeplas. IttI tovtols Or^At^,
    ehoKei yap aTTOGrdaeajs elvai KarapoX-q, Trepupas
    LTTTrels Kal Tre^ovs OTrXiras ttoXv ttXtjOos hti^deip^v

    261 (5) Metjovt 8e [roirrou]^ '^^V/fi ^louhatous


    eKaKCOGev 6 KlyvTmos ipevhoTT po<^rjT-qs rrapa- -

    yevofievos yap els rrjv )(^OL)pav dvOpojiros yorjg Kal


    TTpot^Tjrov TTLGnv emOels eavrco Trepl rpLGpLvpiovg
    262 fxev dBpoLl,€i ra)V r)77arrj[i€Vcov, rrepiayaycbv 8e
    ainovs eK rrj? ep-q}xia<? els to eXaLwv KaXovfievov
    opos, eKeWev old? re rjv els 'IepocroAu/xa TrapeXOelv
    ^Ldl,€Gdai Kal KparrjGas rrjs [jeY 'Pojfia'CKrjs
    (f)povpds [KaV/ rov h-qfiov Tvpawelv, ;\;pcu/xevo9
    263 ToZs GVveiGTTeGOVGiv hopvc^opois. (f)Bdvei 8' avrov
    rr)V opfJLrjv Ot^Ai^ VTravrj^Gas^ fjuerd tojv 'PcofiaiKcov
    ottXltcov, Kal rrds d Srjfxos GVve(f)rjifjaro rrjs djjbvvrjsj
    cjore GVjjL^oXrjs yevofievi-js rov fiev AlyvTrriov
    ^vyelv jLter' oAtycuy, SLacf)daprjvaL Se Kal l^a>yp-q-
    di]vai TrXeLGTovs rojv ovv avrw, ro 8e Xolttov
    TrXrjdos GKedaodev errl rrjv eavrujv eKaorov 8ta
    Xadelv.
    » om. VRC. 2 aueirddov VRC.
    ^ om. Lat. : toutu)v Eus. : ravr-qs VRC.
    * om. P.\.M. ' ora. Lat.
    ^ PA Eus. : I'TrafTido-as the rest.

    «»
    Cf. Matt. xxiv. 24 ff. " There shall arise . . . fals«f "i

    424
    JEWISH WAR, II. 258-263 ( = ant. xx. 167-172)

    who no less than the assassins ruined the peace of the


    city. Deceivers and impostors, under the pretence
    of divine inspiration fostering revolutionary changes,
    they persuaded the multitude to act like madmen,
    and led them out into the desert under the belief
    that God would there give them tokens of deliver-
    ance.'* Against them Felix, regarding this as but
    the preliminary to insurrection, sent a body of
    cavalry and heavy-armed infantry, and put a large
    number to the sAvord.
    (5) A still worse blow was dealt at the Jews by The
    the Egyptian false prophet. A charlatan, who had ^pJstor.
    gained for himself the reputation of a prophet,
    this man appeared in the country, collected a
    following of about thirty thousand ^ dupes, and led
    them by a circuitous route from the desert to the
    mount called the mount of Olives. From there
    he proposed to force an entrance into Jerusalem
    and, after overpowering the Roman garrison, to set
    himself up as tyrant of the people, employing those
    who poured in with him as his bodyguard. His
    attack was anticipated by Felix, who went to meet
    him with the Roman heavy infantry, the whole
    population joining him in the defence. The out-
    come of the ensuing engagement was that the
    Egyptian escaped with a few of his followers most ;

    of his force were killed or taken prisoners the ;

    remainder dispersed and stealthily escaped to their


    several homes.
    prophets and shall show great signs they shall say unto
    . . .

    you, Behold he is in the wilderness." Theudas was an


    earlier impostor of this type, and met with a similar fate,
    A. XX. 97.
    " 4000 according to Acts xxi. 38; S. Paul was mistaken
    For this impostor.
    VOL. II p 2 4-25
    JOSEPHUS
    2G4 (6) KaT€OTaXfjL€vajv 8e Kal tovtojv ojonep ev
    vooovvTL ocofiari ttolXlv erepov fiepos e(f)X€yiJLaLV€V,
    OL yap y6r]T€£ Kal XrjcrrpLKol avvaxOevreg ttoXXou^
    €LS OLTTOGraaLV ivrjyov /cat Trpog IXevBepiav irap-
    eKpoTovVy BdvaTOV iTTLTLfiwures Tot? TTeiSapxovGLV
    rfj 'Pcufiaiajv -qyepiovia. Kal rrpos jStav d(/>atprj-
    oeodaL Xeyovres rovs iKovoiojs hovXeveiv Trpoaipov-
    205 p^evovs. pL€pL^6pL€VOL 8' €1? TTjV ;(a»pav Kara Xoxou?
    Si-qprrai^ov re ra? rcov Svvarcov OLKias Kal aurou?
    dvfjpovv Kal Tag Ktopa? €V€vipi7Tpaoav, ajore rrjg
    drrovoLas avrcov rrrdoav rrju 'louSatav dvaTrip,-
    TrXaodai. Kal ovros p-kv 6 rroXepo? Kad^ rjpiepav
    dveppiTTL^eTo.
    266 (7) 'Erepa 8e rapaxrj ovvioTarai rrepl Kataa-
    peiav Twv dvapLeptypevcov 'Ioi;8atajv Trpos Toug iv
    avrfj Svpous" oraaLaadvTojv ol p-ev yap rj^iovv .

    o4>er€pav elvai, rrjv ttoXlv 'loySatov yeyoveVat rov


    KTLGTrjv avrrjS Xeyovres' tjv he 'Wpajh-qs 6 jSaatAeu?
    ol be erepoL rov OLKtarrjv p.ev TTpoaajfioXoyovv
    'louSatov, avTT]vye tt]v ttoXlv 'KXXrjuatv
    p.evroL
    e4>aoav ov yap dv dvSpidvras Kal vaovg iyKad-
    267 ihpvoai ^lovhaiois avr-qv dvaridevra. 8ia ravra
    hLrjpL(f)L(j^rjrouv'^ eKdrepoL, TTpo-ijeL 8' avrol? to (J)lX6

    veiKov els dirXa Kal KaB^ rjpepav ol Bpaovrepo


    Trap' dp.(f)OLV Trpoe—iqhojv IttI p.dx'riv' ovre'^ yap
    yepatol rovs Iblovs oraotaards Kar
    'IoL'8attL»v ol

    ex^^v oloL re rjoav Kal rols "KXXt]glv aloxos eboKei


    268 loubatajv eXarrovoBat. Trpoelxov 8* ol p,ev TrXovrw
    Kal oojpidrojv dXKrj, rd he 'KXXtjvlkov rfj rrapd

    ^ Destinon: oe r)^x(pLa ^tjtoi v yiss. * oide PAML.


    '^
    Where S. Paul then probably lay a prisoner.
    426
    JEWISH WAR, II. 264-268 (c/. ant. xx. 172-176)

    (6) No sooner were these disorders reduced than Further


    brigandage
    the inflammation, as in a sick man's body, broke
    out again in another quarter. The impostors and
    brigands, banding together, incited numbers to re-
    volt, exhorting them to assert their independence,
    and threatening to kill any who submitted to Roman
    domination and forcibly to suppress those who
    voluntarily accepted servitude. Distributing them-
    selves in companies throughout the country, they
    looted the houses of the wealthy, murdered their
    owners, and set the villages on fire. The effects of
    their frenzy were thus felt throughout all Judaea,
    and every day saw this war being fanned into fiercer
    flame.
    (7) Another disturbance occurred at Gaesarea," Disorders
    where the Jewish portion of the population rose 5e\vn\^'^^
    against the Syrian inhabitants. They claimed that Syrians,
    ^-
    ;he city was theirs on the ground that its founder, •
    ""
    •

    King Herod, was a Jew. Their opponents admitted


    :he Jewish origin of its second founder, but main-
    :ained that the city itself belonged to the Greeks,
    dnce Herod would never have erected the statues
    md temples which he placed there had he destined
    t for Jews.^ Such were the points at issue between
    :he two parties, and the quarrel eventually led to an
    ippeal to arms. Every day the more venturesome
    n either camp w^ould rush into combat for the older
    ;

    nembers of the Jewish community were incapable


    )f restraining their turbulent partisans, and the
    jreeks considered it humiliating to give way to the
    lews. The latter had the advantage of superior
    t
    vealth and physical strength, the Greeks that of the

    ^ In J. XX. 173 their argument is that the older city,


    Jtrato's Tower, had not a single Jewish inhabitant.
    427
    .

    JOSEPH us
    T(x)V CTparicorcov djiuvrf to yap rr^iov 'PojixaLOig
    rrjg eVetSui^a/xecu? eV Sfpta? '^v KaretXeyixeuov
    /cat Kaddnep ovyyeuels rjaav rrpog rag ^o-qdeias

    269 eroLfjLOL. rolg ye iirjv irrdpxoLS (jipovrls rfv dva-


    oreXXeiv rrju rapaxrjv Kal tous" pLaxipLiorepovs del
    ovXXapi^dvovTes eKoXatov fidari^L Kal Secr/Ltot?. ov
    IJLTjv TO, Trddrj rcov ovXAafi^auofievcov iueTToiet rols
    KaraXeLTrofxevoLS dvaKorr-qv rj Seog, dAA' ert fxaXXov
    270 Trapoj^vvovro Trpos ttjv ordcnv. VLKajvras Se nore
    Tovg '\ovSaLOV£ TrpoeXddjv^ els Tr)V dyopdv 6 ^rjXi^
    fier dTTeiXrjs eKeXevoev dva-)(Ojp€.Zv tcou he firj
    .

    Tieidoixevajv eTTLTTepupas tovs crrpaTLwra? dvaipe'i


    avx^'ous, ojv bLapTTayrjuai ovve^rj Kal rds ovaias
    fieuovar)? be rrjs o-rdoeojs eViAefa? eKarepojOei'
    Tov? yvixjpipLOVs errefxipev TTpeo^eig enl ^epcova
    SLaXe^ofjLei'ov? vepl raju hiKaicov.
    271 (xiv. 1) \La6e^dfj.evos be irapd rovrov rrjv
    e-niTpoTTTiv 6 Or^cTTO? TO [idXiara Xvp,atv6fievov rrji'
    XojpQ-v €776|rjef Tijjv yovv Xr^or ojv avveXaf3ev re '^<

    272 TrXeLGTOvs Kal hie(jideLpev ovk oXlyous. aAA' ovx


    6 fxerd ^rJGTOV AX^tuog rou avrov rponou e^
    ^

    rjyqoaro rcov rrpayixdrcov, ovk eonv he -qurtwa Ka


    273 Kovpyias Iheav TrapeXemeu. ov [jlouov yovu ev rol^
    TToXirLKOLS TTpdy/xaoLV eKXe-nrev Kal hi-qpTra^eu rd^
    eKaorcov ovaias, ovhe ro rtdv eduos e^dpei rai^
    elo(jiopalsy dXXd Kal rods €.7tI XrjGreia hehe/jLevov'^
    vno rijs irap* eKdorois ^ovXrjs tj ru)V vporepojv
    eTTLrponcov dTreXvrpou rols ovyyeveaiVy Kal fiovos

    1 PM : napeXOwy (di' C) the rest.

    " Festus died in office (A. xx. 200).


    l^jrcius A more p.
    favourable estimate of tiis successor (l.ucceius) Albinus is 5..'

    given in J. xx, than in the War. There he begins by putting li

    4Vh
    J. WAR, II. 268 273 {cf. ant. xx. 176-188, 197, 215)

    support of the military for the troops stationed here


    ;

    were mainly levied by the Romans from Syria, and


    were consequently always ready to lend aid to their
    compatriots. The magistrates, indeed, were at pains
    to repress these disorders, and constantly arrested
    the more pugnacious offenders and punished them
    with the scourge and imprisonment but the suffer- ;

    ings of those arrested, so far from checking or in-


    timidating the remainder, only served as a stimulus
    to sedition. On one occasion when the Jews had
    3een victorious, Felix came forward into the market-
    place and ordered them in menacing tones to retire ;
    )n their refusing to obey, he set his troops upon them,
    »vhen many were killed, their property being subse-
    quently plundered. The quarrel, nevertheless, con-
    inuing, Felix selected the notables of the two parties
    md sent them to Nero as deputies to discuss before
    lim their respective rights.
    (xiv 1) Festus, who succeeded Felix as procurator, The last
    )roceeded to attack the principal plague of the p'Jocurator
    'ountry he captured lar^e numbers of the brigands Festus,
    :

    ^'^' 60-62.
    mdJ put not a ^tew to death.
    4. 4- J V, 4- 4-

    The administration of Albinus," who followed Aibinus,


    ^•^^"'^^'
    "estus, was of another order there was no form of
    ;

    illainy which he omitted to practise. Not only did


    le, in his official capacity, steal and plunder private

    )roperty and burden the whole nation with extra-


    ordinary taxes, but he accepted ransoms from their
    elatives on behalf of those who had been imprisoned
    or robbery by the local councils or by former
    rocurators and the only persons left in gaol as
    ;

    own the sicarii, though he ends, on hearing of his super-


    ession, by opening the prisons and thus filling the country
    ith brigands.
    429
    JOSEPHUS
    o fLT)Sou? Toi? beGfJLOjrrjpiOLS cLs Trovrjpo? iyKar-
    274 eXeiTTero. rrjviKavra /cat roji^ veajrepit^eiv ^ovXo-
    IJL€va>v eV 'lepoGoXvfjiOLg idapG-qaav at roAjitat, /cat
    Xprjp-CLcrLV jiev ol hwarol tov WX^lvov TTpoaeXdfi-
    ^avov <l>ur€ rov OTaoLal^eiv avrois Trapi^eiv aSetav,
    TOV hrjixoTLKOV 8e TO fJiT] )(^aZpov -qavxta TTpog rovg
    21.i 'AA^iVof KOLVojvov? OTre'/cAti^ei'. e/caaro? 8e tojv'
    TTOVTjpojv Xhiov otI<J)os V7Tel,(jjopi€vos avTOs /xev
    ojOTTep apx^X-Qorris rj Tvpavvo<; Tipoavelxev €k tov
    Xoxov, ToZs hopv^opovGL hk TTpog apTtayas roiv
    216 fjLeTpLOJV Karexp'TJ'^o crvve^awev 8e tov? fiev d(f)-
    .

    rip-qp.ivovs vrrep tSv ayava/cTeti^ ^XPW OLUjTtdv,


    Tovs drrXriyas he, Seet rov fx-q rd avrd 77a^ety,
    Kal KoXaK€V€Lv rov d^Lov KoXdaecog. KadoXov 8e
    fjL€V TTapprjoia Trdvrojv TrepiKeKorrTO, rvpavvl?
    8'
    77

    qv 8ta TrXetoi'ajv, Kal rd ortepixara rrjg jjieXXova-qg


    dXtoo€cos €KTore rfj TToAet Kare^aAAcTo.
    277 (2) ToLOvrov 8* ovra rov WX^lvov dTreSet^ev
    6 fier^ avTOv iXBojv Feooiog OAoipo? dyadwrarov
    Hard ovyKpLGLv. 6 fiev y€ Xddpa rd 77oAAa xrat
    ji^B^ VTTOGToXrj? €KaKovpyr]G€v, VeGGLog 8e ras-
    €t? TO eBvo<; T7apavop.ias €7r6fX7T€VG€v, Kal wGrrep
    €77t TLjjiOjpia KaraKpiTOJV 7T€p.(j}dels Btjijllo? ovre
    278 dpTTayrj'^ nva rpoTTov ovre atVta? TTapeXiTrev. rjv
    be ev fiev rols e'Aeeti^ot? ojfxoraros, eV 8e rot?
    aloxpoL? dvaibeGraros' ovre 8e TrXeito ris dTTLGriav
    rri<; dXr]deias Karex^ev ovre ev rep navovpyelv
    boXiwrepas 6bov<i eTrevorjoev. o) rd /Ltev Kar
    dvhpa Kephaiveiv puKpdv eboKet, TToXetg 8' oAas
    i^ediSvoKe Kal SrjiJLOvg ddpoovs eXvpLaivero, Kal i

    " Literally "unbelief": "was more successful in


    smothering the truth " (Traill).

    430
    JEWISH WAR, II.273-278(r/'.ANT. XX. 214 f., 252-256)

    malefactors were those who failed to pay the price.


    Now, too, the audacity of the revolutionary party
    in Jerusalem was stimulated the influential men
    ;

    among their number secured from Albinus, by means


    of bribes, immunity for their seditious practices ;

    while of the populace all who were dissatisfied with


    peace joined hands with the governor's accomplices.
    Each ruffian, with his own band of followers grouped
    around him, towered above his company like a
    brigand chief or tyrant, employing his bodyguard to
    plunder peaceable citizens. The result was that the
    victims of robbery kept their grievances, of which
    they had every reason to complain, to themselves,
    while those who escaped injury cringed to wretches
    deserving of punishment, through fear of suffering
    the same fate. In short, none could now speak his
    mind, with tyrants on every side and from this date
    ;

    were sown in the city the seeds of its impending


    fall.

    (2) Such was the character of Albinus, but his


    ^"^pjQryg
    successor, Gessius Florus,made him appear by com- hisexcessi
    a^^- 6^-66.
    parison a paragon of virtue. The crimes of Albinus
    were, for the most part, perpetrated in secret and
    with dissimulation Gessius, on the contrary, ostenta-
    ;

    tiously paraded his outrages upon the nation, and,


    as though he had been sent as hangman of con-
    demned criminals, abstained from no form of robbery
    Dr violence. Was there a call for compassion, he
    was the most cruel of men for shame, none more
    ;

    shameless than he. No man ever poured greater


    :;ontempt " on truth ; none invented more crafty
    methods of crime. To make gain out of individuals
    seemed beneath him he stripped whole cities,
    :

    ruined entire populations, and almost went the

    431
    JOSEPHUS
    fjLOVOU ovK eKrjpv^ev dva rrjv •)(^(jjpav ttclolv e^eZvai
    Xrj(jT€V€LV, e</>' cb fJLepos auTos" X-qifjerai rcbv Xa(f)V-
    279 pcxjv. Sta yovv ttjv eKeivov TrXeove^iav Trdaa?
    iprjiicodrjvaL ovi'e^r] rds TToXei?^ Kal ttoXXovs ra>v
    TTarpLow TjOcou^ i^avaaravras ^vyelv etV rds dXXo-
    (f)vXovs eTTapxiCLS.
    280 (3) ^lexpi pi^v ovv eV Hvpia Kecrrtos FaAAo?
    rji> hi€7TOJV rr]v ovSe TTpea^evoaadai rt?
    eTrapx^civ,
    TTpog avrov eroXpLTjueu Kara rod ^Xd)pov irapa-
    yev6pL€vov he els 'lepoooXvpia ttjs twv dl^vpLOJV
    eopr-q? ivearajGif]? Trepiordg 6 Srj[io?, ovk iXdrrovs
    rpLaKOGLOJV pLvpidhojv, Ik€.t€VOV iXe-qaat ras" rod
    edi'ovs ovpi(f)opd? Kal rov Xup^ecoua r-qg ;)(ojpa?
    281 ^XdJpov cKeKpdyeaav o 8e rrapojv Koi roj Keoricp
    TTapeoroJS hiexXe-6al,ev rds <f)Covds. o ye pirjv
    Keano? rrjv 6pp.rjv rov irX-qdovs KaraarelXag Kal
    hovs €pL(f)aGLV (hs TTpos rd piiXXov avroZs rov
    ^Xwpov KarauKevdoeiev pLerptwrepov, vTreGrpe<f)ev
    282 etV 'AyTto;(etav'. 7rpoe7Tef.L7Te 8* avrov piexpi \\ai-
    oapeias 0/\a>po? e^airarajv Kal TToXepLov rjht] ro)
    edvei GKOTTOvpievos, dj piovcp GvyKpvipeiv rds eavrov
    283 TTapavopilas vireXapL^avev elp-qvqs pi'^v ydp ovgtjs
    Kar-qyopovs e^eiv IttI Kaioapos ^lovhauovs nrpoo-
    ehoKa, TTpaypLarevGapLevos 8e aTTOGraGuv avrow tco
    fjieLlovL KaKO) TTepiGrraGeLV rov eXeyxov dird rcbv
    pierpLajrepojv. 6 ptev ovv, (Ls dv aTToppayety] rd
    cdvos, Kad^ -qpuepav ertereivev avrols rds Gvpi<f)opds.
    284 (4-) ^Kv he rovrco Kal ol KaLoapecov "K/^-qveSy
    VLK-qGavres Trapd Nepcovt rrjs TToXecos dpxeLV, rd,
    ^ Towapxi-as LVRC Exc.
    ' Destinon from A. xx. -256 and Lat. : edQv mss.

    432
    *

    JEWISH WAR, II. 278-284 (c/ ant. xx. 256 f.)

    length of proclaiming throughout the country that


    all were at liberty to practise brigandage, on con-
    dition that he received his share of the spoils.
    Certainly his avarice brought desolation upon all the
    cities, and caused many to desert their ancestral
    haunts and seek refuge in foreign provinces.**
    (3) So long as Cestius Gallus remained in Syria The Jev
    discharging his provincial duties, none dared even to c?™ani
    send a deputation to him to complain of Florus ; but governc
    ^"*'
    when he visited Jerusalem on the occasion of the
    feast of unleavened bread, the people pressed round Passove
    ^ '^^'
    him, and a crowd of not less than three millions ^ ^
    implored him to have compassion on the calamities of
    the nation, and loudly denounced Florus as the ruin
    of the country. Florus, who was present at Cestius's
    side, scoffed at their outcry. Cestius, for his part,
    having quieted the excitement of the crowd, pledged
    himself to secure for them greater moderation on the
    part of Florus in future, and so returned to Antioch.
    Florus escorted him as far as Caesarea, playing upon
    his credulity, and already contemplating the prospect
    —
    of war with the nation his only hope of covering up
    his own enormities. For, if the peace were kept, he
    expected to have the Jews accusing him before
    Caesar whereas, could he bring about their revolt,
    ;

    he hoped that this larger crime would divert inquiry


    into less serious offences. In order, therefore, to
    produce an outbreak of the nation, he daily added to
    their sufferings.
    (4) Meanwhile the Greeks of Caesarea had won Arising

    and obtained from


    their case at Caesar's tribunal," leads tc
    "^'^^ ^^^
    him the government of that city they brought back
    ;
    Rome.
    " Here the parallel narrative in the Antiquities ceases.
    "An impossible figure. * See § 270.

    433
    JOSEPHUS
    TT^S" Kpioecog iKOjJLLGav ypd/JLiiara, Kal rrpoo-
    eXdfJi^avev rrjv dpx'')^ o TToAe/xo? ScuSeKaTOj jjLev

    €T€L rrjs ^epcovo? 'qyeyiovias , iTrraKaS^KaTw he


    285 Trjs ^AypLTTTTa jSaatAeia?, WprefjiLGLOU fi-qvos. Trp6<^

    hk TO fieyeOo'i ru)V i^ avrov GvpL(f)opa)u ovk d^iav


    €o\ev 7Tp6(f)aaiv. ol yap iv Katcrapeto, 'louSatot,
    ovvayojyrjv e;!(oi'T€?ov beoTTorrjs rjv
    Trapa )(<jL)piov,

    Tt? "EAAt^i^ Kacaapevs rroXXaKLg piev KTrjoaadai


    ,

    roi' roTTOv ioTTOvSaoav TipL-qv TJoXXaTrXaoiova rrj';


    286 a^i'a? bihovre?' tu? 8' VTrepopojv tol? Serjcret? 7rp6?
    eTT-qpeiav en
    Koi TTapojKohop.ei'^ to y^iop^^^ eVeti^o?
    ipyaGTrjpLa KaTaoKevaf^ofjLevo?
    CTTevrjV re Kal ,

    TTavTarraoLv ^laiav irdpohov drreXeLTTev avTolg, to


    fxev TTpojTov ol depfJLOTepoL Twv vecov 7Tpo7T7]hcovTe<;
    287 oLKohopLelv eKojXuov. to? 8c tovtov? elpyev Trjg
    /Sta?OAcupo?, dp.ri\avovvTe<; ol hvvaTol twv
    ^Xovhaiojv ovv oU ^Itodvvris 6 TeXcovr]?, -neiOovoi
    ,

    Tov ^Xujpov dpyvpiou TaXduTOLS oktuj SLaKcoXvaaL


    288 TO epyov. 6 be rrpos pioi'ov to Xa^elv VTTooxofievog
    TrdvTa GVfJLTTpd^eLV, Xa^dw e^eioiv ttJ? Kaiaapeta?
    €t? ^e^aoTiji' Kal KaTaXeiTrei ttiv OTdotv aur-
    e^odoLov y woTTep dheiav TrerrpaKojs" louSaiots' tou
    jidx^oOaL.
    289 (5) Trjs 8' eTTLOva-rjg r]p.epa^ e^hop.dho£ ovorjSy
    Tojv ^Xovhaiojv avvadpoLodev-
    els Tr}u ovvayojyr^v
    Tojv, GTaoLaoTi^s TLS KaLoapev? ydoTpav Kara-
    QTpeipas^ Kal vapd ttjv e'ioohov avTojv Bep.evos

    np0(7U'K060lJ.il VFiC.
    ^

    Niese ingeniously conjectures Karaarf^pas "wreathed


    2

    like an altar"; c/. B. i. 37H where the words are confused,


    but here no correction seems necessary.

    " Xero's decision must have been given some years


    434.
    JEWISH WAR, II. 284-289

    with them the text of the decision, and it was now


    that the war opened, in the twelfth year of the
    principate of Nero, and the seventeenth of the reign c. May
    of Agrippa, in the month of Artemisius." The *'^- ^^'
    ostensible pretext for war was out of proportion to
    the magnitude of the disasters to which it led. The
    Jews in Caesarea had a synagogue adjoining a plot The affa
    of ground owned by a Greek of that city this site gyna^os
    ;

    they had frequently endeavoured to purchase, offer- atCaasf


    ing a price far exceeding its true value. The pro-
    prietor, disdaining their solicitations, by way of insult
    further proceeded to build upon the site and erect
    workshops, leaving the Jews only a narrow and
    extremely awkward passage. Thereupon, some of
    the hot-headed youths proceeded to set upon the
    builders and attempted to interrupt operations.
    Florus having put a stop to their violence, the
    Jewish notables, with John the tax-collector, having
    no other expedient, offered Florus eight talents of
    silver to procure the cessation of the work. Florus,
    with his eye only on the money, promised them every
    assistance, but, having secured his pay, at once
    quitted Caesarea for Sebaste,^ leaving a free field to
    sedition, as though he had sold the Jews a licence to
    fight the matter out.
    (5) On the following day, which was a sabbath,
    when the Jews assembled at the synagogue, they
    found that one of the Caesarean mischief-makers had
    placed beside the entrance a pot, turned bottom

    earlier, sincethe decisive part in the matter was played by


    Pallas {A. XX. 182). who died in 62 (Tac. Ann. xiv. 65). But
    the decision led to increased trouble at Caesarea and ulti-
    mately to war {A. xx. 181). Artemisius is a month in spring
    or early summer in the Macedonian calendar which is
    followed throughout the War. " Samaria.

    435
    JOSEPHUS
    €7T€6u€V OpveiS. TOVTO TOV? ^lovhaLOU? dvT^K'eCTTCO?
    Tiapoj^vvev ojg v^piofxlvajv {jlcuY avrol? tojv
    29^ vofjiojv, iJL€iJLLaafJL€i'ov be rod x^P^^^- '^^ fiev ovu
    evoradeg Kal rrpaov IttI tovs rjyefJLOvas dvatfyevyeiu
    wero xprjvai, ro oraaLcohes Se Kal Iv^ I'eoTrjTL
    ^Aey/Liairoi- e^eKatero rrpo? pLO-XTji'. TrapeaKevaajjce-
    voL 8' elorrjKeGav ol tujv Kataapcojv OTaaLaaral,
    rov yap eTTtdvaoi'Ta 7rpo—€7T6iJb(f)eGav €K ovvrdy-
    291 /xaros", Kal Ta^eoj? eyevero avfi^oX-q. TrpooeXOujv
    he ^Yo-UKovvhos 6 StaKojAuetv reraypievo? LTTTrdpx'rjS
    TTji' re ydarpav alpei Kal KaraTraveLV eTreiparo rrjv
    ordaiv. rjTTWfievou 5' avrov rrjs tojv Katcrapecoi^
    ^ias 'lofSatot tovs v6p.ovs dprrdoavres dvexojprjoav
    els Nap^ara* X^P^ '^'•S" olvtow ovtoj KaXelrai
    292 GTahiovs e^-qKOvra hiexovaa ttj? Katcrapeta?* ol
    8e Trepl rov ^lojduvrjv Bvvarol hojheKa irpos (t>Xa)pov
    iXdovres els ^e^aorrji' drrajSvpovro Trepl tojv ne-
    TTpayjjievojv Kal ^orj6eu> iKeTevov, alS-qfiovcos vtto
    pLifivrjGKoi'Tes Tcbv OKTuj TaXdvTOJV 6 he Kal ov\- .

    Xa^ojv ehrjoev rovs dvhpas, alricopLevos VTrep rov


    TOVS vopLovs e^eveyKeZv ttjs Kaioapelas.
    293 (6) Ylpos TOVTO TOJV ev ']epoooXvpLOLS dyavd-
    KTTjOis rjVf en fievTOL tovs dvfiovs KaTeZxov. 6 he
    OAcupos" aioTTep r]pyoXa^rjK<jJS eKpnTil,eiv tov ttoAc-
    ixov, TTemljas irrl rov lepov d-qaavpov e^aipel
    heKae-nrd TaXavra, OKrupdpLevos ^Is rds Kalaapos

    ^
    C: om. the rest. ' om. ^f Niese.

    " An insinuation as acutely suggested by Reiand. that the


    Jews were lepers, for whom, under the Law, birds were to
    4.S6
    JEWISH WAR, II. 289-293

    upwards, upon which he was sacrificing birds." This


    spectacle of what they considered an outrage upon
    their laws and a desecration of the spot enraged
    the Jews beyond endurance. The steady-going and
    peaceable members of the congregation were in
    favour of immediate recourse to the authorities but ;

    the factious folk and the passionate youth were


    burning for a fight. The Caesarean party, on their
    side, stood prepared for action, for they had, by a
    concerted plan, sent the man on to the mock sacrifice ;

    and so they soon came to blows. Jucundus, the


    cavalry commander commissioned to intervene, came
    up, removed the pot and endeavoured to quell the
    riot, but was unable to cope with the violence of the
    Caesareans. The Jews, thereupon, snatched up their The Jew
    copy of the Law and withdrew to Narbata, a Jewish Jaesarei
    district sixty furlongs distant from Caesarea.** Their and vaii
    leading men, twelve in number, with John at their piJrus,
    head, waited upon Florus at Sebaste, bitterly com-
    plained of these proceedings and besought his assist-
    ance, delicately reminding him of the matter of the
    eight talents.^ Florus actually had them arrested
    and put in irons on the charge of having carried off
    the copy of the Law from Caesarea.
    (6) This news roused indignation at Jerusalem, Florus
    though the citizens still restrained their feelings. Tempfe
    But Florus, as if he had contracted to fan the flames ferment
    of war, sent to the temple treasury and extracted
    seventeen talents, making the requirements of the
    be killed in an earthen vessel (Lev. xiv. 4
    f.). The charge
    that Moses and the Israelites whom he led out of Egypt
    were lepers occurs constantly in the Contra Apionem {e.g.
    i. 279 if.).

    * The " toparchy " of Narbata is mentioned later, § 509.


    « §287.
    437
    .T05EPHUS
    ^'
    €v6eoj? ef^^^ '^ov hijjJLOv, Kat
    cr^Vx'^<^^^
    204 XP^^^^-
    ovvdpafi6vr€S to lepov ^oals hiaTTpvoioLS to
    et?
    Kato-apos- aveKaXovv ovojjia kol rij? OAcupou rvpav-
    295 vtSo? iXevdepovv o(j)ds lk€T€VOV. €vlol 8c rail'
    oraotaoTcJv Xoihopias alox^crrovs etV toi^ OAcopov
    €K€Kp6.y€OaV KOL KaVOVV 7T€pL(f)epOl>T€? iTTrjTOVV^
    avro) Kepfiara KadaTrep aKXrjpcp /cat raXaLTTcopcu.
    ToijroLg ovK dveTpaTn] rrjv <l)t.Xapyvpiav, dAA' eVi
    296 TO /xaAAov ;\;pr;/LtaTtaaa^at TrapajpyiGdrj. heov yovv
    els Kaiaapetai^ e'A^oi^Ta o/Seoat to tou TToXepiov
    TTvp eKeldev apxopievov Koi rrjg rapa^T]? dveXcZu
    Tag atVtab, e^' a> /cat pnoOov eXa^€v, 6 8e /xcto.
    GTpaTLOL? Ittttlkt]? t€ Kal 7T€l,LKrjg €771 lepoooAi^jLtcov '

    wpfjLYjGev, Lva Tot? 'Poj/xatojp' ottXols ipyda-qraL^


    /cat to; 8eet /cat Tat? d77etAat? neptSvafj rrjv ttoXlv.
    297 (~) '0 8e hrjfjLog TTpoSvooj-rjaat Trjv 6pi.Lr)v
    avTOV ^ovXopLevog VTravra Tot? OTpaTLcvTatg /li6T*
    €V(f)r)pLias /cat toi^ OAwpoi' depaTTevriKwg e/c8e;\;6-

    298 a^at rrapeoKevdoaTo /cd/ceti/o? 77po77e/x(/fa? ctui^ tV-


    .

    TievoLV KaTTLTcova eKaTOVTdpxTju dua-


    7T€VTrjKOUTa
    Xojpelv avTovseKeXevoev, /cat /x-)) 77p6? op" outojs
    iXoiSoprioav aia;(pais" elpcoueveaOaL to? i^uv (f)LXo'
    299 (j)povqoeLS' helv yap avrovg, etVep yevvaloi eloLU
    /cat TTapprjGLaoTaL, okco7tt€lv jj,ev ainov /cat
    TTapovra, <j)aiveGdaL be fir) fiovov iv tol? Xoyoi?,
    3(Xi ctAAd /cdi' Tots" 077Aot? (l)LX€X€vd€povg . TOirroi9
    /caTaTrAayev' to TrXijOog, d/xa /cat tcDv' 77€pt Ka-
    TTLTOJva l777T€a>v €1? fxeGOV (fyepofJLevojv , buGKeSdadrj
    TTplv doTrdaaodai tov ^Xojpov rj Tot? GTpaTLcoTats

    ^ dnTjToiv PA.M.
    * -i-ro ^ov\6fjL€i'oi> C: r/. "ad quod uolebat uteretur " Lat.
    and for t6 l^.
    A. x\\. 390.

    438
    JEWISH WAR. IT 29^-300

    imperial service his pretext." Instantly fired by this


    outrage, the people rushed in a body to the temple
    and with piercing cries invoked the name of Caesar,
    imploring him to liberate them from the tyranny of
    Florus. Some of the malcontents railed on the pro-
    curator in the most opprobrious terms and carrying
    round a basket begged coppers for him as for an
    unfortunate destitute. These proceedings, however,
    far from checking his avarice, only provoked him to
    further peculation. Accordingly, instead of betaking
    himself, as he should have done, to Caesarea, to extin-
    guish the flames of war, there already breaking out,
    and to root out the cause of these disorders a task for—
    —
    which he had been paid he marched with an army ^ of
    cavalry and infantry upon Jerusalem, in order to at-
    tain his object with the aid of the Roman arms, and by
    means of intimidation and menaces to fleece the city.
    (7) The citizens, anxious to forestall and make him Fioru.s a
    ashamed of his intention, went to meet the troops ^6'^"*^''^
    with acclamations, and prepared to give Florus an
    obsequious reception. He, however, sent on ahead
    a centurion, Capito, with fifty horsemen, and ordered
    the Jews to retire and not to mock with this show of
    cordiality one whom they had so grossly abused if ;

    they were courageous and outspoken persons (so ran


    his words) they ought to jeer at him in his very
    presence and to show their love of liberty not only
    in words but with arms in hand. Dismayed by this
    message and by Capito's cavalrymen charging into
    their ranks, the crowd dispersed, before they had a
    chance of saluting Florus or giving the soldiers proof
    " Perhaps because their payment of tribute was in arrear,
    § -1-03 (Reinach).
    * Apparently he had only a single cohort (§ 332).
    439
    JOSEPHUS
    <f)av€p6v TTOiTjoai TO TTeidrjVLOV. avaxajprjoavre^
    8e etV TOLS" OLKLas fJL€ra heovs Kal raTretvoTr^ro?
    ivvKTepevaav.^
    301 (8) OAoJpo? Tore fiev eV tol? ^acrtAetot?
    8e
    avAiJcrat, ttJ 8'
    varepaia PrjP'OL rrpo avrojv
    dcjjLevo? Ka6ei,€TaL, Kal TrpooeXdovres ol re o.p\L-
    epel? Kal hvuarol to re yva)pip,ojTarov rrjg TToAeo)?^
    302 TTapioTTjoav rep ^rjiiaTL. tovtols 6 OAajpo? €/<€-

    AeuCTev Tovs Xoihopi^aavr as ainov eVSowat, ^a/x€-


    vo? a-UTovg aTToXa-uaeLV rrjs dpLVvrjs, el jjltj irpo-
    dyoiev rovg alrLov?. ol 8e rov fiev SrjpLOv d7T€(f}r]vav^
    elp-qvLKa. (f)povovvTa, roZs he Trapacfydey^apevois
    303 fjTovvro avyyvcop.riv ev yap rouovr oj TrXrjdei dav-
    pLaoTov pev ovhev eivai rii^a? Opaavrepoug Kal 8t*

    riXiKLav d(f>pova?, dpLrj^ai^ov 8e tcuv rjpLaprrjKorajv


    TTjv hidKpiOLv eKaorov pLerauoovvTog Kal Seei* d
    304 behpaKeu dpvovpepov. Setv pevroi ye eKelvov, el
    TTpovoeZ rrjg Kara to edvos elp-qvrjs Kal ^ovXerai
    *Pa»/Ltatot? 7TepLO<jjt,eLV rrjv ttoXlv, pidXXov 8td tou?
    TToAAou? dKaraLTLdrovs <Jvyyva>vaL Kal rot? oAiyot?
    rrXrjpLpLeX-qoaoLU r) St' oXlyovg TTOvqpovg rapd^ai
    Srjpou dyaOoi^ rooovrov.
    305 (9) Hpo? ravra pdXXop Trapo^uvOels ipL^oa TOt?
    OTpaTttuTat? rrjv KaXovpevT^v
    hiapTTdleiu
    dvcjj

    dyopdu Kal rovs evrvyxdvovras. ol 8'


    Kteiveiv
    e-nidvpia Kephovs TrpooXa^ovres r^yepoviK-qv Trapa-
    KeXevatw ov pLOUOv e<f>* ov e7Tep(j)6-qoav tottov
    7Jp7Ta(,ov, dAA' els Trdoas ip.TTiq'bCjvres rds olKias
    * biivvKT€f>ii.aav VRC (the usual word in Josephus).
    * + irav VRC. ' aTTicpcxLi^ov VRC,
    * Destinon :
    5*' mss.
    440
    JEWISH WAR, II. 300-305

    of their obedience. They retired to their homes


    and passed the night in terror and dejection.
    (8) Florus lodged at the palace, and on the follow-
    ing day had a tribunal placed in front of the building
    and took his seat the chief priests, the nobles, and
    ;

    the most eminent citizens then presented themselves


    before the tribunal. Florus ordered them to hand
    over the men who had insulted him, declaring that
    they themselves would feel his vengeance if they
    failed to produce the culprits. The leaders, in reply,
    declared that the people were peaceably disposed
    and implored pardon for the individuals who had
    spoken disrespectfully. It was not surprising, they
    said, that in so great a crowd there should be some
    reckless spirits and foolish youths but to pick out
    ;

    the delinquents was impossible, as everyone w^as now


    penitent and would, from fear of the consequences,
    deny what he had done. If, then, Florus cared for
    the peace of the nation and wished to preserve the
    city for the Romans, he ought to pardon the few
    offenders for the sake of the many innocent, rather
    than, because of a few rascals, to bring trouble upon
    such a host of good citizens.
    (9) This speech merely increased the exasperation
    He deiiv(
    of Florus, who now shouted to the soldiers to sack h^s sofdil
    the agora known as the " upper market," and to for piunc
    <*

    kill any whom they encountered. The troops, whose massacre


    lust for booty was thus backed by their general's
    order, not only plundered the quarter which they
    were sent to attack, but plunged into every house and
    " The upper city or upper agora, viz. the south-west

    quarter of the town. See B. v. 137 f. for the citv hills :


    (1) upper city [S.W.], (2) lower city or Akra [S.E.], (3) a
    third which had disappeared in the time of Josephus
    [probably N.E.] with G. A. Smith, Jerusalem^ ii. 448 note.
    ;

    441
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    306 ea(hatov tou? OLKTjTopa?. <f)vyr) 8' rjv Ik tcui^

    orevojTTOjv kol (f)6vo? rujv KaraXa/jL^avo/JLCvajv


    rpoTTOS T€ dpTTayfjg ovdel? TrapeXeLTTcro, /cat 770A-
    Xov9 rcjjv iJL€TpLajv ovXXa^ovres eVt tov (t>Xojpov
    dvrjyov ov? fidari^iv 77 poaiKLodpLevo? dvearav-
    307 pojoev. 6 de^ CTt'/XTra? TtDv' eKeivqs d7ToXop,€vwv
    TTJg Tjiiepas dpidpios avv yvvai^lv Kal reKVois, ovSe
    yap vrjTTLOJV dTreaxovro, rrepl TpLG^^iXiovs^ Kal i^a-
    308 Kooiovs ovvrj-)(dri. ^apvrepav re IttoUl ttjv ovp.-
    <f)opdv TO KaLvov TTJg 'PcD/iatcuy ajp-orriTos' o yap
    fjL-qbels Trporepov rore OAcupo? iroXpLrjuev, dvhpas

    LTTTTLKov rdypbaros piaariycoaaL re Trpo rov ^qp.aros


    Kal aravpo) TTpoG-qXajoai, (Lv el Kal to yevos 'lou-
    halov^ dXXd yovv rd d^lojpLa 'Pwpia'CKOv rjv.
    309 (xv. 1) Kara rovrov rov Kaipov 6 i^iev ^a-
    GiXevs WypLTTTTas ervx^v elg rrjv WXe^dvhpeiav
    7T€7TOp€VpL€VOS, OTTOJ? WXe^dvbpO) OVVqadeir] 776771-

    crevpLevoj rrjv Ar/VTrrov vtto Slpujvos Kal 77e/x-


    310 (f)d€vrL hieTTeiv. rrjv dSeAc^i^v §e avrov ^epvLKrjv
    rrapovaav iv 'lepoGoXvpLoig Kal rr]v Trapavopilav
    rojv orpariancov deojpLevrjv heivov elarjeL irddos,
    Kal TToX^dKL? rovg re LTTTrdp^ovs eavrrjg Kal
    cra)/xaTo</)uAaKa? TrepLTTOvua Trpos OXoJpov ebelro
    311 TTavaaadai, rov <l)6vov. Kal 6 p.ev ovre els rd
    TrXrjdo? rojv dvaipovpLevajv ovre els rrjV evyeveiav,
    rrjs TTapaKaXovcrqs , dXX els pLovov rd XvaureXes
    312 TO eK rojv dpTraywv dTTO^Xerrcuv Ttap-qKOvaev. rj
    d' dppLTj rojv orparLOjrujv eXvaarjoev Kal Kara rrjs
    /SaatAtdos" ov pidvov yovv ev opLpLaaLv avrrjs flKt-
    ^ovro rovs dXtoKopLevovs Kal dLe(f)deLpov, ciAAd
    1 6 701'^ VRC. 2 VRC: TpidKovra PAM.
    ' ML: 'loroatajj/ or 'loioatoi the rest.
    442
    JEWISH WAR, II. 306-312

    slaughtered the inmates. There ensued a stampede


    through the narrow alleys, massacre of all who were
    caught, every variety of pillage many of the peace-
    ;

    able citizens were arrested and brought before Florus,


    •who had them first scourged and then crucified. The
    total number of that day's victims, including women
    and children, for even infancy received no quarter,
    amounted to about three thousand six hundred. The
    calamity was aggravated by the unprecedented
    character of the Romans' cruelty. For Florus
    ventured that day to do what none had ever done
    before, namely, to scourge before his tribunal and
    nail to the cross men of equestrian rank, men who,
    if Jews by birth, were at least invested with that

    Roman dignity.
    King Agrippa, at this moment, was absent, ineffectu;
    (xv. 1)
    having gone to Alexandria to offer his congratulations 0^^^^ °*
    to Alexander," recently sent to take over the govern- Bemice t
    ment of Egypt, with which he had been entrusted
    by Nero. Agrippa's sister Bernice, however, who
    was at Jerusalem, witnessed with the liveliest
    emotion the outrages of the soldiers, and constantly
    sent her cavalry-commanders and life-guards to
    Florus to implore him to put a stop to the carnage.
    But he, regarding neither the number of the slain nor
    the exalted rank of his suppliant, but only the profit
    accruing from the plunder, turned a deaf ear to her
    prayers. The mad rage of the soldiers even vented
    itself upon the queen. Not only did they torture
    and put their captives to death under her eyes, but

    <•
    Tiberius Alexander, previously procurator of Judaea
    (§ 220 note), and brother-in-law of Bernice {A. xix. 276 f.).

    443
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    Kciv avTXjV aveiXov, el fir] Kara^vyelv etV rr]V
    ^aoiXLKy]v avXrjv €(f)9r), KOLKel htevvKTepevaev /xera
    (f)vXaKrj'i hehoLKula rrjv rojv arpaTLajrayv €(l)ohov.
    313 €77€bi]iJL€L 8' iv Toi? * lepoGoXvfjLOLg €vxr]u EKTeXovcra
    TO) Oeoj- Toi)? yap tj vogco KaraTTovovp,ivovs rj
    TLOLv aAAats" avayKais edo<; eu;(€cr^at-npo rpid-
    Kovra dnoScooeLV fxeXXoLev 6vGia<; oivov
    -qfxepojv rjs
    314 re kol ^vprjaeadaL^ rds K6yLa<;. d 817
    dcjil^eoOai
    Kal Tore TeXovua BepvLKrj yufivoTTOvg re rrpo rov
    ^rjfjLaros lk€T€V€ rov <t>Xa)pov, Kal Trpos ro) p,r)
    TVX€LV alhovs avrrf rov nepl rov 1,-qv klvSuvov
    eveipaaev.
    315 {"2) Tavra fX€V ovv e^KaLheKarrj fx-qvo? 'Apre-
    fxiOLOV GUvrjvexOrj, 8* imovGrj ro fxev ttXtjOo?
    rfj
    V7T€p7Tad7]Gav 61? rrjv dvoj Gweppevoev dyopdv kol
    jSoat? i^acGLOLg rrepl rwv drroXcoXorajv dvcohvpero'
    ro rrXiov 8e -qGav els rov ^Xojpov i7TL(f)dovoi (f>ojvai.
    316 TTpos o heiGavres ol hvvarol ovv rolg dpxt^peuGLV
    rds iodrjra? Trepiepp-q^avro, Kal TTpoGTriiTrovres
    eKaoroLS^ eSeovro TravGaodai Kal pLrj rrpog ois
    TTeTTOvdaoLv els dvrjKeGrov ri rov OAcupov epeBit,eiv.
    317 eTTeiodr) he ro ttXtjOos ra\eojs alhoZ re row vapa-
    KaXo-6vra>v Kal Kar^ eXTtiha rov fjLrjhev en rov
    ^Xcjpov els avrovs TrapavofxriGeiv
    318 (3) '0 8€ GpeGdeLGrjs rijs rapax^S rJxOero Kal
    ndXiv avrrjv dvdi/jau Trpayfiarevofjievos rovs re
    dpxi^pels Gvv roLS yvajpijiois iier aire pur erai Kal
    pLOVov e<f)T] reKpL-qpiov eGeodai rod pLTjhev en rov
    ^ Dindorf ^vprjrraadai (-icraadai) MS9.
    :

    2 Destinon: avrrif mss.


    3 VRC (Lat. ?): cKaaTos the rest.

    " A Nazirite vow, c/. Acts xxi. 2S-26. Thirty days was
    444
    JEWISH WAR, II. 312-318

    they would have killed her also, had she not hastened
    to seek refuge in the palace, where she passed the
    night surrounded by guards, dreading an attack of
    the troops. She was visiting Jerusalem to discharge
    a vow to God for it is customary for those suffering
    ;

    from illness or other affliction to make a vow to ab-


    stain from wine and to shave their heads during the
    thirty days preceding that on which they must offer
    sacrifices." These rites Bernice was then undergoing,
    and she would come barefoot before the tribunal and
    make supplication to Florus, without any respect
    being shown to her, and even at the peril of her life.
    (2) These events took place on the sixteenth
    of^June^
    the month Artemisius. On the following day the Mou'rnin
    multitude, overcome with distress, flocked to the^^®*^®^^
    upper agora, uttering terrific lamentations for the
    dead, but the shouts of imprecation upon Florus pre-
    ponderated. Alarmed at this outburst, the leading
    men and the chief priests rent their clothes and,
    falling at the feet of one after another of the mob,
    implored them to desist, and not to provoke Florus,
    after all they had endured, to some new and irre-
    parable outrage. The multitude promptly complied,
    alike out of respect for their petitioners, and in the
    hope that Florus would spare them further enormities.
    (3) The procurator was vexed at the extinction of
    Fiprus

    the tumult, and, with the object of relighting the cohorts


    flames, sent for the chief priests and leading citizens
    [Ja^satea
    and told them that the people had but one way of
    proving that they intended to refrain from any
    the period of purification prescribed by the school of Shammai
    for Nazirites completing a vow in Palestine ; the school of
    Hillel was apparently more severe (Mishna, Nasir, iii. 6,
    quoted by Schiirer).
    " According to Niese's calculation.

    445
    JOSEPHUS
    hrjfjLov veaiTepia€iv , el TrpoeXOovre^ vnavT'qoovGLu
    Tot? 0770 KaiCTapeta? olulovglv crrpaTtdjrat?- Trapeyt-
    319 vovTo be bvo UTTelpai. rcov 8' ert uvyKaXovvrajv
    TO TrXrjdo? TTpoTTefiipas btebrjXou rolg rcov GTteipojv
    eKO.TOVTOLpxoL?, OTTOj? TTapayyeiXcjjGiv rots v<j>*

    eavTovs avTaoTTaaaoBaL rovs ^\ovhaiovs,


    P-'T}'!'^

    kolv tl Kar^ avTov <f)9ey^ajurai ;)^pT]CTacr^at rot?


    320 ottAoi?. ol 8' apxiepels els to lepov ttjv nXiqOuv
    (jvvayay6vTe<£ VTiavrdv rot? 'Pai/xatot? TrapeKaXovv
    Kal 77 p6 avrjKearov Trddou? ra? OTreipas he^LOVodat.
    rovroL? TO OTaotojdes rjTTeLdeL, /cat 8ta. tovs
    dnoXajXoTag to ttXtjOo^ epperrev Trpo^ Tovg dpaav-
    Tepovs
    321 (4.) "Kvda Sr] Ttds p-ev lepevg nd? 8' VTr-qpeTiq?

    rod deov rd dyta OKevrf TrpoKopiLaavTe? /cat rov


    KoopLOv, eV d) XeLTovpyelv edos tjv avTols, dva-
    Xa^ovTes, KidapLGTai re /cat vpLVOjbol /xera tcl)V
    opydvojv TTpoGeTn-TTTOv Kal KaTrjVTi^oXovif <f}vXd^aL
    Tov lepov KOGpLov auTot? /cat pLrj npo? dpTrayrjv
    322 TOW Beiojv KetpL-qXlcow 'Pcu/xat'ous' epeOiGai. tovs
    8' dpxLepel<^ auTou? -qv Ihelv /cara/xcu/xeVous' /xev

    TTjS Ke(j>aXri<; kovlv,^ yvpivovs 8e to, GTepva rwv


    iod-qTajv bLeppriyp.evojv ^ 6vop.aGTL 8' eKaorov rcov
    yvojpip.ojv Kal Kowfj to ttAtJ^o? iKerevov pLrj 8t*
    eXax^GT-qg TrXripLp-eXeiag Trpohovvai ttjv TTarpiba
    323 rot? emdupLOVGLU TTopOr^GaL- riva yap rj rotS"
    GTpaTLojTacs (f)epeLV aj(f)eXeLau rou otto ^lovbalcov
    doTTaGpLOV r) hLOpdcOGlV aVTolg TCOU GVpi^e^rjKOTOJV
    324 TO pLTj vvi' TrpoeXBeZv ; el be brj be^tojoaLVTo tou?

    ^ LVKC (cf. § 601): Tr,v K((pa\riv AOfft PAM.


    ^ wepitppTjyfj.ii'Uv LVRC.

    446
    JEWISH WAR, II. 318-S24

    further revolutionary proceedings, namely to go out


    and meet the troops coming up from Caesarea two—
    cohorts being at the time on their way. Then, while and sends
    the leaders were still convening the people for the pjf^te
    purpose, Florus sent word to the centurions of the instruc-
    cohorts to instruct their men not to return the salute
    of the Jews, and if they uttered a word in disparage-
    ment of himself, to make use of their arms. The
    chief priests, meanwhile, having assembled the
    multitude in the temple, exhorted them to meet the The priest
    advancing Romans and to prevent any irremediable Je?\^s\*Jf
    disaster by giving a courteous reception to the submit.
    cohorts. To this advice the factious party refused
    to listen, and the crowd, influenced by their memory
    of the fallen, inclined to the bolder policy.
    (4) Then it was that every priest and every minister
    of God, bearing in procession the holy vessels and
    wearing the robes in which they were wont to per-
    form their priestly offices, the harpers also and the
    choristers with their instruments, fell on their knees
    and earnestly implored the people to preserve for
    them these sacred ornaments, and not to provoke the
    Romans to pillage the treasures of the house of God.
    Even the chief priests might then have been seen
    heaping dust upon their heads, their breasts bared,
    their vestments rent. They appealed by name to
    each of the notables individually and to the people
    as a whole not, by offending in so trifling a matter,
    to deliver up their country to those who were eager
    to sack it. " After all," they asked, " what would
    the troops profit by receiving a salute from the
    Jews ? What reparation for past events would they
    themselves obtain by now refusing to go out ? If,
    on the contrary, they welcomed these new-comers
    447
    J05EPHUS
    TTpoaiovTas cl»? I^o?, OAojpoj yikv aTTOKOTT-qaeadai
    TTju d(f)opfMrjv rov
    KepS-qoetv S* aurou?
    TroAe/xov,
    T-)]!^ TTarpiha kol to fn]dev Tza^etv ttXIov. aAAco?
    re Kat to TreiB^odai Graaiat^ovaiv oAr/ot?, Seov
    avTovs Sijfiov ovra? roaovrov ovvavayKat^eiv kol-
    K^ivovs ovvevyvojpioveiv ,^ heivrjs aKpaoias elvai.
    325 (•^) Toirrots' pueiXioooiievoi to ttXtjOo? a/xa /cat
    Tcui' aTaCTtacrrtuv ovs fiev aTretAat?, ous" Se atSot

    KareoreiXav . erreira i^-qyoviievoi /i,e^' rjcvx^o.?


    re /cat kog/jlov rot? arpaTLcoraig vtttjvtcov /cat
    ttXtjoIov yevopbdvovs rjaTrdaavro' rcov 8e jjLrjhev

    OLTTOKpLvapievajv ol GTaaiauTal OAoSpou Kare^oojv.


    326 7"oi^' '^i' ovvdr^pia /car' aOrcDv ScSo/xeVoi^* aurt/ca
    youy ot orpartwrat TTepiaxovTe? avrovs eTraiou
    $vXoLs, /cat <f>€vyovTas ol tTZTret? /caraStoi/coi^re?
    CTUveTrarouy. eTTLTrrov he 77oAAot /xei' utto 'Pa>-
    pLalajv rvTTTopLevoL, ttXclous S' utt' dAArjAajv /3ta-
    327 C6pL€VOL. Setvo? Se Trept ra? TruAa? (L6 capos r]v,
    /cat (f)ddv€LU eKaGTov GTrevSovros ^pahvripa pikv r^
    <f)vyrj ttclglv iyivero, rcou 8e G<f)aXewTOJU dTTcvXeiO
    heiurj' 7TVLy6pL€voL yap /cat /cAco/xei^ot TrAi^^et rcDi
    eTTL^aivovrojv koI ovhe Trpog ra(f)rii
    rj(i>avil,ovTO,

    328 ''"'S" yvojpLpos rols l6lols KareXeLTrero. gvi^€lg-


    eTTLTTTov^ 8e /cat GrpaTLOjraL Traiovres dv4hr]v rou<
    KaraXapL^avopevous /cat 8ta rrj? Be^e^a KaAou
    pLevrjsdvecoOouv to TrXrjdos, ^ta^o/Ltevot TrapeXdet)
    /cat KparrjGai tov re UpoO /cat rr^? 'A^'ra>lHa?

    ^ au'eiSai/xo^e?;' PAL.
    2 Bekker: awein.vTov mss.

    " Or " New city," the northernmost suburb, include

    within the unfinished wall of Agrippa I {B. v. 151 fF.).


    448
    JEWISH WAR, II. 324-328

    with their customary courtesy, they would cut away


    from Florus all ground for hostihties and gain for
    themselves their country and freedom from further
    molestation. And then, above all, what utter feeble-
    ness it showed to be guided by a handful of rebels,
    when they ought instead with their numerous body
    to coerce even these malcontents to join in their
    "
    ,
    own rational policy !

    (5) By these remonstrances they succeeded in Receptioi


    soothing the multitude, while they quelled the rebels cihirts:
    partly by menaces, partly by appealing to their feel- a fresh
    ^°
    ings of respect. Then, taking the lead, they ad-
    j
    vanced in quiet and orderly fashion to meet the
    i
    troops, and on the approach of the latter saluted
    them. The cohorts making no response, the rebels
    started clamouring against Florus. This was the
    given signal for falling upon the Jews. In an instant
    the troops were round them, striking out with their
    clubs, and on their taking flight the cavalry pursued
    and trampled them under their horses' feet. Many
    fell beneath the blows of the Romans, a still larger
    number under the pressure of their own companions.
    I
    Around the gates the crush was terrible as each
    ;

    ! strove to pass in first, the flight of all was retarded,


    j
    and dreadful was the fate of any who stumbled ;

    suffocated and mangled by the crowds that trod them


    j
    down, they were obliterated and their bodies so dis-
    figured that their relatives could not recognize them
    1 to give them burial. The troops pushed in with the
    fugitives, mercilessly striking anyone who fell into
    their hands, and so thrust the crowd back through
    the quarter called Bezetha," trying to force their way
    through and occupy the temple and the castle of

    VOL. II Q 449
    JOSEPHUS
    wv Koi OAajpo? i(f)L6iJL€vo? i^'TJye rrjg ^aoL^iKrj^
    avXi)? TOi)? Gvv avTO) kol Trpog ro (fypovpLov IXBelv
    329 riyojvitero. Siyj/xapreV ye p.riv rrj? em^oXr)?'^
    6 yap brjfjio? avTLKpu? e77tCTTpa^et? etpyev rrjv
    opfjLTju,^ Kal hLaardvres irTL rcjv reycov rovg 'Poj-
    fjLaiovg e^aXXov. KaTaTTOvovfJLevoc 8e rot? virepdev
    ^eXeoLv Kal hiaKOipai to rov? orevojTTOV? €p,(f)pd^av
    TrXrjdo? daOevrjaavres dvexcopovv els ro rtpos tol^
    ,

    /SacrtAetot? orparoTreBov.
    330 (6) Oi he Graoiaaral heioavreg p.rj ttolXlv
    eTTeXdoju 6 (t>X(jjpo? KpaT-qcTj rov Upov Sid rrj?
    ^Avrajviag, dva^dure? evOeco? rd? crvvex^^? (JTod<;
    331 Tov Upov 77po? T-qv 'Ai^TOJt'tav' 8te/<:oi/fav. tout'
    eipv^ev TTju ^Xujpov TrXeove^tav rojv yap rou
    deov drjoavpcov e<j>iep,€vo<; Kal 8ta rovro TrapeXdelv
    iTTidvpLcov et? rrjP 'AvTOJvtai^, w? aTTeppdyrjaau at
    oroal, r-qv opfi-qv dverpdnr], Kal fjLeraTTefMifjdiJLevo?
    TOV? T€ apx^epel^ Kal rrju ^ovXr]v avrog pikv
    e'^teVat rrjs TToXeojs ^<i>'r], (f>povpdv 8' iyKaraXelipeiM
    332 avTOL? dv d^LOjacouLV. ra)v 8e Trdvra rrepl
    oorjv
    do(f>aXeia? Kal tov fx-qhkv vewreplaeLv VTroaxofie'
    vwv, el fjLLav ainols KaraXeirroL OTrelpav, (jlt) p-ev-
    TOL Trfv p.axeGap,evriv , Trpo? ydp ravrrju drrexOd)?
    8t' a TTeTTOvdev ^X^'-^
    '^^ dXXd^a? rrjv
    TrXrjdo?,
    OTTelpav, tus" Tj^LOVv, p-erd rrjg Xonrrjg hvvdp.eoj(^
    VTreorpeifjev Katoapetav.
    et?
    333 (xvi, 1) 'Krepav Se eTTi^oXrjv^ rcjp rroXepLO)
    7Topi.l,6pLevos eTTecrreXXev KeaTtoj ^\ovhaia>v drro-
    ^ L Lat. : iTri^oi\r/s the rest. * t??? 6p/j.ri<; P: om. Lat.
    ' iwi^ovXvu PAM and second hand of L.
    " i.e. the cohort which Florus himself had brought into
    the city (§ -296) and which had sacked the Upper Market.

    4,50
    JEWISH WAR, II. 828-3S3

    Antonia. Florus, with the same object in view, led


    his men out from the court of the palace and struggled
    to reach the fortress. But he was foiled in this
    purpose for he found himself faced by the people,
    ;

    w^ho turned upon him and checked his advance, while


    others, posting themselves along the roofs, kept the
    Romans under continuous fire. Overwhelmed by
    the missiles from above and incapable of cutting
    their way through the crowds that blocked the
    narrow alleys, the soldiers beat a retreat to their
    camp adjoining the palace.
    (6) Fearing, however, that Florus might return to The Jews
    the attack and capture the temple by way of the porticoes
    fortress Antonia, the Jewish revolutionaries instantly ^^^°^^i"^
    mounted the porticoes which connect the two build-
    ings and cut the communication. This manoeuvre
    cooled the cupidity of Florus for it was God's
    ;

    treasures that he coveted and that had made him


    so eager to reach Antonia, and now that the porticoes
    were broken down, his ardour was checked he sent ;

    for the chief priests and the council, and told them
    that he intended to quit the city, but would leave Florus

    them whatever garrison they desired. In reply, they jerasaiem


    undertook to maintain perfect order and to prevent
    any revolution, provided that he left them a single
    cohort, but not the one which had fought," as the
    people bore it a grudge on account of what they
    had suffered from it. He, accordingly, changed the
    cohort, as they requested, and with the remainder
    of his forces returned to Caesarea.
    (xvi. 1) With a view to providing further ground Cestius

    for hostilities, Florus now sent a report to Cestius, eaSissary


    investigat
    Florus leaves one of the two cohorts wiiich had just arrived thepositi
    from Caesarea.
    451
    JOSEPHUS
    oraaiv Kara^euSd/xevo?, rrjv r€ dpxv^ ^'^'^ f^^^XV^
    Trepidelg avrol?, Kal Spdoai Xdyojv eVetvous" a
    TTeTTOvSeaav. ov yLTjV ovb" ol rcov 'lepocroAu^cov
    apxovTes eoiyrjoav, dAA' avrol re Kal Bepvt/07
    Toj KeoTLcu TTepl d)V OAaJpo? €t? Tr]v ttoXlv irap-qvo-
    334 fiTjoev iypacpov. 6 be ra rrap" api(j>olv avayvov<;
    fjL€Ta Tcou riyefioucjv i^ovXevero. rolg p.€U ovv
    avrou^ idoKeu Ke'artov pterd orparid? dva^alveiv
    rj TLp.(jjprio6p.evov rrjv OLTTooTaaLV, el yeyovev, tj

    ^e^aioTepou? KaraoTrjaoura 'loLiSat'ous" Kal ovfi-


    fievovrag, avTuj be TTpoTTejjufjaL' row eralpcov tou

    KaraoKeipoiJLevov ra rrpdypiara Kal ra (f)povi^fjiara


    335 rojv 'louSat'cov Trtcrrdj? dvayyeXovvra. rrefirrei 817^

    riva rcjv x'-^'-dpX^^ SearroXiravov,* o? drTO rrjs

    *AXe^avhpeLa? v7T0Grpe<f)0vrL Trepirvxdjv WypiTTTTq


    roj ^aoiXel Kara ^IdfiueLav rov re Trejjufjavra Ka\
    ra? atVta? edrjXojaev.
    336 (2) "Ei^^a Kal ^lovbaicov ol re dpx^epel? d/xo
    Tots hvvarol^ Kal r) ^ovXr] rraprjv he^LOvixeviq roi
    ^aaiXea. fierd be r-qv eh eKelvov depaireiav d-rr-

    ojbvpovro rd? eavrcov au/xc^opd? Kal r-qv ^Xojpoi


    337 bie^rjeaav oj/xdrr^ra. rrpd? rjv' -qyavaKrei <^e\

    'Aypt7777a?, crrparrjyLKO)? be rrjv opyqv eh ov'


    rjXeet 'lovbaiovg pLere(j>epev, raireivovv avrcjv ^ov
    Xofievog ra (fypovqfiara Kal rep (jlyj boKelv dbiKO)'
    338 Tt TTadelv rij? dfivvqs drrorpe-rrajv. ol p,ev ovv, co
    '
    LCavTwu the rest: ora. Lat.
    :

    P: ' TLva the rest.


    -f-

    ^ Cardwell: 5e or ovv dq ms3.


    • Seoiro\iTav6v here and below VRC (as in Vita 1:21).

    45^
    JEWISH WAR, II. 333-338

    Jews of revolt, representing them


    falsely accusing the
    and charging
    as the aggressors in the recent fighting,
    them with crimes of which in fact they were the
    sufferers. However, the magistrates of Jerusalem,
    on their side, did not remain silent they, too, wrote
    :

    to Cestius, as did also Bernice, on the subject of the


    iniquities perpetrated upon the city by Florus.
    Cestius, having read the dispatches from both parties,
    took counsel with his officers. They were of opinion
    that Cestius should go up in person to Jerusalem
    with an army, either to punish the authors of the
    revolt, if it was a fact, or to confirm the Jews in their
    allegiance, if they still remained loyal to Rome. The
    governor, however, decided first to send one of his
    :?olleagues to investigate the position of affairs and
    to present a faithful report to him of the temper of
    the Jews. He accordingly dispatched the tribune
    Neapolitanus, who fell in at Jamnia*^ with king Agrippa,
    .\grippa as he was returning from Alexandria, and Jerusalem
    nformed him who it was that had sent him on this
    Tiission and what was its object.
    (2) To Jamnia also came the chief priests of the inquiry or
    Jews, the leading citizens and the council, to welcome torufs'aL
    the king. After paying homage to him, they pro- Jerusalem

    ceded to deplore the calamities which had befallen


    them and to recount the brutalities of Florus.
    A.grippa was indignant at their narrative, but diplo-
    matically turned his resentment upon the Jews whom
    it heart he pitied, wishing to humiliate their pride
    ind, by appearing to disbelieve that they had
    3een at all ill-treated, to divert them from revenge.

    " Jamnia (Yehnah) in Philistia not being on the direct


    •oute to Jerusalem from Caesarea (or Antioch), it is supposed
    :hat Neapolitanus went out of his way to meet Agrippa.
    453
    JOSEPHUS
    av ovreg eKKpiroi
    koI 8td to.? iavrcov Kr-qa^is
    €7ndviJL0vvT€<i Gvvieoav evvoLKTjv rrjv inl-
    elprjvr]? ,

    ttXti^lv tov ^aoiXecog- 6 he SrjfJLog Ik tojv 'lepooo-


    XvfjLOJV iiTL i^TjKovra TrpoeXdojv crrahlov^ ede^touro
    339 Toy 'AyptTTTrav Kal tov y^eaTToXiTavov €kojkvou .

    8e Kal Tojv d7T€a<f)ayiJL€vcov at yvvalKe? irpoeK-


    diovoai, Kal Trpo? rrjv tovtojv olfjLwyrjv 6 SrjjJLog
    els 6Xo(f)VpfjLovs TpaTTOfievos eTTLKovpelv rov WypiTT-
    TTav Ik€T6V€v, TOV Tc NeaTToAiTavou KaT€p6a)v oaa
    TTadoiev VTTO ^Xojpov, Kal TrapeXBovoLv els ttjv
    ttoXlv T-qv T€ ayopav rjprjfjLajjJLevqv l-neheiKwaav Kal
    340 7Te7TopdrjjJL€va? to.? OLKLas. eTreira St' WypLTrna
    TTetdoVGL yeaTToXlTaVOV OVV €vl depOLTTOUTL
    TOV
    TTepieXdelv p-e^^pi tov SiAcud T-qv ttoXlv Iva yvo) ,

    ^lovbaiovg tol? jJLev aAAoi? 'Pco/xat'ots aTraaiv


    etKOVTas, fiovcp 8' dn-exdavofievovs ^^Xcopcp 8t'
    VTTep^oXrjV TTjS ei's" avrovs (Lijlottjtos . 6 8' oj?
    htoSevaas LKavrjv eXa^ev ttj? vpaoTrjTO?
    Trelpav
    341 avToJv, TO Upov dva^aLV€L. evda uvyKaXioas
    €t?
    TO TrXrjdos, Kal ttoAAol /Ltev et? ttlgtlv avTovg ttjv
    rrpos 'Pcu/xatoDS" eTraivioas ttoAAo, 8e els to TrjpeZv
    ,

    T7]v elpT]V7]v TTpoTpexpap-evos Kal tov deov irpoa-


    KVVTjGas odev e^rjv to. dyia, irpos Keartop' eTravrjei.
    342 (3) 6 be TrXrjdos tcov ^lovhatojv eVt re tov
    ^aoiXea Kal tovs dp)(LepeLS TpaTTOjievov TrepLTreiv

    KaTOL OAcL»pou TTpio^eis rj^iov Trpos Sepojva Kal


    /XT/ atcoTTcovTas enl togovto.) (I)6vcp KaTaXnreZv
    eavTols VTTovoLav dTroGTaaeajs' ho^etv yap avTol

    " The pool of Siloam at the south-east extremity of the


    city.
    * i.e. without passing the stone balustrade or parapet
    {8pi'(paKTo$, soreg), which separated the outer from the inner
    454
    JEWISH WAR, II. 338-342

    They indeed, being men of position, and as owners


    of property desirous of peace, understood the
    benevolent intention of the king's reprimand. But
    the people of Jerusalem also came out to a distance
    of sixty furlongs from the city to welcome Agrippa
    and Neapolitanus ; the widows of the slain ran on in
    advance uttering piercing cries, and to their shrieks
    the people responded with lamentations, entreating
    Agrippa to succour them, and loudly declaiming to
    Neapolitanus all that they had suffered from Florus.
    When they entered the city the Jews showed them
    the agora a scene of desolation, and the houses
    'plundered. Then, through the agency of Agrippa,
    they induced Neapolitanus to make the tour of the
    city as far as Siloam," with a single attendant, in
    order to assure himself that the Jews were duly
    subordinate to all the Roman officials, Florus alone
    excepted, whom they hated for the excessive cruelty
    with which he had treated them. Having traversed
    the city and satisfied himself as to the amenable
    temper of the inhabitants, Neapolitanus went up to
    the Temple. Here he called the multitude together,
    highly commended them for their loyalty to the
    Romans and earnestly exhorted them to keep the
    peace ; then, after paying his devotions to the
    sanctuary of God from the permitted area,* he
    returned to Cestius.
    (3) The Jewish populace now turning to the king The
    citiz

    and the chief priests pressed them to send an embassy embassy


    to Nero to denounce Florus, and not to remain silent ^^i^^-
    after so frightful a massacre, thereby leaving the
    Jews under the suspicion of revolt as they would be
    ;

    court, entry to the latter being forbidden to Gentiles under


    pain of death (B. V. 193 f.).
    ^55
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    Karap^ai tcuv ottAcov, €t yur] <j)BaoavTes ivhel^aLvro
    343 TovKardp$avra. (f)av€pOL S' rjuav ovk -qpefirjaovres,
    €1 r-qv TTpeo^eiav rig OLTroKcoXvoi.^ 'AyptTTTTO, 8e
    TO fiev y^etpoTovelv ^Xwpov Kar-qyopovs i7TL(f)dovov,
    ro TrepitSetv 8e 'louSat'ou? ft? TrdAe/xoi' eKpiTti-
    344 oSivTas oyhk"^ avTo) XvcnreXe? Kare^aivero. Trpoa-
    KaX^adpievo? he els rov ^varoi' to ttXtjOos Kal
    TTapaurrjadiievos ev TrepiOTrrw rrjv dheX(f)r]v Bep-
    VLKr]v €771 rrjs 'Aaa/xcovatcov otxrtas", avrr] yap -qv
    errdvaj rod ^votov Trpos to nepav rrfs d-voj TToXems
    Kal yecfivpa toj ^vgto) to lepov avvrJTTTev, 'AyptV-
    770? eXe^ev roidhe.
    345 (4)
    " Et piev ecopcuv Trdvras t'/xd? 7ToXep.elv
    *PcxjpLaLOLg djpfjLr]pievovg Kal pirj rov hrjiiov ro
    Kadapajrarov Kal elXiKpiveGrarov elprjvrjv dyeiv
    TTpOTjprjfjLevovs, ovr^ dv TTaprjXdov els vp.ds ovre
    GvpL^ovXeveLv eddpp-qaa- Trepiaods yap VTrep rod rd
    heovra TTOielv Trds Xoyos, drav fj rojv aKovovrajv
    346 Trdvrojv Trpos ro x^^P^^ opLOVOia. eirel he rivds
    fiev -qXiKia rcov ev TToXepLco KaKCJV aTrelparos, rtvds
    he eX-rrls dXoyLoros eXevdeplas, eviovs he TrXeove^ia
    ^
    dTTOKuXuei PAM. 2 Q . 0^-;,-^ t^g rest.

    " The meaning of irpos to irepav ttjs duu TroXewy is un-


    certain ; Reinach renders " et sa facade regardait les
    terrains qui font vis-a-vis a la ville haute."
    The Xystus, perhaps the gymnasium originally built by
    *•

    Jason {2 Niacc. iv. 9), was a place of exercise, apparently


    mainly open to the air, with " polished " flag-stones from
    which it took its name. Its exact position is uncertain :
    it seems to have lain on the lower slopes of the western hill
    (the upper city) above the Tyropoeon valley, which separated
    the west and the east hills, or (G. A. Smith) in the valley
    itself. The palace of the Hasmonaeans was to the west of it,
    higher up the western hill ; in this palace Agrippa I had jj^

    456
    —
    JEWISH WAR, II. 342-346

    regarded as having commenced hostilities, unless


    prompt measures were taken to denounce the real
    aggressor. It was clear that they did not intend to
    submit quietly to any opposition to the proposed
    embassy. Agrippa saw how odious would be the
    task of electing a body to accuse Florus, but reaHzed
    also the danger, even to himself, of letting the flames
    now smouldering in Jewish breasts break out into
    war. He, accordingly, summoned the people to the
    Xystus and placed his sister Bernice in a commanding
    position on the roof of the palace of the Hasmonaeans,
    which stood above the Xystus on the opposite side
    of the upper town the Xystus was connected with
    '^
    ;

    the Temple by a bridge.'' Agrippa then delivered


    the following speech ^ :

    " Had I found you all bent on war with the Speech of
    (4)
    Romans, instead of seeing that the most honest and difsiSd^e t
    single-minded members of the community are deter- Jews from

    [iiined to preserve the peace, I should not have


    presented myself before you, nor ventured to offer
    idvice ;for any speech in support of the right policy
    s thrown away when the audience unanimously
    'avours the worse. But seeing that the stimulus to
    vvar is for some of you mere youthfulness which lacks
    experience of its horrors, for others an unreflecting
    lope of regaining independence, for yet others

    constructed an apartment which commanded a view of the


    nterior of the Temple {A. xx. 189 f.).
    ^ On the accuracy of the information given in the following
    >peech, and apparently derived from some official source,
    nonographs have been written by Friedlander, De fonte quo
    losephus, B.J. ii. 16. 4, ustis sit (Konigsberg, 1873), and
    Joinaszewski, "Die Dislokation des romischen Heeres im
    fahre 66 n. Chr." {Rheinisches Museum, 1892, pp. 207-218).
    owe these references to Drs. Th. Reinach and E. Schiirer.
    VOL. II Q 2 457
    JOSEPHUS
    Tts" 7Tapo^vv€L Kal TO TTapoL Toju dadei>€(jr€pojv , iau
    ra TTpdyfiara avyxvdfj, KepSos, ottcos avrol t€
    0(jj(j>poviGdevT€S fJLera^dXajvrai Kal firj rrjs ivicov

    KaKopouXias ol dyadol TrapaTToXavGOjaiv , ojrjdrjv

    Setv inl TO avro Trdvras vp.ds ovvayayojv elnelv


    347 a vofJiCi^oj ovyL<j)ep€iv . dopv^rjarj 8e jjlol fJLrjSeiS,

    idu fjLrj TO, 77p6s" TjSovqv aKOvrj- TOtS" p-^v yap dvrj-

    K€orojs i^TL 7rjv aTTOGraaiv (Lpp^-qpiivois €V€ori Kal


    p,€rd r-qv €p.r)v rrapaiveGLV ravrd (^povelv, ip,ol 8e

    StaTTtWet Kal Trpo? rovs dKoveiv ideXovras 6 Xoyo?,


    348 idv fjLrj Trapd Trdvrojv rjavxta yevrjraL. ol6a pkv
    ovv on TToXXol Tas €K rcov ImrpoTTOJV v^pea Kal
    rd TTJs iXevdeplas eyKojpua rpaytphovoiv, iyoj

    he TTplv i^crd^cLv rives ovres riaiv eTTix^ipeZre

    TToXefieZv, TTpcorov SLat,ev^a) rrjv ovp.7rXoKrjV tcDv

    349 77 poi^daeajv. el p.ev yap dp^vveode rovs dhiKOVvrag,


    ri oepLvvvere rrjV eXevOepiav ; el he to hovXeveLV
    d(f)6prjT0v -qyelode, Tre ptaar) Trpos rovs -qyepiovas rj

    pep,ipLS- Kal yap eKeivnov p^erpLa^ovrojv alo^pdv


    350 opioiujs TO hovXeveiv. OKonelTe he Kal Kad* eKa-
    OTov Tovrcov cog ecmv puKpd rod 7roXep,elv rj vtto-

    deoLg, Kal TTpcord ye rd r<Zv eTTtTpoTTojv eyKXr]p,ara.

    Beparreveiv ydp, ovk epeOit^eLV XPV ''"^^ e^ovoias'


    351 OTay Se tcjv puKpujv dpLaprrj p,dr ojv rovg e^ovet-
    Sta/xoi)? TTOirjade fieydXovg, KaO^ eavTojv rovg
    4.58
    JEWISH WAR, II. Si6-C>51

    perliaps avarice and the prospect of enriching them-


    selves at the expense of the weak in the event of a
    general convulsion, I, in order to bring these mis-
    guided persons to reason and a better frame of mind,
    and to prevent virtuous citizens from reaping the
    consequences of the errors of a few, have thought it
    my duty to call you all together and to tell you what
    I conceive to be to your interest. If my remarks are
    not to the liking of any of my audience, pray let him
    not create a disturbance. For those who have irre-
    vocably determined to rebel will still be at liberty,
    after my exhortation, to retain their sentiments ;

    but my words will be lost even upon those who are


    anxious to hear them, unless you all give me a quiet
    hearing,
    " Now, I know that there are many who wax Your
    eloquent on the insolence of the procurators and warfare
    pronounce pompous panegyrics on liberty but, for mixed.
    ;

    my part, before examining who you are and who are


    this people whom you are undertaking to fight, I
    would first consider apart two distinct pretexts for
    hostilities which have been confused. For, if your
    abject is to have your revenge for injustice, what
    good is it to extol liberty ? If, on the other hand,
    it is servitude which you find intolerable, to complain

    af your rulers is superfluous ;were they the most


    ;onsiderate of men, servitude would be equally
    disgraceful.
    "Consider then these arguments apart and how (i) Your
    weak, on either ground, are your reasons for going to agaS^"'
    war ; and first the charges against the procurators, individua
    The powers that be should be conciliated by flattery, curators^
    lot irritated ;when you indulge in exaggerated JJ,^^"!^\Yj^^'
    •eproaches for minor errors, you only injure your- Rome.

    459
    JOSEPHUS
    oueibilofxei'ovg aTreAey^^ere, /cat TzapeVre? to Xddpa
    Kal fjLer^ atSou? vfid? ^XaTrretv TtopOovai (f)av€pa)g.
    ovd€v 8e ovTOjg TQ? TiAryya? tus" to ^epetv' dva-
    aTe'AAei, /cat to tcuv ddLKOvfJLevcou rjovxi-ov rot's
    352 dSt/couCTt yiverai hiarpoTrr]. (f)€pe S' etVat tou?
    PojfjLaLow VTTTjperag dv-qKearuj? )(aX€7T0V?' ovttco
    PojfjLaLoi TTavre? dSt/coucrtv vfidg ovSe Kataap,
    Trpo? ovg atpeode^ rou TToXejiov ouSe ydp i^
    IvroXrjs 7Jk€l rtg TTOvrjpog cxtt' ^Keivcov, ovhi ye
    Tovs V7t6 TTjv dvaroX-qv ol d<f)* iairepas €Trt/3Ae-
    7TOVOLV dAA' oi38' dKoveiw rax^ojs rd evrevdev eKel
    353 pdhiov. droTTOv he kol hi eva TToXXolg Kal 8td
    fiLKpdg alrlag rrjXiKOVTOLS Kal /XTySe yivujOKOVGLV
    354 d pLefKhopieOa TToXepielv. Kal tCjv fiev rjfi€Tepa)V
    iyKXrjfidrojv raxela yevoir* dv [t]]* hLopdcoais'
    ovre ydp 6 avro? iTTtrpoTTOS fxeveV hid Travrog, Kal
    TOVS htahe^ofievous etVo? eXevoeadai fierpiajrepovs'
    KLvqdevra 8' drra^ rov TToXejiov ovr^ dTrodeodai
    355 pdhiov hL)(a GVii4)opa>v ovre ^aard^eiv dXXd firjv .

    TO ye vvv eXevBepias eTTidupLelu dcopov, heov vrrep


    rod firjhe dTTO^aXelv avrrjv dyajviL^euOai Trporepov.
    rj ydp TTeipa rrjs hovXeias \aXe7T-q, Kal rrepl tov
    356 jJirjh^ dp^aodai Tavrrjs d dydjv hiKaios' 6 S' drra^
    X^i-pojdeis, erreira d<f)iGTdfjievos, avddh-qs hovXos
    iariv, ov (f)iXeXev6epog. t6t€ roiyapovv exP'^^
    Trdvd^ VTikp TOV fir] he^aodai 'PcofJiaiovs Troieiv
    357 ore* eTre^aivev ttjs ;)(ojpa? YlofiTrrjios. dAA' oi p.ev

    Tjixerepoi^ npoyovoi Kal ol ^aoiXels avTuJv, kqi


    ^ Cobet (cf. e.g.
    '
    B. ii. 638) : alpuade mss.
    2 cm. PAL. » MfVei PAL.
    * +TT]v dpx"^" MVRC. * vfx^repoi AL Lat.

    " Or **
    turns the wrongdoer aside.
    460
    ;

    JEWISH WAR, II. 351-357

    selves by your denunciation of those whom you


    incriminate ; instead of maltreating you, as before,
    in secret and with a sense of shame, they will now
    despoil you openl}^ There is nothing to check
    blows like submission, and the resignation of the
    wronged victim puts the wrongdoer to confusion."
    Granted that the Roman ministers are intolerably
    harsh, it does not follow that all the Romans are
    unjust to you any more than Caesar yet it is against
    ;

    them, against him, that you are going to war. It is


    not by their orders that an oppressive governor
    comes from them to us, and they cannot see in the
    west their officers in the east it is not easy even
    ;

    promptly to hear yonder the news from these parts.


    How absurd it were, because of one man to make war
    on a whole people, for trifling grievances to take arms
    against so mighty a power, which does not even
    know the nature of our complaints The wrongs
    !

    which we lay to their charge may be speedily rectified


    for the same procurator will not remain for ever, and
    it is probable that the successors of this one will show

    greater moderation on taking office. But war once


    set on foot cannot be lightly either broken off or
    carried through without risk of disaster.
    " Passing to your present passion for liberty, I say oi) Your
    that it comes too late. The time is past when you Pf(fe'°°(5
    ought to have striven never to lose it. For servitude ence is
    ^^^^*^^*^'
    is a painful experience and a struggle to avoid it once

    for all is just but the man who having once accepted
    ;

    the yoke then tries to cast it off is a contumacious


    slave, not a lover of liberty. There was, to be sure,
    a time when you should have strained every nerve to
    keep out the Romans ;that was when Pompey
    invaded this country. But our forefathers and their
    461
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    y^pr]iiaoLV koX oojyiaoLV kol ilsv\als a^eivov VfJLcjv

    TToXXo) hiaKelyievoL, Trpo? [jLolpav oXcyrju tt^s" *Pa>-


    fiaiojv Suvdfieoj? ovk avrioxov Vfjcels 8c ol to /xei'

    V7TaKov€LV €K hiaboxTJ? 7Tap€LXrj(f)6r€S rolg rrpdy- ,

    ixaaiv be rcvv Trpojrojv VTraKovaavrcov Toaovrov


    iXarrovficvoL, Trpog 6Xr]v avdioraoOe r-qv 'Pajfialcov
    358 -qyeiioviav ; koI ^AOr^vatoi fia ol rrepl rfjg TUiv
    'EAATyyojP'iXevdepia? Trapahovres TTore Kal irvpl
    rrjv ol tov V'nepr](j)avov 'E.ep^rjv 8ia yif^s"
    ttoXlv,
    TrXe-voavra kol 8ta daXdaor)? oheijaavTa Kal pLj)
    Xojpovfievov fiev rols TreXdyeoLV, TrXarvrepav 8e
    rijs EupcuTTT^? rr]V cnpaTidv dyovra, ola hpaTrirrjv
    €77L fiids veojs hiw^avrc^, Trepl 8e ri] afiLKpa
    SaAa/xtvt TT^y rooavrrjv 'ActiW /cAaaavre? vvv
    SovXevovGLV 'Poj/Ltaiot?, Kal rrjv -qyeixovtSa rrjs
    'EAAaSos" TToXiv 8toiK-et ra oltto rfjs 'iTaAia? irpoo-
    359 ray/xara. Aa/ceSat/xdrtot 8e fierd Bep/uoTruAa?
    M:ai nAaratas" kol top ipevvrjoavra T-qv ^Aolav
    360 WyqatXaov dya7ra)GLV rovs auTous" heoTToras, Kal
    MaK:e8dve? eVt (fyavra^ojJLevoi ^lXlttttov Kal rrjv
    ovv 'AAe^av8pa> TrapaGTreipovoav^ axnols rrjV rrjg
    olKoviievTjs rjyejjiOVLav opcovreg, ^epovoiv rr]v rooav-
    rrjv fieTa^oXrju Kal Trpos ov? fjcera^e^-qKev r) TV)(r)
    3G1 TTpoGKVvovow. dXXa re edvr] /xupta TrXelouos ye-
    [lovra Trpd? iXevdeplav Trapprjola? €lk€l. (jlovol 8*

    I'/xet? dho^elre hovXevecv ols vnoreraKrai rd rrdvra;

    ^ Dindorfs conjecture TrapaaTralpoiaav is unnecessary


    the noun Tvxni> must be understood, but need not be
    inserted, as it is by Destinon.
    ° Alluding to the canal of Athos and the bridge across the
    Hellespont.
    * His campaigns in Asia against Tissaphernes and Phar-
    462
    JEWISH WAR, II. 357-361

    kings, though in wealth and in vigour of body and


    soul far your superiors, yet failed to withstand a
    small fraction of the Roman army and will you, to;

    whom thraldom is hereditary, you who in resources


    fall so far short of those who first tendered their
    submission, will you, I say, defy the whole Roman
    empire ?
    " Look at the Athenians, the men who, to maintain Many gn
    the liberty of Greece, once consigned their city to submltte
    the flames the men before whose pursuit the Rome:
    ;

    haughty Xerxes, who navigated the land and trod ^^^ ^^^^
    the sea," Xerxes for whom the deep was too narrow
    and whose army overflowed Europe, fled like a
    fugitive slave on a single galley the men who, off
    ;

    the coast of little Salamis, broke the immense might


    of Asia. Those men today are the servants of the
    Romans and the city that was queen of Greece is
    governed by orders from Italy. Look at the Lace- (?) SpaH
    daemonians after Thermopylae and Plataea, after
    :

    Agesilaus the explorer of Asia,* they are content to


    serve the same masters. Look at the Macedonians, (c)Mace(
    who still cherish Philip in their imagination, still have
    before their eyes the vision of her who with Alex- '^

    ander scattered broadcast for them the seeds of the


    empire of the world yet they submit to endure
    ;

    such a reversal of fate and bow before those to whom


    Fortune has transferred her favours. Myriads of
    other nations, swelling with greater pride in the
    assertion of their liberty, have yielded. And will
    you alone disdain to serve those to whom the universe
    is subject ?

    nabazus in 396-394 b.c. were cut short by his recall to war


    at home.
    * The goddess Fortune.
    463
    JOSEPHUS
    TTOia orrpaTia, ttolol? 7T€rroL66r€^ ottAoi?; ttov

    fiev 6 CTToAo? Vfilv hLaXr]ip6fi€Pog ras 'Pojiiaioju da-


    Xauuas; nov 8' ol rats" cVtjSoAat? i^apK€G0VT€<i
    362 drjGavpoi; irpos \lyv7Triovs 6.pa Kal rrpos "Apa/Sa?
    oteode Kivelv tov iroXeyiOV ; ov TrepLOKeipeoOe ttju

    'Pojfiaiojv -qyefjiouLav ; ov fMerpiqaere rrjv iavrwv


    dodevELav ; ov ra fxkv -qfjierepa^ Kal twv TTpoaoLKcov
    idvojv rjTTTjBr] ttoXXolkls, rj 8e €K€Lvajv lox^"^ ^'^
    363 TTJs OLKOvpievqs dvLKrjTOS ,* fxdXXov be Kal ravr-qg
    €^rp-rjodv ti TrXiov . ov yap i^rjpK€G€V avTols opog^
    Ei)(/>paTi7? VTTO rrjv duaroArjv, ovde rwv npoa-
    apKTLOJv 6 "larpos, 17 re fjLeurjfi^pLV^ y-^XP^ "^^^
    doLKiqTOjv ipevvTjdelaa Xi^vrj Kal FaSeipa 77po?
    ionepav, dAA' VTrep ojKeavov irepav il,rjTr]Gav

    OLKOVfJL€vr)v Kal pL^xpL Tojv dvLGTop-qrajv rrporepov


    36i Bperravdjv btrjveyKav ra orrXa. rl ovv ; vp.els
    TtXovGiujrepoL YaXarojv, LGX^porepoi VepjjLavwv,
    'EAAt^vcov GVverwrepoL, ttAciolis" ra)V Kara rrjv

    OLKOvpLevqv eark Trdvrwv ; rl ro Trertoidos vfids


    365 Kara 'Poj/i,ataji^ eVatpei ; ;)(aAe776v ro hovXeveiu,
    ipel Ti?. TTOGco fjLdXXov "KXXrjGLV, ol rojv u^' rjXia)
    TTavrojv rrpovxovres evyeveta" Kal roGavrrjv ve-
    fiofievoL \ojpav e| 'Vojiiaicov V77€lkovglv pa^Sot?,
    TOGavraL? be Kal MaKeSop'e? ol biKaiorepov vpLcov

    366 6<f)elXovTes eXevdeplas dvrLTTOLelGdaL. rl 6' at


    '
    vfi^repa MLC Lat. Niese, Destinon * oXos mss. :

    ' Trpoi'XoiTes (vyiuda P Trpovxa-f fCyefeia coKOvuTe^ Kai fibres


    :

    A : Trf)Ovx(i-v evyfptia (or €17. 7rpoi/X-) SoKoOvrex the rest.

    » The Danube. ' Greek "Gadeira"; Cadiz.


    464
    .

    JEWISH WAR, II. 361-366

    " What are the troops, what


    the armour, on Contrast
    is
    which you rely ? Where is your fleet to sweep
    the ?°smirces
    Roman seas ? the ^ '^;'i^^^f
    Where is your treasury to meet
    cost of your campaigns ? Do you really suppose that Roman
    you are going to war with Egyptians or Arabs ? Will ^™P'^^-
    you shut your eyes to the might of the Roman empire
    and refuse to take the measure of your own weakness ?
    Have not our forces been constantly defeated even
    by the neighbouring nations, while theirs have never
    met with a reverse throughout the whole known
    world ? Nay, even that world has not sufficed for
    their ambition. For, not content with having for their
    frontiers on the east the Euphrates, on the north
    the Ister," on the south Libya explored into desert
    regions, on the west Gades,^ they have sought a new
    world beyond the ocean and carried their arms as
    far as the Britons, previously unknown to history.
    I ask you, then, are you wealthier than the Gauls,
    stronger than the Germans, more intelligent than
    the Greeks, more numerous than all the peoples of
    the world ? What is it which inspires you with
    confidence to defy the Romans ?
    " '
    hard to serve,' you will tell me. How
    It is other
    much harder for Greeks who, though noblest of all besides
    races under the sun and occupants of so vast a ^°
    ^J^^'^®

    territory, are yet subservient to six rods or a Roman have bowi


    ^°™^'
    magistrate ^ A like number suffices to curb the
    !
    *°

    Macedonians,^ who with better right than you might


    claim their liberty. And then the five hundred cities
    ' The Achaea, since 27 b.c. (except under
    lictor's fasces.
    Tiberius, when
    was an imperial province, and for a short
    it
    period under Nero, when Greece was proclaimed free) was a
    senatorial province governed by a proconsul of praetorian
    rank, who was attended by six lictors.
    '^
    Another senatorial province.
    465
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    TTevTaKOGLai rrj? 'Aai'a? ttoAci? ; ov blxa (f>povpd<;
    era TrpoGKVVovaiv r)y€fi6i'a Kal rag VTranKa?
    pdpSovs ; 'HvLoxovg re Kal KoXxovg
    ri xp'rj Aeyett'
    Kal ro Twv TavpojvBooTTopavovg re Kal <f>vXov,

    ra TTepioLKa rod Tlovrov Kal rfjg MatojrtSo? edui]


    367 Trap' of? rrplv p,kv oi)8' oiKelog iyiyvcooKero
    heaTTorrjs, vvi^ 8e rpiGX^-Xioig orrXiraig vrrorao-
    oerai, Kal reooapaKOvra vrj€? jiaKpal rr^v Trplv

    308 arrXojrov Kal aypiav elp-qvevovGL OdXaoaav . TToaa


    Bidwla Kal KaTTTTahoKLa Kal ro Y[apL(f)vXLov edvos
    \vKLoi re Kal KtAi/<:e? VTrep eXevdepta? exovreg
    elrrelv ;(Ojpt? ottXojv <j)opoXoyovvr at ; ri Sal ; &paKeg
    OL TTevre fiev evpog, errrd he firJKog -qfiepcov x^'^P^^
    hLeLXr](f)6res, rpaxvrepav re Kal ttoXXo) rrjs vfierepag
    oxvpojrepav Kal Padel KpvpLO) rovg eTnarparev-
    Govras^ dvaKOTTrovGav ovxl 8icr;(tAtots- 'PcofJLatcjv
    ,

    369 VTTaKovovGLV 4>povpois ; ol 8' oltto rovrojv 'lAAuptot


    TTjv p-expi- SaXfiariag aTrorejJLi'OfJLeurjV "iGrpuj Kar-
    OLKOVi'reg, ov SugIv pLovotg rdypLaGLv VTreiKOVGiv,
    jjLed^ Jjv avrol rag Aa/caji' dvaKOTrrovGLV op/xa? ;

    370 at Se roGavrdKis rrpos eXevdepiav dvaxo-LriGavres


    AaXfidrai Kal Trpos pLOvov del ;^etpt(j JeVrc? ro
    ^ PL : iiri'jTpaTfvovTa^ or -ei'ffavra^ the rest.

    " The number agrees with that named by Philostratus


    (Lives of Sophists, ii. 1.4): the geographer Ptolemy reckons
    only 140 (Pceinach). Asia was senatorial with a governor of
    consular rank.
    " 1 he Colchians, of whom the Heniochi were a tribe, were

    settled on the east and south-east of the Black Sea.


    *
    Inhabiting the Tauric Chersonese, the modern Crimea.
    The sea of Azov.
    •*

    466
    JEWISH WAR, II. 366-370

    of Asia**: do they not, without a garrison, bow (d) Asia,

    before a single governor and the consular fasces ?


    Need I speak of the Heniochi, the Colchians,*
    the race of the Taurians,'' the people of the Bos-
    phorus, the nations bordering on the Euxine and
    Lake Maeotis'*? These peoples, who formerly
    recognized no master, not even one from their own
    ranks, are now in subjection to three thousand
    soldiers, while forty battle-ships bring peace to that
    once unnavigated and savage sea.* What strong
    claims to liberty might be advanced by Bithynia,
    Cappadocia, the Pamphylian nation, Lycians and
    Cihcians ? Yet they pay their tribute without resort
    to arms/ Then, what of the Thracians, who are (e) Thrac
    spread over a country five days' march in breadth
    and seven in length, a country more rugged and far
    stronger than your own, the rigour of whose icy
    climate repels an invader do they not obey the
    :

    orders of two thousand Roman guards ? ^ The


    Illyrians, their neighbours, who inhabit the region (/) inyri
    extending from Dalmatia to the frontier of the Ister,
    are they not kept in check by no more than two
    legions,'' with whom they themselves unite to repel
    the incursions of the Dacians ? The Dalmatians, (f/)Daimai
    too, who have so often reared their heads * for liberty,
    * The numbers of troops and ships here mentioned cannot

    be checked the military occupation of these districts appears


    ;

    to date from the annexation of the kingdom of Pontus on


    the deposition of Polemon lie. a.d. 63.
    ''
    Or perhaps " without constraint of arms " (Reinach).
    " Detached from the two legions stationed in Moesia ;

    Thrace, after several risings, was finally converted into a


    Roman province in 46 a.d.
    * The two legions of Moesia (not Illyria) are intended:
    viz. VIII Augusta and VII Claudia (Tac. Hist. ii. 85).
    * Greek " manes."

    467
    o ,

    JOSEPHUS
    ovXXeiduevoi,^ rrjv Icrxvv TraXiv aTTOorrjvai, vvv ovx
    371 V(f)' ill rdyiiarL 'PajfJiaLcov r]GVxio-v dyovoLV ; dXXa
    jjLrjv €L ye nva? el? dTTOoraaiv a)(f>eLXov d(f)op}ji.al
    fieydXat Trapo^vveLv, fidXiGra TaXdrag ixPW> '^ov<i

    ovTw? VTTO TTj^ (hvaeojs rereLXi-Ofievovs, ef draroAr)?


    fiev rat? " AXneGLV, rrpo? dpKToj he 'Pr^voj TTorapiCo,
    IJ-earipL^pLvolg Se rols Ylvp-qvaloLS opeuiv, ojKeavo)
    372 he 77 p6^ hvafxcov.^ r-qXiKavra pLev
    ctAAd Kairoi
    epKY) Trepi^eBXripievoi, Kal rpiaKOoioLS
    Trevre he
    vXriBvovres edveaiv, rds he TTTjyds, cu? dV Tt? etVot,
    r-fjg euSat/xovia? eTTLXojpiovg exovres /cat rols dya-

    Bols ox^hov 6Xr]v eTTLKXvCovTe? rr)V olKOvpLevrjv,


    dvexovrai 'PcopiaLa>v Trpooohos ovre? Kal rapLievo-
    373 p-evoL rrap^ avrojv rrjv oiKeiav evhatpLOviau. Kal
    Tovd* VTTopLevovGiv ov hid <f)povr]pLdTa)V /xaAa/ctW,
    ovhe St* dyevetaVy ol ye hi-qveyKav oyhorjKovra err]
    TToXepLov VTTep rrj? eXevBepias, dXXd p,erd ttjs
    hvidpLeoj? 'PwpLaLOJU Kal rrjV Tvxr]v KaranXayevres
    "qTLS avTols KaropBoL TrXeiova rwv ottXwv. tol-
    yapovv VTTO ;)(iA(.'ots' Kal hiaKoaloLS orpaTLcorais
    hovXevovGLV, (Lv oXlyov helv TiXeiovs exovoL TToXeis
    374 ovhe "l^rjpGLV 6 yewpyovpLevos XP^O'o? ct? rov virkf.
    TTjs eXevBepias e^i^pKeuev TToXepiov, ovhe to to-
    aouTov (2770 'PojpLalojv yi]g Kal BaXdaar]? hidcrTripLa
    ^ Text emended by Xiese : rpos to fj.6vov del x^'P- '''o''"'

    (TlXXf|. MSS.
    ' bvatxah MVRC.
    " Apparently XI Claudia (c/. Tac. Hist. iii. 50).
    "400 according to Appian, Celt. \. 2, 300 according t(

    Plutarch, Ca(s. 15: the " nations" intended are the jsa^r/
    " cantons."' a subdivision of the civltates (Reinach).
    ' From the campaign of M. Fulvius Flaccus (125 b.c.)
    which led to the foundation of the Provincia Narbonensis
    468
    JEWISH WAR, II. 370-374

    v/hose constant defeats have only led them to muster


    their forces for a fresh revolt, do they not now live
    in peace under a single Roman legion " ?
    " But if there is one people above all others which (/<) Gaiu
    should be tempted by its grand opportunities to raise
    the standard of revolt, it is surely the Gauls with their
    magnificent natural ramparts, on the east the Alps,
    on the north the river Rhine, on the south the chain
    of the Pyrenees, on the west the ocean. But, though
    encompassed by such formidable barriers, though
    swarming with a population of three hundred and
    five nations,^ possessing, so to say, in their native
    soil the springs of prosperity and irrigating well-nigh
    the whole world with the overflow of their products,
    the Gauls are yet content to be treated as a source
    of revenue to the Romans and to have their own
    prosperous fortune meted out to them at their hands.
    And this they tolerate, not from any lack of spirit or
    because they are an ignoble race, they who for full
    eighty years ^ fought for their independence, but
    because they are overawed at once by the power of
    Rome and by her fortune, which brings her more
    triumphs even than her arms. That is why they
    submit to the orders of twelve hundred soldiers,**
    they who have cities enough almost to outmatch that
    —
    number.^ Then the Iberians neither the gold (i) Spain
    which their soil produces, nor the vast extent of land
    and sea which separates them from the Romans, nor
    up to the end of Caesar's campaigns was a period of about
    seventy-five years.
    I

    Two cohorfes urhanae established at Lyons, one of which


    **

    (the eighteenth) is mentioned in Tac. Hist. i. 64, and the


    other (the seventeenth) in an inscription, Mommsen, Hermes,
    xvi. 645 (Reinach).
    • " More than 800 cities "(App. Celt. i. 2; Plut. Caes. 15),

    469
    JOSEPHUS
    ^uAa re AovaLrava)v Kal Kavrd^pcov dpetfidvia,
    ovSe yeircjjv d)Keav6s <f)o^€pdv /cat rots' eTTixcoptoLS
    375 dpnTOJTLV indycov, aAA' vrrep to.? 'HpaKrAetou? gt^-
    Xas eKreivavres to. orrXa Kal 8ta vecfxZu oSev-
    aavreg rd Yivp-qvala^ opr), Kal rovrov^ iSouXd)-
    aavro 'Pto/xatof (j)poupd 5' ripKeoev rojv our cos
    hvopid-x^cxiv Kal TOOOVTov dTTcoKLGfJbevcov €V rdyfia.

    376 rls VfJLow ovK dKofj TrapelX-qcjiev to V€pp.av(JL)V

    TrXrjOos ; oAkt^i^ p-ev yap Kal pieyedr) oojixdrojv


    ctSere hiqTTOv TToXXdKLs, irrel Travra^ov *Pa»/xatot
    377 rov? TOVTOJV alxp-O-Xajrovs exovGLV. dAA' ovtol
    yrjv pL€V aTTeipov ve/td/xei'ot, /^et^co Se rojv Gcop^drcov
    rd (f)povqfJLaTa Kal ttjv ptev ipvxrjv davdrov
    €xpvre<s
    Kara^povovGav rovs Se dvpLOVs rojv dypLOjrdrojv
    y

    Oripinjv G<t)oSpoT€pov9, *Prjuou rrjs oppbij^ opov


    e^ovGLV Kal 'Pojp,aLajv okto) rdypiaGiv Sap,at,6-
    pL€voi SovXevovGLv pLCv dAovTe?, TO 8' oAov avrcjv
    378 edvos 4^'uyfl Stacroj^eTai. Kal to OKeipaGde he
    ^perravajv re^xos ol rolg 'lepoGoXvpaov relxeGLV
    TTeTTOiOoTes' Kal yap eKeivovs 7TepL^e^Xrjp,ei>ovg
    ixJKeavop Kal rrjS Kad^ rjp^dg OLKOvp.evrjs ovk eXdG-
    oova vrJGOv OLKOVvras irXevGavres ehovXajGavro
    ^PajfiaLOL, reGGapa be Tciy/xara rrji' roGavrrjv
    379 vrjGOV (f)vXdGGeL. Kal ri 8et TroAAd Xeyeiv, ottov
    ^ Uvp-ni>iit}u PAM.
    " VI Victrix, the legion which proclaimed Galba emperor
    (Tac. Hist. V. 16; Suet. Galba, 10).
    " Four in Upper, four in Lower
    Germany. In a.d. 69
    (when the upper army numbered only three) the seven
    legions were IV, XXI,XXII ; 1, V, XV, XVI. The eighth ^

    470
    JEWISH WAR, II. S74-S79

    the tribes of the Lusitanians and Gantabrians with


    their fever for war, nor the neighbouring ocean, the
    ebb and flow of whose tides terrifies the very in-
    habitants, none of these sufficed in their struggle for
    independence no, the Romans carrying their arms
    ;

    beyond the Pillars of Hercules, traversing through


    clouds the mountains of the Pyrenees, have reduced
    even them to servitude to guard this nation of
    ;

    fighters, so stubborn, so remote, a single legion now


    suffices." W^hich of you has not heard tell of the
    horde of Germans ? Nay, you have surely often seen o)Qerma
    their stalwart and burly figures, for the Romans have
    captives from that nation everywhere. This people
    occupies an immense country, their hearts are even
    greater than their stature, their souls disdainful of
    death, their rage fiercer than that of the most savage
    of beasts yet the Rhine sets a bound to their im-
    ;

    petuosity and, tamed by eight Roman legions,^ the


    captured are reduced to slavery, while the rest of the
    nation has found safety in flight. Again, consider
    what a wall of defence had the Britons, you who put ^) Britai

    your trust in the walls of Jerusalem the ocean :

    surrounds them, they inhabit an island no less in


    extent than the part of the world in which we live ^ ;

    yet the Romans crossed the sea and enslaved them,


    and four legions now secure that vast island. But
    <^

    in A.D. 66 is thought to have been X Gemina. Mommsen,


    Provinces, i. 1 18 f., 132, Domaszewski, op. cit. (§ 344 note).

    * Palestine.
    i.e. Or possibly ' the whole of our inhabited
    continent ; for before Agricola's campaign of a.d. 84 the
    '

    Romans had a very imperfect conception of the size of


    Britain (Merivale, Romans under Empire, vii. 90).
    ^ II Augusta, IX Hispana, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix
    (recalled in 68), XX Valeria Victrix. Domaszewski, op. cit.,
    cf, Mommsen, Provinces, i. 174, note 4.
    471
    JOSEPHUS
    Kal YldpdoL, TO TToXeiJ-LKcorarov (f)vXov, rooovrcov
    apxovres iOvcov /cat rrjXLKavT-qv TrepL^e^XrjiievoL
    SvvaiJLLV, OfJLTjpOV? 7T€pi7T0VGLV '
    PcO/XatOl?, Kol €(7TLV
    €77t TTjS 'IraAta? Iheiv ev elprjvrjg 7Tpo(f)dGeL Sou-
    380 Xevovaav rrjv Atto rrj? dvaroXrj? evyeveiav. rrdv-
    rojv St] gx^Sov tojv vcf)^ -qXico rd 'PcjOfiaioju orrXa
    TTpOOKVVOVVTCOV Vfiel? fjiOVOL TToX^pHqOeTe jJLTjSe TO y

    KapxrjSovLOJV reXo? OKOTTOVvres ol rov pLeyau ,

    avxovureg Wvvl^av Kal ttjV d-TTo ^olvlkojv ev-


    381 yevetau vtto T-qv 'LKLnlajvog Septal' €tt€Gov ; ovre 8e
    Kupr^yatot, to AaKwvojv yevos, ovre Map/xaptSat,
    TO p^^xpi TTJ? 8t?/;aSo9 €KT€rap.ivov <j)vXov, ovB^ at
    (f)0^€paL Kal roLS dKovovaiv HvpTeig, Naaapicoves
    re Kal Maupot /cat to No/xaScov' direipov TrXrjdo^
    382 Ta? 'Pojpialojv dveKoipav dperdg. r-qv he rpirrjV
    rrjs OLKOvpLevTj? pLolpav, rj^ ouSe e^apiOpi'qoaodai
    rd eOvYj pdhiov, opitoiilvrjif ArXavriKO) re rreXdyei
    ^

    Kal orrjXaL? 'Hpa/cActot? Kal /xe^P'' '^V'^ 'Kpudpd?


    daXdaarj? rovs dTreipovs vepuovaav AWloTra? ex^^-
    383 pcoaavro pLev oXrjv, x^P*-^ ^^ '^^^ errioiojv KapTTOJU,
    ot pLTjolv o/CTcu TO /coTO, rrju *P(x)pLr]v TrXrjOo? rpe-
    <f)ovoLV, [Kaiy e^ujdev TtavroLOjg t^opoXoyovvrai Kal
    Tat? ;(petats" rrjg rjyepLOVLa? Trapexovoiv erotpLOvg
    rds eLO(f)opdg, ovbeu row emraypidrajv cjoTrep
    vpiels v^pLv rjyovpevoL, KatTrep evo? rdypiarog
    384 auTot? TTapapievovro? . Kal ri Set rroppajdev vplv
    TTjU *PcupaLojv VTTobeiKvvvaL Svvapiv, Trapdv e^
    1 ora. PAL.
    " Reinach instances Tiridates I (king of Armenia and

    brother of the king of Parthia), who in a.d. 63 did homage to


    Nero and left his daughter in Rome as a hostage (Tac. Ann.
    XV. 29 f.).
    47:2
    ^

    JEWISH WAR, II. 379-384

    why enlarge, when the Parthians themselves, that (0 Parth


    race of finest warriors, lords of so many nations,
    provided with so vast an army, send hostages to the
    Romans, and the nobility of the east may be seen in
    Italy, under the pretext of peace, bending to the
    yoke ?
    °

    " Thus, when almost every nation under the sun (»i)
    does homage to the Roman arms, are you alone to ^^J^^^^s^-
    defy them, regardless of the fate of the Carthaginians, and the
    who, for all their pride in the great Hannibal and in Amc^^^^
    the nobility of their Phoenician descent, fell beneath
    the hand of Scipio ? Neither Cyrenians, of Spartan
    breed, nor Marmaridae, that race that stretches to
    the regions of drought, nor Syrtes, whose very name
    strikes terror, Nasamons, Maurians, Numidians in
    their countless hosts, none have checked the valour
    3f Rome. This third part of the inhabited world,
    the mere enumeration of whose nations is no easy
    ;ask, bounded by the Atlantic ocean and the pillars
    )f Hercules, and supporting right up to the Red Sea
    Ethiopians innumerable, they have subdued it all ;

    ind these peoples, besides their annual produce,


    vhich feeds for eight months of the year the populace
    f Rome, over and above this pay tribute of all kinds
    md ungrudgingly devote their contributions ^ to the
    ervice of the empire, far from seeing, as do you, an
    )utrage in the orders which they receive, although
    mt one legion^ is quartered among them.
    " But why seek so far afield for proofs of the power (n) Egyp
    •f Rome, when I can find them at your very door, in audrial'^''

    ^ Africa,
    * 6t(T0opd in Attic Greek is a sort of super-tax.
    •*
    III Augusta, stationed in the senatorial or western
    •ortion of the province of Africa.
    473
    JOSEPHUS
    385 Alyvrrrov rrjs yetrvtajarys", tJtls €KT€LVOfi€vr) ixl^p^S
    AWlottcov Kal rrjs euSat/xovo? 'ApajSta?, opfJLog^
    T€ ovaa rrjs 'IvSikitJ?, TTevTTjKOVTa TTpog rat? inra-
    Kooiais €)(ovGa ixvpidhas avBpo'jTTcov hi-)(a rwv
    WXe^di'bpeiav KaroLKOvvTCJV, cu? eveanv €K rrjs
    Kad^ eKaar-qi^ Ke(f>'i\riv elo(^op3.s^ reKfi-qpaad at, r-qv
    'PajfiaLajv -qyefiovLav ovk dSo^el, Kairoi TT-qXiKOV
    aTTOGrdaeajs Kevrpov e^ovoa ttju *AAcfai^Spetay
    TrX-qdovg re dvSpcov eVexa Kal TrXovrov, vpos Se
    SSC) fjieyedovs' fjL-qKO? fiev ye avrrjs rpidKovra arahicov,
    evpos 8' OVK eXarrov SeKa, rod 8e Iviavaiaiov
    Trap" vjjLOJV ^opov Kad^ eva pirjva TrXiov 'Pco^LtatotS"

    TTapex^t Kal rcjov ;)(;/)7]/xaTa>v e^ojBev rfj 'Pt6/X7^


    airov reaodpajv rereiXLorai 8e rrdvrodev
    i^irjvcov

    r^ hvo^drois Ip-qplais r) daXduaais dXifxlvoLS "J]

    387 TTorafjLol? t) eXeuLV. dAA* ovSev rovrcov lax^po-


    repov evpeOrj 'PojfJbaiojv rvxr)S, 8uo S' iyKaO-
    rrjs
    r)IX€va rdyfxara rrjv ^aOelav AtyvTrrov
    rfj rroXei
    388 a^a rfj ^laKehovajv evyevela ;^aAtvor. rivas om
    inl rov rroXefiov eK rrjs doLK-qrov TrapaX-qipeude
    avfjLfjbdxovs ; ol fiev yap inl rrjs oLKOvfievrjs vdvres
    elolv 'PajfialoL, el pnq rts vrrep Kv(f)pdr-qv eKreivei
    rds eXTTihas Kal rovs eK rijs ^ASia^-qvrjs 6jxo<^vXovs
    389 olerai TrpoGapLVvelv} ol 8' oirre hi air lav dXoyov

    ^ ofxopos VC Lat. 2 (Tvvf icr<popds P.

    ^ Niese from Lat. : wf^oaauvvdv or ina/xvvdv mss.

    * Diodorus Siculus, writing some seventy years earlier


    gives the population of Egypt as seven millions (i. 31
    Reinach), that of Alexandria as 300,000 (xvii. 52).
    * Or, perhaps, " a centre for revolt."

    ' " Seven or eight," Strabo xvii. 1. 9 (Reinach); Strabc


    agrees with Josephus as to the length.
    474
    JEWISH WAR, II. 385-389

    Egypt ? This country, which extends as far as


    Ethiopia and Arabia Felix, which is the port for
    India, which has a population of seven million five
    hundred thousand souls," exclusive of the inhabitants
    of Alexandria, as may be estimated from the poll-
    tax returns, this country, I say, does not disdain to
    submit to Roman domination and yet what an
    ;

    incentive to revolt ^ she has in Alexandria, so popu-


    lous, so wealthy, so vast Tlie length of that city
    !

    is thirty furlongs, its breadth not less than ten ;


    '^

    the tribute which she yields to Rome in one month


    surpasses that which you pay in a year besides ;

    money she sends corn to feed Rome for four months ;**
    she is protected on all sides by trackless deserts, by
    seas without ports, by rivers or lagoons. Yet none
    of these assets proved a match for the fortune of
    Rome, and two legions ^ stationed in the city curb
    this far-reaching Egypt and the proud nobility of
    Macedon.
    " What allies then do you expect for this war ? You cann
    Will you recruit them from the uninhabited wilds ? f^m^Jew
    For in the habitable world all are Romans unless, Wondth —
    maybe, the hopes of some of you soar beyond the
    Euphrates and you count on obtaining aid from your
    kinsmen in Adiabene.-^ But they will not, for any
    **
    The corn for the capital for the other eight months of the
    year being furnished bv Africa (§ 383).
    ' These in a.d. 69 were III and XXII (Tac. Hist, v. I);
    under Augustus there had been a third legion, Mommsen,
    Provinces, ii. 273.
    / Cf. B. i. 5 for these expectations. " Proselytes " would
    have been a more correct term than " kinsmen " the ;

    dynasty of Adiabene, a region east of the Tigris on the


    Parthian frontier, had under Claudius been converted to
    Judaism {A. xx. 17 ff.). Some members of the royal family
    fought on the side of the Jews {B. ii. 520, vi. 356).
    475
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    rrjXLKOvr oj 7roAe/Lta» avvefiTrXe^ovaiv eairrou?, ovre
    ^ovX€vaaiievoLS KaKco? 6 Yidpdog iTTLTpeipec rrpo-
    voia yap avrw ttjs rrpog *Pco/xatou? iKexeipias,
    Kal 7Tapa^aLi'€LV olrjueraL ra? aTTorSas", av tls riov
    39<:' utt' avrov cttl 'PajpLatov? tr). Xolttou ovv iirl Tqv
    rod Oeov GvpipLa)(iav Kara(i)€VKreoi'. dXXa /cat
    rovTO Trapd 'PajpLalots r era Krai' hlxo. yap deov
    391 Gvurrjvai r-qXiKavr-qv -qyepLOviav dhvvarov. gk€-
    ipaade S' w? vpilv ro rrjg dp-qaKeta? aKparov, ei
    Kal TTpog evx^i-pcj^Tov? TToXeiioLrjre, SvahiOLK-qTOV,
    Kal 8t' a pLaXXov rov Beov iX-iCere avfifiaxov,
    Tairr' dvayKaLopLevoi -rrapa^aiveLV aTTOGrpeipere.
    392 T7]povvTeg ye pLrjv rd tcov cjSSo/xdScov €^17 /cat

    TTpos fJLrjbepiLav rrpd^iv KLVovfJcevoL pabiajs oAojcreauc,


    KaSdrrep ol Trpoyovoi YlopLTrrjLOj, rairrag fidXcGra
    rd? ivepyovs 7TOLr]Gapi€va) Tqs rroXiopKLas
    rjpLepag
    393 ev als rjpyovv ol TToXiopKovpLevoi- Trapa^aivovres 8
    €V' TO) —oXefioj rov Trdrpiov vofiov ovk olh vrrep
    orov XoLTTOu TTon^Geode rov dycova' (jTrovhrj yap
    394 vfjLLV /xia ro pLT) rcjv Trarpiojv ri KaraXvuai rrojs .

    5' erriKaXeoeoOt ro Oelov 77/30? rrjv dfivvav 01


    eKovGLw? rrjv els avro depairelav
    TTapa^dvre?
    ertavaipovvrai he eKaaroL TToXep.ov 7) dela TTCTTOt-
    dores Tj dvdpajTrlvr) ^orjdelq.- orav he rrjV Trap*
    dp.(^olv ro elKOS aTTOKOTrrrj, <^avepdv dXojGiv 01
    395 TToXefxovvre? alpovvrai. ri hrj KcoXvet Tat? eavrwi
    X^polv hiaxprjoaGdai reKva Kal yvvatKas Kal rrji
    TreptKaXXeordrrjv Trarplha ravrrjv Kara(j)Xe^ai; /x-a

    • Cf.B.u 146; .-l.xiv. 63ff.

    476
    JEWISH WAR, II. 389-395

    frivolous pretext, let themselves be embroiled in so


    serious a war, and, if they did contemplate such folly,
    the Parthian would not permit it for he is careful
    ;

    to maintain the truce with the Romans, and would


    regard it as a violation of the treaty if any of his
    tributaries were to march against them.
    " The only refuge, then, left to you is divine assist-
    ance. But even this is ranged on the side of the ooV'^who
    Romans, for, without God's aid, so vast an empire on the sic
    "

    could never have been built up. Consider, too, the ° °"
    difficulty of preserving your religious rules from con-
    tamination, even were you engaging a less formidable Jg°"Jjon
    foe ; and how, if compelled to transgress the very wiifham]
    principles on which you chiefly build your hopes of^^*^'""
    God's assistance, you will alienate Him from you.
    If you observe your sabbath customs and refuse to
    take any action on that day, you will undoubtedly be
    easily defeated, as were your forefathers by Pompey,
    who pressed the siege most vigorously on the days
    when the besieged remained inactive " if, on the
    ;

    contrary, you transgress the law of your ancestors,


    I fail to see what further object you will have for

    hostilities, since your one aim is to preserve inviolate


    all the institutions of your fathers. How could you
    invoke the aid of the Deity, after deliberately
    omitting to pay Him the service which you owe Him ?
    " All who embark on war do so in reliance on the
    support either of God or man ;but when, in all you have
    probability, no assistance from either quarter is allies; bf
    forthcoming, then the aggressor goes with his eyes t'lme.
    open to certain ruin. What is there, then, to prevent
    you from dispatching with your own hands your
    children and wives and from consigning this sur-
    passingly beautiful home of yours to the flames ?

    477
    JOSEPHUS
    v€vr€9 yap ovrcos to ye r-qg "qrTrjg 6v€lSo? Kep-
    396 SrjG€T€.KaXov, to (fyiXot, KaXov, eco? en iv opjjLCi)
    TO OKd(f)og, TTpoGKeTTTeGdai^ rov piiXXovra X€.ip,a)va
    €tV /xcCTa? rag dv€/\Xag a.TToXovixevovs'^ ava^Brj-
    p-Tjb'

    vaf TOi? p-ev yap i^ dSrjXcov ep^TreGOVoiv^ Setvot?


    TO yovv IXeeZoOai TrepUarLV, 6 8' els Trpoh-qXov
    397 aTTajXeiav 6pp.rjGagKal 7TpoGOveihil,eTai. ttXtjv et
    /Lti^ Tt? V7ToXap,^dv€L Kard GvvOriKag TToXepLTjGeLv
    Kal 'PcopaLOv? KparrjGavrag vp,(jov p^erpidGeiv, aAA'
    ovK 61? UTToSety/xa rcjv aXXcov idvojv KaTa(j)Xe^€iv
    p.€v rrjv Updv ttoXlv, dvaiprjGeiv Se Trdv vp.u)v ro
    (f>vXov ovhk yap TreptXcK^Oevre? (fyvyrj? evp-qGere
    TOTTOV, aTTdvTOJv iyourajv 'Pojp,aLOV? SeGrrora? rj r;

    398 SehoLKorcou ox^tv- d Se KivSvvog ov rojv ivddSc


    piovov, dXXd Kal rcov Kara rag aAAa? KaroiKOTjvrojv
    TToAet?- ov yap eGriv iirl rrjg oiKOvp.evr]s hrjpLO? 6
    399 p-rj pLotpav rjperepav exojv. ovg dvavra? TroXepir]-
    odvrojv vpdjv KaraG(f)d^ovGiv ol hidcjyopoL, Kal 8t'
    oXiyuiv dvhpcjv KaKO^ovXlav iraGa TTXrjGdrjGerai^
    ttoXls 'lofSat/coO (f)6vov. Kal GvyyvcopLT] pkv rols
    rovro TTpd^aGLV dv he pLTj TrpaxOi], XoyLGaaOe ttcos
    TTpds ovruj <f)LXavdpa)7TOV'i orrXa kluelu dvoGLOV.
    40U eLGeXOeroj 8' oiKros vptdg el Kal pLrj reKvcov /cat

    yvvaiKiov , dXXd rrjg ye pLr^rpoTroXeat? ravriqs Kal


    rcuv lepoju Trepi^oXajv <f>eiGaG6e rod lepov Kal .

    rov vaov eavrols perd rdJv dyiojv rrjp-qGare' dcf)


    e^ovrai ydp ovKen 'Pajpaloc rovrcov Kpdrrjaavres

    ^ TrepiGKiTTTecrdai. P,
    * PA : dTroWviJ.€vovs L : ciTro Xiuivos MVRC (perhap!
    6ia

    rightly).
    ' ^I : fTTfTrecroi/crtJ' the rest. * P: TrXT^pw^^aerai the rest

    478
    !

    JEWISH WAR, II. 395 400

    3y such an act of madness you would at least spare


    ^ourselves the ignominy of defeat. It were well,
    ny friends, it were well, while the vessel is still in
    )ort, to foresee the coming storm, and not to put
    )ut into the midst of the hurricane to meet your
    loom." For to the victims of unforeseen disaster there
    s left at least the meed of pity but he who rushes
    ;

    ;o manifest destruction incurs opprobrium to boot.


    " There may be some who imagine that the war will Do not loo
    3e fought under special terms, and that the Romans, hJve^p^ty
    vhen victorious, will treat you with consideration your race, ;

    m the contrary, to make you an example to the rest and'your


    )f the nations, they will burn the holy city to the Temple.

    ground and exterminate your race. Even the sur-


    vivors will find no place of refuge, since all the peoples
    jf the earth either have, or dread the thought of

    laving, the Romans for their masters. The peril,


    noreover, threatens not only us Jews here, but also
    .11 who inhabit foreign cities ; for there is not a
    •eople in the world which does not contain a portion
    f our race.* All these, if you go to war, will be
    •utchered by your adversaries, and through the folly
    f a handful of men every city will be drenched with
    ewish blood. Such massacre would be excusable but, ;

    hould it not take place, think what a crime it were


    take up arms against such humane opponents
    'ake pity, then, if not on your children and your
    dves, at least on your mother city and its sacred
    recincts. Spare the temple and preserve for your-
    slves the sanctuary with its holy places ^ ; for the
    lomans, once masters of these, will refrain their

    " Or, with the other reading, " put out from harbour into
    »e midst of the hurricane."
    " C/. Ap, ii. 282. « Or " treasures."

    4.79
    JOSEPHUS
    401 (jjv (f)eLGdiJL€voL TTporepov rj^apior-qvrai. fiaprvpo
    fiat 8e iyd) fikv vpiwv rd ayia koI tov? Upov';
    dyyeXovg rod deov Kal rrarpiha rrjv kolvtjv, w
    ovbev Tujv ocorrfpitov vplv Ka6v(f)rjKdiir)v, u/Ltet? 8e
    ^ovXevodfievoL fjLev rd beovra KOLvrjv ovv ifjLol rr)
    elp-qv-qu €$er€, TTpoaxOdi^re? 8e rot? dv(JLOL<; X^P^-

    402 (5) Toaavra elrrajv irreSdKpvaev re \ierd tt]-

    ddeXchrjg Kal ttoXv rrjg opixrjg avrcov erravaev roh


    Sa/cpuot?. dve^oojv Se ov *Pcc>/xatot?, dAAd OAojpo
    403 OL d TTeTTOvdaaLV TToXefxeLU. rrpog touto ^aoiXev
    AypiTTTTas " dXXd rd epya, e^i], " 'Poj/Ltatot '

    TJbr) TToXefiovvTajv iortu- ovre yap KaLoapt SeSco

    Kare rov (j)6pov Kal rd? orod? dTTeKOipare rrjsl


    404 AvTojvia'i. aTTOGKevdaaLGde' 3' dv rr]V atrta
    TTj? d7TOGTda€Oj<; el ravrag re Gvvdipere 7rdAt|
    ,

    Kal TeXeGere rrjv €LG(l)opdv ov yap Stj ye OAojpo


    TO (f)povpL6v eGTLV Tj ^Xojpcp TG y^pi^piaTa hojGere.
    405 (xvii. 1) Toirroi? d hrijio? eTreiSe'ro, Kal fxer
    Tov ^aGLXea>g rrj? re IBepviK-qg dva^dvre? els r
    Lepov Karrjp^avro rrjs rcovGrocov SojjLi^Geo)?, e
    be rd? Kco/jLag ol re dp^ovre? Kal ^ovXevral /x<
    pcGdevres rovs (^opov? GVveXeyov ra^^ajs Se r
    reGGapdKovra rdXavra, roGovrov ydp eXeiire
    406 r)9poLGdr]. Kal rod fj.ev TToXepLOV rore ovroj ri
    dTteiXr)v Karel\ev ^ XypLTTTras, avQis Se eTTeipdi
    veideiv ro ttXtjOos VTraKoveiv OAcopoj, /xe'xpt? dv
    avrov TTepupei^ KatGap ^idSoxov Trpos o rtaf
    o^vvdevres e^XaG(f)i]p,ovu elsrov ^aGiXea Kal ri

    * rds PAL (t/. Lat. Antonianas).


    - Dindorf : a-maKtvdaaaBe or the like ms3.
    3 M : trifx-lrj the rest.

    480
    JEWISH WAR, II 401-406

    hands no more, seeing that their forbearance in the


    past met only with ingratitude. As for me, I call
    your sanctuary and God's holy angels and our
    common country to witness, that 1 have kept back
    nothing which could conduce to your preservation ;

    as for you, if you decide aright, you will enjoy with


    me the blessings of peace, but, if you let yourselves
    be carried away by your passion, you will face,
    without me, this tremendous peril."
    (5) Having spoken thus, he burst into tears, as Agrippa'i
    did also his sister ; and his emotion much restrained ^.^pay^yo
    the passion of his hearers. Still they began to tribute a
    ,^L^.i ^.1- •. restore
    cry out that they were not takmg up arms against porticoes
    I'.

    the Romans, but against Florus, because of all


    the wrong that he had done them. To this king
    Agrippa replied " But your actions are already acts
    :

    of war against Rome : you have not paid your tribute


    to Caesar, and you have cut down the porticoes
    communicating with Antonia If you wish to clear
    yourselves of the charge of insurrection, re-establish
    the porticoes and pay the tax ; for assuredly the
    fortress does not belong to Florus, and it is not Florus
    to whom your money will go."
    (xvii. 1) Acting on this advice, the people went up
    to the temple, with the king and Bernice, and began
    the reconstruction of the porticoes, while the magis-
    trates and the members of the council dispersed to the
    various villages and levied the tribute. The arrears,
    amounting to forty talents, were rapidly collected.
    Thus for the moment Agrippa dispelled the menace of
    war. Subsequently, he endeavoured to induce the
    people to submit to the orders of Florus until a
    successor was sent by Caesar to replace him. But
    this exasperated the Jews, who heaped abuse upon
    VOL, II R 481
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    TrdAecu? avrou l^eK-qpvauov, eToXfiajv 8e rti/e? rcju
    407 orauiacrrcov Kal Xidov? eV avrou ^dXXeiv. 6 hk
    jSaatAeu? Ihtov r-qv opfx-qv ridrj tojv v€.ojT€pil,6vTUJV
    aKa-do\^rov Kal x^^^'^V^^^ ^4>' ^^^ -poTTerr-qXa-
    KLoro,^ Tovg p.kv dpxovra^ avTojv djia tol? hvva-
    Toli e—€ii-€ 77p6? OAc2»pov €1? Kaiadpeiav, lu*
    €K€Luo^ e^ avTojv OLTroSei^r] rovg rrjv ^ojpav
    <f)opoXoyrjOOUTag , avro^ 6^ ai^'€;(aipv]crev elg ttju
    ^aoiXeiav
    408 (2) \\dv rovTco rive? TtDi^ iidXtara Kivovvrojv
    Tov -oXepLOV ovveXdouTCS (Lpp-rjcravInl (f)povpi6v
    Tt KaXovpievov Waudhav, /cat KaraXa^6vre<? avro
    Xddpa TOV? 'PojpLaLOJV
    (l)povpovs d7T€0(f)a^av,
    p-kv
    409 eVepou? 5' eyKarear-qoav Idlov?. dp.a dk /cat Kara.
    TO Upov 'EAea^apo? vlo? 'Ai^avta rov dp)(L€peoj£, i

    vean'a? dpaavraro?, orparr]yojv rore rovg Kara


    rrjV Xarpeiav Xeirovpyovvr as dvarreidei p.-qhev6s
    dXXorpiov dojpov r) dvaiav TrpoGdexeadaL. rovro ;p

    S' TjU rov -po? Poj/Ltatou? rroXepLov Kara^oX-q-


    '

    rrjv yap VTrkp rovra>v dvoiav /cat^ Katcrapo? dir-


    410 kppupav. Kal rroAAa rcJov re dpxi-€peojv Kal rcjv
    yvLopipLUJV 7TapaKaXovvra>v p.rj TrapaXtTrelv ro virkp
    rcov -qyepLovow edog ovk eveSocrav, rroXv p.kv Kal
    T(2) ocjyerepoj rrX-qdei Trerroidores, Kal yap ro
    aKpLaiorarov rojv vecorepLL^ovroiV avv-qpyet, p.d-

    * TrfjOimrriXAKi.'jTdL PA. ^ om. Kal VRC.

    " As opposed to the tribute already collected from Jeru-

    salem and the environs (i 405).


    * Close to the Dead Sea, more than half-way down the

    west coast, modern Sebhefi.


    * t.^. "captain of the Temple" (Acts iv. 1, etc.), or .?a/7an,

    482
    JEWISH WAR, ir 406-410

    the king and formally proclaimed his banishment Aarippa


    from the city some of the insurgents even ventured
    ; fr^JJi*, t'^ile

    to throw stones at him. The king, seeing that the ^'^y-


    passions of the revolutionaries were now beyond
    control, and mdignant at the insults which he had
    received, sent the magistrates and principal citizens
    to Florus at Caesarea, in order that he might appoint
    some of their number to collect the tribute in the
    country ° he then withdrew to his own dominions.
    ;

    (2) And now some of the most ardent promoters Capture of


    of hostihfies banded together and made an assault Jg^^^'jj^ ^^
    on a fortress called Masada * and having gained insurgents
    ;

    possession of it by stratagem, they slew the Roman a. d. 66.'


    guards and put a garrison of their own in their place.
    Another incident occurred at the same time in the CessaiioiK
    Temple. Eleazar, son of Ananias the high-priest, a Ro,"e.'^^^
    ^ery daring youth, then holding the position of
    ?aptain,^ persuaded those who officiated in the Temple
    services to accept no gift or sacrifice from a foreigner.
    This action laid the foundation of the war with the
    Romans for the sacrifices offered on behalf of that
    ;

    lation and the emperor were in consequence re-


    ected.^ The chief priests and the notables earnestly
    Desought them not to abandon the customary offering
    'or their rulers, but the priests remained obdurate.
    Their numbers gave them great confidence, supported
    IS they were by the stalwarts of the revolutionary

    m official who in the hierarchy ranked next to the high


    )riest.
    **
    These daily {B. ii. 197), were
    sacrifices, offered twice
    nstituted by Augustus and consisted of two lambs and a
    )u]l (Philo, Lfifj. ad Calum, 157, 317 Cohn). The expense,
    iccording to Philo, was borne by the Emperor (eV tQu iSiwv
    rpoaoouji'), according to Josephus {Ap. ii. 77) by the Jewish
    lation.

    483
    JOSEPHUS
    XiOTa 8' d(j)Opa)PT€? 6t? t6i> ^KXed^apov orpa-
    TT]yovvTa.
    411 (3) T.vveXdoureg ol hvvarol
    yovu'^ roU d.px-
    lepevGLV Kal
    et? Tavro
    toI^ tojv Oapiaai'oji'
    yvajpLpiOL? COS" €77* dvrjKeoTOis -qbi^ ovix(f)opalg
    e^ovXevovro TTCpl tlov oXcdv Kal ho^av drroTreLpa-
    drjuai Tcbu oTaoLaorcou Xoyoig, rrpo rrjs xaXKrj^
    7TvXr]<; ddpoilovGL Tov hijixov, rjTLs riv rod evhov

    412 Upou rerpapnievq rrpo^ dvaToXd<; r)Xiov. Kal


    TTpwTOV avrcjv ttoXXol Tipog ttju ToXfiav rrjg drro-
    orduewg xaXeTTrjvavre'; Kal to T-qXiKovrov Ittl-
    oeUiv rfj TTarpihi iroXefiov, erreL-ra to rrjg npo-
    (f)do€a)<; dXoyov SiT^Aey;^©!^, 4>diJL€V0L toi)? fjL€u

    Tjpoyovovs avTwv KeKoufxrjKevaL rou vaou Ik tcov


    dXXo(f}vXajv TO TrXeov, del TTpoGBexofJ-evov? rds drrc
    413 Tojv e^ojOev iSvojv Scopca?, Kal ov fiovov ov 8ta
    KeKOjXvKevai dvoias rtvow, rovro yap doe^eorarov
    dXXd Kal rd ^Xerrop-eva Kal^ Trapapiivoina [r6v\
    Tooovrov xpovov dvadi]p.ara rrepl ro) Upco KaO
    414 ihpvKevai. avrovs he vvv epeOi^ovra? rd 'Pw
    p.ai(jjv oTrXa Kal pLvrjOTevopievovg rou citt' eKeivan

    TToXepiOV KaivoTop,eZv dprjOKeiav ^evrfv, Kal fierc


    rod KLvSvvou KaraipricfyiGaadat ttjs TroXecos d
    Ge^eiaVy el napd p,6v'0i^ 'louSaiot? ovre dvoei tl
    41 o dXXorpios ovre TrpoGKUvqaeL. Kav p.ev IttI Ihio'jrox

    ns evos rovrov elocfyeprj rov i'6p.oi', dyavaKrel


    ojs 6pLLop,ei'-qg dTravOpcoTTLag, TTepiopdv 8' dr^
    41 G 'Pco/Liatot Kal 6 \\alGap eKG7TOvdo<; yiverai. 8€8ot

    1 oiv VRC. 2 +^i ,,,5. 3 om. PAML

    " The gate of Corinthian bronze (B. v. ^Qi), probably o


    484-
    JEWISH WAR, II 410-416

    party ; but they relied above all on the authority of


    the captain Eleazar
    (3) Thereupon the principal citizens assembled Evpostuia
    with the chief priests and the most notable Pharisees it^wish^^"
    to deliberate on the position of affairs, now that they ruiers.
    were faced with what seemed irreparable disaster.
    Deciding to try the effect of an appeal to the revolu-
    tionaries, they called the people together before the
    —
    bronze gate that of the inner Temple facing east-
    ward ." They began by expressing the keenest
    indignation at the audacity of this revolt and at their
    country being thus threatened with so serious a war.
    They then proceeded to expose the absurdity of the
    alleged pretext. Their forefathers, they said, had
    adorned the sanctuary mainly at the expense of
    aliens and had always accepted the gifts of foreign
    nations not only had they never taken the sacri-
    ;

    legious step of forbidding anyone to offer sacrifice,


    but they had set up around the Temple the dedicatory
    offerings which were still to be seen and had remained
    there for so long a time. But now here were these
    men, who w^ere provoking the arms of the Romans
    and courting a war with them, introducing a strange
    innovation into their religion, and, besides endanger-
    ing the city, laying it open to the charge of impiety,
    if Jews henceforth were to be the only people to allow

    no alien the right of sacrifice or worship. Should


    such a law be introduced in the case of any private
    individual, they would be indignant at so inhumane
    a decree yet they made light of putting the Romans
    ;

    and Caesar outside the pale. It was to be feared,

    the east of the women's court and identical with " the
    Beautiful gate " of Acts iii. 2 and " Nicanor's gate " of the
    Mishna.
    485
    JOSEPHUS
    KeWt jjLevTOL yLTj ra? v-nkp eKeivajv dTToppiipavreg
    dvaias KcoXvdojGL dvetv Kal ra? vnep iavrwv,
    yevqrai re iKorrovdog rrjs rj-yepLOviag -q ttoXl?, el
    fir] rax^oj? aco(f)povrjaavTe? (iTTohwoovGLU ras
    Ovoias, Koi TTpXv e^eXdeZv €</>' ovg vj^piKaoLV rrjy
    ^TjpLiqv S LopOo) GOVT ai rrjv v^ptv.
    417 (4-) "A^a ravra Xeyovres Traprjyou rous e/x-

    TTeipovs Tojv TTarpiujv tepet?, a^r^you/xeVou? ort


    TTavres ol Txpoyovoi ra? Trapa rajv a.?^oyeva)V
    dvoiag a7Tehe)(ovTO. Trpoaelxev 8e ovhels rcjv
    veajrepit^ovrajVy aXX ovhe Trpoarjeaav^ ol Aet-
    Tovpyol^ rrjv rod TToXefiov Kara^oX-qv evoK€vai,6-
    418 fieuoL. avvihovTeg ovv ol Svuarol r-qv re oraoLV
    Tjhri hvoKaBaiperov vri* avrojv ovaav koi rov oltto

    'PwfJLaiajv klvSuvop IttX Trpojrovs avrovs o.(j>-


    L^ofievov, d7TeaKevdl,ouro rds alrtas, Kal Trplo^eis
    OVg jJLeV TipOS ^XwpoV eTTeflTTOU, d>v "^PX^^ ^^^^
    * AvavLOV TiipLCDV, ov<i Se rrpog ^AypLTnrav, ev ots
    •qoav eniorjijioi HavXog re Kal WvriTTag Kal
    KoCTTOjSapo? rrpoG-qKovreg roj ^aoiXeZ Kara yevog.
    419 eheovro he dp.(j)orepojv dva^qvai pierd hvudpeojs
    elg rrjv ttoXlv Kal nplv yeveodai hvGKadaiperoi
    420 eTTLKoipai r-qv Grdotv. ^Xcopco p,ev ovv hetvov'
    evayyeXiOV -qu, Kal TTporjp-qpieuo? e^dnreiv rov
    421 TJoXepiOv ovhev drreKpivaro rol<^ irpeG^evrais' Aypirr-
    TTQb he K-qhopievog eTTLGiqg rd)u re d(f>LGrapi.ev(j)v

    Kal -pog ovs d TToAe/xo? -qyeipero, ^ovXopevos re

    ' M LC : irporrlfaaf the rest.


    « XriarpiKoi PAM*: + sal PAL; the text is doubtful.
    ' TO dfiyov C " the dire iiewb was u godsend toOtc '
    :

    Seii^bf MVR.
    486
    JEWISH WAR, II 416-421

    however, that, once they rejected the sacrifices for


    the Romans, they might not be allowed to offer
    sacrifice even for themselves, and that their city
    would be placed outside the pale of the empire,
    unless, with a speedy return to discretion, they
    restored the sacrifices and made amends for the
    insult before the report reached the ears of those
    whom they had insulted.
    (4) In the course of these remonstrances they They ob
    produced priestly experts on the traditions, who ment^'^fr
    declared that all their ancestors had accepted the Agnppa,
    sacrifices of aliens But not one of the revolu-
    tionary party would listen to them even the
    ;

    Temple ministers failed to come to their support


    and were thus instrumental in bringing about the
    war. Thereupon, the leading citizens, perceiving
    that it was now beyond their power to suppress
    the insurrection and that they would be the first
    victims of the vengeance of Rome, took steps to
    exonerate themselves from blame, and dispatched
    two deputations, one to Florus, headed by Simon, son
    of Ananias, and another to Agrippa, including some
    eminent persons, Saul, Antipas and Costobar," all
    members of the royal family. They besought them
    both to come up to the city with troops and to crush
    the revolt before it became insuperable. To Florus
    the news was a wonderful godsend determined as
    ;

    he was to kindle the war, he gave the emissaries no


    reply. Agrippa, on the other hand, equally solicitous
    for the rebels and for the nation against which they
    were rising in arms, anxious that the Romans should
    "Saul and Costobar were brothers who, after the defeat
    made a timely exit from .Terusalem
    of Cestius, ;Antipas,
    who remained, was slain by the insurgents {B. ii. 556 f., iv.
    140).
    487
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    ' Ptu/Liatot? iJLev 'louSat'ou? aa)l,€crdaL, *IouSatot9 he
    TO iepou Kat TTjU 1X7)7 po—oXiv, dW ou6' iavTO)
    XvoLTeX-qaeLV rrju 'Tapa')('qv iTTiardixevo^, errefXTreu

    Tou? eTTafiviovuTas^ rco Siyxco biGxi^Xiovg LTTnelg,


    AvpauLTag re Kat Baravat'oi;? kolI \ paxojvLTa<;
    V7TO Aapet'oj p.eu L7T~dp-)(]j, orpaniyco hk rco
    laKLfxov ^lXlttttco.
    422 (5) TouTOt? BapGr]GavTe<; ol hwarol guv rots
    dpxt€p€VGLV KOi -ndv daov rov n\r]dov<g elprji^rjv

    qyaTTa ttjv dvoj KaraXaix^dvouraL ttoXlv tt)?

    ndroj yap rd GraGidCou eKpdreL Kal rod lepov.


    423 xepp-dGLv fxeu ovv Kal rolg eKfjfioXoLf; dhiaXeinrwf;
    €Xpo->vro, Kal GVvex^LS rjoau fieXow d(f)eG€L<; e^
    eKarepoji' row KXifxdrojv €gtlu 6 ore Kat Kara
    Xdxovs €Krpdxovr€<; GVGrdSrji^ eixdxouro, roA/xat?
    fxev OL oraGiaGral rrpoexoure?, e/x7reipta Se ol
    424 ^aGiXiKoi. Kal rovrotg fxeu rju dydjv rov tepov
    Kparfjoac ixdXtora Kat tous" p.iaivoi'ra'i rou uaov
    e^eXdoai, toIv Se Trepl rou 'EAea^apof oraGta-
    oraZs 77 pd<; ois €gxov Kal rrjv duo) ttoXlv TrpoGXa^clu.
    C77-a fxeu ovu
    Gvx^d^ dp.(j>orepojv
    -qixepatq (f)6i'o^

    eyu'ero, Kal ovberepuL rod KaraXijcfyOivro'^ ix4pov<;


    eiKov.
    42.")
    (5) \ rj 6'
    ^$'>'i^
    rrj<; row ^vXocfiopLon' €oprri<;
    ovGTjg, iv fj
    TrdoLV idog rju vXtjv rqj jSto/xoj rrpoG-
    <^€p€LV, drrcjb ixrjTTorti rpocl)rj roj rrvpl XeiTTOi,

    * L : in-LiJvvofTixs tlic rest.

    " The subsequent ydventures of I'tiilip, " lieutenant


    48H
    JEWISH WAR II. 421-425

    not lose the Jews nor the Jews their Temple and
    mother city, conscious, moreover, that he had nothing
    to gain from this disorder, dispatched to the aid of
    the citizens two thousand liorse from Auranitis,
    Batanaea, and Trachonitis, under Darius, as cavalry
    commander, and Philip,* son of Jacimus, as general.
    (5) Encouraged bv these reinforcements, the lead- struggle
    ing men, the chief priests and all the people who pro-Romi
    were in favour of peace occupied the upper city for ^"*^ ^'^^
    ; ,

    the lower city and the Temple were in the hands of


    the insurgents. Stones and slings were incessantly
    in action from one quarter and from the other there
    ;

    was a continuous hail of missiles sometimes com-


    ;

    panies even sallied out and there was a hand-to-hand


    engagement, the insurgents having the superiority
    in daring, the king's soldiers in skill. The objective
    of the royal troops was to capture the Temple and
    to expel those who were polluting the sanctuary ;
    Eleazar and the rebels strove to gain the upper
    city in addition to the ground which they held
    already. So for seven days there was great slaughter
    on both sides, neither of the combatants surrender-
    ing the portion of the town which he occupied.
    (6) The eighth day was the feast of wood-carrying, The rebel

    1
    altar, m
    . 11 1.11
    when it was customary for all to brina: wood for the |';>i"^*?
    ni
    order that there might be an unfailing supply
    ^'i*
    ^^'^^ sicar.

    (eirapxas) ofAgrippa II, are narrated at length in the Life


    (46, etc.). His father Jacimus had held a high position
    (according to one text as " tetrarch ") under Agrippa
    (probably I) his grandfather Zamaris had been placed by
    ;

    Herod the Great in charge of a colony of Babylonian Jews


    in Batanaea {A. xvii. 23-29). Waddington's supposed
    discovery of the name Darius on an inscription in
    Trachonitis referring to Agrippa has been shown to be
    erroneous (Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscr. Sel. i. 422
    Reinach).
    yoL. II R 2 489
    JOSEPHUS
    8ta/i.eVet yap ao^earov dei, hia^opov;
    rovg fiev
    rrjg dprjaKeia? e^eVAetaai/, rco 8'
    dadevel Aaoi
    ovuetapveura? ttoAAous" tcou OLKaptojv, our oj? yap
    €k6.Xovv Tovg Xrjords exovra^ vtto rot? k6\ttoi<;
    ^i</)7], 7TpooXa^6vT€g dappaXewrepou rJTrrovTo r-qs
    426 €T7LX€LprjOeoj?. rjrrojvro 8' ol ^aoiXiKol TrXrjdeL
    T€ Kal roXfirj /cat ^laoafievoLS €lkov €k T'i7? dt'to
    77-dAeaji. OL 8e i-nLTTeaovre'^ TrjV re ^ \vavLOU rod
    dp\iepeoj^ oiKLav Kal to. ^ AypiTTTra Kal BepvixT^s"
    427 vTTOTifjLTTpaGLV ^aolXeta- (jLeO' a to rrvp irrl rd
    dpxela e(f)€pov dcpauiaai OTrevdoureg rd uvfi^oXaLa
    Tuju heSaueLKoratu Kal tol? €LG—pd^eL<i diTOKO^ai
    rojv xped)V, OTTOjg avTol t€ irX-qdog TrpooXd^ojOLV
    TOW wcjieXrjdeurafv Kal /lxct' d8eta? rot? evnopoL?
    €7TavaarrjGajGL rovg drropov?. (f)vy6uTajv be tujp
    428 7Tp6? TO) ypa/jL/jLaTocbuXaKelcp to Trvp evieGav. enel
    8e rd v€vpa Trjg iroXeajs KaTachXe^avTes irrl tous
    €)(Opov^ €)(copovv, evda hrj tcov duyarojv Kal tCjv
    dp^L€pi(jjv ol fjL€i> els Toug VTTOVofMOvg KaTahvvres
    429 bteXdvdai'OU, oi 8e guv tols /SacrtAtKOt? etV ttji
    avcuTepo) KaTa^ivyovTes avXrjv rajj^e'cu? aTreVAetCTai'
    Tas" dvpas, GUV ot? 'Ai^ai'tas' o dp^iepevs 'E^eKtas
    re o d86A<^6? auTou /cat ot -peo^evGavTes irpos
    WyptTTTTav TjGav. tot^ fiev ovv Trj vLkt] /cat rots
    eixrrprjGdeLGLV dpKeodivTes dveTravGavTO.

    " Cf. Lev. vi.


    1-2 f. According to the Mishna, Taanith.
    iv. 5, the wood
    was carried by respective families on nine
    separate days in the year, but the principal day was the
    loth of Ab (July-AujETust). Josephus, however (see § 430),
    appears to place the feast on the preceding day, 14th Ab.
    " Probably additions of Agrippa II to the old palace of
    the Hasmonaeans (c/. A. xx. 189 f.).
    490
    JEWISH WAR, II. 425-429

    of fuel for the flames, which are kept always burning.'* capture

    The .lews in the Temple excluded their opponents an(?^Du"r'r

    from this ceremony, but along with some feebler folk tiiearcm

    —
    numbers of the sicarii so they called the brigands ^.d.
    66.''

    who carried a dagger in their bosom forced their —


    way in ;these they enlisted in their service and
    pressed their attacks more boldly than before. The
    royalists, now outmatched in numbers and audacity,
    were forced to evacuate the upper city. The victors
    burst in and set fire to the house of Ananias the high-
    priest and to the palaces of Agrippa and Bernice ^ ;

    they next carried their combustibles to the public


    archives,'' eager to destroy the money-lenders' bonds
    and to prevent the recovery of debts, in order to win
    over a host of grateful debtors and to cause a rising
    of the poor against the rich, sure of impunity. The
    keepers of the Record Office having fled, they set
    light to the building. After consuming the sinews
    of the city in the flames, they advanced against their
    foes ; whereupon the notables and chief priests
    made their escape, some hiding in the underground
    passages,^ while others fled with the royal troops to
    the palace situated higher up,^ and instantly shut
    the gates among the latter were Ananias the high-
    ;

    priest, his brother Ezechias and the members of the


    deputation which had been sent to Agrippa. Satisfied
    with their victory and incendiary proceedings, the
    insurgents paused for that day.

    •^
    The Archives building was finally burnt down by the
    Romans {B. vi. 354)there spoken of as adjoining the
    ; it is
    Akra (or citadel, thought to be the old city of David) and
    the council-chamber (of the Sanhedrin).
    <*
    Or " sewers."
    * The palace of Herod the Great on the highest terrace of

    the upper city, described in B. v. 176 ff.


    491
    JOSEPHUS
    430 (?) Tfj 8' ^i^S> TTeureKaibeKarr] 8' rjv Acoov
    ynqvos, ojpjxrjuav cttI ttju ^ Ai^rwulav Kal rov? eV
    avrfj 4>povpov^ hucilv rjfjiepais TroXLopKrjcravre?
    avTovs T€ elXou Kal Kar€a(f)a^av Kal to fJ)povpLOv
    431 ev€77 pii']aav . eTTetra {.lere^aLvov et? r-qv auXrjv, et?
    T]u ol ^aoiXiKol KaT€(f)vyov, Kal hiaveifiavTes o(f)d^
    avTovs €Lg reaorapa p-eprj rcou 7ei)(u)v eTretpojvro.
    Tcjjv 8' €1^801^ Trpos" eKhpojxrjV jxev ouSeiS" iddppei
    Slol to ttXtiOos rcjv l<j>€GT(x>ra>v, Sttorra/xev'ot Se
    €.7tI to. dcopoLKLa Kal Tou^ TTvpyov? 'i^aWov TOl)?
    TTpoGLOvra?, Kal
    uux^ol tcov Xijgtcjv V7t6 roZ<;
    432 Teiyj.aiv ovre 8e vvkto? ovre rj/xepa?
    emTrroi'.
    SUXenTev -q aviJujioXi], tojv p.ev oraoiaoTOJV oltt-
    ayopevaeiv rovg euSou olopLevojv eV8eta rpo(f)rj?, tcov
    8' €vhoOev Kajj-drcu rou? TToXLopKouura?.

    433 (8) Kdv rovTcp Mamry/xo? rt?, fto? 'louSa rov


    KaXovfJLevov FaAtAatou, oo(f)LGTr]g^ 8etvdraTos', o
    Kal CTTt Kvpi-jULOV TTore ^lovhalovg ot'ctStcra? on
    'Paj/xatot? VTre-rdoaovro jxerd rov deou, dvaXa^ojv
    434 Tous" yvajpipLovg dv€)(ojpria€V els Maaa8av', eV^a
    T-)7i^ ^HpcoSov rod /SuotAeoj? 077Ao^i7k:t7V dvapprj^a?
    Kal Trpos roZs hi]ix6rais Irlpovs Xrjord^ Kad-
    OTtXiaas, rovroLS re XP^H-^^^^ Sopu(f)6poL?, ola Srj
    ^aGiXeug endveiGLV els '[epoGoXufia Kal yevopi^evos
    r]ye}ji<jjv rfjg ordGecos hieraGGev rrjv TToXiopKiav.
    435 dnopia 8' r]v opyduojw, Kal (f>avep<ji)s VTTopvrreiv
    ro reL)(o? ov^ olou re rjv dvtodev ^aXXofievovs'
    vnovopiov br] n6ppa>dev €(/>' eva rojv nvpyajv vrr-
    opv^avres dveKprnxviGav avr6v,e-eLra rrjV dvexovGav

    ^ OS rjif aocpiarrjs VRC : Destinon suggests oocpicrTrjs <^i'> or


    that the whole clause (to Uto^) is a gloss.

    492
    JEWISH WAR, II. 430-435

    (7) On the next day, being the fifteenth of the They


    month Lous,^ they attacked Antonia, and, after af,jrt"Antt
    siege of two days, captured the garrison, put them to and besif
    the sword and set fire to the fortress. They then ana loyai
    repaired to the palace, in which the king's followers h^i^Js'
    had taken refuge, and forming themselves into four palace.
    sections made repeated assaults on the walls. None
    of the blockaded party ventured on a sally because
    of the large number of their assailants but, posted ;

    along the breastworks and towers, they showered


    missiles upon all who approached, and numbers of the
    brigands fell beneath the walls. The combat con-
    tinued incessantly day and night, the insurgents
    hoping to exhaust the besieged through failure of
    wear down the besiegers
    supplies, the defenders to
    by fatigue.
    (8) At this period a certain Menahem, son of Menahen
    Judas surnamed the Galilaean that redoubtable — coimnaiK
    doctor who in old days, under Quirinius, had up- ^'''^*^'

    1-111
    braided the
    T
    Jews
    '•

    ror
    .

    recogmzmg the Komans


    • 1 -r>
    -i

    as
    ^'^^
    and dire(
    the siege
    masters when they already had God ^ took — his
    intimate friends off with him to Masada,*^ where he
    broke into king Herod's armoury and provided arms
    both for his fellow-townsmen and for other brigands ;

    then, with these men for his bodyguard, he returned


    like a veritable king to Jerusalem, became the leader
    of the revolution, and directed the siege of the palace.
    The besiegers, however, lacked engines, and, exposed
    as they were to missiles from the wall, found it
    impossible to undermine it under the enemy's eyes ;
    they accordingly started digging a mine at a distance,
    continued it as far as one of the towers, which they
    <*
    Roughly the equivalent in the Macedonian calendar of
    the Hebrew Ab and of our August.
    " See§ 118. « § 408.

    493
    ,,.

    JOSEPHUS

    orr^piyfidrajv 6 f-ikv 77vpyo<; l^aicjyviqs KaTaoeUrai,


    T€t;^o? 8' erepov evSoBev duTajKoSofirjuduov* Si-
    e<l)durj- TTjv yap It: LfiovX-qv"^ avroiv TrpoaLaBofjievoL,
    Ta;(a kol tov rrvpyov KLv-qBevro^: c/J9 v~ujpvTTeTO
    437 devrepov iavrols epuixa KareoKevaaav. np6<; o tCjv
    dboKr]r(jj<; IhovTOjv kol Kparelv rjbr] 7T€7TeL(jpi€vojv
    KaTd7TXrj^L<; rju. oi 8e evhoBev rrpog re tou Ma-
    ydrifjiov kqi touc i^dp^ovra'; ri^s o~da€Oj^ e-^purov
    n^LOVvr€<; i^eXBelv VTTOUTTOvhoL. kol hoBkv iiovois
    rot? ^aoLXiKol^; kol tol<; i7TL-)((jjpLOL<; ol fiev e^rjeoav.
    438 dBufiia Se rovs 'Pajfiaiovs Kara\ei<j)BevTa<; fi6vou<;
    VTTeXa^eu- ovre yap jStaaacr^ai rooovrov ttXtjBos
    eSvvavTo Kat to Sefta? atreti' oi^etSo? VTTeXdjJL-
    i'S9 ^auov, 77po? TO) firihe TTLGrevetu. el biholro. Kara-
    Xl7t6vt€<; br) ro arparoTredou cjg evdXojrov irtl
    TOi)? ^aaiXiKOvs dvl<^vyov m'pyovg, tov t€ 'Itt-
    7TLKOU KaXovfievov Kal ^aadr^Xou Kal WapidfJifir^v
    4 10 ol §e TTepl TOV yiavdrjfjiov €lg7T€g6vt€S oBev ol
    OTpaTiojTaL htechvyov oaovg re avToJv Kar-
    eXdfx^avov fiT] (hddaavTas iKhpafielv SLe<f>B€Lpav,
    Kal ra? aTTOGKevd? hiapTrdoavTeg ivenprjaav to
    OTpaToirehov raura ^kv ovv eKTrj TopTnaLOV
    .

    li-qvo'^ irrpdxBrj.
    4^1 (9) Kara 5e Tr]v eiriovoav o re dpxupevs
    Avavia'; tov ttjs ^aoLXiK-rj^ avXrj<; evpnrov
    Trepl
    biaXavBdvcov dXioKeTai Kal Trpog tojv XrjGTCjv
    dvatpeLTai ovv 'E^ext'o. to) dbeX(f)oj, Kal tov<;
    TTvpyov? TT^piaxovTes^ ol OTaaiaoTal 7Tape(f)vXaTTOV

    ^ duoiKodofxTjixfuop PA. * fTTj/SoXTjf Niese.


    ' Naber after Lat. "circumsidentes '": ^Tri<r\6vre% mss.

    494
    JEWISH WAR, II. 436-441

    shored up, and then, after setting light to the supports


    retired. When the props were consumed, the tower
    suddenly collapsed, but only to reveal another wall
    constructed in its rear for the besieged, foreseeing
    ;

    their stratagem, perhaps warned by the tower shaking


    during the mining operations, had provided them-
    selves with a second rampart. This unexpected sight
    dismayed the assailants who believed that victory
    was already theirs. However, the garrison now sent Evacuat
    to Menahem and the leaders of the insurrection a ^^\''l
    request for permission to quit the fortress under
    treaty. This was granted, but only to the king's
    troops and natives of the country, who came out
    accordingly. The Romans, left alone, were now
    despondent they despaired of forcing their way
    ;

    through such a multitude and were ashamed to sue


    for terms besides, even were they granted, they
    ;

    could put no faith in them. They, accordingly,


    abandoned their camp, as untenable, and retired to
    the royal towers, known as Hippicus, Phasael and
    Mariamme/' Menahem's followers, rushing into the
    quarters just deserted by the soldiers, killed all the
    stragglers whom they could lay hands on. rifled the
    baggage and set fire to the camp. These events
    took place on the sixth of the month Gorpiaeus.''
    (9) On the following day the high-priest Ananias Murders
    was caught near the canal in the palace grounds, '^^^"^'^^^^
    '^

    where he was hiding, and. with his brother Ezechias,


    was killed by the brigands while the rebels invested
    ;

    and kept strict watch on the towers, to prevent any


    " These towers, built by Herod the Great and described
    in B. V. 161 ff.. were on the old city wail (173) on the north

    side of the palace enclosure ( 1 76).


    * =Hebrew Elul (August-September).
    * For the canals in the palace gardens see B. v. 181.

    495
    JOSEPHUS
    442^17 '''I? TOfi^ GTpn.riojTf7)u 8ta(/)j;yot .'
    tou o€ Ma-
    j^ary/xou t) t€ rtot' d;^jjpo>t' KcnafjTpofj)-}) ^o>pta>p
    Kat o Toi; ap)(i€peoj^ ^
    \vavLov Odvaro<; eTV(j)fjL>o€V

    €19 copLor-qra, Kal fiiqheva vopLil^cov €)(eLU €7TL rot?


    443 TrpdypLaGLU dvrLTraXou d(f)6pr)To<; Tvpavuo<i •
    tju . €7t

    avLor avrai 8e ol rou ^KXedlapoi^ avrco, Kal


    rrepl
    Xoyou dXXrjXoi^ houreq d)^ ov XP'^
    .
    Ptt)/u,oit^i' '

    drroordvTas St* iXevdepias rroOov KaranpoinBai


    ravTYju OLK€Lw hripLLo/ KOI beoTTor-qv (fidpeiu, ei

    Kat piiqhkv TTpdrroL f^Laiou, aAA' ovu iavrcbv


    ra7T€iv6r€pov el yap Kal Scot ni'd tcou oXa)v
    d(f)7]y€LodaL, TTauTL /xdAAop' t) ckciVoj npoaiqKeLV,
    ovvriOevraL Kal Kara ro Upou inex^ipovv avTOj-
    444 oo^apos yap duafSe^rjKei TrpocrKwrjaow eodrJTL re
    ^aoiXiKfi K€KOGiJLr)pLeuo? Kal Tou? ^r^AojTOi? ev-
    445 077A0U? ec^eXKop-evos ojs S' ol nepl rou 'EAea^apoi^
    .

    €77' avrou ojppL-qaav, o t€ Xoirrog hrjpLO<; [eVt ra?


    opydsY Xldovs dpTrdGavr€<; rou Go<j)iGTr]v 'i^aXXov,
    OLopievoL TOVTOV Kar aXvB evr o<; hiaTpdipeiu 6Xt]U
    446 Tr]u GrdGLU, npos oXiyov'*' ol Trepl tov Wavdr\p.ov
    duriGxdvT€? ojs elhov irdv eV aurou? to TTXrjdo?
    oppLrjGav, ^<f)vyov ottt] tls lgxvg€u, Kal (f)6vos p.ev
    T)v ra)v KaraXrj(f)66UTa>i^, epevva hk rwv qtto-
    447 Kpv7TTOpL€Pa>u. Kal bL€Gco6r)Gav oXiyoL Xddpa 8ia-
    hpdvT€s et? Waadhav, gvv olg 'EAea^apo? uto?
    Maetpou, TTpoGrjKcou tw MavarjpLOj Kara yevoSy
    448 o? VGrepov ervpdvvqaev ri]<; MaoaSa?. avrou t€
    TOV }^\audr]pLOv €tV rov KaXovpiCvov ^0<f)Xdv ovpL-
    (f)vy6ura /cciKiet raTreLvoj? viroXavOdvovra t,ioypr)'
    ^ Naber: ota0i.'7T, mss. ^ Destinon : d tj /jlu) uss.
    3 om. L Lat. '
    * C: +5f the rest.

    " Greek " zealots." ^ 1 ext and meaning doubtful.


    496
    JEWISH WAR, II. 442-448

    soldier from escaping. But the reduction of the


    strongholds and the murder of the high-priest
    Ananias inflated and brutalized Menahem to such an
    extent that he believed himself without a rival in the
    conduct of affairs and became an insufferable tyrant.
    The partisans of Eleazar now rose against him they ;

    remarked to each other that, after revolting from the


    Romans for love of liberty, they ought not to sacrifice
    this liberty to a Jewish hangman and to put up with
    a master who, even were he to abstain from violence,
    was anyhow far below themselves and that if they
    ;

    must have a leader, anyone would be better than


    Menahem. So they laid their plans to attack him
    in the Temple, whither he had gone up in state to
    pay his devotions, arrayed in royal robes and attended
    by his suite of armed fanatics.'^ When Eleazar and
    his companions rushed upon him, and the rest of
    the people to gratify their rage ^ took up stones
    and began pelting the arrogant doctor, imagining
    that his downfall would crush the whole revolt,
    Menahem and his followers offered a momentary
    resistance then, seeing themselves assailed by the
    ;

    whole multitude, they fled whithersoever they could ;

    all who w^ere caught were massacred, and a hunt

    was made for any in hiding. A few succeeded in


    escaping by stealth to Masada, among others Eleazar,
    son of Jairus and a relative of Menahem, and sub-
    sequently despot of Masada/ Menahem himself,
    who had taken refuge in the place called Ophlas '^

    and there ignominiously concealed himself, was


    " B. vii. 275 ff. The siege of Masada ended the war in
    Palestine.
    "^
    The 'Ophel (
    =" protuberance "), a region in the lower
    city, " either the whole of the east hill south of the Temple
    or some part of it
    " (G. A. Smith. Jerusalem, i. 154).

    497
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    aavre^ ei? to (f)au€p6v e^eiXKvaav kol TroAAai?
    alKLadfX€voL ^aadvoL? dvciXou, o/Ltotco? 8e Kal toi)?
    V7T avTov Tj-yefiovag top t€ eTnarjfioTaTov T-fjs

    Tvpai'VLBo<; V7Trjp€T-qu ^ AifjdXojiJLOU


    440 (10) '0 jJiev ovv SrjfjL0<;, cL? €(f)rjv, ci? TavTa
    CTVvrjpyriGev iXTrilajv tlvcl Trjg oXr]^ oracreco?
    hLopdojGiv ol 8* ov KaTaXvaai tov TToXefJbov
    CTTevBovrei, dXX dSeecrrepov TToXep-elv, Mavar^/xoy
    450 di'r]prjKeGau. dfieXei ttoXXo. tov SrjpLou Tot? OTpa-
    TioSrat? dv€LvaL ttjv TToXiopKiav TrapaKaXovvTog,
    OL §6 TTpooeKeiVTO ;)(aAe77ajT€pov, P-^XP^ pnqKlri
    avT€\ovTe<; ol Trepl tov Mert'Atoi^, ovto<; yap tjv

    Tcov 'Pojfiaiojv €7Tapxo<^, hLaTrefJLTTOVTai Trpo? TOU<i


    TTcpl TOV ^KXediapov l^aiTOVixevoi fiovag tol?
    ipvxd? VTTOGTTovBovg, TOL Kal ttjv Xoltttjv
    S' ovrXa
    451 KTrJGLv 7TapaSajG€LV XeyovTc?. ol 8e Kal T-qv
    LK€GLav dpTrdGavT€<; dverTefJiipav Trpo? aurous" Foj-
    piovd Te ^LKOjjLTjSov^' VLOv Kal ^Avaviav SaSouVt
    Kal ^lovhav ^lowddov Se^tav^ re Kal opKous hojGOV-
    Tas. (hv yevopLevofV KaTTjyev tov^ GTpa-LcoTag 6
    452 Me-rt'Aio?. ol he fJ-^xpi fJ-€v -qaav iv rot? nrrXoi?,
    out' irrex^lp^i' GraGiaGTow avToZ^ out*
    '^t? 'ToJv
    ivecjiatvev eTTL^ovXrjV co? 8e Kara tol? GVv6T]Ka<i
    a7TavT€? dnedevTO tovs Ovpeovs Kal rd ^i(hr] Kal
    453 llTjhkv CTL V7T07TT€VOVTe? dv^X^jpOVV , OjpiirjGaV €77*

    avTOV? OL tov
    'EAeaCapov" Krai, TreptaxovTe?
    Trepl
    dvfjpouv ovTe dfivvofievovg ovTe iKeTevovTas fiovas ,

    he Tct? ovvdrjKas Kal tovs 6pKov<; dva^owvTa?.


    454 ol fj.ev oi'v ovtoj? cu/xoj? d—ea<f)dyrjGav aTravTeg
    ttXt-jv MeriAtou, tovtov yap iKeTevaavTa Kal pLexpi-

    TTepLTOfirjg lovhatGetv VTTOGxdfJievov hieGcoGav fiovou^


    1 Nicodemi Lat. * 5^^^^; LVRC.
    498
    JEWISH WAR. II. 448-454

    caught, dragged into the open, and after being sub-


    jected to all kinds of torture, put to death. His
    Heutenants, along with Absalom, his most eminent
    supporter in his tyranny, met with a similar fate.
    (10) The people, as I said," co-operated in this Capitnia-
    plot in the hope of its producing some radical massacre
    cure for the revolt; but the conspirators, in l^i^l"
    j/^Jj^n
    ing Menahem, had no desire to end the war, but garrison.
    only to prosecute it at greater liberty. In fact,
    though the civilians urgently entreated the soldiers
    to abandon the siege, they, on the contrary, only
    pressed it more vigorously until Metilius, the com-
    ;

    mander of the Roman garrison, unable to prolong his


    resistance, sent envoys to Eleazar, asking, under
    terms of capitulation, for no more than their lives,
    and offering to surrender their arms and all their
    belongings. The besiegers, grasping at this petition,
    sent up to them Gorion son of Nicomedes, Ananias
    son of Sadok, and Judas son of Jonathan, to give a
    pledge of security and to take the necessary oaths.
    That done, Metilius marched his men down. So
    long as the soldiers retained their arms, none of the
    rebels molested them or gave any indication of
    treachery ; but when, in accordance with the
    covenant, they had all laid down their bucklers and
    swords and, with no suspicion remaining, were taking
    their departure, Eleazar's party fell upon them, sur-
    rounded and massacred them the Romans neither
    ;

    resisting nor suing for mercy, but merely appealing


    with loud cries to " the covenant " and " the oaths."
    Thus, brutally butchered, perished all save Metilius ;
    he alone saved his life by entreaties and promises
    to turn Jew, and even to be circumcised. To the
    ,
    " § 445.
    499
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    TO 8e TTados 'Pcu/xatots" ^te^^ 'qv Kov(f)OV, €k yap
    aTrXerov SvvdfjLecos OLTravaXcuOrjaav oXlyoi, 'louSatot?^
    455 §e TTpooijiLOV dXajoeco? edo^eu. /cat /cartSoi'Te?

    di'r]K€GT0V5 fJLeu rjdrj rds alrlas rod TToXejiov,


    T-qv he TToXiv r-qXiKOvrco /xtacr/Ltart 7T€<t)vpiJ,evr]U,

    €.B OX) haipLOVLOV TL fi'qi'LjjLa TTpoahoKav eiKog rji^,

    el Kol fjLTj TTjV €K 'Pcoixaioji' dfivvav, irrevdovv


    hrjixoGia, Koi TrX-qp-qs jjl€V KarT](heias "qv rj ttoXl?,
    eKaoTOS 8e rcjv pLerpicov cos avro? VTrep rcou
    456 GTaoLaGTOJu StVa? Scoocov rerdpaKTO. /cat yap
    dr] aa^^dro) ovve^-q TTpa-xOrjvaL tov ^ovov, eV a)

    hid Trjv dprjGKelai^ /cat toju oglcou epyojv ey^ovoLV


    iKe\€ipiav

    457 (xviii. 1) Tr]? S' aurrjg -qjiepas /cat cupa?,


    €K haip-oviov TTpovoias, dvfipovv Kataapet?
    ojGTiep
    Tovs Trap" iainol? ^lovhatov?, ojg vrro iJilav wpau
    dT70G<f)ayquai pikv VTrep biGfJivpLOug, Kei-ojdrjuai 8e
    TTO-Gav ^lovhaiojv rrjV Kataapetai^' /cat yap rovs
    btaSevyovra? 6 OAtupos" GvXXa^oju Karrjyev^ heGp-oj-
    458 ra? et? ra vecvpia. Trpos Se Tr)v eV rr^? Kat-
    crapeta? TrXriyqv oXov ro eOvos i^aypiovraL, Kal
    bLapepLoOevTes "rdg re Ktupas row "Lvpojv /cat
    rds TTpoGexovoas irropOovu TroXetg, (l^iXaheXSetdv
    re Kal 'Eae^otrtrti^^ /cat Fepaaai^ /cat UeXXav kol

    loioaluju PAL Lat.


    ' Hudson: Zfdo.'i'tVii' L: rf3(f)a;n'Tti' the rest.

    The day of the month was perhaps 1 7th Elul (Gorpiaeus),


    <•

    if we may identify the massacre as the event referred to in


    the old Jewish calendar MepiUalh Taanith: "On the 17th of
    Elul the Romans evacuatid Judah and Jerusalem " (vi. (b)
    in Zeitlin's edition, Philadelphia, 192-2); Zeitlin's identifica-
    500
    JEWISH WAR, II. 454-458

    —
    Romans this injury the loss of a handful of men out
    of a boundless army —
    was slight but to the Jews
    ;

    it looked like the prelude to their ruin. Seeing the


    grounds for war to be now beyond remedy, and the
    city polluted by such a stain of guilt as could not but
    arouse a dread of some visitation from heaven, if not
    of the vengeance of Rome, they gave themselves up
    to public mourning the whole city was a scene of
    ;

    dejection, and among the moderates there was not


    one who was not racked with the thought that he
    would personally have to suffer for the rebels' crime.
    For, to add to its heinousness, the massacre took
    place on the sabbath," a day on which from religious
    scruples Jews abstain even from the most innocent
    acts.

    (xviii. 1) The same day and at the same hour, as Massacn


    it were by the hand of Providence, the inhabitants of ^'^^^gl^'j.g^

    Caesarea massacred the Jews who resided in their the Syri


    city ;within one hour more than twenty thousand
    were slaughtered, and Caesarea was completely
    emptied of Jews, for the fugitives were arrested by
    orders of Florus and conducted, in chains, to the
    dockyards. The news of the disaster at Caesarea Jewish
    infuriated the whole nation and parties of Jews ""^p^^*^^
    ;

    sacked the Syrian villages and the neighbouring


    cities,^ Philadelphia, Heshbon and its district, Gerasa,

    tion of that event as the capitulation mentioned in § 437 is


    open to the double objection that no terms were then made
    with the Itomans and that Josephus dates that incident on
    the 6th of the month. The Romans held out, it seems, for
    eleven days more.
    * The enumeration following begins in the south of
    Decapolis, proceeds northwards, rounds Galilee, and then
    generally follows the coast line from north to south. Separate
    parties probably started from Peraea, Galilee, and Judaea.
    501
    J0SEPHU5
    459 ^kvOottoXlu. CTretra Tahdpoig /cat "Ittttco kol rfj
    TavXai'LTLbi 7TpoGTr€o6wres tol^ /xew KaraoTpeijjd-
    ra' 8' imoTrprjoauTe'; exo^povv enl KaSaaa
    fievoL,
    Tvplcuu /cat
    T-qv JlToAf/xaiSa ra^ai^' re /cat

    4Gu Kataapetai'. avTcox^i' S' olStc He^aorrj rats


    opfxalg avTcuv ovre WokolXcou, aAA' irrl Tavrats
    TTvprroXrideLoaig ^AvOrjboi'a /cat Tdiav KareoKajr-
    rou. TToXXal 8e Trepl^ eKaorrjv tovtcuv tojv TToXdOjv
    dvrjpTTdtovTO K(x>p.aL, kol tlov dXtaKOfieucov dvhpow
    (l)6i'og Tjv aTTeipos.
    4G1 (;2) Oi) fJLy]v ol HvpoL roju ^lovbalcuv eXarrov
    7TX-qdo<; di^Tjpovv, dXXd /cat aurot rov? ev rat?
    TToXeoLV XapL^avofjievovg aTriuc^arTov ov ptovov Kara
    /xiaob, CO? TTpo-repoVy dAA' rjh-q /cat to^ €(^' eairrot?
    462 /ciVSuvov <f>Bdvov7€S' heivi) 8e oAryi^ tt]^ Y,vpiav
    €7T€lx€v rapaxri, /cat Traaa TroAt? et? 8uo hifipr^ro
    arparoTTeha, ocjTrjpta de tols e-ripois rji> to toi)?
    4G"J erepov^ (f)6doaL. Kal rag fiev -qptepa? ev at/xart
    hiriyovrag he vvKrag heet ;YaAe77C(jT6pa? /cat yap
    , •

    drteoKevdodai rovg ^lovdaiovg SoKOVure? e/caarot


    rovg lovSatL,oura<; el^ov ev VTroipia, /cat ro Trap''
    eKdoroLs dp.(j)i^oXov ovre dveXelv rt? 7Tpo\eipa)S
    VTrefievev, Kal p.ep.Lyp.evov cog ^e^aiojg dXXoc^vXov
    464 e<f)o^elro. irpovKaXelro he eul rag o(^aydg rcov
    hiaSopcjjv Kal rovg TrdXat vpaordrovg irdw
    hoKOVvr ag -q irXeove^ia rag yap ovoiag rcov
    dvatpedei'roju dhecLg hirjpTralov Kal Kaddrrep €/c
    TTapard^eojg rd OKvXa row dvriprip.eva>v elg rovg
    ocfjerepovg olKovg p.ere(f)€pou, euho^og re rjv 6

    ^ Many mss. read rd?. 2 ^d/SaXa^ PAM.


    ^ <a6' A : om. P (reading (KdcTr, for -t?^).

    502
    JEWISH WAR, 11. 459-464

    Pella, and Scythopolis. Next they fell upon Gadara,


    Hippos, and Gaulanitis, destroying or setting fire to
    all in their path, and advanced to Kedasa," a Tyrian
    village, Ptolemais, Gaba,^ and Caesarea. Neither
    Sebaste nor Ascalon withstood their fury
    '^
    these ;
    **

    they burnt to the ground and then razed Anthedon


    and Gaza. In the vicinity of each of these cities
    many villages were pillaged and immense numbers
    of the inhabitants captured and slaughtered.
    (2) The Syrians on their side killed no less a Syria a

    number of Jews they, too, slaughtered those whom


    ; ^na"fa"r^
    they caught in the towns, not merely now, as before,
    from hatred, but to forestall the peril which menaced
    themselves. The whole of Syria was a scene of
    frightful disorder every city was divided into two
    ;

    camps, and the safety of one party lay in their


    anticipating the other They passed their days in
    blood, their nights, yet more dreadful, in terror.
    For, though believing that they had rid themselves of
    the Jews, still each city had its Judaizers, who aroused
    suspicion and while they shrunk from kiUing
    ;

    offhand this equivocal element in their midst, they


    feared these neutrals as much as pronounced aliens.
    Even those who had long been reputed the very
    mildest of men were instigated by avarice to murder
    their adversaries for they would then with im-
    ;

    punity plunder the property of their victims and


    transfer to their own homes, as from a battle-field,
    the spoils of the slain, and he who gained the most
    <»
    Kedesh-Naphtali, north-west of Lake Merom, " always
    at war with Galilee " (iv. 105).
    **
    A pro-Ptoman town in Galilee, built by Herod the Great
    tor his veteran cavalry {B. iii. 36, Vita I 15).
    " Samaria.
    * Or rather the surrounding villages (Reinach).
    503
    JOSEPHUS
    465 TrAetCTTa Kephavas cLs KaTio^vaas rtXeiovojv. rjv

    he ISelv rag 77oAet? /Ltcard? drd(f)cxju G<x>ixdrojv Kal


    V€Kpov? a/Lta v-qTriois yepovra? lppLp.yi€vovs ,
    yvvaid
    re f-LTjBe rrj^ eV* alSoV OKeTrrjS fji€r€LXri(f)6ra, Kal
    TTaoav fjiev ttjv e7Tap-)(iav fjieorrjv dSLrjyqrojv
    oviJL(f}op(jiji^, fxelCova he twv eKdarore roXfJLoJiJiivcov
    dvdTaoiv.'
    rrjv Ittl toI<^ aTrctAou/xeVot?
    466 (3) y\e\pi fi€P hi) rovrcov 'louSaiot? Trpog to
    dXX6(f)vXoi' rjoav Trpoo^oXai, KaraTpexovreg he elg
    HkvOottoXlu tov? Trap'' eVeiVot? 'louSatous" erteipa-
    oav TToXefJLLOvg' Ta^dfxevoi yap fierd tcov ^kvOo-
    ttoXltojv Kal tt}? eaurwu docjiaXeias ev hevrepco i^

    dep-evoL Ti-jv ovyyeveiav, 6p,6ae rols 6p,o(j)vXois ^


    467 ex<-opovi'. VTTOJTTTevOq 8* airrCjv Kal to Xiav Trpo- ot

    dvpLOV ol yovv ^KvdoTToXlraL heioavres fir^ vuKTOjp


    e77i\eip'qa(x>oi rfj TToXet Kal pierd pieydXrj? avrajv
    GvpL(f)opd? Tols OLKeioL? dTToXoyi^oajvrai Trepl rrjs
    dTTOGTdoeojg , eKeXevov avrov'^, el ^ovXovraL rrjv
    opLouotav j8ej8ata»CTat Kal ro Trpo? rovg dXXoeduelg
    TTLGTOV imhel^aGdaL, pLeTa^aivetv dp.a Tat? yeveals
    iC8 €19 TO aAoo?. rwv he TTOL-qadvTojv to 7TpoGTa\6ev
    Xojpl? VTroi/jLa?, hvo p,eu rjp.epag -qpepLrjoav ol
    ^KvdoTToXlraL r-qv ttlgtiu avrdju heXedi^ovreg, rfj
    he TptTT] i'vktI 7Taparr]p-qoavTes rov<; p,eu d(f)vXd-
    KTovg, ou? he Koip.a>pLeuovs, aTTavras drTeaSa^av
    oiras rou dpi6p.6u vrrep pivpiovs Kal rpcGXi-Xiovg,
    Tcib 06 KTi^aetg hirjpTraGau drrdurajv.
    iC9 (i) "A^Loi' 8' d(f)r]yi^GaGdaL Kal to Hip-ojuos

    ^ L at'jw the rest.


    :

    ^ EiJS. : dfaoTaSLf (luiTda'ra'jii') MSS.

    " The Bibhcal Bethshan, modern Beisan, the one town of


    504
    JEWISH WAR, II. 465-469

    covered himself with glory as the most successful


    murderer. One saw cities choked with unburied
    corpses, dead bodies of old men and infants exposed
    side by side, poor women stripped of the last covering
    of modesty, the whole province full of indescribable
    horrors ; and even worse than the tale of atrocities
    committed was the suspense caused by the menace
    of evils in store.
    (3) Thus far the Jews had been faced with aliens Perfidy of

    only, but when they invaded Scythopolis " they found poiiuns*^t
    their own nation in arms against them ; for the Jews iheir Jewi
    ""'^''*
    in this district ranged themselves on the side of the
    Scythopolitans, and, regarding their own security
    as more important than the ties of blood, met their
    own countrymen in battle. However, this excess of
    ardour brought them under suspicion :the people
    of Scythopolis feared that the Jews might attack the
    city by night and inflict upon them some grave
    disaster, in order to make amends to their brethren
    for their defection. They, therefore, ordered them
    if they wished to confirm their allegiance and demon-

    jtrate their fidelity to their foreign allies, to betake


    themselves and their families to the adjoining grove.
    The Jews obeyed these orders, suspecting nothing.
    For two days the Scythopolitans made no move, in
    3rder to lull them into security, but on the third
    tiight, watching their opportunity when some were
    Dff their guard, and others asleep, they slaughtered

    them all to the number of upward of thirteenthousand


    and pillaged all their possessions.^
    (4) Mention may here be made of the tragic fate

    he ten cities of Decapolis which lay west of the Jordan,


    between it and Mt. Gilboa.
    ' This incident is referred to again in the
    Life^ § 26.
    505
    J05EPHUS
    vd6o<;, OS Tjv ZgoJAou tiros' tojv ovk
    vlos fiev
    GLG-qfJiajv, ocj^aros kol toAut/ Sia(j)€pcxjv
    pctj/xry be
    Itti KaKO) Tojv OfjLo^vXcov aiJ.<j)orlpoLS KaTexprjGaTO'

    470 TrpoLow yovv oarjfjiepaL rroXXovg pukv dvrjpeL tojv


    Trpos rfi YKvdoTToXec *]ovhaiow, rp€-6fievos he
    TToXXcLKL? aVTOUg O-TTaVTaS p.6vOS r)U pOTTYJ TTjS
    71 Trapard^eoj?.
    '1 TrepUp^eTaL 8* avrov d^la ttolvt]
    rod GvyyevLKOv (f)6wov' enei yap TreptaxovTes ol
    ^KvOoTToXlraL KarrjKomil^ov avrov? dvd to dXaos,
    GTraudfievos to ^i4>os eV ovheva p,ev wppnqoev tcjv
    TToXepiicov , Kal yap lojpa to TrX-qOo? dvrjvvTOV,
    472 di-a^orjGas Se jxdXa CKTraOcos " d^td ye (Lu ehpaoa
    Trdoxoi, Y^KvOoTToXlraL Kad^ vpiibv^,^ 61^ toctoutoj
    (f)6voj Gvyyevcjv ttjv Tzpog airrovs^ evvoiav IrnGTOJod-
    fieda} Toiyapovv ols dmGTov fiev evXoycos evprjrai
    TO d?^6(i)vXou, -qGe^-qrai 3e et? ggxolto. to olk€lov,
    dvrjGKUjpLev (hs evayels ;)(cpatr IhiaL?' ov yap
    473 TrpeTTOV iv" rats' tcov rroXefJiiajv. to avro S' dv
    e'lrj fjLOL Kal rroLvr] tov jjudGfJuarog d^'ia Kal rrpog
    di'bpeiav erraivos, Iva i-i-qSel? tow i^dpow ttjv Ip^r^v
    "

    avx'TjGrj GcjiayrfV P'TjK er^aXaL^ovevoiqTai 77eCTOVTt.


    474 rauT* elrrdjv iXeovGtv dp-a Kal Ted viiojp.lv ols o/x-
    paOLV 77 €pLGK€7TTeTaL TTjV laVTOV yCVcdv TjU
    8'

    avToj Kal yvuT) Kal TeKva Kal y-qpatol yovelg.


    475 o 8e 7Tpd)T0V l/xet'j® tou Trarepa Trjs TToXids €7tl-
    GTraodpievos hteXavvei toj ^L(f}€L, ped'' dv ovk
    aKOvoav ttjv pLTjTepa, Kdnl tovtols ttjv re yvvalKa
    Kal rd T€Kva, povov ovx vrraTravTowTos CKdoTov
    TOJ ^iS^L Kal G7T€v6oWTOS <f>6dGaL TOVS TToXepious-

    ' om. Lat. Heir.: -ap' iulJu Hudson. * b-^t MLV'RC.


    ' uos Lat.: uobis Heg. * PAL: i-rric-rwcan-nv the rest.
    - T]v Bekker. ' P Lat. : om. the rest.

    506
    JEWISH WAR, ir. 469-475

    of Simon, whose father, Saul, was a man of some Heroic


    distinction. Endowed with exceptional physical 8haon*ti
    strength and audacity, he abused both gifts to the "^^^^jj*^,

    detriment of his countrymen. Day by day he had


    marched out and slain large numbers of the Jews who
    were attacking Scythopolis often had he put their
    ;

    whole force to flight, his single arm turning the scale


    in the engagement. But now this slaughter of his kin
    metwithits due penalty. Forwhen theScythopolitans
    had surrounded the grove and were shooting down
    its occupants with their javelins, he drew his sword,

    and then, instead of rushing upon one of the enemy,


    whose numbers he saw were endless, he exclaimed in
    a tone of deep emotion :
    " Justly am I punished for
    my crimes, men of Scythopolis, I and all who by such
    a slaughter of our kinsmen have sealed our loyalty
    to you. Ah well, let us who have but naturally
    !

    experienced the perfidy of foreigners, us who have


    been guilty of the last degree of impiety towards our
    own people, let us, 1 say, die, as cursed wretches, by
    our own hands ;for we are not meet to die at the
    hands of the enemy. This, God grant, shall be at
    once the fit retribution for my foul crime and the
    testimony to my courage, that none of my foes shall
    be able to boast of having slain me or glory over my
    prostrate body." With these words he cast a glance
    of mingled pity and rage over his family he had
    :

    wife, children, and aged parents. First seizing his


    father by his hoary hair, he ran his sword through
    hisbody after him he killed his mother, who offered
    ;

    no resistance, and then his wife and children, each


    •
    victim almost rushing upon the blade, in haste to
    anticipate the enemy. After slaying every member

    507
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    476 o 8e hieWow Traoav ttju yeveau Kal vepLOTrro?

    cog ixriheva oXov etV rrjv iavrov a(f)ayr]v


    XaOelv,
    i^aTTTLoev to d^tog jiev iXeovg [o]^ veaviag
    ^(.(pos,
    8t' olXk-tju ocojJiaTOS Kal 4'^Xl'^ TTapdorrjfjLa, rrjg
    he vpog dXXoSvXovs TTLGreoJS ereKCV aKoXo-udois
    770.6 eoi ;)(p7]aa/xei^o?.

    477 (5) ripob Se Trjv iv ^KvdoTToXeL (f)dopdv at


    Xotrral TJoXeig irravLGTavro Tolg Kad^ iavrrjv 'lou-
    hatOLS eKaorrj, Kal TrevraKooiovs fikv IttI hia-
    XlX'lols ^ AoKaXanlraiy W-roXei^iaelg 8e 8ta;(tAtou?
    478 dvelXov, edrjodv t' ovk oXr/ovg. Kal Tvpioi
    ovxvoijg fji€u 8te;(etptaai/TO, TrXelovg' 8' avrojv
    8e(7/xcL>Ta? iSpovpovp, 'Itttttivol re Kal ra8ap€ts'
    ojioiojs Tovg fxev dpaovripovs drTeGKevdaavTo
    TOV5 he (po^epovs hid <f)vXaKrjg elx^^, at re XoLTral
    TroXetg ttjs ^vplag, ottcu? eKdor-q rrpog to 'Iou-
    479 haiKOv t) p.ioovg t) hiovs elxov. fxovoi 8' ^Av-
    Tioxelg Kal liiSoji^tot Kal 'ATra/Ltets" e<j>eLoavTO tojv
    pieToiKovvTOJV Kal ovTe dveXelv Tivag ^\ovhaiojv
    VTrefxeivav ovre hrjoai, rdxo- p-^v Kal hid to
    0(f>eTepov TrX-fjOog VTrepopowreg avTwv rrpog rd
    KarjiJLara, to rrXeop 8' ep-oiye hoKelv^ olktw rrpog
    480 ovs ovdev eajpow veojTepii^ovTas Vepao-qvoi, t€ .

    ovre elg rovg epipeivavrag e.TrXripp.eX'qoav Kal rovg


    e^eXBelv eOeXrjGaurag irpoeTrepipav p-expi- tojv dpujv.
    481 {(^) HvveGrrj he Kal Kard rrjv WypLTTTra /Sacrt-
    Aei'ai' eTTL^ovXr) Kard ^lovhalajv. avrog ydp erreTTO-
    pevro Trpog KeoTLOV VdXXou elg Witlox^'-Olv, Kara-

    '
    om. L.
    * L.ai. (plures) : rXetaroi^s PAML to 7r\('oi^ ot to vXilaTov
    .-

    the rest. • Niese-. 5oku ass.


    50«
    JEWISH WAR, ir. 476-481

    of his family, be stood conspicuous on the corpses,


    and with right hand uphfted to attract all eyes,
    plunged the sword up to the hilt into his own throat.
    So perished a youth who, in virtue of his strength of
    body and fortitude of soul, deserves commiseration,
    but who by reason of his trust in aliens met the
    consequent fate.
    (5) As a sequel to the holocaust at Scythopolis, General
    the other cities rose against the Jews in their ^'f^°s^ j.

    respective territories. The inhabitants of Ascalon Jews


    slew 2500, those of Ptolemais 2000, besides putting sy^a.^^'
    multitudes in irons. The Tyrians dispatched a con-
    siderable number, but imprisoned the majority in
    chains ;similarly the people of Hippos and Gadara
    made away with the more daring of their enemies
    and kept the timid folk in custody and so with the
    ;

    remaining cities of Syria, the action of each being


    governed by their feelings of hatred or fear of
    their Jewish neighbours. Only Antioch, Sidon and
    Apamea*^ spared the residents and refused either to
    kill or to imprison a single Jew perhaps, with their
    ;

    own vast populations, these cities disdained the


    possibility of Jewish risings, but what mainly influ-
    enced them, in my opinion, was their pity for men
    who showed no revolutionary intentions. The people
    of Gerasa ^ not only abstained from maltreating the
    Jews who remained with them, but escorted to the
    frontiers any who chose to emigrate.
    (6) Even within Agrippa's dominion a plot was
    formed against certain Jews. The king himself had
    gone to visit Cestius Gallus at Antioch, leaving in

    ° On the Orontes. south of Antioch.


    ' In the south-east of Decapolis, north of the river Jabbok.
    509
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    XeXcLTTTO 8c hiOLKeXv ret Trpay/xara rovrov rwv
    eralpajv rt? rovvofxa Noapo?, HoaLfJLCp tco jSaatAet
    482 TTpoGrjKOJV Kara yevos. tjkov 8' Ik rrjs Bara-
    valas i^doixiiKovra rov apidjiov avhp€s, ol Kara
    yevog /cat avveoLV rcvv rroXircov hoKifiajraroiy
    orpariav alrovvres Iv* , et rt yevoiro Kiv-qjia /cat
    ,

    7T€pl o<j>d<^, exo(-€v d^Loxp^ojv (fyvXaKTjv KOjXveLV


    483 rovg inavLGrafjievovs . rovrovs 6 Noapo? €K7T6fi-
    ijjas vvKrojp rojv ^aoiXiKaJv rtva? onXiraiV drravrag
    dvaLpel, roXfjL-qaas /xev rovpyov hi^a rrjg 'AyptTTTra
    yvcofiT]?, 8ia 8e (^iXapyvpiav djjierpov els rovg
    6iJLO(f)vXov^ iXo/jLevo? dae^elv rrjv ^aGiXeiav 8t-
    €(f)deLp€V StereAet re co/xojs" ei? ro edvo? irapavop^ajv
    pLexpi Trvdojievos WyptTTTrag dveXelv jikv avrov
    fjSeodrj Std HoaLjiov, erravaev Se rrjg emrpoTTrjs.
    4^8-i ol Se oraotaGral KaraXa^ofievol n
    (fipovpuov, o
    KaXeirai /xey KwTrpos", Kad-ujrepdev 8' 7)y 'lept-
    ;\;owTos-, Tou? ^ey (jipovpovs direGcjia^av rd 8' ,

    485 epvfjiara Kareppufjav els y^]^- Kara Se rd? avrds \j,

    T^jjilpas /cat rcjv eV Ma;\;atpouvTt 'louSatojr to L^

    ttXtjOos e7T€idev rovs (^povpovvras 'Poj/xatou? e'/c-


    486 AetVetv to <f)povpiov /cat 77apaStSoi^at G(f)LGLV. ol
    Se TT^i^ e'/c ^ta? d(j)aipeGiv evXa^rjdevres GVvriOevrai
    rrpog avrovg e'/c^ajpTJaetv^ 7;77do-7roi^Sot /cat Xa^ovres
    rd TTLGrd TrapaStSoaat to <j)po-6piov, OTrep (f)uXaKfj
    KparwdfievoL Karelxov ol Ma;\;at/3tTat.

    " Called \'arus in the parallel account in V'da^ 48 fF. and

    possibly in B. ii. 247.


    ''
    King of Emesa {Horns, in N. Syria), mentioned in B. ii.
    501 as furnishing a contingent to the Romans, and else-
    where. In Vita 52 Varus is called a descendant (? grand-
    son) of another Soemus, who had been "a tetrarch in the
    510
    JEWISH WAR, II. 481-486

    ;harge of the government one of his friends named Massacre of


    sfoarus," a relativeof KingSoaemus.* At this juncture Agrrppa's
    here arrived from Batanaea a deputation of seventy viceroy.
    )ersons, pre-eminent among their fellow-citizens by
    )irth and ability, to ask for a body of troops in order,
    n the event of trouble arising in their district, to be
    n a position to repress the insurgents. Noarus sent
    •ut by night some of the king's heavy infantry and
    massacred the whole deputation. TJjis outrageous
    tction he took without consulting Agrippa un- ;

    )ounded avarice led him thus deliberately and


    mpiously to murder his countrymen, to the great
    ^jury of the kingdom. He continued this brutal
    laltreatment of the nation until Agrippa, being
    iformed of his conduct, but withheld by respect for
    oaemus from putting him to death, deposed him from
    is regency.'' It was now that the insurgents took Capture of
    he fortress called Cypros,^ which dominated Jericho, cypros^and
    lassacred the garrison and levelled the defences. Machaerus
    .bout the same time the Jewish population ofre^ieis?
    lachaerus * succeeded in inducing the Roman
    arrison to evacuate that fortress and to hand it over
    them. The Romans, fearing that it would be
    irried by assault, agreed to retire under treaty, and
    aving received the necessary pledges surrendered
    le fort, which the people of Machaerus thereupon
    )cupied and garrisoned.

    ibanon district," and is probably identical with the " king


    Ituraea " mentioned in Tac. ^4nn. xii. 38 (died a.d. 49).
    * The story of Varus's aspirations to supplant Agrippa,

    s further massacres of Jews, and his supersession is told in


    •tail in Vita 52-61.
    ^ Built by Herod the Great and named after his mother
    f. i. 417).
    ' Above the east coast of the Dead Sea.
    511
    J05EPHUS
    487 (?) Kara be rrjv ^ We^ax-hpeiav ae\ fjiev rjv crTCLcrt?

    7rp6? TO 'louSatKrov tois" eTri^^ojptot? d^' ol' )(prjGd-


    fiei'os 77 poOvfiOTdrotg Kara t<jjv AlyvTTTLwv 'lou-
    SaioLs WXe^ai'Spog yepas rrj'; (jvpLyLa\ia<; eScoKeu
    TO iJ.€roLK€LU KaTOL TTju ttoXlu €^ laopiOLpia^^ Ttpoi
    4SS rovs "EAAryva?. hieixeivev 8' aurot^ r] Tifirj Koi
    TTapd rojv hiah6)(^u}V 61 koI tottov Ihiov avrol?
    ,

    dcjicopLoau, OTTOjg Kadapojrepav exotev r-qv hlairav,


    rJTTOV €.77 LpLLoyoiievajv tcov dXXoc})uX(jDV , /cat XP^l'
    fiariCeLv eTrerpeipav Ma/ceSoi^as" eTret 8e 'Pco/xaiot
    KareKT-qaauTO rrjv AlyvTrrov, ovre Kalaap 6
    7Tpa)Tog ovre tujv /xer' avrov tls VTrijjieivev rd^
    d—' 'AAe^di-3/3ou Ttjuo-b ^Xovbaiojv iXarTcoGai.
    489 ovji^oXal 8' T^CTat* auroji' dStdAetTrrot Trpo? tov<;
    "EAAr^ras", Koi rcvi' -qyeixouwi' ttoAAol's OGrjjjiepa
    Trap* dfjLcboLU KoXaiovroju tj ordan ixdXXov Trap
    490 6u^W6TO. Tore 8' cu? /<at <'Td>'^ vapd rols dAAot*
    irerdpaKTO, fjcaXXou €^i](f)dr) rd rrap^ cVetVot?
    /cat h-q Tojv WXe^avhpeujv iKKX-qoLalovrajv rrep
    rjs ejieXXox' eKTrepLTTeLu Trpeo^eLa<; iirl ^epcoua
    GvveppvTjoai^ p.ev els to dfjLcfyLdearpou d/Lta rot'
    491 ''EAA>]ati^' ovx^'ol 'louSatoji^, K-aTt8di^Te? be avrou'
    OL hid4>opoi TTapaxp'rjiJ'Ci [/^ei^]'' due^oojv -noXepiiov
    KaraoKOTTOvs Xeyovres' err e era dvaTnqhr'ioavTe
    /cat

    eTre^aXXoi' rag ;)(etpa9 aurot?. ot p.ev ovv Xoltto


    (j)evyovTes hieorrdpriaav,^ rpels 8e di'dpas ovX
    492 Aa^di^Te? eavpou ojs (,<jJVTas Kara(j>Xe^ovres rjpO .

    ' Destmon r t'^ troiuoipas (sic) PA : (^ ifforiMtas the rest.


    2 ins. Destinon. ' A : om. the rest.
    * Naber with Lat. : hiicpBdp-qaav mss.

    " Josephus elsewhere states that this quarter was ^ive


    them by Alexander {Ap. ii. 35 with note). The privilege
    512
    JEWISH WAR, II. 487-492

    (7) At Alexandria there had been incessant strife Riots at


    between the native inhabitants and the Jewish oieeksl;?
    settlers since the time when Alexander, having Jews.

    received from the Jews very active support against


    the Egyptians, granted them, as a reward for their
    assistance, permission to reside in the city on terms
    of equality with the Greeks. This privilege was
    confirmed by his successors, who, moreover, assigned
    them a quarter of their own," in order that, through
    mixing less with aliens, they might be free to observe
    their rules more strictly and they were also per-
    ;

    mitted to take the title of Macedonians. Again,


    when the Romans took possession of Egypt, neither
    the first Caesar nor any of his successors would
    consent to any diminution of the honours conferred
    on the Jews since the time of Alexander. They were,
    however, continually coming into collision with the
    Greeks, and the numerous punishments daily inflicted
    on the rioters of both parties by the authorities only
    served to embitter the quarrel. But now that dis-
    order had become universal, the riots at Alexandria
    broke out more furiously than ever. On one occasion,
    when the Alexandrians were holding a public meeting
    on the subject of an embassy which they proposed to
    send to Nero, a large number of Jews flocked into
    the amphitheatre along with the Greeks their ;

    adversaries, the instant they caught sight of them,


    raised shouts of " enemies " and " spies," and then
    rushed forward to lay hands on them. The majority
    of the Jews took flight and scattered, but three of
    them were caught by the Alexandrians and dragged
    off to be burnt alive. Thereupon the whole Jewish

    bestowed on the Alexandrian Jews by the Ptolemies and the


    Romans are stated more fully in Ap. ii. 42-64.
    VOL II s 513
    JOSEPHUS
    8e 77av TO ^lovhatKov to fieu
    IttI rrjv ajjivvav, /cat
    TTpojrou XidoL? TOU£ "KXXr]va?
    e^aXXou, au^t? Se
    XafJLTTahag apTraadfJievoL vrpo? ro d(JL(f)L6eaTpou
    (ZpfjiTjoav, dTTeiXovvres eV avrco KaTacf}X€^€LV tou
    Srjfiov avravSpov. kolu €<j>6rioav touto hpdaaprc?,
    €L iJLTj rovs OvfJLOvs avTcov dveKoipev Tt/Septo?
    493 WXe^ai'Bpog 6 rrj^ Tro'Aetu? -qyeixcov. ov pL-qv
    ovros y€ drro tcjv ottXojv rjp^aro 0(xJ(j)poviL;€LVy
    dXX vrroTTepiliag rovs yvcopipLovs avrol? navoaoOai
    TTapeKdXec /cat /xt) /ca^' iaurcov epedit^iv to 'Poj-
    pLaiajv GTpdrevp,a. KaraxXevdCoureg 8e rrjg napa-
    KX-qoeojs OL crTacrtc68et? e^Xao4>rip.ovv rov Tt/Septov.
    494 (8) Kd/ceti^os" Gvvihojv ojs X^P'-'^ p.€ydXrjg ovp,-
    <j>opdsovK dv TravoaivTO veajrepiiovre?, €7Ta(f)LT]GLV
    avTols rd Kara rrjv ttoXlv 'Pajpalcov hvo rdyfiara
    /cat GVP avroL£ hiGXi^Xiovg^ crrpaTLcora? Kara rv^y]^
    TTapovras etV rou ^lovSaiajv oXeOpov €K Xi^v-qs
    iTTeTpeijjev 8' ov pLovou dvaLpelu, dXXd /cat tcis
    KT-qo€L5 auToip' 8tap77a^€tP' Kat -rdg ot/cta? Kara-
    495 (j^Xeyeiv. ol 8' oppriaavre? elg ro KaXov/ievoi
    Ae'Ara, ovvcoKioro yap CKel ro 'Iou8ai/cov', ireXovi
    rag ivroXds, ov p.rjv dvaipicari' ovorpa(j)evres ydf
    at 'Iou8atot /cat rovs dp.€Lvov ojTrAta/xeVous" iavroji
    77 pora^dpL€voL p-^XP^ TrAetarou piev dvreaxov, aTrai
    496 8* ey/cAtVavTes"" dveSrjv hiecfideLpouro. /cat Trai'

    Totos" avrcjv oXedpog, rcju piev eV rep Trehiq


    rju

    KaraXapi^avopiivojv, rojv 8* elg rag ot/cta? ovvwdov


    pivojv. vt: €77 ipLTTpaoav he Kat TauTas" ot 'Poj/xato
    ^ TTfj'raAftcrjftXtoi'S LVRC Lat.
    2 Bekker: 5f €KK\ivapres or 6f AfXtVairej mss.
    •^
    And prelect (viceroy) of the whole province of Egypt
    see B. ii. -220note and iv. 616.
    514-
    JEWISH WAR, II. 492-496

    colony rose to the rescue first they hurled stones


    ;

    at the Greeks, and then snatching up torches rushed


    to the amphitheatre, threatening to consume the
    assembled citizens in the flames to the last man.
    And this they would actually have done, had not
    Tiberius Alexander, the governor of the city," curbed
    their fury. He first, however, attempted to recall
    them to reason without recourse to arms, quietly
    sending the principal citizens to them and entreating
    them to desist and not to provoke the Roman army
    to take action. But the rioters only ridiculed this
    exhortation and used abusive language of Tiberius.
    (8) Understanding then that nothing but the The Romi
    infliction of a severe lesson would quell the rebel-^, fp^tjoo'se
    he let loose upon them the two Roman legions "po" the
    stationed in the city,** together with two thousand jews!"
    soldiers, who by chance had just arrived from Libya
    to complete the ruin of the Jews permission was;

    given them not merely to kill the rioters but to


    plunder their property and burn down their houses.
    The troops, thereupon, rushed to the quarter of the
    city called " Delta," where the Jews were con-
    '^

    centrated, and executed their orders, but not without


    bloodshed on their own side for the Jews closing
    ;

    their ranks and putting the best armed among their


    number in the front offered a prolonged resistance,
    but when once they gave way, wholesale carnage
    ensued. Death in every form was theirs some ;

    were caught in the plain, others driven into their


    houses, to which the Romans set fire after stripping

    ^ Cf. § 387 note.


    **
    The quarters of Alexandria were called after the
    five
    of the alphabet, two being occupied by Jews
    first five letters
    (Philo, In Flaccum, § 55 Cohn ; quoted by Reinach).
    515
    JOSEPHUS
    TTpoStapTra^ovTC? ra evSov, /cat ovr€ vrjTrLcov eXeog
    avTOV? ovre alSoj? elarjeL yepovrcov, dXXa Std
    497 Trdorjs rjXLKiag Ix^J^povv kt€lvovt€s, ojs iTTLKXvod-qvat
    fiev atfJLari rravra rov y^ojpov, Trevre he /xuptaSe?
    ioojpevdrioav v€Kpujv, 77 epieXelSdrj 8' dv ouSe to
    XoLTTOv, el firj TTpos Kar-
    LKeTTjpias erpdrrovTO.
    OLKTeipag 5'
    avrovg 'AAe^ai'Spo^ dvaxcopelv rovg
    498 'Pcu/xatou? eKeXevoev ol fiev ovv i^ edov? to
    .

    7T€l6t]vlov exovTe? djia vevjiaTt tov (f)Oi'eveLv e-nav-


    oavTO, TO h-qfjLOTLKOv he TOW WXe^avSpecov 8t'
    VTTep^oXrjV fiioovs SvoaudKXrjTOV rju Kal jjloXl?
    direoTTdTO tcov oajfidTajv.

    499 (9) ToLOVTOv iiev to KaTa ttjv WXe^dvhpeiav


    Tiddo? ovvTjvexOrj- KeoTLco he ovKeTi rjpefJLelv

    idoKet vavTa^ov tcov *Iou8aia>i^ €K77e77oAe/xcD/x6Va>v.


    500 dvaXa^ojv 8e 0770 ttJc 'AvTio^eta? to /xev 8co8e-
    KOTOV Tdyp.a rrXrjpe^;, arro be tow Xolttojv dvo
    Sta)(tAiOL'? eTTLXeKTou^, Tretwv re e^- OTrelpa? Ka>
    Teoaapa? tAa? tTTTreajv, Trpo? af? rd? Trapd to);
    ^aoiXeojv cru/x/Lia;(ia?, 'AvTtd;(ou /xei^ 8tc7;^tAtou5

    LTiTTels Kal Trelovg TpioxiXiov;, To^ora? TrdvTas


    'Aypt7777a 8e rretov^ p.ev tovs lgov? iTTTreZ? 8<

    501 8icr;(tAtojt' iXaTTOv?, elrreTO he Kal Hoai/xo? /L^erc

    TeTpaKLGX^Xiojv , ojv rjoav iTTTrels t] TpiTiq jio'ipa /ca


    TO TiXeov To^oTai, TTporjXdev el? FlToAe^atSa
    502 TzAetCTTOt he KdK twv TToXeujv eTTiKOvpoL ovveXey-q

    " Governor of Syria, ii. -2S0, etc.


    There were four legions in Syria, as there had been sine
    ^

    the time of Augustus ( Tac. Ann. iv. 5, quoted by Keinach)


    516
    JEWISH WAR, II. 496-502

    them of their contents there was no pity for infancy,


    ;

    no respect for years all ages fell


    : before their
    murderous career, until the whole district was
    deluged with blood and the heaps of corpses numbered
    fifty thousand even the remnant would not have
    ;

    escaped, had they not sued for quarter. Alexander,


    now moved to compassion, ordered the Romans to
    retire. They, broken to obedience, ceased massa-
    cring at the first signal but the Alexandrian
    ;

    populace in the intensity of their hate were not so


    easily called off and were with difficulty torn from
    the corpses,

    (9) Such was the catastrophe which befell the Cestius

    Jews of Alexandria. Cestius," now that on all ^h^e'tieuu''


    sides war was being made upon the Jews, decided
    to remain inactive no longer. He accordingly left
    Antioch, taking with him the twelfth legion in full
    strength, two thousand picked men from each of the
    other legions,^ and in addition six cohorts of infantry
    and four squadrons of cavalry besides these he had
    ;

    the auxihary contingents furnished by the kings, of


    hich Antiochus ^ supplied two thousand horse and
    three thousand foot, all archers, Agrippa an equal
    number of foot and rather less than two thousand
    horse, Soaemus^ following with four thousand, of
    which one-third were cavalry and the majority archers.
    With these troops he advanced upon Ptolemais.
    Further auxiliaries in very large numbers were
    viz. VI Ferrata, X Fretensis, XII Fulminata;
    Ill Gallica,
    Mommsen, Provinces, ii. 63 note.
    Antiochus IV, king of Commagene (in N. Syria) from
    •^

    A.D. 38 to 72, when he was deprived of his kingdom on the


    charge of conspiracy {B. vii. 319 ff.).
    King of Emesa, § 481 note.
    <*

    517
    JOSEPHUS
    uav, ifJLTTeLpia ixkv rjTTcoiJLevoL tcov crrpaTtajTCJV,
    Tat? 8e TTpodufxlatg /cat tco Kara ^lovhalajv fxiaeL
    TO XelTTOv ev rat? eTrtaTT^^atS" avriTrXripovvT^s -

    rraprju^ he Kal avro? WypLTTTrag KearLOj rrjg re


    503 odov Kal Tojv Gvii(j)ep6vrojv e^Tqyovfxevos dua- .

    Xa^ujv he fJLepog rrj? hwdpieoj? Keario? ajpfi-qaev


    6771 ttoXlv Kaprepdv rrjs TaXtXalag, \a^ovXow' Ka-

    Aetrat', hiopiLei he cztto tov edvovs ttjv YlroXeixatha.


    504 Kal KaraXa^ojv avrrju ep-qpiou piev dvhpcjv, dva-
    7Te(f)evyeL yap to 7TXi]6o? ei? to. 0^17, TrXrjpr] he
    TTavToiojv KT-qpLarcov, rd /xey i(f)rjKev Tot? orparioj-
    Tat? Stap77a^eiv, to he darv Kairoi davpiduas tov
    KaXXovs, exow rag olKias opotajg Tat? ev Tvpco
    Kal ^thowL Kal Jjr]pvTOj hehopLrjpLeuag, eveTrp-qoev.
    505 erreiTa Tr]u ^(cjopav Karahpapoju Kal hiap-daa'^
    pLeu TTav ro 77 poottZtttov Kara^Xe^a? he rd? Trepi^
    506 Kajp^as VTreorpeipev etV rrjv YlToXepLatha. Tipog he
    Tat? apyrayat? eTt rwv Xvpcjv outcou Kal ro irXeov
    "BrjpvrLcou dvadapa-qoaureg ol 'louSatot, Kal yap
    aTTOKexojprjKora ovvUoau Keanoi', Tot? dno-
    XeL(f)deLGLu dhoKrjTOj? eTreTreaov Kal rrepl 8ta;!(tAtoL»?
    avrojv hLe4>6eipav.
    507 (10) '0 he Ke'dTto? ai'a^et'la? aTTO Trj? Hto-
    Ae/xatdo? awTO? pev els \\aLodpeiav dcjuKveZrai,
    piolpav he rrfs orpartds rrpoenepipev €t? ^loTTTrrjU,
    rrpoord^aSy el p.ev KaraXa^eadai hvvqdelev rrjv
    voXlv, (f)poupeLv, el he rrpoaioOoivro rrju e(f)ohov,
    508 rrepipeveiv airrov re Kal rr]v dXXriv hvvapuv. rcov
    6' ot pLev Kard BdXaaaav ol he Kard yrjv ertei-

    * avixirap^v MVRC. * Niese (r/. iii. 38): Za^ovXC^v mss.

    ^
    ^ (or ^) /caXeFrai avopCjv siss. aucpC^u has probably come
    :

    in from the next sentence (Niese).

    518
    JEWISH WAR, II. 502-508

    collected from the towns ; these, though lacking the


    experience of the regulars, made good their de-
    ficiency in technical training by their ardour and their
    detestation of the Jews. Agrippa personally accom-
    panied Cestius, to guide and to provide for the
    interests of the army. With a detachment of these
    troops, Cestius marched against a fortified city of
    Galilee, called Chabulon,'^ on the frontier of Ptolemais Capture o
    ^habuion
    and Jewish territory. He
    deserted by its
    found it
    inhabitants, who had all fled up into the hills, but
    stocked with goods of all kinds, which he allowed
    his soldiers to pillage the town itself, although he
    ;

    admired its beauty, with its houses built in the style


    of those at Tyre, Sidon, and Berytus, he set on fire.
    He next overran the district, sacking everything in
    his path and burning the surrounding villages, and
    then returned to Ptolemais. But while the Syrians
    and in particular those of Berytus were still occupied
    in pillage, the Jews, understanding that Cestius had
    departed, recoveredcourage, and, fallingunexpectedly
    on the troops which he had left behind, killed about
    two thousand of them.
    (10) Leaving Ptolemais and resuming his march, and Joppa
    Cestius himself proceeded to Caesarea, but sent
    forward a detachment of his force to Joppa, with
    orders to garrison the town, if they succeeded in
    taking it by surprise, but if the inhabitants obtained
    previous intelligence of their approach, to await his
    arrival with the main body. These troops advancing
    rapidly in two parties, by sea and land, easily carried

    " Called Chabolo in the Life, 213, etc., modern Kabul ; it


    probably gave its name to the district presented by Solomon
    to Hiram (1 Kings ix. 13).

    519
    . .

    JOSEPHUS
    ')(BlvT€<; ajK^OTipajB^v alpovoiv 7r)v ttoXlu pabicug'
    Kal fjL-qbe (f)vyeLv tojv OLKT^Topojv ov\
    (f)daodi"Tojv ,

    OTTOjg 7TapaoK€vdoaodaL rrpos fjidx'r]^, €fi7T€G6vT€S


    d7ravTa<i dvelXov ovv rals yeveals Kal ttjv ttoXlv
    509 StapTrdoavres iveTrp-qoav 6 Se dpiSfxa? tu)V (fiovev-
    divTojv rerpaKOGLOL Trpos OKraKLOXi-XioLS Ojuoiws" .

    Se Kal €t? T-qv 6p.opov Trjs Kaioapeia^ yap^arrju-qu


    TOTTapx'-o.v e77€/u,0ei^ GVxyov<^ tojv l-nTTeujv, ol rrjv
    7€ yiji' erep-ov Kal ttoXv vXtjOos Sie^ideipav rdju
    rds t€
    CTTixajpiajv, KTTjGen SirjpTTaGav Kal rdi
    Kwp.as Kari<f)Xe^av
    510 (11) Et? 8e T-qv FaAtAatai^ arreGTdLXev Kai-
    G€vviov VdXXov riyep.6va tov SajSeKarov rdyp-aTos
    TTapaSoi)? 6vvap.LV ogtjv dpKeoeiv rrpos to edvcg
    51 V7T€Xdp.^av€v
    J TOVTOv 77 KapTepcjrdTr) r-qs PaAi-
    .

    Xaias ttoXls ZeV^ajpt? /^er' evc^-qpLias Se'^^erat, Kal


    Trpos T-qv TavT-qq ^v^ovXiav al Xoi-al ttoAci?
    qp€p.ovv. TO he aracrttuSe? Kal XrjGTpLKOv ndv
    (divyev eiV to /Lteaatraroi^ ttjs VaXiXaias opos, 6
    KeWaL p-kv dvTLKpu ttjs ^€TT(f)cop€CJS, KaAciTat 8e
    WoapLcvv. TovTOis 6 FaAAo? eTj-qye T-qv hvvap.iv.
    512 01 S' €ajs p.€v rjoav VTrepSe^tOL, pabicos tovs *Pa»-
    pialovg -qpivvavTO TrpoGiovTas Kal Trpos SiaKOGLOvg
    axndjv dvelXov, TrepieXOovTajv Se Kal y€vopLev<jjv €v
    TOis viprjXoTepoLs rjTrcovTO rax^cog, Kal ovre yvp.-
    vqT€S OTrXtTas GVGTdSrjv ecjiepou ovTe iv Trj TpoTrfj
    TOVS iTTTreis €^€(l)€vyov, ojGT€ oXlyovs p.€v iv Tais
    hvGXOjplaLS hiaXaSelu, dvatp^drjuac be vnep hta-
    XiXiovg.
    513 (xix. 1) FaAAos pi€v ovv d>s ovdev €tl eu)pa
    Kara Tr]v VaXiXaiav v€ojT€pii6p.€vov, v7TeGTp€(f)€v
    fieTa TTJs GTpaTids €is Kaiodpetav Kccttios 8c
    520
    JEWISH WAR, II. 508-513

    the town by an attack on both elements the in- ;

    habitants had no time to fly, much less to prepare


    for defence, and the Romans, bursting in, slew them
    all with their families, and sacked and burnt the
    town the victims numbered eight thousand four
    ;

    hundred. Cestius likewise dispatched a strong force


    of cavalry into the toparchy of Narbatene," which
    borders on Caesarea these ravaged the country,
    ;

    killed a large number of the inhabitants, pillaged


    their property and burnt their villages.
    (11) To Galilee he sent Caesennius Gallus, com- , ,
    ^ ' una red Hi
    mander of the twelfth legion, with such forces as he tion of
    ^^'''^®'
    considered sufficient for the reduction of that pro-
    vince, Sepphoris, the strongest city in Galilee,
    received Gallus with open arms, and, following the
    sage advice of this city, the rest remained quiet.
    All the rebels and brigands in the district fled to the
    mountain in the heart of Galilee, which faces Sep-
    phoris and is called Asamon ^ against these Gallus
    ;

    led his troops. So long as the enemy held the


    superior position, they easily beat off the attacks of
    the Romans and killed some two hundred of them,
    but when the Romans turned their flank and gained
    the higher ground, they were quickly defeated ;
    being lightly armed, they could not sustain the
    charge of the heavy-armed legionaries, nor when
    routed outdistance the cavalry consequently a ;

    few only succeeded in concealing themselves


    in broken ground, while more than two thousand
    '^

    perished.
    (xix. 1) Gallus, seeing no further signs of revolt in jjarch of
    Gahlee, returned with his troops to Caesarea where- Cestiusu ;

    « Cf. ii.291. » Unidentified.


    V ' Or perhaps '"
    escaping over."
    VOL. II s2 521
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    fxera Trdoiqs ttj? hvvdfiecos dval,€V^as eve^aXev els
    ^
    AvrLTTarpiha, Koi TTvOofxevo? ev rivi Trvpyoj
    *A(f)€KOV KaXovfievci) avvrjOpoludai ^lovSatoju Svva-
    fjLLU ovK oXlyrjv, TrpovTrefjufje rovg GVjx^aXovvras
    514 ol he TTplv els X^^P^^ eXBelv heei rovs 'louSatof?
    SLeuKeBaGav, erreXOovres Se eprjixou to orparoirehov
    515 /cat TO.? Trept^ KwjjLas eveTrprjoav. OlTto 8e tt^s
    ^AvrtTTarplhos \\eoTios els AvSSa TTpoeXBojv Kevrjv
    dvSpcou TTjv ttoXlv KaraXafjL^di^ef 8td yap rrjv rrjs
    GK-qvoTT-qyias eoprrjv dva^e^-qKeu Trav to ttXyjOos els
    516 'lepoGoXufjLa. Trevr-qKovra he rcou Trapa(f)aveuTa)V
    hia(f)9eipas koI to aoTi; KaraKavGas e^ajpeL TrpoGOJ,
    Kol hid BaiOajpcov dva^ds gt paronehever ai Kard
    TLva y^ujpov Ta^aoj KaXovfieuov, dnexovra rcjv
    *\epoGoXvp.(jjv TTevTrjKOvra Grahiovs-
    517 (2) Ot he ^lovhaloL Karihovres "qhrj rrXriGidt,ovra
    rfj jjirjrpoTroXei toi^ TToXef^ov, d(f)eiJLevoL rrjv eoprrjv
    exojpovv eTTL rd dirXa, /cat fieya rco TrXrjOei dap-
    povvres draKTOL [/cat]^ pierd KpavyrjS e^errrjhow
    enl TTjv pidx'qVy pnqhe rrjs dpyrjs e^hopidhos evvoiav
    Xa^ovres' r]V yap hrj to pidXtGra Trap* avroZs
    518 OprjGKevopievov Gd^^arov. 6 S' eKGeiGas avrovs
    rrjs evGe^eias 0vp.6s enoLrjGev TrXeoveKrrJGai /cat
    Kara ttjv pidxT^i'' p-erd TOGavrr]s yovv oppLrjs Tots
    'Poj/Ltaiots" TTpoGeTTeGOv, (jjs hiapprj^ai rds rd^eis
    519 avrojv /cat8ta pLf.GOJV x^P^^^ dvaipovvras . el he
    piTj TO) ;!(aAaa^eVTt rrjs <f)dXayyos ol re tTTTretc

    1 om. PAL.

    "In the plain of Sharon, north-ea'>t of Joppa.


    Or perhaps " called after Aphek." Several places o
    ''

    the name are mentioned in the O.T. this may be the Aphel-
    :

    522
    JEWISH WAR, II. 513-519

    upon Cestius resumed his march with his entire army


    and entered Antipatris.*^ Learning that a considerable
    body of Jews had assembled in a towercalled Apheku,*
    he sent on a detachment to attack them. Fear, how-
    ever, dispersed the Jews before any engagement took
    place ;and the Romans, on invading their camp,
    found it evacuated, and burnt it and the neighbour-
    ing villages.From Antipatris Cestius advanced to
    Lydda ^ and found the city deserted, for the whole
    population had gone up to Jerusalem for the Feast «• Octobe
    of Tabernacles. Fifty persons who showed them- xishri).
    selves he put to the sword, and after burning down
    the town resumed his march and, ascending through
    ;

    Beth-horon, pitched his camp at a place called


    Gabao,^ fifty furlongs distant from Jerusalem.
    (2) The Jews, seeing the war now approaching the a success
    capital, abandoned the feast and rushed to arms ciiarge ;

    and, with great confidence in their numbers, sprang


    Jg^yg^akn
    in disorder and with loud cries into the fray, with no
    thought for the seventh day of rest, for it was the
    very sabbath which they regarded with special
    reverence.* But the same passion which shook
    them out of their piety brought them victory in the
    battle for with such fury did they fall upon the
    ;

    Romans that they broke and penetrated their ranks,


    slaughtering the enemy. Had not the cavalry, with
    a body of infantry which was not so hard pressed as
    in Sharon (Jos. xii. 18, some LXX mss.), doubtfully identified
    with el Mejdel, south-east of Caesarea.
    * Ludd, south of Antipatris, at the point where the road
    from the north joins the route from Joppa via Beth-horon to
    Jerusalem.
    '^
    The O.T. Gibeon, modern el Jib, five or six miles north-
    west of Jerusalem the distance given in A. vii. 283 is only
    ;

    4U furlongs (stadia). For Beth-horon see § 547 note.


    * Falling within the week of the Feast of Tabernacles.

    523
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    CKTrepLeXdovre? in-qfjivvav Kal rov Trefou to {jltj
    o<f)66pa KOLfivov, Kau €KLpSvu€va€v oXrj rfj Swdfiei
    KdoTLOS. OLTTedavov be 'Pajfiaicov TrevraKOOLOL
    SeKaTTeWc" roinojv -quav ot rerpaKOGLOL Trel^oi, to
    8e XoLTTOV 1777761? Ttov §6 ^lovhaiojv Suo TTpo^ rol<;
    •

    520€t«:oo't. yevvaLOTaroi S' avr(jov eho^av ol Moi^o-


    ^dl,ov rov TTjg WSLa^rjvrj? jSaCTtAeoj? crvyyevelg
    MordjSa^d? T6 Kal KeveSato?, fxed^ ou? d OeparTr}?
    Niyep Kal StAa? d Ba/SL'At6i'to? avrojjLoXrjoag et?
    Toi)? lofSat'ou? qtt' 'Aypt777ra toG jSaatAeoj?*
    521 earpaTevero yap Trap' avroj. Kara irpooojiTov
    ixkv ovv dvaKOTTevre^ 'louSatot 7rpdb TrfV ttoXlv
    V7T€OTp€(f)OP, KarOTTLU he TOt? ' PaJ/U,atOt? €771 TYjU
    Bedcvpap^ dvLOVGLu TrpoGTreoajv 6 rov Tiwpa ^ifjoov
    TToXv rrjs ovpayiag eairdpa^ev Kal avx^d tojv
    GKevo(f)6pajv OLTTOGTraGag -rjyayev el? rrju ttoXlv.
    622 fjievovro? be rodKeGTtov Kara y^ojpav TpiGLV
    rjfiepatg ol ^lovbalot rd jj-ereajpa KaTeiXrjchoreg
    erreTripovv tci? Trapobovs, brjXol re rjoap ovk -qpe-
    pLi^GOvrei dp^afievojv rcov 'Pwfj.aLOjv obeveiv.
    523 (3) "KvOa brj Kartbdw ^AypLTTTra'? ovbe tq 'Poj-
    fialwv aKLvbuva, vXrjOov? aTTelpou rroXepiiujv rd
    opr) nepLOXovros, eKpivev aTTOTTeLpadrjvai rwv 'lou-
    baiojv Adyots" r] yap Travrag veiaeiu KaradeodaL
    rov TToXepLOv t) toju evavnajdevrajv dvoGTrjGeLV to
    524 fjLrf ovp.<^povovv. eTrepuipev ovv tojv irap' eavrco
    Tov<; fxdXcGTa yvojpipiovs eVetVot?, PtopKiov re Kal
    (t>OL^ov, Sc^ta? re rrapd \\eGriov Kal Gvyyva)fj.rjv
    rrapd 'Pajfialot? dcr^aAy^ Tzepl rojv rjiJLapr7]fj,evojv

    ^ PAL: Bai^wpii/ the rest.

    " King- Monobazus, like his brother Izates, whom he had


    524
    JEWISH WAR, II. 519-524

    the rest, wheeled round to the reHef of the broken


    Hne, Cestius and his whole army would have been in
    jeopardy. The Roman killed were five hundred and
    fifteen, of whom four hundred were infantry and the
    rest cavalry the Jews lost but two and twenty. In
    ;

    the Jewish ranks the most distinguished for valour


    were Monobazus and Cenedaeus, kinsmen of Mono-
    bazus,*^ king of Adiabene next to them came Niger
    ;

    of Peraea and Silas the Babylonian,'' a deserter to


    the Jews from the army of King Agrippa. The Jews,
    when their frontal attack was checked, retired to the
    city ; but from the back of their lines Simon, son of
    Gioras, fell upon the Romans as they were mounting
    towards Beth-horon, cut up a large part of their rear-
    guard, and carried off many of the baggage mules,
    which he brought with him into the city While
    Cestius for three days remained in his former quarters,
    the Jews occupied the heights and kept guard on the
    defiles, clearly not intending to remain inactive,
    should the Romans begin to move.
    (3) At this juncture, Agrippa, perceiving that, Agrippa
    with the enemy in such countless numbers in posses- a^tJ^^ptg
    sion of the surrounding mountains, even a Roman a parley

    army was in a perilous position, decided to try the Jews.


    effect of parley with the Jews he hoped either to
    ;

    prevail on all to abandon hostilities, or at least to


    detach from their opponents those who did not share
    the views of the war party. He accordingly sent his
    two friends, whom the Jews knew best, Borcius and
    Phoebus, with an offer of a treaty on the part of
    Cestius and of sure pardon for their misdoings on the
    recently succeeded, and his mother Helena, was a convert
    to Judaism ;cf. § 388 note.
    * Probably one of the colony of Babylonian Jews settled

    in Batanaea ( Vita 54 note).


    525
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    V7nGxvovfj.€vos, €i TOL oTrXa pLipaure? npos ainous
    525 /xerajSaAotP'TO. Setaavre? 8' ol oraoiaoTal^ {jltj
    TTav TO TrXrjdog aSeta? eA77tSt vrpos" tov ^ hypivnav
    fieTa^dXTj-TaL, rovg oltt^ avrou Trpeo^euovTa? c5p-
    526 p-'Tjoav ave}<elv. /cat Trplv top fikv
    r) (fidey^aoOat
    ^OL^ov hU(j)deipav, 6 he Bopxrto? rpcodeU €(f)dri
    6La(f)vyeiU' rod St^pLOU 8e toi)? ayavaKr-qaavras
    XldoLS Kal fuAots" Traiovres etV to aoTV ovvriXaaav
    527 (4) KecTTto? 8e tt)^ 77po? dAAr]Aoi;9 auroji' ra-
    paxrjv evKaipov Ihcov et? errideaiv, a-uaaav iTrrjyev
    T-qv hvvapLiv Kal rpaTrevrag p-^XP'- '^^poooXvpLcuv
    528 KaTebioj^ev. OTpaTonehevoapievos he eVt tov Ka-
    Xovp-evov Y.K07TOV, htex^i 8' ovto? eTrra rrj? noXeajg
    araStoUi, rptat /xet' rjpLepaLS ovk eiTex^^p^i- Trj
    TToXeL, TO-XOL n
    irapa rcov euhov evhodrjoeodat
    77 poohoKow, et? he rag Trept^ KcopLa? ecf)^ apTrayrjv

    OL70U TToXAovs hLa(l)r}Kev tG)V orparLioroju- rfj


    Terdprr] he, rjris tjv TpiaKas 'Ynep^eperaLOU
    p.rju6s, Siard^a? ttju orpaTidv eLarjyev els ttjv
    529 ttoXlu. 6 p.ev ovv hrjpLog vtto toIs oraoLaoTals
    ep.(f}povpos rjv, ol he oraoiaoral rrjv evra^iav tcov
    'PcopLaLcxJV KaraTrXayevres rwv p.ev e^co tt^s" TToXecjs
    p.epa>v eLKou, els he r-qu evhoTepco /cat to tepoi^
    530 dvexojpovv \\eoTios he napeXdojv vno-uipLTrprjaiv
    .

    rrju re Beleddv TrpoaayopevopLevqv ttjv /cat^ Kati^d-


    ttoXlu /cat TO KaAou/xevov Sokcov dyopdv, eTreira
    VpOS TTjV dvCO TJoXlV eXdcoV dvTLKpV TTjS ^aaiXiKT^s
    631 auA^^i eorparoTTehevero. kolv eiTrep rfieXiqaev Kar*

    ^ rrji/ Kai Reland: Kal Tr,v mss.

    <*
    A hill to the north-west and commanding a "view"

    5'z6
    JEWISH WAR, II. 524-531

    part of the Romans, if they ^vould lay down their arms


    and return to their allegiance. But the insurgents,
    fearing that the prospect of an amnesty would induce
    the whole multitude to go over to Agrippa, made a
    murderous assault upon his emissaries. Phoebus
    was slain before he had uttered a syllable Borcius ;

    was wounded but succeeded in escaping. Any


    citizens who raised indignant protests w^ere assailed
    with stones and clubs and driven into the town.
    (4) Cestius, seeing that these internal dissensions Cestius
    offered a favourable opportunity for attack, brought suburb^
    up his whole force, routed the enemy, and pursued Bezetha,
    them to Jerusalem. Having pitched his camp in the
    region called Scopus," distant seven furlongs from
    the city, for three days he suspended all attack upon
    it, expecting perhaps that the defenders would show

    signs of surrender but he sent out to the surround-


    ;

    ing villages numerous foraging parties to collect corn.


    On the fourth day, the thirtieth of the month Hyper- Novemb
    ^'^' ^"
    beretaeus, he deployed his forces and led them into
    the city For the people were at the mercy of the
    rebels, and the latter, overawed by the orderly dis-
    cipline of the Romans, abandoned the suburbs and
    retired upon the inner city and the Temple/ Cestius,
    on entering, set fire to the district known as Bezetha
    or " New City " and the so-called Timber Market ;

    he then proceeded to the upper city and encamped


    opposite the royal palace. Had he. at that particular

    (whence its name) of the city {A. xi. 329, where it is called
    Saphein).
    * November 17, according to Niese's reckoning.
    « They abandoned the unfinished third wall (that of
    Agrippa 1, see § 318) as untenable Cestius advanced to the
    :

    second wall, enclosing the upper city : for the northern


    suburb Bezetha between the two walls cf. § 328.
    527
    JOSEPHUS
    avT7]v eKelvrjv rr^u ojpav ivrogrow t€lx^cov ^tdaa-
    odai, TTapavTLKa rrjv ttoXlv ea^ev Kal tov TToXefiov
    avve^Tj KaraXeXvadaL^' dAAd yap o re crrparo-
    TTehapxr)?TvpdvuLos YlploKog Kal rwv t777rdp;(ajv
    ol TrXelaTOL )(pi'jpLaGLV vtto OAoSpou heKaodevre?^
    532 aTTeGrpeifjav avrou rrj? imx^Lprjaeoj?. Kal irapa
    T-qv alriav ravrrjv 6 re ttoAc/xo? inl roaovrov
    fjLTjKog TTpov^T) Kal dur)K€GTOJV ^lovSatovg oviJL(f)opoJv
    di'a—Xrjadrjvai Gvuerreaeu.
    533 (5) 'Ep' 8e rovrqj ttoXXoI tcov yvojpijxojv SrjfjLO-

    Toji',Avdvcp TO) ^IcovdOov TratSt TreLodevre?, €Kd-


    ^

    Xovv rov KfCTTtoi^ (jj<; dvoi^ovres avrw rd? TTvXas.


    634 6 hk Kal TTpog opyrjv VTrepihujv Kal firj Trdvv ttl-

    crreucra? dieixeXXiqaev, eoj? ol GTauLaaral ttjv Trpo-


    hoGiav aiGdofJievoL rovg fiev rrepl tou "Avavov aTTO
    TOV reixpvg Karl^aXov Kal XiBois Tralovres gw-
    TjXaGav etV rag OLKLag, aurot 8e StacrTcivTe? diro^
    tCjv TTvpyojv Toug d-nOTTeipoJiiivovg rod relxovg
    535 l^aAAoi^, TreVre fiev ovv rjpbepaLg Trdvrodev eVt-
    X^LpovGLV rolg 'Poj/^atot? dfJirjX'^^og rjv tj TrpoG^oX-q,
    8' eTTLOVGY) dvaXa^ojv 6 KeGnog rcov re cVt-
    rfj
    XeKrojv Gux^oug Kal roug ro^orag Kara ro rrpoG-
    536 dpKriov irrex^LpeL KXlfia roj Upoj. 'louSatot 8c
    (1770 rrjg orodg €ipyov, Kal TToXXaKig fikv dn-
    €KpovGavro roug rep reix^i TrpooeXdovrag, reXog
    be ro) rrXy^Oei rcov ^eXcou dvaKorrevreg dvexcop'^jGau.
    537 rcou be 'Poj/xatajv' ol Trpcoroi roug dupeovg e^epei-
    Gavreg elg ro relxog Kal Kara rovrcov ol Karoniv
    dXXovg ol re e^rjg opLolojg rrju KaXovpLevrjV Trap
    avrolg x^^^^^W (.(^pd^avro, Kad^ rjg rd ^kXr)
    KaraXueadai PA ML. * L; ^eXeao-^fVres the rest.
    • ^iri Bekker. Naber.
    528
    JEWISH WAR, II. 531-537

    moment, decided to force his way through the walls,


    he would have captured the city forthwith, and the
    war would have been over; but his camp-prefect <*

    Tyrannius Priscus, with most of the cavalry com-


    manders, bribed by Florus, diverted him from the
    attempt. Hence it came about that the war was so
    long protracted and the Jews drained the cup of
    irretrievable disaster.
    (5) Many of the leading citizens, at the instance and attac
    of Ananus, son of Jonathan,'' now sent an invitation oay'and"^
    to Gestius, promising to open the gates to him. Temple.
    These overtures, however, partly from anger and
    disdain, partly because he did not wholly credit them,
    he hesitated to accept, until the insurgents, dis-
    covering the treason, pulled down Ananus and his
    confederates from the wall and drove them, with
    showers of stones, into their houses then, posting;

    themselves on the towers, they kept up a fire on the


    enemy who were attempting to scale the wall. For
    five days the Romans pressed their attack on all
    sides without success on the sixth Cestius led a
    ;

    large force of picked men with the archers to an


    assault on the north side of the Temple The Jews
    from the roof of the portico resisted the attack and
    time after time repulsed those who had reached the
    wall, but at length, overpowered by the hail of
    missiles, gave way. The front rank of the Romans
    then planted their bucklers against the wall, those
    behind them placed theirs upon the first row of
    shields, and the rest did likewise, forming a screen
    which they call *'
    the tortoise," '^
    from which the
    " Quartermaster-general.
    " Jonathan, probably the hiarh-prieat and first victim of the
    iicarii (§ 256).
    •
    festudo.
    529
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    <f)€p6fjL€va TrepLoaXiGdavev arrpaKra, pLTjhev 8* ol urpa-
    riajrai KaKOV/j,€voL to relx^? vireavpov /cat rov
    lepov rrjv ttvXtjv VTroTTLfiTTpdvai TrapedKevdCovro
    538 (6) AetvT] Se rovg araGiaards eKTrX-q^cs Kar-
    eXa^eVy -qSr] re^ rroXXol SteStSpacr/cov (itto rrj^
    TToXecos a*? dXcoGOfjLevqs ainiKa. rov Se hrjfJLov

    inl TOvroLS Gvve^atuev dappeZv, xrat Kado -rrap-

    eiKOiev ol TTOv-qpoL, aurot rds TTvXag


    Trpoor^eGav
    dvoL^ovT€S Kal he^ojievoi rdv Kecrrtov co? evepye-
    539 rr]v. os et ^po-X^ '^fj
    '^oXiopKLo. rrpoGeXLTTdprjGev,
    Kav evOecos rrjv ttoXlv rrapeXa^ev dXX ol/jLaL 8ta
    rovs TTOvqpovs aTTeGrpapnievos 6 Beds rj^rj /cat rd
    dyia, reXos Xa^elv eV eKeivqs rrjs -qjiipas e/cco-
    XvG€V TOV TToXeflOV.
    540 (t) '0 yovu Keartos", ovre rr)v tcDv TroXiopKov-
    jxevcov aTToyvajGLV ovre rov hrjixov rd Sp6vqp,a
    Gvvihojv, i^aL(f)vrj? di^e/caAeaev roug orparLojra?
    /cat Karayvovs ctt* ovbepLta rrX-qyfj rcjv iXiridajv

    541 TTapaXoycorara drrd rrjs -ndXecjs dvet,ev^€v. rrpos


    8e rrjv dSoKrjrov avrov rpoTrrjv dvadapG-qGavres
    ol XrjGral Kard rcov vordrcov iTTe^eSpa/JLOv /cat
    542 Gvxvovs rujv l7T77€cov /cat 7T€l,djv SieSdeLpav. rore
    fjLev ovv iv ro) Kard rov ^kottov auAt'^erat orparo-

    TTebo) KeWtos", rfj 8' errLOVGrj TrpoGcorepoj X^P^'


    i,6fX€vos /LtdAAov e^e/caAeVaro rov? TToXepiiovs Kal y

    Tovs vordrovs avrcov TrpoGKeLfievoL hie^Oeipov Kal


    /ca^' (Karepov rrj£ oSou Trepuovre? rjKovrLl^ov et?

    543 TrXayiovg. ovre 8e eTTLGrpacfyrjvaL rrpos rovs /car-


    077 Lv rirpo'jGKOvras iddppovv ol reXevraloi, aVet-
    pov Tt rrXrjOos olofxevoL 8toj/cetv, /cat rov? Kard
    vXevpov iyK€L[jLevovs dvaGreXAetv ovx VTrlfievov
    ^ Destinon : be :^ISS.

    530
    JEWISH WAR, II. 537-543

    missiles, as they fell, glanced off harmlessly, while


    the soldiers with immunity undermined the wall and
    prepared to set fire to the gate of the Temple.
    (6) A terrible panic now seized the insurgents,
    many of whom were already slinking out of the city
    in the belief that it was on the verge of capture. The
    people '^
    thereupon took heart again, and the more
    the miscreants gave ground, the nearer did these
    advance to the gates, to open them and welcome
    Cestius as a benefactor. Had he but persisted for a
    while with the siege, he would have forthwith taken
    the city ; but God, I suppose, because of those
    miscreants, had already turned away even from His
    sanctuary and ordained that that day should not see
    the end of the war.
    (7) At any rate, Cestius, realizing neither the ^°^®^^®°*
    despair of the besieged nor the true temper of the disastrom
    people, suddenly recalled his troops, renounced his cSus.^^
    hopes, without having suffered any reverse, and,
    contrary to all calculation, retired from the city. On
    this unexpected retreat, the brigands, plucking up
    courage, sallied out upon his rear and killed a con-
    siderable number of cavalry and infantry. Cestius
    passed that night in his camp at Scopus. The follow-
    ing day, by continuing his retreat, he invited further
    opposition from the enemy hanging upon his heels
    ;

    they cut up his rear, and enclosing the troops on


    either side of the route poured their missiles on the
    flanks of the column. The rear ranks did not dare
    to round upon those who were wounding them from
    behind, supposing that they were pursued by an
    innumerable host ; nor did the rest venture to beat
    Dff those who were pressing their flanks, being heavily

    **
    i.e. the moderates.
    5S1
    JOSEPHUS
    avTol fiev 6vT€? jSapet? Kal SedotKores" ttj^ tol^lv
    hLaovdv, rovg 8e 'louSat'ou? opwvres KOV(f)OVS Kai
    vpos ras eTTtSpo/xd? €vk6Xovs' wore ovvd^aivev
    avTols 77oAAd KaKovadat fjiiqhev OLvri^XdnrovGLV
    544 Tovg ixdpovs. 77ap' oXrjv he ttjv ohov Traio/xevot
    KOL rrjs (fxiXayyo? €KO€i6yi€voi KareTrnrTov, /^€;)(pt
    TToXXojv hiacjyOapevriov , iv ot? rjv YlplaKOS /xev
    orparapx'^S rdyfiaros eKrov, Aoyylvos Se X^^^'
    apxos, €7Tapxo? he lXt]s AlfxiXiog ^IovkovvSos ovofia,
    (jloXl? €tV Ta^aoj^ Kar-qvriqoav inl to rrporepov
    orparoTTehov, rd —oXXd Kal rwv OKevGiV diro^a-
    545 XovTeS' ev9a hvo p,ej/ rjfxepa? eVe/xeivev o Keonos
    dfxrjxcLi'aju, 6 tl xPV "^OLelu, rfj TpLTr) he ttoXXo)
    TrXelovg rovg TToXefiLous Oeaadfjievo? Kal Ttdvra ra
    kvkXco fxeord ^lovhaicxju, eyvco KaB^ eavrov re ^pa-
    hvvas Kav en pLelvrj TrXeioaiv xP'^^'^opievos exOpols.
    54G (8) "\va hr)^ ovvrovajTepa^ ;)(pr]CTaiTO 4'vyi], ra
    TTjV orparidv dvdeXKOvra TrepLKOTTreiv Trpooera^ev.
    hiacfidapevTajv he tCjv tc opeujv Kal rcov ouojv en
    he Kal rojp VTTo^vylojv, ttXtjv oaa ^eXiq rrapeKopntev
    Kal pnqxo-vdsi tovtojv yap hid rrjv ;(petW rrepu-
    eixovro Kal fidXicrra hehoLKores /x?) ^lovhaiois Kar
    avTcov dXo), TTporjye rr)v huvafitv Kara* Saidiopajv.
    54" OL he ^lovhaloi Kard p.ev Ta? evpvxojpias r)rrov
    erreKeiVTOy ovveLXrjBevTcov S' els rd arevd Kal Tr]V
    Kard^aaiv ol fieu (fiddoaures elpyov avrovs ttjs
    1 Va^aiL'p PA {rf. § 516). 2 L Lat. (itaque): ot the rest.
    ^ I)indorf: awroixurfpa mss. * iirl \'RC.

    ° Perhaps identical with Jucundus, the cavalry commandei


    at Caesarea, § iyi.
    ''
    From Upper Beth-horon (1730 feet) to Lower Beth-
    horon (1240 feet famous pass has been the scene oi
    I : this
    numerous defeats (G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of tht
    532
    JEWISH WAR, II. 543-547

    armed themselves and afraid of opening out their


    ranks, while the Jews, as they saw, were hght-armed
    and prepared to dash in among them. The result
    was that they suffered heavily, without any retaha-
    tion upon their foes. All along the route men were
    continually being struck, torn from the ranks, and
    dropping on the ground. At length, after numerous
    casualties, including Priscus, the commander of the
    sixth legion, Longinus, a tribune, and Aemilius
    Jucundus," commander of a troop of horse, with
    difficulty the army reached their former camp at
    Gabao, having further abandoned the greater part
    of their baggage. Here Cestius halted for two days,
    uncertain what course to pursue but, on the third,
    ;

    seeing the enemy's strength greatly increased and


    allthe surrounding country swarming with Jews, he
    decided that the delay had been detrimental to him
    and, if further prolonged, would but increase the
    number of his foes.
    (8) To accelerate the retreat, he gave orders to Scene in
    retrench all impedimenta. So the mules, asses, and all ^g^holoi
    the beasts of burthen were killed, excepting those
    that carried missiles and engines of war these they
    ;

    clung to for their own use, and, still more, from fear
    of their falling into Jewish hands and being employed
    against themselves. Cestius then led his army on
    down the road to Beth-horon. On the open ground
    their movements were less harassed by the Jews,
    but, once the Romans became involved in the defiles
    and had begun the descent,^ one party of the enemy
    went ahead of them and barred their egress, another
    Holy Land, 210 f.). It was down this same road from Gibeon
    on the plateau (2300 feet), through the two Beth-horons, to
    the maritime plain that Joshua pursued the tive Canaanite
    kings (Jos. X. 10 f.).

    523
    JOSEPHUS
    €^0801;, dXXoL he TOV£ voTOLTOvs KareojOovv el? rrjv
    (f)dpayya' to he rrdv TrXrjdog irapeKradev virep rov
    avxeva rrj? oSov KareKdXvTrre rrju (f)dXayya rot?
    648 ^eXeoLV. evda koL tcjv 7Tel,a)V diJ,rj)(^avovvTa)v
    TTpooayLVveiv eavrols eTTLGchaXearepo? rot? LTTrrevatv
    6 KLvSvvo? rjw ovre yap ev rd^eu /caret rrjg oSou
    ^ahi^etu ehvvavro ^aXXofxevoL, Kal to TrpoaavTeg
    549 eTTL TOV? TToXe/JLLOVg LTr—dGLfJLOV OVK rjV TO he eTTL
    SdTepa KprjpLvol Kal (jidpayyes, els ovs d7TOG(f)a-
    XevTes KaTe<^deipovTo. Kai ovTe (f>vyrj? ri? tottov
    ovTe dfjLVVTj? ^'f-X^^ e7TLV0(,au, dAA' utt' di.Lrj)(^avLag
    €77* olfjLojyrjv eTpdrrovTO Kal Toug ev aTToyvojoeoLV

    ohvpfjiovg' dvTrjx^t- 8' avTols to Trapd ^Xovhaicov


    iyKeXevofia Kal Kpavyrj )(aLp6vTcov dfia Kal Tedv-
    5o0 fJiOj[j.evojv oXlyov he helv Trdoav dv rip-naoav TrjV
    .

    dfia Kearioj hvvafjLLV, el ixi) vv^ erreXa^ev, ev fj


    *Pa>jjLaLOL yiev el? T-qv Bedcopav KaTe(j)vyov, 'Iol»-
    haloL he TrdvTa ra kvkXco 7TepLa\6vTe? e(f)povpovv
    avTUJv TTju e^ohov.
    651 (9) ""EvOa Kecmo? tt^i^ (fiauepdu ohov aTTo-
    8r)

    yvov? e^ovXeveTO, Kal hiaKpiuas tou?


    hpaofioi'
    evijjvxoTdTovs GTpa-LcoTa? ojael TeTpaKoaiov? err-
    eoTTjaeu tlov hcofj-drcov, TrpooTd^a? dva^odu ra
    Grjiiela tcjv ev Tolg OTpaTOTrehoi? <j)vXdKa>v, ottoj?
    [o// 'loudatoi rrdaav olwvTai T-qv hvva}iiv /card
    Xojpav fieveiv avTO? he tov? Xolvov? dvaXa^ojv
    552 rjovxrj TpidKovTa TTpoeiGiv crrahiovs eojdev he .

    'Ioi;8atoi KaTihovTes eprjfiov ttjv erravXiV avTcov


    €771 Tov? e^aTTaTTjoavTa? TeTpaKoolovg ehpapiov,
    KdKeivov? p-ev Taxeco? KaT-qKOVTioav, ehiojKov he
    553 Tov KeoTLOv. 6 he tyj? Te vvktos ovk oXlyov
    1 om. P.
    5S4
    JEWISH WAR, II. 54>7~553

    drove the rearguard down into the ravine, while the


    main body hned the heights above the narrowest part
    of the route and covered the legions with showers
    of arrows. Here, while even the infantry were
    hard put to it to defend themselves, the cavalry were
    in still greater jeopardy ;to advance in order down
    the road under the hail of darts was impossible, to
    charge up the slopes was impracticable for horse ;

    on either side were precipices and ravines, down


    which they slipped and were hurled to destruction ;

    there was no room for flight, no conceivable means of


    defence in their utter helplessness the troops were
    ;

    reduced to groans and the wailings of despair, which


    were answered by the war-whoop of the Jews, with
    mingled shouts of exultation and fury. Cestius and
    his entire army were, indeed, within an ace of being
    captured only the intervention of night enabled the
    ;

    Romans to find refuge in Beth-horon." The Jews


    occupied all the surrounding points and kept a look-
    out for their departure.
    (9) Cestius, now despairing of openly pursuing his Flight of
    march, laid plans for secret flight. Selecting about Cestms.
    four hundred of his bravest men, he posted them
    upon the roofs, with orders to shout out the watch-
    words of the camp-sentinels, that the Jews might
    think that the whole army was still on the spot he ;

    himself with the remainder then stealthily advanced


    another thirty furlongs. At daybreak the Jews,
    discovering that the enemy's quarters were deserted,
    rushed upon the four hundred who had deluded them,
    rapidly dispatched them with their javelins, and then
    hastened in pursuit of Cestius. He had gained much

    <*
    The lower Beth-horon at the foot of the pass.
    535
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    7TpoeLXrj(l)€L Kal ovvTovoj-repov e(f)evy€v /j,€^' rjfiepau,
    ware tov^ GrpaTLcora<; vtt^ iKTrXrj^eojg Kal h€ov<;
    TQ? T€ eAcTToAet? Kal Tou? o^L'/SeAets' Kal ra ttoXXol
    TCijvaXXiov opyavcjjv KaraXiTrelv, a Tore MouSatot
    Xa^ovreg avdig ixpt'/oavro Kara rujv a(j)lvrtov.
    554 77 porjXOov be rovg 'Poj/LxatoUb hiajKoure? p.e\pLS
    Wi^'TLTrarpiSos. enetd^ cog ov KareXap.^avov , vtto-
    (jrpe(f>ovreg rag re fxrj)(avag fjpov Kal rovg veKpovg
    ecrvXojVy rrjV re a7:oXeL<f)deloav Xeiav ovvrj-yov Kal
    fiera Tiaidvojv elg rrju ixrjrpoTioXLU erraXahpopiOVv
    555 avrol p.ev oXiyovg drro^e^Xrip.euoL Travrdrtaoiv, rojv
    be 'Poi/Lcai'tut' Kal row oviJLiJ.dxojv rrel^ovg fiev
    7TevraKLO\iXiovg Kal rptaKOoiovg dvrjp-qKoreg,
    LTtTrelg 6e oyboriKOvra Kal rerpaKOoiovg.^ rdbe
    fxevovv eTTpaxdr] At'ou pLTjUog oyhorj, dwbeKdrcp rrjg
    yepojvog rjyep.oviag erei.

    556 (XX. l) Mera he rriv \\eoriov oviKJiopdv 77oAAot


    rujv e7Ti(l)ai'cov lovhaiayv worrep /SaTTTi^o/xeVr^?
    veujs d77evri\ovro rrjg TToXeojg. Kooro^apog yovv
    Kal SdouAo? ddeX(f)ol ovv ^lXlttttu) ro) 'laKt/xou,
    orparoTTehdpxrjg 5' tju ovrog WypLTTTra rov /3a-
    oiXeojg, biaSpdireg €k r-qg TToXeojg a)XOvro irpog
    557 KcCTTtop* o he ovv rovroLg Kara rrjv ^aoiXiKrjv
    avXrjv 77 oXiopKTiB elg ^AvrL77ag V77epLh(l>v rrjv (f)vyr}v

    au^t? d>g 1)770 araotaorcvv hcecfiddpr] h-qXuj-


    rojv
    558 oofxev. KtCriog he rovg 77e pi ^dovXov d^Lwoavr ag
    dvenefjupev elg 'A;>^atai^ 77p6g Sepwva rrjV re avrcjv

    ^ PL: TpioKOfftois the rest and Heg. : nongentis Lat.

    November 25 (Nie5e).
    536
    JEWISH WAR, II. 553-558

    upon them during the night, and, when day came,


    quickened his flight to such a pace that the men in
    consternation and terror abandoned the battering-
    rams, catapults, and most of the other machines,
    which the Jews then captured and afterwards
    employed against those who had relinquished them.
    The Jews continued the pursuit as far as Antipatris,
    and then, failing to overtake the Romans, turned and
    carried off the machines, plundered the corpses,
    collected the booty which had been left on the route,
    and, with songs of triumph, retraced their steps to
    the capital. Their own losses had been quite in-
    considerable of the Romans and their allies they
    ;

    had slain five thousand three hundred infantry and


    four hundred and eighty of the cavalry. This action
    took place on the eighth of the month Dius in the iNovembet
    twelfth ^ year of Nero's principate. ^ ^^' '*

    (xx. 1) After this catastrophe of Cestius many Eminent


    distinguished Jews abandoned the city as swimmers Jerusalem
    desert a sinking ship. Thus the brothers Costobar
    and Saul'' with Philip,'^ son of Jacimus, prefect of
    king Agrippa's army, fled from Jerusalem and joined
    Cestius. We shall tell later* how Antipas, who had
    been besieged with them in the royal palace and
    disdained to fly, was killed by the rebels. Cestius Cestius
    '^
    dispatched Saul and his companions, at their request, yeZ!'^
    to Nero in Achaia, to inform him of the straits to

    * As the date of the accession of Nero was 13 October


    34,
    tappears probable that Josephus is slightly in error, and that
    he battle of Beth-horon took place early in his thirteenth
    |?ear. S 418.
    '

    Philip had escaped from Jerusalem after the siege of the


    "*

    Dalace ( Vita 46 ff.), and we are not told that he had returned.
    • iv. 140.

    537
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    57]Aoj(70VTa? dvdyKrjv xrat ra? atVta? rod rroXefJiov
    Tpei/jovra? elg ^Awpov rrjv yap eV €KeZvov opyrju
    TOU? iaVTOU KLvSvVOVg tJXtTLGCU
    KOV(f)LG€LV Kal .

    559 (2) Kdv


    Tovru) ^aiLaoK-qvol ttjv tcjv 'Pcu/zatojv
    SBopdv 7Tvd6}ji€voi Tou? TTap" lavTols 'louSatou?
    560 dveXelv ioTrovSaaav. Kal KaOo pikv etxov aOroi)?
    iv TO) yvp-vaoLU) avvrjOpoLGfjiei-ov? rrdXai, 8td to,?
    VTTOipia? TOVTO TTpayp-aTevadfJievoL, pdor-qv ttju
    iTTLX^Lp-quLV ihoKovv, ihehoiK€ioav he rds iavra)u
    yvvaiKa? d77acra? 7tAt7i^ oXiyojv VTriqyyilvas rij
    561 ^lovSaLKT] 6pr]aK€La' Sto pieyiGro=; avrols dydjv
    eyevero XaOelv eVetVas", rou? Se 'louSatou? cu? du
    €v Grevo) x^P^<^> "^^v dptdfiov fivpiov; Kal Trevra-
    KOGLOV?, Trdurag dvoTrXoui irreXdoure^ vtto fxlau
    wpav ddeoj? drreG(i)a^av
    562 (3) Ot he hLco^aure? rou KeGnov co? vtt-
    eGTpeipav els 'lepoCToAu/xa, rovi fxev ^ia tCjv en
    pojfxaLLovrojv rovg he rreiOoL irpoG-qyovTo, Kal
    GVvadpoLGdevre? et? to lepov Grpar-qyovs drrehei-
    563 KvvGai- rod ttoXIjiov irXelovas Jip^dr] he 'lajGrjiros
    .

    re uto? rojplovog Kal 6 dpx^^P^^S ^ \vavos row re


    Kara rrjv ttoXlv dirdvrojv avroKpdrope? Kal fid-
    564 Xiora rd relx^] rrji TToXecog dveyetpeiv rdv yap
    Tov ILipbOJVOs Vidv 'EAed^apoi/, KaiTiep v(f)^ eavrcZ
    TTeTTOLTipievov rvjv 'PcofJiaiajv Xeiav Kal rd dpnayeura
    KeGriou ;j(pr//LtaTa, rrpog olg 77oAAd rwv hrjfjLOGLOji
    dr]Gavpu)Vy oficog ovk eTreGrrjGau rat? ;^petat5-.

    * ex-high priest. Ananus. son of Ananus (the fathei


    i.e.
    seems to be the Annas of the N.T.), a Sadducee, was ap-
    pointed high priest by Agrippa II and deposed after three
    months on account of his action in punishing James th(
    brother of" Jesus called Christ " {A. xx. 197 ff.). The harsh
    character there given of him forms a strange contrast to tht
    538
    JEWISH WAR. II. 558-564

    which they were reduced, and to lay upon Florus the


    war for he hoped, by exciting
    responsibility for the ;

    Nero's resentment against Florus, to diminish the


    risk to himself.
    (2) Meanwhile, the people of Damascus, learning Massacre
    of the disaster which had befallen the Romans, were Damas'cu
    fired with a determination to kill the Jews who
    resided among them. As they had for a long time
    past kept them shut up in the gymnasium —
    a pre-
    —
    caution prompted by suspicion they considered that
    the execution of their plan would present no diffi-
    culty whatever ;their only fear was of their own
    wives who, with few exceptions, had all become
    converts to the Jewish religion, and so their efforts
    were mainly directed to keeping the secret from
    them. In the end, they fell upon the Jews, cooped
    up as they were and unarmed, and within one hour
    slaughtered them all with impunity, to the number of
    ten thousand five hundred.
    (3) The Jews who had pursued Cestius, on their Selection
    return to Jerusalem, partly by force, partly by per- geJTerais
    suasion, brought over to their side such pro-Romans fof the wi
    as still remained and, assembling in the Temple,
    ;

    appointed additional generals to conduct the war.


    Joseph, son of Gorion, and Ananus the high priest '^

    were elected to the supreme control of affairs in the


    city, with a special charge to raise the height of the
    walls. As for Eleazar, son of Simon, notwithstand-
    ing that he had in his hands the Roman spoils, the
    money taken from Cestius, and a great part of the
    public treasure, they did not entrust him with office,
    picture drawn of him in the War. Here he is a leader of the
    moderate party, opposes the Zealots, and on being murdered
    bv the mob receives an encomium worthy of a Pericles (B.
    Iv. 319 fif.).

    539
    JOSEPHUS
    1 ^
    avTOV T€ rvpavvLKOv opcuvres Kai rov? vrr avroj
    565 IrjXcoTas hopv<j)6p<jjv eBeoL xpojp.€uov? Kar' oXiyov .

    ye iJir]v rj re XP^^^ '^^^ ;\;pr//xdTtoi^ Kal yo-qrevojv


    'EAea^apo? iKrrepLrjXOe tov hr\\xov tuare awroj
    TTeidapx^iv TTept rojv oXojv.
    666 (4-) EtV Se TT]!^ Irepov^ eTreXd^avro
    'ISou/^atai'
    (jrpariqyovg 2a77^d' Tajt' apxt-^peoji^
    ^Irjoovu vlov
    eva Kal ^KXedl^apov dpxi-^p^oj^ vlou Seov^ tco 8'
    dpxovTi rore rris ^Ihovfiaias ?Siyept, yeuos 8' 771^
    CK TT)'; U77ep' ^Xophdvqv Hepata?, 8t6 xat Oepafrr^?
    cVaAeiTO, Trpooera^av VTroTaooeodaL rots arpa-
    567 Trjyolg. -qpieXovv he ovhk rrjs dXXrjg ;(ojpa?, dAA'
    etV fJLev ^lepLxovv ^Icogtjtto? 6 ^lijlojvos , et? Se t77P'

    Depatay 0a/xvd 8e roTrapxiag ^Icodwrj?


    Mai^aaaT^S",
    6 'Ecjaaro? OTpanqyqaojv €7T€[i(f)6ri' 7TpooKeKXr]pojro
    568 8' aura) A!j8Sa kqi '1o7777T7 Kat 'A^/Ltaou?. tt)? Se
    To(j)viTLKris Kal WKpa^GTTTjvqs 6 WvavLOU '\ajduuri^
    r]yep.ujv dTroheiKwrai Kal rrjg FaAtAata? eKarepa?
    ^\ojar]7Tos ^lardiov TTpoocopioro 8e rfj tovtou
    Grpar-qyla Kal TdfiaXa tojv ravTrj TroXea)^ oxv-
    pcoTCtTry.
    560 (5) Tojv fieu ovv dXXcov OTparrjycou eKaorog cu?
    elx^^ 7TpodvyLLa<i rj ovveoeojs hiajKet rd 776771-
    orevfieva ^IwarjTTOS 8e eh ttju FaAiAaiai^ iXSdju

    ' Niese: Zavcp^ or ZaTr^di' MS?.: Zan(pia Hudson (r/.


    § 599).
    2 'Apafiov Hudson. * Niese: inpi mss.

    " No hi^h priest of this name is known if we read :

    Ananias with Hudson. Eleazar will be the son of Anania;


    alreadv mentioned as niainlv responsible for the war (j 409)
    * § 520.
    ' i.e. his province was the north and west of Judaea
    540
    JEWISH WAR, II 564^-569

    because they observed his despotic nature, and that


    his subservient admirers conducted themselves Uke
    his bodyguard. Gradually, however, financial needs
    and the intrigues of Eleazar had such influence with
    the people that they ended by yielding the supreme
    command to him.
    (4) Other generals were selected for Idumaea,
    namely, Jesus son of Sapphas, one of the chief priests,
    and Eleazar, son of the high-priest Neus ^ and the ;

    existing governor of Idumaea, Niger, called the


    Peraean ^ because he was a native of Peraea beyond
    Jordan, received instructions to act under the orders
    of these officers. Nor were the other districts
    neglected Joseph, son of Simon, was sent to take
    ;

    command at Jericho, Manasseh to Peraea, John the


    Essene to the province of Thamna, with Lydda,
    Joppa and Emmaus also under his charge.'' John,
    son of Ananias, was appointed commanding officer of
    the provinces of Gophna and Acrabetta'^ Josephus, ;

    son of Matthias * was given the two Galilees, with


    the addition of Gamala,^ the strongest city in that
    region.
    (5) Each of these generals executed his commission Josepbua
    to the best of his zeal or ability. As for Josephus, [',',e^d"efeE

    on his arrival in Galilee, he made it his first care to of Gaiiie(

    Thamna is in the region of Mt. Ephraim ; for Emmaus see


    §71 note.
    " of the N.E. of Judaea.
    i.e.
    « The historian. In his Life § 29, he tells us that his com-
    —
    mission was of a purely pacific nature to disarm the dis-
    affected. There is a noticeable change in the character and
    style of the narrative where the historian turns to his personal
    history and seems to take the pen into his own hand ; the
    marks of the skilled assistant whose services he has hitherto
    employed {Ap. i. 50) are less conspicuous.
    ^ In Gaulanitis, east of the sea of Galilee.

    541
    JOSEPHUS
    rrpwrov €(i)p6vTLa€v rrjg €ig iavrov cvvoiag tojv
    i7TL)(^copi(jjVy etdcus" ort raijrrj rrXeloTa Karopdwoet,
    570 Kav rdXXa Siafiapravr]. gvvlSojv §' on rov<; p-kv
    hvvaTovs OLK€iojG€raL p^eradiSoijg ttjs i^ovoiag
    airrol?, ro be ttolv ttXtjOo?, el 8t' eTTLxcopLcov Kal
    GVvrjOojv ra rroXXa Trpooraaaoi, rujv pev y-qpatcov
    €^dop,i]Kovra rov? oaj<f)pov€GTdrou? eVtAc^a? Ik
    Tov eOvovs KareoTTjaev ap^ovras oXr]s rrjg FaAt-
    571 Aata?, eTrra 8' ev eKdcrrr] TroAet hLKaardg rcov
    evreXearepajv hiacjiopojv' to. yap /xet^co TrpdypLara
    Kal rag (f)OVLKdg StVas" €(/>' iavTOV dvarrep^TTeiV
    €KeX€VG€v Kal rovg i^SopLT]Kovra.
    572 (6) KaraarrjGdp.evog hk to. rrpog dXXrjXou?
    vo/xi/xa Tcov Kara ttoXlv irrl rrjv e^coOev avrchv
    573 aa^aAetav ixojpei. Kal yLvojOKOJV 'Pco^atou?
    poepL^aXovvras el? Trjv FaAtAatav TaTrtri^Seta tojv
    TT

    ^ojpLwv irelxiC^Vi 'IcorciTrara pev Kal ^-qpoa^e


    Kal HeXdp-qv, en he KacftapeKxo-) Kal "\a<f)a Kal
    ^lycLxf) TO re '
    Ira/S upiov KaXovpievov opog Kal
    TapLxala? Kal Tt/ScptaSa, Trpog he tovtol? to. Trept

    Tewqadp tyjv XipLvqv oTn^Xaia Kara tyjv Karto


    KaXovpLevqv VaXiXalav eTeixiaaTo, ri]? he dvoj
    VaXiXaias T-qv re Trpooayopevopevrjv WKxa^dpajv
    574 TTeTpav Kal Hencf) Kal ^]apLueld Kal Myjpco. Kara
    he rrjv TavXavLTLKTjV HeXevKeidv re Kal ^coyavatav
    Kal Fdp.aXav (jj\vp(jjoev pLovoL? he Se77(/)a;ptVats
    icf>rJK€^ Kad^ eavTov? TeZ^o? dvaheip.aodai, XPV
    pdTwv re evTTopovs opojv 6vTa<; Kal rrpodvpLOVs

    ' Bekker : ?<pri PAL: d<pr)Ke the rest (Josephus uses f ^teVat,
    not d(pi4pai, in this sense).

    542
    JEWISH WAR, II. 569-574

    win the affection of the inhabitants, knowing that


    this would be of the greatest advantage to him,
    however he might otherwise fail. He reahzed that
    he would conciliate the leaders by associating them
    with him in his authority, and the people at large, if
    his orders were in the main given through the medium
    of their local acquaintances. He, therefore, selected
    from the nation seventy persons " of mature years
    and the greatest discretion and appointed them
    magistrates of the whole of Galilee, and seven
    individuals in each city to adjudicate upon petty
    disputes, with instructions to refer more impor-
    tant matters and capital cases to himself and the
    seventy.
    (6) Having established these principles for the He fortifi
    ^^"^^
    internal regulation of the various towns, he proceeded ^'^®
    to take measures for their security from external
    attack. Foreseeing that Galilee w^ould bear the
    brunt of the Romans' opening assault, he fortified the
    most suitable places, namely, Jotapata, Bersabe,^
    Selame, Caphareccho, Japha,. Sigoph^ the mount
    :

    called Itabyrion,'' Tarichaeae, and Tiberias he ;

    further provided with walls the caves in Lower


    Galilee in the neighbourhood of the lake of Gen-
    nesareth^ and in Upper Galilee the rock known as
    Acchabaron,'Seph,,Jamnith,*.and Mero. In Gaulanitis
    he fortified Seleucia, Soganaea and Gamala.^ The
    inhabitants of Sepphoris alone were authorized by
    him to erect walls on their own account, because he
    saw that they were in affluent circumstances and,

    « Cf. Vita 79. ^ Mt. Tabor.

    " This enumeration of fortified places is repeated, with


    some variations, in Vita 187 f. ; the "caves" are there
    identified as those of Arbela (see B. i. 304 f.).
    543
    JOSEPHUS
    575 inl Tov rroXefJiov St^a 77 poor ay ixar os 6}ioi<jj^ Se .

    /catrta;^aAa ^Xojavvrjs 6 i\r]iov Kad^ iavrov irel-


    5' aAAoi? ipv-
    X'-^^^ 'Icocrr^Trou KeXevaavrog' Tolg
    fiaGLV a—auLV auro? avyLTTOVchv a/Lta Kal rrpoG-
    oTb rdoGUJV TTaprjv. KareXe^ev Se Kal Swaijuv Ik Trj<;
    PaAtAata? vrrep SeVa /LtuptaSas" vewv dv8pa)V, ou?
    Trdi'Tai CK^ T(jL)U ayXXeyofidvajv TraXatcov ottXcxjv

    €yKara(jK€val,6ijL€vog corrXL^ev.
    577 (7) "Erretra gvvlSojv drjTT-qrov ttjv 'Pco/Ltat'cui^
    loxvu y^yevripLev-qv euTrei^cta ixaXiara Kal fxeXerrj
    Tcou o77Xa>u, TTjV fxev SiBaGKaXiav dneyvoj rfj
    ;^peta hiOJKOixevqv, ro 8' euTret^e? opojv TTepiywo-
    fxevov Ik tov ttXyjOov? twu -qyepiovojv pcvixa'CKco-
    Tepov erep^vev ttjV arpandv Kal ttX^lov? Kadioraro
    bis ra^idpxovs. arparLajrcov re yap d—eheiKwev 8ta-
    (f)opdsy Kal rovTou? fJL€v VTreraocrev deKa^dp^aus
    Kal eKarovrdpxais y erretra xtXtdp^oi?, Kdrrl tov-
    Tot9 -qyefiovas rayfiaTcov dhporepcov d(f)rjyov-
    579 p.€voug. iSiSaGKev Se orjpieiojv TrapahoGeis Kai
    odXTTLyyo? TrpoKXrioeis re Kal dvaKXiqaeis irpoa- ,

    /SoAas r€ Kepdrcov Kal rrepLayojyd?, Kal ttcu? Se


    Trpog p.kv to Kdpivov e7no'rpl(^€iv eV rov nepLOurog
    58(J iv Se TO) TTOVovvTL GVfjLTTadelu. 00a re etV Trapd
    oraoLV ^vx'TJ? rj Kaprepiav avverdXec oojfiaTO'
    d(f)y]yelTO' fidXiara S' avrovg -qoKet Trpog roi
    TToXepLOV Trap* eKaara ttjv 'Pcoftatojv evra^ta.
    hiTiyovpievo^y Kal tu? TToXefx-qoovGiv irpos dvhpag k
    ol St' dXKYju oojpiaTos Kal ^pvx'f]^ TrapdaTT^pn
    '
    C : most Mss. add re.

    This conflicts with the account in the Li/e (§§ 30,


    " etc.
    which represents Sepphoris as consistently pro-Roman ; cj
    B. ii. 51 (the welcome given to the Romans).
    1

    544- V
    JEWISH WAR, II. 575-580

    even without orders, eager for hostilities." Similarly,


    John, son of Levi, fortified Gischala at his own
    expense, on the instruction of Josephus.^ The other
    fortresses were all built under the personal super-
    intendence of Josephus, who both assisted in and
    directed the operations. He, moreover, levied in
    Galilee an army of upwards of a hundred thousand
    young men, all of whom he equipped with old arms
    collected for the purpose.
    (7) Another task remained. He understood that and traina
    the Romans owed their invincible strength above all an army o

    to discipline and military training; if he despaired iines.

    of providing similar instruction, to be acquired only


    by long use, he observed that their discipline was
    due to the number of their officers, and he therefore
    divided his army on Roman lines and increased the
    number of his company commanders. He instituted
    various ranks of soldiers and set over them decurions
    and centurions, above whom were tribunes, and over
    these generals in command of more extensive
    divisions. He taught them the transmission of
    signals, the trumpet-calls for the charge and the
    retreat, attacks by the wings and enveloping man-
    oeuvres, how relief should be sent by the victorious
    portion to those who were hard pressed and aid
    extended to any in distress. He expounded all that
    conduces to fortitude of soul or bodily endurance ;

    but above all he trained them for war by continually


    iwelhng upon the good order maintained by the
    Romans and telling them that they would have to
    fight against men who by their vigour and intrepidity

    " On the contrar}' the Life states that John was the enemy
    3f Josephus and fortified Gischala without consulting him
    ;§§45, 189).
    VOL II T 545
    JOSEPHUS
    581 TTCtar]? oXiyou Seli^ rrjg OLKOVixevq? KparovGLV. €<f)-q

    be Trelpav avrojw )^rjipeodaL rfjs Kara rov TToXefxov


    TTetdapx^GL'i Kal rrpo Ttapard^eujs, el rojv ovvrjdajv
    anoaxoivTo, kXottti^ re /cat XrjOTeia?
    ahiK-qixaroiV
    Kal apTTayrj?, rod re e^aTrarav to 6iJL6(f)vXov, rov
    T€^ K€pbog OLKeiov Tiyelodai ttjv ^Xd^-qu rcov avv-
    582 ridecrrdrojv. SiotKeta^at yap KaAAtara rovg tto-
    XefjLOvg vap* of? au dyaOou to avveSos ey^ujoiv
    [ridvres'Y ol oTparevofxevoL, rovg 8e otKoBev <^av-
    Xovs ov pLOvov 7ols iniovaiv eyOpoZs dXXd /cat ro)
    deo) "x^prioOai TroXepLLOj.
    683 (8) rioAAd roiavra Trapaiuaju SiereAet. /cat to
    p.€v eroLpLOU €t9 napdra^Lv avrco avv€K€Kp6r7)TO
    TTelcjv pi€v 1^ pLVpidSes, LTTTrels Se rrei'TTJ/covTa /cat
    TpiaKOOLOL,^ XOjpl? 8e TOUTCOt', ot? €.7Te7ToiBei
    p-dXiora, p,La6o(j)6poL rrepi reTpaKLG\iXiovs Kal
    77€UTaKOOLOVs' IniXeKTOVS Se TTepl avrov ^^X^^
    584 l^aKooiovs (f>vXaKa? rov ocopLaros. €rp€(f}OV Se
    ttXtju tibv piLo6o({)6pu)U TTjv OTpaTidv at
    clAAt^p'

    TToAets" paSi'cu?' Tcup' yap KaraXeyevrcav iKaarrj


    TOL'9 77/xtact? inl ttju orpareLav* €K7T€p.7TOvaa tol»s"
    Aot770U? €77t OVpLTTOpLOpLOU aUTOt? TcJoU €7TLrr]h€ia>V
    KaTelx^^', c5? Tous" p.€u els OTrXa, rovs he els
    epyaoiav hifiprjodaL, /cat TOt? to, otTa TrepLTTOVOLV
    avrLxop-qyelo 6 at irapd rcov ottXltoju ttju do(f)dXeLau.
    585 (xxi. Atoi/couvTt 8* ovrojs to) ^laiorjncp rd
    1)
    Kara FaAiAatav rrapavioTa'Tai Tt? eni^ovXos
    rrjv
    dvYjp and TioxdXwu, vlog Arjtov, *la)dvvr]s oi'opLa,
    vavovpyoTaros piev /cat 8oAtto7aTOS" rujv eTnoT^pLOJV

    ^ Tod re Dindorf : to, tov or t6 re the best mss.


    * cm. VRC Lat. and placed after arparevofxivoL by AM :

    perhaps a gloss. ^ ciaKoaiOi Kai invTriKOPTa VRC Lat.


    546
    JEWISH WAR, II. 581-585

    had become masters of well-nigh the whole world.


    He told them that he should test their military disci-
    pline, even before they went into action, by noting
    whether they abstained from their habitual mal-
    practices, theft, robbery and rapine, and ceased to
    defraud their countrymen and to regard as personal
    profit an injury sustained by their most intimate
    friends. For, he added, the armies that are most
    successful in war are those in which every combatant
    has a clear conscience whereas those who were
    ;

    depraved at heart would have to contend not only


    with their adversaries but also with God.
    (8) Such was the tenor of his unceasing exhorta-
    tions. He had now mustered an army, ready for
    action, of sixty thousand " infantry and three hundred
    and fifty cavalry, besides some four thousand five
    hundred mercenaries, in whom he placed most con-
    fidence ; he had also a bodyguard of six hundred
    picked men about his person. These troops, the
    mercenaries excepted, were maintained without
    difficulty by the towns each town sent out on service
    :

    only one half of its levy and kept back the remainder
    to provide them wn'th supplies thus one party was
    ;

    told off for mihtary, and the other for fatigue duty,
    and in return for the corn which their comrades sent
    ^hem the men under arms assured them protection,
    (xxi. 1) While Josephus was thus directing affairs intrigues
    n Galilee, there appeared upon the scene an intriguer, q? jo^^jf ^j
    1 native of Gischala, named John, son of Levi, the Gischaia.

    T>ost unscrupulous and crafty of all who have ever

    » Contrast § 576, " over 100,000 " ; presumably the rest


    '*
    A-ere not yet ready for action."

    * Destinon : arpaTiau mss.


    547
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    iv TOLohe Tot? TTOvqpevfJLacrLV aTravrcov, neu-qg Se
    TO, TtpcjTa /cat fJi^xpt' noXXov KcoXv^ia o^ajv rrjs
    586 KaKias rrjv aTToplav, eroi/xos" /xev ipevoaodai, heivos
    S' iTTidelvac ttlgtlv tols iifjevafievoLS, dperrji' rjyov-
    fjL€vos rrjv dTrdrrjV Kal ravrrj Kara tcjv (^tArartov
    587 xP^l^^^os, VTTOKpLT-qs <f)LXavdpoj7TLas Kal 8t' iXnlSa
    KepSov? (f)ovLK<joTaro?, del fiev iTTLdviirjaa? fjLeydXcou,
    Tpe(f)ajp Se ra? eA/ztSa? eV tojv Taireivajv KaKOvp-
    yrilidTojv' Xt^gttjs yap -iqv fjLovoTpoTTog, errena Kal
    Gvvohiav evpev rrjs roXfir)?, ro fiev Trpcjrov oXiy-qVy
    588 TTpoKOTTTOJV 8* del TrXeiova. (j)povrls 8' -qv avro)
    (ji-qSeva TrpoorXapL^dueiv evaXcorov, dXXd rov? eve^ia
    oojiiaros Kal ifjvx'q? Trapaar-qpiari Kal TToXepmjv
    epLTTeLpla 6La(^epovTas i^eXeyero, p-€.xpL Kal rerpa-
    Kooiojv dvhpojv OTL(f)og ovveKponqoev, 61 to irXeov
    Ik ri]s Tvptcov ;^c6pas' Kal row iv avrfj Kcofiajv
    589 ^uyaSes" rjoav 8t' wv ndaav eXrj^ero r-qv FaAt-
    Xaiav Kal /jberecvpovs ovr as inl rep jxeXXoi'TL tto-
    XepLcp Tovs TToXXovs eoTTapaGoev
    590 (2) "1187] 8' avrov orpaTqyiujvra Kal iieit^ovcji
    i(f)LefjLevov eV8eta xP'^P'drojv KareZx^v. eirel 8f
    Tov ^IcoarjTTOv opcorj^ avrov [G(f)6SpaY xaipovrc
    roj hpaGriqpia), Tieidei rrpajrov p.ev avro) ttl-
    GrevGai ro reZ^os dvoLKohoixrjGai rrj? rrarpiSog
    ev d) TToXXd napd rojv vXovGLa>v eKephavev
    591 eneira ovvdel? OKi^vqv Travovpyordr-qv , co? ape
    ^ M: optDf (without construction, reading H as N ?) th<
    rest.
    * ora. PM Lat.

    This portrait of John (blacker than any drawn of hin


    "

    in the Life) recalls Sallust's description of Catiline " animu; :

    audax, subdolus, varius, cuius rei lubet slmulatur ac dls


    simulator nimis alta semper cupiebat
    . . . . agitabatu. . .

    548
    JEWISH WAR, 11. 585-591

    gained notoriety by such infamous means. Poor at


    the opening of his career, his penury had for long
    thwarted his mahcious designs a ready Har and
    ;

    clever in obtaining credit for his lies, he made a merit


    of deceit and practised it upon his most intimate
    friends ; while affecting humanity, the prospect of
    lucre made him the most sanguinary of men always ;

    full of high ambitions, his hopes were fed on the


    basest of knaveries.'^ For he was a brigand, who at
    the outset practised his trade alone, but afterwards
    found for his daring deeds accomplices, whose
    numbers, small at first, grew with his success. He
    was, moreover, careful never to take into partner-
    hip anyone likely to fall an easy prey to an assailant,
    but selected good, strapping fellows, with stout
    bearts and military experience. He ended by
    nustering a band of four hundred men, for the most
    Dart fugitives from the region of Tyre and the villages
    n that neighbourhood. With their help he plundered
    :he whole of Galilee and harried the masses, whose
    ninds were already distracted by the impending war.
    (2) He was already aspiring to the command and His
    lad yet higher ambitions, but was checked by im- to ?o^3ephi
    )ecuniosity. Perceiving that Josephus was delighted
    it his energy, John first induced him to entrust him

    vith the rebuilding of the walls of his native town,


    m undertaking in which he made a large profit at
    he expense of the wealthy citizens.* He next con-
    rived to play a very crafty trick with the avowed
    ;

    "
    nagis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris
    De Cat. coni. 5).
    ^ According to Vita 71 ff., John obtained permission from

    osephus's colleagues to sell the imperial corn stored in


    jpper Galilee, and to devote ttie proceeds to ttie repair of the
    vails of Gischala.

    549
    JOSEPHUS
    4>v)^a7TOLVTO Travres ot Kara ttjv Hvpiav 'louSatot
    iXaLco XPV^^'^^ I^V ^''' ofjLocjjvXajv eyKexetpta/xeVo),
    592 7Tejj.—€LV avTOLS eVt rr^v fieOopiav e^rj-rjoaro. ovv-
    covovfievo? 8e rod Tuplov vojJLLOiJLarog, o reaaapag
    *ArrLKas BvvaraL, reaaapas afJi^opei?, rrjs avrrjs
    €7TL7Tpv.<7K€V rLjjLrjS TjiiiaixcfyopLOV . ovor]s he rrjs
    FaAtAaia? iXaLO(f)6pov pLaXtara rore ev(f)opr)- /cat

    KvlaSy et? orrai'L^ourag ela-epLTTow ttoXv Kal piovos


    arretpoi' ri rrXfjOos ovvijyev y^prjpidrwi', oh evdeojs
    593 i)(prjro Kara rod
    epyaalaw^ Trapaaxovros. Ka\
    rrjv
    VTToXa^ojv, el KaraXvaeiev rov ^Icoorjirov, avros
    -qy-qaeodaL rrjs TaXiXalas, rots /xev v(f)^ iavroi
    Xr]oraLS rrpouera^ev evrovojrepov eyxeipelv rats
    aprrayals, ottojs rroXXojv veajrept^opievajv Kara rrji

    Xcopav rj hiaxp^CFO-Lro rrov rov arparr^yov eV


    ^o-qdovvra Xox'Tjoas rj rrepiopcovra rovs Xrjorat
    694 StajSctAAot TTpos rovs €7TLXcopiovs . erreLra Ste^rj/Ltt^ei
    TToppojdev COS" dpa ra vpdyp^ara 'Pcj
    TipoSiSotT]'
    jjLaloLs ^]co(Tr]7ros, Kal rroXXd roiavra rrpos Kara
    XvoLV rdvhpos irr paypuar ever o.
    695 (3) Ka^' ov Kaipov dno L^a^apiOBcov KOjp.r)
    veavLGKOi rives rwv ev rip pLeydXco vehico Kad
    etopievojv (jivXaKcov, evehpevaavres YlroXepialov ro
    AypiTTTTa Kal J^epviKTjs eTTirponov, dcfyeiXourt

    ^ ivipyealav PAM Lat. : the text finds a parallel i;

    Acts xvi. Ifi.

    ^ Dindorf : TTpoQibi^r) mss.

    "In the account in Vita (74 f.) there are again sligh
    differences. The persons to be protected from the forbidde
    use of foreign oil are there not " all the Jews of Syria," bu
    only those who had been confined by order in Caesare
    Philippi. In the Life John makes a profit of 10 1 (buyinj :

    550
    JEWISH WAR, II. 591-595

    object of protecting all the Jews of Syria from the


    use of oil not supplied by their own countrymen,
    he sought and obtained permission to deliver it to
    them at the frontier. He then bought up that
    commodity, paying Tyrian coin of the value of four
    Attic drachms for four amphorae and proceeded to
    sell half an amphora at the same price." As Galilee
    is a special home of the olive and the crop had been

    plentiful, John, enjoying a monopoly, by sending


    large quantities to districts in want of it, amassed
    an immense sum of money, which he forthwith
    employed against the man who had brought him
    his gains. Supposing that, if he could get rid of
    Josephus, he would himself become governor of
    Galilee, he directed his band of brigands to push
    their raids more vigorously than ever in the ;

    anarchy thus produced throughout the district, either


    the governor would go to the rescue, in which case
    he would find means of laying an ambush and making
    away with him, or if Josephus neglected to take
    measures against the brigands, he would calumniate
    him to his countrymen. Lastly, he had long since
    been spreading a report that Josephus intended to
    betray the country to the Romans, and in numerous
    similar ways he was scheming to ruin his chief.
    (3) About this time some young men of the village The affai

    of Dabarittha,^ units of the guard posted in the great fn^^""


    plain, laid an ambush for Ptolemy,^ the overseer ^ Agrippa'i
    of Agrippa and Bernice, and robbed him of all the goods!
    80 sextarii for 4 drachms and selling 2 sextarii for 1 drachm),
    here of 8:1.
    * O.T. Daberath, modern Dehurieh, under the western
    slopes of Mt. Tabor ; the *' great plain " is that of Esdraelon.
    C/. the parallel account in Vita 126 IF.
    ' Ptolemy's wife. Vita 126. Or " finance officer."
    **

    55]
    JOSEPHUS
    TTaaav oarjv -qyev OLTTOGKevrjU, iv fj TroAureAet? re
    ioOrJTes ovK oAtyat Kal ttXtjOo? eKTrcJixdrcov
    596 dpyvpoji' xpvGol re rjoav l^aKoaioi. firj Svvd-
    fJievoL Se SiaOeodai^ Kpv(f)a rrjv dpTrayrjV rravra
    697 77/305" ^lajorjTTOV els TapL)(aLa? eKopiaav. 6 8e
    fjLejJUpdpevo?avrwv to 77^6$" rovs /SacriAtKous'
    ^laLov ridrjoiv rd KopbLoOevra Trapd rw hvva-
    rajrdrcp tojv Tapixcuarajv Wwaiu), nep^ipat Kara
    Katpov rolg SecrTTorat? Trpoaipovpievos' o 817 fieyuarov
    598 avroj klvSwov im^yayev ol yap dprcdaavres dp.a
    .

    jjLev eVt ro) jjir^SepLLa? rvx^^i^ /xeptSo? eK rcbv


    KeKopLLGfievcov dyavaKrovvres, dfia 8e Kal rrpo-
    OK€iljdp,€voi rod 'lojcrrJTroL' rrjv Stdvouav, on
    fjieXXoL roi' TTOvov avrcov rolg ^aaiXevaiv X^P^'
    ^eodai, vvKrojp els rds Kajjias hUhpapiov Kal
    TTaaiv iveSeLKVVvro rdv ^Icoar^Troi' cos rrpohor-qv
    iveTrX-qaav Se Kal rds TrXrjOiov noXeiS rapaxrjS,
    wore VTTO rrjv eco SeKa (JLVpcdhas OTrXtrajp en*
    599 avrdv ovvhpap.e'iv. Kal rd fieu rrXrjdos ev rw
    Kara Tapixatas LTTTToSpofjia) avurjdpoiafievov noXXd
    rrpds opy-qv dve^oa Kal^ KaraXeveiv ol Se Kaieiv
    rdv TTpoSorrjv eKeKpdyeoav Trapoj^vvev he rovs jv

    TToXXovs d ^Xajdw-qs Kal uvv avrto ^Xiqaovs rus ft

    600 vlds Y.a7T(l)La,rdre dpxcov rrjs Tt^eptaSo?. ol fxei


    ovi' (jiiXoi Kal oojpiaro<j)vXaKes rod ^Xajo-qirov, Kara-
    rrXayevres rrjv dpfjLrjv rov ttXtjOovs, e(f)vyov ttXtji
    reoadpojv rrdvres, avrds he KoificofMevos yjhr] rrpoa-
    601 (jyepo^ievov rod TTVpds hiavlcTraraL, Kal Trapatvovv-
    rojv (f)evyeLV rcov reoodpojv, 61 Trapep^eivav, ovn
    irpds rrjV Kad* eavrdv eprjfxlav ovre npos re
    1 5ie\€ceai PAML. * +0I fxiv Hudson (after Lat.)

    552
    JEWISH WAR, II. 595-601

    baggage which he was convoying, including a large


    number of rich vestments, a quantity of silver goblets
    and six hundredpieces ^ of gold. Being unable to
    **

    dispose secretly of such booty, they brought the


    whole to Josephus, then at Tarichaeae. He cen-
    sured them for this act of violence to servants of the
    king, and committed the goods to the keeping of
    Annaeus,*' the most important citizen of Tarichaeae,
    intending to return them to their legitimate owners
    when an opportunity presented itself. This action
    brought him into the greatest peril. For the
    plunderers, indignant at receiving no portion of the
    5poil, and divining the intention of Josephus to
    present the king and queen with the fruits of their
    labours, ran round the villages by night, denouncing
    Josephus to all as a traitor they also created a Josephus,
    ;

    ferment in the neighbouring with the result as a


    cities,
    :hat at daybreak a hundred thousand men in arms ^^^^?^°^ ^*
    lad collected against him. The multitude, assembled
    n the hippodrome at Tarichaeae, made loud and
    mgry demonstrations some clamoured for the
    ;

    itoning of the traitor, others to have him burnt alive ;

    he mob was instigated by John,*^ who was seconded


    )y Jesus, son of Sapphias, then chief magistrate of
    Tiberias. The friends and bodyguard of Josephus,
    errified at the assault of the crowd, all fled, with the
    exception of four ^ he himself was asleep and awoke
    ;

    )nly at the moment when his enemies were about to


    et fire to the house. His four faithful companions
    irged him to fly ^ but he, undaunted by the general
    ;

    « 500, Vita 127.* Unspecified " staters " (Reinach).


    :

    " Dassion and Jannaeus, friends of Agrippa, according to


    Vita 131. John is not mentioned in Vita.
    **

    « One (Simon), Vita 137.

    ^ Simon advises Josephus to kill himself, Vita ib.

    VOL. II T 2 553
    JOSEPHUS
    ttXtjOo? rchv €(f)earojTojv KaraTrXayelg TrpoTTrjha,
    7T€pLpprj^dfi€vog jjieu TTjV ioQ-qra, KaTaTtaadpievo^^
    he rrj? Ke(/)aAr]? kovlv, dTroaTpeifja? Se ottlgoj tol?
    X(:Xpa<; KOL TO Ihiov ^L<f)o? eTTiSrjaa? ro) revovTL.
    60? vpos ravra rci}v p,ev OLKeiivs Ixovtojv koI /xaAtcrra
    Toji^ Tapt;^aiaTaji^ oIkto? tjv, ol 8' drro rrj'i ^(copag
    Kal Ttov OGOis ihoKei (^opriKOS i^Xa-
    ttXtjolov
    o(f)T]pLovu, vpo(f)€peLW Tf TO, KoiuoL ;^p7]/xaTa ddrjov
    ineXeuov Kal rag TrpoSoTLKa.? cruvO-qKas e^opLoXo-
    603 yeicOaL- 7Tpo€LXrj(f)€aau^ yap Ik tov cr;)(7]/xaT0?
    ovhev avTOv dpvqoeadai tojv VTTOVoriBevTOJv, dXX
    eTTL ovyyvcjopLTj^ TiopiopLO) Tidvra TTeTTOi-qKevai rd
    604 Trpos TOV eXeov. toj 5' rju tj TaneLvojOL? Trpo-
    TTapaoKevr] ot paT'qyrip.aTos , Kal Te;>(ytTeua»i^ toi)?
    dyavaKTOVvTa^ /ca^' avrov /car' dXXriXojv crra-
    aidoai, oU
    (hpyllovTO TrdvO' opLoXoyqocou,^
    i(f)^

    605 eTTCLTa avTco Xeyeiv, " iyoj raura," ^(f>'r),


    SoOeu
    " TO, -x^p-qpiara ovt€ dvarrep.'neiv WypLTTva Trpo-
    rjpovpLT^v ovT€ K€phaiv€Lv QUTos" p-T] ydp rjyrjcraLpLTjV
    TTOTe Tj (f>iXov TOV vplv hid(l)opov rj Kepho? to
    606 (f)€pov TO) KOLVO) ^Xd^Tjv opcov
    . he, cS Tapt-
    XataTaL, p-dXioTa ttjv vpL€T€pav ttoXlv acr</)aAetas"
    heopLevrjv Kal Trpdg KaTaoK€vr]v Teixovs xpfitovoav
    dpyvpLOV, hehoLKojs he tov Tt^epLeojv hrjp.ov Kal
    Tag dXXa? TToXei? e(^ehpevo-6oas tols -qpTraypLevoL?,
    KOTaox^^v TjovxT] TO. ;(/D7]^aTa TTpoetXopirjv, Iv
    607 v^lv TTepL^dXojpiai Telxo?. el pLT] hoKel, TTpocjyepco
    TQ KeKop.iGp.eva Kal vapexoj htapTrdl^eLv, el he

    ^ KUTaiJirjadufPos L Suid.
    ^ Bekker : ^rpoc7etX7J0€(7a^ was. _
    ^ 6/jio\oyr]aeii> iiriCxnUo C: Destinon and Niese suspect a •

    lacuna. |b

    554
    ;

    JEWISH WAR, IT. 601-607

    desertion or by the number of his assailants, rushed q»eiis the

    out with raiment rent and ashes sprinkled on his ruse.'

    head, his hands behind his back and his sword


    suspended from his neck. At this spectacle his
    familiar friends, the Tarichaeans in particular, were
    moved to compassion, but the country-folk and those
    of the neighbourhood who regarded him as a nuisance,
    railed at him and bade him instantly produce the
    public money and confess his treasonable compact
    for they concluded from his demeanour that he would
    deny none of the crimes of which they suspected him,
    and had only made all this pitiable exhibition of
    himself in order to procure their pardon. But, in
    reality, this pose of humiliation was merely part of a
    stratagem ; with the design of producing dissension
    among his indignant opponents he promised to
    make a full confession on the subject which had
    roused their ire, and on obtaining permission to speak,
    thus addressed them :
    " About this money — I had

    no intention of either sending it to Agrippa or appro-


    priating it myself ; far be it from me ever to reckon
    as a friend one who is your foe, or as personal gain
    anything involving loss to the community. But as I
    saw, citizens of Tarichaeae, that your city above all
    needed to be put in a state of defence and that it was
    n lack of funds to construct ramparts ;as, moreover,
    I feared that the people of Tiberias and of the other

    iities had their eyes on these spoils, I decided quietly


    ;o keep this money in order to encompass you with

    I wall. If this does not meet your approval, I am


    prepared to produce what was brought to me and
    eave you to plunder it if, on the contrary, I have
    ;

    555
    JOSEPHUS
    KaXojg vij.iv iBovXevodiJi-qv, <^ri> KoXdl^je^ rov
    evepyerrju."
    608 (^) 'E77t TOVTOtg ol TapLXOLLOLTaL aVTOV
    fjLev

    dvevchrjfJLOvv , ol 8' diio rrjs TijSeptaSo? ovu rolg


    aAAot? eKO-Kitov kol Sn-jrr^tXow KaraXtTTovTe? 8'
    eKOLTepOL TOV ^IcOGYjTTOU dXXl^XoLS hL€(f)€pOVrO /Ctt" .

    Kelvos Bappcov rjSrj rot? coKeLOjjjLevoLS, rjoav 8e et?


    T€T paKLOjJivpL0V£ TapLxo.i-d.TaL, TTavrl to) TrX-^OeL
    609 TTapp-qaLaoTLKCjrepov (LfilXeL. Kal TToXXd r-qv Trpo-
    TTereiav avrojv KaroveLhlaag Ik fieu rdJv Trapovrcov
    TapLXO-ias e(l>rj T€LXicr€Li>, do(j)aXL€LodaL 8e opLOLcog
    Kal rds dXXag 7t6X€L£- ov yap drtop-qo^LV XP'")'
    lidrcxji', lav opLOVodJGLv i(f>^ ovg Set TToplCeLv Kal
    pLTj Trapo^vvojvraL Kara rod TTopltovTos.

    610 (5) "^vda hi] TO p.€v dXXo vXrjdos rwv "qTrar-q-


    8*
    fjL€va>v dvex^Jop^L KalroL hLwpyLOfJLevov, SloxlXlol
    ctt' ainov wpjJLi^oav €vo7tXol, Kal <f)ddoavTo? ets"
    TO SofpidTLOv TrapcXdelv drr^LXovvres i<f)€OTrjK€oav.
    611 6771 TOUTOt? ^IcoorjTTOS dTrdrr) Sevrepa XPW^'''
    dva^dg yap IttI to Teyos Kal rfj 8e^ta Kara-
    oreiXas rdv dopv^ov avrwv dyvoelv €<f)rj, t'lvojv
    d^LOVOLV Tvx^^i^' ov yap KaraKoveLV 8ia tyjv rrjs
    ^orj^ ovyxvoLV ooa 8' dv KeXevoojOLv rrdvra
    TTOirjOeLv, €1 TOUi" hLaXe^opevovi V^^XV TJ'e/^i/'eiav^
    612 etaoj npog avrov. raura dKOvoavrc? ol yvcupLpLOL
    ovv Tots" dpxovoLV €LOTj€oav. 6 8e ovpas amovs
    * Text as emended by Hudson and Cobet, partly
    supported by Lat. d (or et oe) m^ ^aXiis i^x'^v i^ov\. KoXd^in
    :

    M9S. the negative appears to have been misplaced.


    ;

    " Or, perhaps, " unite with him in opposing the enemy
    who ought to provide it " (from whom they should extract
    it. viz. the Romans). ' 600, Vita 145.
    556
    —
    JEWISH WAR, 11. 607-612

    consulted your best interests, do not punish your


    benefactor."
    (4) At these words the people of Tarichaeae
    applauded, but those from Tiberias and elsewhere
    vilified and threatened him ;and the two parties let
    Josephus alone and fell to quarrelling with each other.
    He, now relying on the supporters he had won the —
    Tarichaeans numbered as many as forty thousand
    proceeded to address the whole multitude more
    freely. He severely censured them for their pre-
    cipitance, promised to fortify Tarichaeae with the
    funds at his disposal, and undertook to provide
    similar protection for the other cities as well money,
    ;

    he added, would be forthcoming, would they but


    agree who was the enemy against whom its pro-
    vision was necessary,'^ instead of furiously attacking
    the man who provided it.
    (5) Thereupon the majority of the deluded crowd
    withdrew, though still highly excited but two
    ;

    thousand ^ men in arms made a rush upon him. He


    was too quick for them and succeeded in regaining
    his lodging, which they beset with menacing cries.
    Josephus now had recourse to a second ruse. He ^Hq^^Iq
    mounted to the roof, quelled their clamour with a Josephus^
    motion of his hand and said that he had no idea what tratedby
    they wanted, as their confused shouts prevented him stratagem
    from hearing them ; he would, however, comply with
    all their demands, if they would send in a deputation

    to confer quietly with him. On hearing that, the


    leaders of the party, with the magistrates, entered
    the house." He then haled them to the most
    '
    In Vita 147 only one delegate is sent in ; he, besides
    Deing scourged, has one of his hands severed and suspended
    :o his neck.

    557
    JOSEPHUS
    €ts" '!'o yivxairarov rrjg otVta? Kal rrjv atiAeiov
    CLTTOKXelaa? ifiaoTLycooev, P-^XP^ ra Trdvrojv
    oTrXayxya yvfJLVcocrai' 8e reco? ro
    7T€pi€LGrrjK€L
    ttXtjOos SLKaioXoyetadaL (jLaKporepa rov? eloeXdov-
    613 TQ? ol6fJL€vov. 6 be rag dvpag i^a7TLvr}<; dvoi^ag
    fifiayfjievovs i^a(f)rjK€v tou? dVSpa? Koi roaavTqv
    TOtS" d77etAoL'CTii^ eveLpydaaro KaTdTrX-q^Lv, c5are
    piijjavTas rd 077 Aa </)euyeti^.
    614 (6) Xlpos ravra 'Icodvvrjg eTrereLi^ev tov (f)96i'Oi'
    Kal hevrepav rjprvoev iTTL^ovXrjv Kara rod 'IcocttJ-
    770V. OK-qipdfievo? hrj vooov LKerevoev 8t' eVt-
    OToXrjs rov ^Yojotjttov eTTLTpeipac Trpos Oepaireiai^
    avro) )(prjaao6aL rot? iv Ti/3eptdSt depfiolg vbaotv.
    615 d be, ovTTOjyap vrrojrrrevev tov Ittl^ovXov, ypd(f)€L
    TOis" Acard r-qv ttoXlv VTrdp^ois ^eviav re Kai rd-
    TTirrjbeLa ^Xojdvvrj 7TapaG)(€LV . aw drroXavaas fieTOi }k

    bvo rjfjiepa? 6<^' o Traprjv bieTrpd-rreTO, Kai tovs er

    pikv dndraig rovg be p^pi^/Ltao-t Sia^^eipcDV dveTreiQev


    616 aTTooTrjvai yvov? ravra SiAa? d
    *\a)OT]7Tov. Kal w

    (l)vXdooeLv rrjv TrdAa- utto 'IcuarJTroi; KadearapLeuos


    ypd(f)eL rd Trepl^ rrjv em^ovX-qv avroj Kara rd^os.
    6 be ^\coarj7Tos ojs eXa^ev rrjv eTnoroXriv, vvKros
    6bevoa<; ovvrovcjs icvdivos Traprju Trpos r-qv TijSe-
    617 ptdba. Kal ro fxeu dXXo TrXi^dos avro) vrr-qvra^
    ^\(jjdvvq<; be, Kairoi r-qv rrapovoiav VTrorrrevoas
    €77 avrov, opcos Trepupas Tiv'd rcou yvojplpcjv
    v-eKpivaro r-qv dadevetav Kal KXiu-qp-qg tov vare-
    1 Kara MVRC.
    " Or " envy." The incidents at Tiberias in this and the
    following chapter (^§ 614-623) are placed be/ore the Tari-
    *i:
    chaeae affair (§§ 595-613) in the parallel narrative ( Vila 84-
    103). In the Li/e the " envy " (((pdoprjae 85) of John is
    558
    JEWISH WAR, II. 612-617

    secluded portion of the building, closed the outer


    door, and had them scourged till he had flayed them
    all to the bone. The mob, meanwhile, remained
    standing round the house, supposing tlieir delegates
    to be engaged in a prolonged parley. Suddenly
    Josephus had the doors thrown open and the men
    dismissed, all covered with blood, a spectacle which
    struck such terror into his menacing foes that they
    dropped their arms and fled.
    (6) These proceedings intensified John's malice <^ John of
    and he devised a second plot against Josephus. promotes
    Feigning sickness, he wrote to Josephus to request opposition

    his permission to take the hot baths at Tiberias for at merial


    the good of his health. Thereupon Josephus, whose
    suspicions of the conspirator were not yet aroused,
    wrote to his heutenants in the town to give John
    hospitality and to provide for his needs. He, after
    enjoying these benefits for two days, proceeded to
    carry into effect the object of his visit by deception
    :

    or bribery he corrupted the citizens and endeavoured


    to induce them to revolt from Josephus. Hearing of
    this, Silas, whom Josephus had appointed to guard
    the town, hastened to inform his chief of the con-
    piracy. Josephus, on receipt of his letter,^ set off
    and, after a rapid night march, reached Tiberias at
    daybreak. The whole population came out to meet
    lim except John ; he, though suspecting that this
    isit boded ill for himself, sent one of his acquaint-

    ances with a message, pretending to be indisposed


    ind bedridden, and so prevented from paying his
    xplained by the popularity of Josephus : here the context
    upplies no such link. This suggests that the Life has
    )reserved the true connexion of events and lends support
    c Laqueur's theory that it is the older work.
    He was then at Cana ( Vita 86).
    559
    }

    JOSEPHUS
    0]S prjaai Trjs depaTr^tag ^X^yeu. to? he elg to ord-
    Siou Tovg Ti^€pi€7? ddpoLoa<i 6 'Itocrr^TTO? errupdro
    hiaXiyeodai rrepl rcov eVccTTaApteVcoi-', UTroTre'/xi/ias"

    619 o-Xtrag 77 pooira^ev avrov dveXelv . rovrovs to.

    ^I'^Ty yvpLVovvTa<; 6 brjpLog Trpo'Chajv die^o-qaev rrpos


    be rrjv Kpavyrfv 6 ^Xwarjiros e77taTpa(/>eis" kol deaad-
    fJL€VOS CTTt rrjg o(f)ayi]<; -rjbr] tov oihr]pov dveTri^h-qoev
    eh Toy alyiaXov eLOTrjKeL be brjpLTjyopuw inl ^ov-
    I'ov TLVo? e^a--q')(^ovs to vipog' Kal TrapopjJLOVvros
    eTTLTTrjhrjaas OKd(f)ovg ovv hvalv ocofjLaTO(f)vXa^Lv
    €t? jjidarju rrjv XipLvrjV dve<j)evyev

    620 (7) Ot orparLwraL 8' avrov rax^oJS dpTrdoavre?


    rd OTrXa Kara rwv eni^ovXajv e\(Jjpovv. evda
    heioas 6 *lcuorj-o<;, /xv) 7ToXep.ov KLvqdevTos e/x-

    (jivXiov hi oXiyojv fhdovov TrapavaXcoorj rrjV ttoXlv,


    TrepLTTei rols oj)eTepois dyyeXov pLovqs Trpovoelv
    rrj? eavrdjv do<j)aXeiaSy P-'^l'^^
    he KTeivetv rivd
    021 jutJt' d7TeXey)(^eiv rcov aWiajv. koi ol p.ev tw
    TrapayyeXfiaTL TreioOevreg rjpepirjGav, ol 8' dvd
    rrjv nepi^ \ojpav irvBopievoi r-qv t' eni^ovX^r^v /cat
    rov ovoKevdoavra ovvrjOpoil^ovTO Kara ^Icodvvov
    <f)6dveL 8 eKelvog el? YLG)(aXa <f)vycbv rrjv rrarptha.
    fi22 ovveppeov he Trpog rou ^Icoarjrrov ol FaAtAatot Kara
    TToAeti, Kal TToXXal fj-vpidhes OTrXircov yevofievai
    TTapetuaL o(j)d£ eirl rdv ^Xojdvvrjv rdv kolvov eVt-
    ^ovXov e^oojv ovyKara<f)Xe^eLv yap avro) Kal rrji'

    623 VTTohe^afJievqv ttoXlu. 6 he dTTohe^eodaL fiev avrojv


    e(l)aaKev rrju evuoiav, dvelpyev he rrjv oppn^v,

    560
    JEWISH WAR, II. 618-623

    respects." But when Josephus had assembled the


    Tiberians in the stadium and was endeavouring to
    address them on the subject of the news which he
    had received, John secretly sent out some soldiers
    with orders to kill him. The people, seeing these
    men drawing their swords, raised a shout at their ;

    cries Josephus turned round, beheld the blade


    actually at his throat, leapt down to the beach he —
    had been standing, to harangue the people, on a
    hillock six cubits high —and jumping with two of his
    guards ^ into a boat that was moored hard by, escaped
    to the middle of the lake.
    (7) His soldiers, however, hastily seized their arms Josephus

    and advanced against the conspirators. Thereupon johns^*'^


    Josephus, fearing that the outbreak of civil war might foUowers

    bring ruin upon the city, all for the misdeeds of a few
    envious individuals, sent instructions to his men to
    restrict themselves to providing for their own safety,
    to kill nobody and to call none of the culprits to
    account.^ In accordance with these orders they took
    no further action but the inhabitants of the district,
    ;

    on learning of the plot and the contriver of it,


    mustered in force to attack John, who hastily made
    his escape to Gischala, his native place. The Gali-
    laeans from one town after another flocked to
    Josephus myriads of men in arms came and pro-
    ;

    tested that they were there to punish John, the


    public enemy, and that they would burn him alive
    with the city that harboured him. Josephus thanked
    them for their goodwill, but checked their im-
    " In Vita 91 John comes in person to meet Josephus, but

    hastily retires.
    *"
    James, his bodyguard, and Herod, a citizen of Tiberias,
    are his two companions in Vita 96.
    " This sentence and the preceding have no parallel in Vita.

    561
    ,

    JOSEPHUS
    X^LpcoGaaOai avveaeL rovs ixOpovg fxdXXov r)

    624 KTelvai Trpoaipov^evos e/cAa/Scui' Se tovs - d(/>'

    €Ka.crT7]g TToXecos *lcodvvr] Gvva(^€GT(x)ras /car'


    ovofJiay TTpodviJLCO? Se iveheLKvvvro rovg Gcfyerepovg
    OL SrjpLoraL, Kal Sta K-qpvKcov d7T€iXi]Gag^ ivros
    -qfiepas 77 e/x 77x17? tojv firj KaraXiTTOvrajv ^lojdwrjv
    rds re ovaias hiapTrdoeiv kol rd? otVtas" d/xa rat?

    625 ycveai? KaTa(f)X€$€LV, rpiGx^Xiovs fX€V d7r€GTT^Gev


    evdeojs, ot TTapayevofievoL rd oirXa napd rols
    TTOGLV eppufjav avrov, gvv Se
    KaraXeK^delGiv rots'
    TjGav 8' oGov els hiGX^Xiovs ^vpcov (f)vydbeSy
    di'eareAAev^ ^Icodvvrjv^ TrdXiv €7tI rd? Xadpaiovs
    626 eTTL^ovXas €k twv (f)avepajrep(jjv. Kpv(f)a yovv
    e7T€fi7T€V dyydXovg ct? 'lepocroAu/xa Sta^dXXcov rov
    ^IcoGTjTTOv eTTt TO) jieylBei rij? hwdfieco?, (f)dGKcov
    OGOV ovheTTOj rvpawov iXevGeodai rrj? fx-qrpo-
    627 TToXeoj?, €L jJLTj TTpoKaraX-qcfid €17], ravd* 6 fikv SrjfjLOS
    7Tpo€ihdjs ov 7TpoG€tx^y> OL SvvaTol 8e Kara <f)d6vov
    Kal row dpxdvrojv rive? Xddpa rw ^lojdvvfj XPV'
    fjLara TTpos GvXXoy-qv pLLG6o4)6pajv errefJiipaVy ottco?
    TToXefii}* TTpds 'lojGrjTTov iiprj(f)LGavro he Kad^ eav-
    ro-us Kal iieraKaXelv aurov d770 rT^? Grparrjylas.
    628 ov fJLTjv Tj^LOUv d7T0XP'r}GeLV ro Soyfia, Slgx^'XIovs
    8e Kal TTevraKOGLOVS orrXiras Kal reGGapas rcov
    i7n(f)ava)v dvhpas eareiXav, rov re rod ^ofiiKov

    ^ A (margin) : dTreLXrja-dvTitiv (-avros L) the rest.


    * dvecTetXev L. ' Niese : 'lioduyrjs MSS.
    * TToXenTjautaiv PAM.
    « " 20 days," Vita 370. " 4000," Vita 371.'>

    •=
    We
    should probably read " Tyrian " as in Vita 372 (c/.
    § 588 above).
    **
    This episode (§§ 624: f.) is placed, probably correctly
    562
    ^

    JEWISH WAR, II. 623-628

    petuosity, preferring to overcome his enemies by


    diplomacy rather than by slaughter. Instead, he
    obtained from each city a list of names of those who
    had joined in John's revolt, this information being
    readily given by their fellow-citizens, and then issued
    a public proclamation that all who within five days "^

    had not abandoned John would have their property


    seized and their houses burnt to the ground, along
    with their families. This threat immediately pro-
    duced the desertion of three ^ thousand of his
    followers, who came to Josephus and threw down
    their arms at his feet with the remainder, some two
    ;

    thousand Syrian " fugitives, John, abandoning open


    hostilities, was again driven to resort to clandestine
    plots.
    He accordingly now sent secret emissaries to and defei

    Jerusalem ^denounce Josephus as growing too


    to
    Jj,\y*^^^f
    great, declaring that he might at any moment appear him.
    at the capital as its tyrant, unless he were checked
    in time. The people, who foresaw these calumnies,
    attached no importance to them but their leaders,
    ;

    with some of the magistrates, from motives of envy,


    secretly supplied John with money to enable him to
    collect mercenaries and make war on Josephus. They
    further took it upon themselves to pass a decree
    recalling him from his command. As, however, they
    did not regard this decree as sufficient, they sent out
    a force of two thousand five hundred men ^ with four
    men of mark, namely, Joesdrus,^ son of Nomicus,
    much later in the other narrative, after the confiiet with the
    deputies from Jerusalem ( Vita 368-372).
    * The story of the attempt to supersede Josephus is
    narrated at much greater length in Vita 189-332.
    f Only 600 soldiers and 300 citizens in Vita 200.

    ' Called Joazar or Jozar in Vita.

    563
    JOSEPHUS
    'lojecrdpor Kal ^Avaulav T.ahovKL Kal ^Ificova /cat

    'lovSr]v ^IcovdOou, Trdvra? elrrelv Swarcordrov? , tv*

    ovroi rr)v Trpos rov ^[oj(jr]7Tov evvouav dTroarpe-


    ifjojGLi', Kav fjL€v Ikwv TTapaylvqrai, \6yov vttoux^^^'
    ear avrov, el 8e ^tdCoLTo /xeVetr, ch? voXeiJLLOj
    C29 ^^pT/CT^at. 'Icycrr^TTOj he Trapayiveodai fiev urparidv
    irreGrdXKeaav ol (f)LXoL, rrjv 8' alriav ov Trpoehrj-
    Xovv, are Br) XdOpa tojv exBpojv jSe^ouAeu/xeVcui'.
    8t6 Kal fiYj 7Tpo(^vXa^ap,evov reooape? rroXeis
    evdecos Trpos tou? Suacfiopov? aTrearriuav eXdovrag,
    ^eTrScopi? re /cat Td^apa^ /cat FtVp^aAa /cat Tt-
    630 /Septa?, rax^ojg 8e /cat ravrag npocrqydyero 8t;(a

    TOJV ottXojv /cat xetpojadf^Levos arpar'qyrifxaGiv rovs


    reacrapas -qyei^ovag tojv re OTrXirajv rovg hvvaTOjrd-
    631 Tovg dverreijupev elg 'lepoGoXvfLa. Trpos ov? 6 Sijiiog
    ov iierpiojs rjyavdKTTjcrev Kal avv avrol? (Zpi-fqaev
    Tovs 77 poTre/Jiipavr as ayeAetv, et firj (fyddaavres dir-
    ehpaoav.
    632 (8) 'lajdw-qv he Xolttov evros rov TcGxdXojv
    reLXovs o TTapd ^lojG-qrrov (jjo^os e(f)povpei. Kal
    fier^ oXiyas r^jiepas TrdXiv dvecrrr] TijSeptas" CTrt-

    KaXeaajjievojv rojv evhov WypLTTTrav rov ^aoiXea.


    633 /cat rov puev firj /caravrrJcravTOS" 6(^' t]v ovvreraKro
    npodea/JLLav, 'Poj/Ltat/caJy 8' oAtyo;;^ lttttIojv /car*
    eKelvqv r-qv rjjjLepav Trapa(^avevrojv , rov ^Xojgtj'ttov

    634 e^eKijpvGGOv. roj^ 8' rjyyeXr] fiev els Taptp^ata?


    r) drroGraGLS evdeojs, eKTTeTTopicfxjtJS he rrdvras rovs

    1 Destinon with Lat. and Vita -203: Vdoapa or Td/xa\a


    MSS.
    2 R (corrector) : rwt' the rest. \ KC preserve the true text
    in this clause.

    564
    JEWISH WAR, II. 628-6S4

    Ananias, son of Sadok, Simon and Judas,* sons of


    Jonathan, all very able speakers, with the object of
    undermining the popularity of Josephus if he were ;

    prepared to leave without demur, they were to allow


    him an opportunity of rendering an account of him-
    self, if he insisted on remaining, they were to treat
    him as a public enemy. Friends of Josephus had,
    meanwhile, sent him word that troops were on their
    way to Galilee, but gave no hint of the reason, as
    his adversaries had planned their scheme in secret
    conclave. Consequently he had taken no precau-
    tions and four cities went over to his opponents as
    soon as they appeared, namely, Sepphoris, Gabara,
    Gischala, and Tiberias. These, ^ however, he soon
    reclaimed without recourse to arms, and then by
    stratagem got the four leaders into his power with
    the best of their troops and sent them back to
    Jerusalem. The citizens were highly indignant at
    these individuals, and would have killed them, as
    well as their employers, had they not promptly
    taken flight.
    (8) John from this time forth was confined by fear Revolt o
    '^^^'^"^^
    of Josephus within the walls of Gischala. A few
    days later Tiberias again revolted, the inhabitants
    having appealed to King Agrippa for aid. He did
    not arrive on the agreed date, but on that same day
    a small body of Roman cavalry happening to appear,
    the Tiberians issued a proclamation excluding
    Josephus from the city. Their defection was im-
    mediately reported to him at Tarichaeae. He had

    " For Judas, son ot Jonathan, Vita 197 etc. has Jonathan.
    * Gischala excepted.
    565
    v

    JOSEPHUS
    orpaTLCjorag IttI oltou avXXoyrjv ovre fiovos e^-
    op[j.dv IttI rovs aTJOOTOLUTas ovre iievetu VTrefxevev,
    SeSoLKojs fJLT] ^pahvvavTos avrov (f^ddocootv ol
    ^aoiKiKol TTapeXdeiv els tyju ttoXlv ouSc yap ttjv
    €7TLOvaav Tjfxepav Ivepyov e^eiv e/xeAAev irrexovTos
    635 ca^^drov. BoXcp brj^ TrepteXdelu inevoei rovg oltto-
    ordvras. kol rds p.ev TTvXas twv Tapixo-tajv oltto-
    KXelaai KeXevaas, cos" p^r) Trpoe^ayyeiXeii ri? to
    CT/ce/x/ua rots' €77 c^^ l po ijl€v o l? rd S' eVt ttjs XipLvr]?
    ,

    OKdcfiTj Trdvra ovvadpjicja^; rpidKovra 8' evpe-


    ,

    Orjoav KOI hiaKOGLa,' koi vavrat reaodpcov ov


    ttXelovs rjoav ev eKdoroj, 8ta rd^ov? eXavvet Trpos
    636 TT)v Tt/SeptdSa. kol togovtov d-noaxdjv rrjg ttoAcco?
    i^ OGOV GvuiSelv ov pdhtov tjv, K€vds to.? dXidSag
    pi€Teo'jpovs GaXev€Lv eKeXevGev, avrog Se pLovov?
    inrd roju GOjp.aro(j>vXdK(jjv ivoTrXov?^ e^cov eyyiov
    637 6(f)drjvai Trpocrrjet. 6eaGdpL€voi S' avrov citto tcjv
    T€Lxdjv en ^XaG(f)r)pLOVVT€S ol hLd(f}opoL Kal 8ta
    Tr)v eKTrXrj^LV Trdvra rd GKd^-q yepLetv ottXltcjv
    vopLioavres eppiipav rd OTrAa Kat Karaaeiovres
    LK€~rjpLas iSeovro ^etaaa^at rrj? TToXeco?.
    638 (9) '0 Se 'XojGTjTTOS TToXXd SLaTTetXrjGdpiei'og av-
    Tot? Kal KaToveihiGas, el Trpcorov pLev apdpLevoL rov
    Trpos 'Pojp.aLOVs noXepLOV els Grdoeis ep,(f)vXLOVS
    npoavaXlGKOvoLV r-qv Igxvv Kal rd evKraiorara
    SpojGLv TOLS exOpOLS, e77€tTa TOP KT^bepLOi'a rrjs
    dG(f)aXeias avTcov dvaprtdGai GirevhovGLV Kal KXeUuv

    ^ L: 5e the rest. * Tpiaxoaia PA.


    ^ Destinon and others (a correction required by the
    sequel, g bi2): dt'OTrXots mss.

    ° " I had dismissed my soldiers to their homes because,


    566
    JEWISH WAR, II. 634-638

    just sent all his soldiers on a foraging excursion ;« he

    could neither go out alone to face the rebels nor


    afford to remain idle, for fear that the king's troops,
    profiting by his delay, might forestall him in occupy-
    ing the town on the following day, moreover, he
    ;

    could take no action owing to the restrictions of the


    sabbath. In this dilemma the idea occurred to him
    of circumventing the rebels by a ruse. After order- checked
    ing the gates of Tarichaeae to be closed, in order that Ih^mil
    no hint of his project might reach the city which
    was the objective of his attack, he collected all the
    boats which he could find on the lake there were —
    two hundred and thirty, with no more than four
    sailors on board each —
    and with this fleet sailed at
    full speed for Tiberias. Keeping far enough from
    the town to prevent the inhabitants from detecting
    that his ships were unmanned, he let them ride in
    the offing, while he, with no more than seven of his
    armed guards, advanced within view of all. On
    perceiving him from the walls, where they were still
    heaping invectives upon him, his adversaries, imagin-
    ing that all the boats were filled with troops, were
    terrified, threw down their arms and, waving sup-
    pliants' olive-branches, implored him to spare the
    city.
    (9)Josephus severely threatened and reproached
    them,first for their folly, after taking up arms against
    Rome, in wasting their strength beforehand upon
    civil strife and so fulfilling their enemies' fondest
    wishes next for their eagerness to make away with
    ;

    their guardian and protector, and their shamelessness

    the next day being the sabbath, I desired to spare the


    Tarichaeans annoyance from the presence of the military "
    [Vita 159),
    567
    JOSEPHUS
    ovK alhovvrai ttjv ttoXlv avrw roj ret^^taavrt, Trpoa-
    he^eoOai rovs aTToXoyrjoo^evovs €(f)aGK€v Kal St'
    639 cLv ^e^aicvGeraL^ rrjv ttoXlv. Kare^atvov §' evdeoj?
    SeVa TOW Tt/9eptecuv ol SwarcoraroL- /cat rovg fiev
    dvaXa^ajv /Ltta rcov dXidhajv dvijyayev TTOppcorepoj,
    TTevTT^KOvra 8' erlpovs rrj? ^ovXrjg rovs /LtaAtcrra
    yvojpipLOVs KeXevei TrpoeXdelv, d>s Kal Trap* eKeivojv
    640 7TLGTLV Ttya ^ovXofjLevos Xa^elv. eVetra Kaivoripas
    OKrupeL? €7TLVO(JJV dXXoVS €77*(1>S CTTt GVV-
    CtAAot?
    641 BriKais TrpovKaXelro. rols he Kv^epvrjrais eKeXevaev
    Toil'' rrXrjpovpLevojv 8ta rdxavs els TapL^aiag dva-

    TrXelv Kal ovyKXeUiv rovs dvSpag et? to SeajjLOjrrj-


    piov, fJ-expi- TTaoav pikv rrjv ^ovXrjv ovoav l^aKooiojv,
    TTepl be SiGXiXlovg tojv diro rod hrjp.ov GvXXa^dtv
    dvTjyayev GKd(f)eGiv els TapLxaias.
    642 (10) Boojurajv he rcov Xolttojv atnov ehau fxd-
    XiGTa rrjs drroGTaGeajs KAetroi^ rtva /cat napa-
    KaXovvrcov els eKelvov dTTepeiheGdat rrjv opyrji^,
    6 *\ojG7]770S dveXelu p.ev ovheva TrpofjpiqTO, Aevlv
    he TLva ra)V eavrov (f^vXaKcou eKeXevGev e^eXdelv,
    643 tva dTTOKoipT] rds
    x^^P^^ "^^^ KAetVou. Set'aa? he
    eKeu'os els exOpwv GTl(f)Os dTro^T^GeGdat fjLovos ovk
    e<j)-q. GxerXtdl^ovTa he rov ^Icogtjttov eirl rod
    OKd<f)ovs 6 KXelros opcov /cat Trpodufiovfjievov avrov
    iTTLTTrjhdv eiTL Tr]v np^ajpiav cKerevev d-no rrjs dKri^s
    644 rrjv erepav tcov x^i-pdJ^ /caraAtTreiv. KdKeivov /cara-
    vevGavTos e</)' co r-qv erepav axnos dTTOKOijjeiev
    eavTOV, GTTaGafiei'os rfj he^ta ro $L(f)os dTreKoipeu
    TTJV Xaidv els togovtov heous vtto rod ^lojGiqTrov
    645 TTpor^xOr]. rore [lev hr) kcvols GKd(f)eGiv /cat hopv-
    <j>6p0LS eTTrd rov hijfiov alxp-aXajriodpievos TrdXtv
    ^ Destiuon : .Se/iatwtrTyT-at or -waatro 3d33.

    568
    JEWISH WAR, II. 638-645

    in closing their city to him, who had built its walls ;

    he declared himself ready, notwithstanding, to re-


    ceive deputies who would offer an apology and assist
    him to secure the town. At once ten citizens, the
    principal men of Tiberias, came down these he;

    took on board one of the vessels and conveyed some


    distance from the land. Next he required fifty more,
    the most eminent members of the council, to come
    forward, ostensibly to give him their word as well.
    And so, always inventing some new pretext, he
    called up one party after another, presumably to
    ratify the agreement. As the boats were successively
    filled, he gave orders to the skippers to sail with all
    speed to Tarichaeae and to shut the men up in prison.
    Thus, in the end, he arrested the whole council of six
    hundred members and some two thousand other
    citizens, and shipped them off to Tarichaeae.
    (10) Those who were left indicated, with loud
    cries, a certain Cleitus as the prime mover of the
    revolt, and urged the governor to vent his wrath
    upon him. Josephus, being determined to put no
    one to death, ordered one of his guards, named Levi,
    to go ashore and cut off Cleitus's hands. The soldier,
    afraid to venture alone into the midst of a host of
    enemies, refused to go. Cleitus, thereupon, seeing
    Josephus on the boat fuming with anger and prepared
    to leap out himself to chastise him, implored him
    from the beach to leave him one of his hands. The
    governor consenting to this, on condition that he cut
    off the other himself, Cleitus drew his sword with his
    right hand and severed the left from his body such ;

    was his terror of Josephus. Thus, with empty ships


    and seven guards, he captured, on that occasion, an
    '^
    + cKatpwv Bekker (after Lat.).

    569
    JOSEPHUS
    Tt/3epia8a TTpoorj-ydyero,fiera 8' rjiJLepag oXiya?
    XeTr^ojptrat? ovvaTTOordaav €vp(hv^ iTrerpeipe p.€v
    646 hiapTTaoai roi? arpartc/jTat?, ovvayayojv fxevroL
    TTavra rots' Sr^/xorat? ebojKev, rots re Kara Sc'tt-

    (fxjjpLU ofjiOLcog' Kal yap eKeivovg ;(;etpa»aa/Mei'o$

    vovOerrjoaL 8ia tt^? dpTrayrjs rjOeXrjaeu, 8'


    rfj

    d7ro8dae6 rcuv XPVI^^'^^^ tto-Xlv els evvoiav Tjpoa-


    TjyayeTO.

    647 (xxii. l) Td iiev ovv Kara TaXiXaiav eVeVauTo


    KLi'TjpLaTa, Kal rcnv eixchuXicov -navodyievoL Sopv^ojv
    eTTL TO,? 7Tp6? 'Poj/jLaiovg irpaTTovTO TTapaoKevas,
    64S ev he toIs 'lepoaoXvjJLOLS " Avauos re 6 dp)(Lepevg
    Kal Twv Svi^arcov ogoi pLrj rd 'Pajfialajv e^ypovovv
    TO re relxos erreuKevaCov Kal TToXXd rujv -noXe-
    649 pnorTjpiojv opydvojv. Kal Sid Trdu-qs jiev r-qs

    TToXeoj? exdXKevero ^eXrj Kal nauoTrXia, npos


    drdKroLS^ 8e yvpLvaoLais rd rcov vea)V TrXrjdos rjv,

    Kal iJLeard rrdvra dopv^ov, heLvr) 8e Karri(j)eia rojv


    pierplajv, Kal rroXXol rds iieXXovoas vpoopujpLevoi
    650 GVfji(f)opd? aTTwXocbvpovro. detaaiJLOL re rois ^Iprj-

    vr]v dyaTTcooLV hvo(br)[ioL, rot? Se rdv rroXefiow i^-


    dipaaiv eux^SidL,ovro irpds r)bovqv, Kal ro Kara-
    OTTjjjia rrjs TrdXeoJS rrplv e-eXdelv 'Pwiiaiovg rjv

    651 olov dTToXovpLevrjS . *Avdv(i) ye iir)v (f)povrls -qu

    Kard (jLLKpdv dd>Larafieva) rvjv els rdv rrdXefJiov


    rrapaoKevow Kafjuhat rrpds rd GviJL(f)epou rovs re
    uraoiaords Kal rrju rchv KXrj6evra>v l^riXojrCjv
    '
    PA : f Xwi' the rest.
    ' iussis Lat., i.e. Ta^Tats " regular."
    570
    JEWISH WAR, II. 645-651

    entire population, and once more reduced Tiberias Rednctioi

    to submission. But a few days later, discovering that o? m'eda


    the city had revolted again along with Sepphoris, he ^^ ^.^
    ^
    delivered it over to his soldiers to plunder it. How-
    ever, he collected all the spoil and restored it to
    the townsfolk. He followed the same procedure at
    Sepphoris for that town also was subdued by him,
    ;

    and he wished to give the inhabitants a lesson by


    pillaging it, and then by restoring their property to
    regain their affection.

    (xxii. 1) The disturbances in Galilee were thus Prepara-


    quelled and, their civil strife now ended, the Jews jenisaierr
    ;

    turned to preparations for the struggle with the ^^^^^er of


    Romans. In Jerusalem Ananus the high-priest and a.d. 66-67
    all the leading men who were not pro-Romans busied
    themselves with the repair of the walls and the
    accumulation of engines of war. In every quarter
    of the city missiles and suits of armour were being
    forged masses of young men were undergoing a
    ;

    desultory training and the whole was one scene of


    ;

    tumult. On the other side, the dejection of the


    moderates was profound and many, foreseeing the
    ;

    impending disasters, made open lamentation. Then,


    too, there were omens,^ which to the friends of peace
    boded ill, although those who had kindled the war
    readily invented favourable interpretations for them.
    In short, the city before the coming of the Romans
    wore the appearance of a place doomed to destruc-
    tion. Ananus, nevertheless, cherished the thought
    of gradually abandoning these warlike preparations
    and bending the malcontents and the infatuated so-
    called zealots to a more salutary policy but he ;

    " A description of these is given later, vi. 288-315.


    571
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    dcl)poovi'r]V, rjTTrjdr] be rrj? jStas-, Kai^ toi? e^rjg
    olov reXov? ervx^v hrjXcjGOfMev
    652 (2) Kara, 8e rrjv WKpa^ar-qvrjV^ 70T{ap\iav 6
    Tiwpa Hifiajv ttoXXovs tcov ov-
    veajTepiCovrojv
    OT-qodiievo? €(/>' dpTrayd? iTpdnero Kal ov fJLOvov ra?
    OLKias eoTrdpaaaeu^ rojv ttXouglcov, dXXd Kal rd
    ooj^ara KarrjKLi,€TO, hrjXos re rjif rjbr] noppcjoBev
    653 dpxoyievos Tvpavvelv. 7Teii(f)d€iar]s 8' eV avrdv
    vtt'' Wvdvov Kal tcjv dpxdvrcjv or par ids, npos
    rovs cV MacraSoL Ar^crra? /x€^' wv etxev Karecjyvyev,
    KaKel p^^xpi' rrjs * Avduov Kal rrjs tujv dXXojv
    ixOpwu dvaipeGeo)? fievoju ovveXri^ero rrju 'ISou-
    654 naiav, ojore tov? dpxovras rod edvov? Std rd
    vXrjdos r<jL)v Kal rd? crui'e^^ets" dp-
    (fyovevofjievajv
    TJayds orparidv dSpoioavras cficfypovpov? rds
    KiOfia? ^x^LV. Kal rd ptev Kard rrjv *\bovpLalav
    iv TOvroLS rji'.

    ^ 'AKpa^iTLVrjU PA.
    * (rdpaaaev PA ML Lat.

    572
    JEWISH WAR, II. 651-654

    succumbed to their violence, and the sequel of our


    narrative will show the fate which befell him.'*
    (2) In the toparchy of Acrabatene Simon, son of Raids of
    Gioras, mustering a large band of revolutionaries, Simon, so
    devoted himself to rapine not content with ran- samana a
    ;

    sacking the houses of the wealthy, he further mal- ^^lumaea.


    treated their persons, and plainly showed, even at
    that early date, that he was entering on a career of
    tyranny.^ When Ananus and the magistrates sent
    an army against him, he fled with his band to the
    brigands at Masada,^ and there he remained until
    Ananus and his other opponents were killed. Mean-
    while, with his brigand friends, he worked such havoc
    in Idumaea, that the local magistrates, in conse-
    quence of the number of the slain and the continuous
    raids, raised an army and garrisoned the villages.
    Such was the condition of affairs in Idumaea.
    " B. iv. 315 if. ; for Ananus see the note on § 563 above.
    ''
    He becomes a prominent figure in the siege of Jerusalem.
    "
    §§ 408, 433, 447.

    573
    BIBAIOX r

    1 (i. l) Xepcoyt 8' tu? rjyyeXrj ra Kara rrjv *lou

    Satav Trratcr^ara, XeXrjdvla /xcv co? ct/cos" eKTrXrj-


    ^t? ifl7TL7Tr€L Kal Seo?, (f)aP€pcO£ 8' V7T€prj(f)dv€L Kal
    2 Trpoaojpyil^ero, orpar-qycov^ fiev paorujvrj fidXXov
    7] rals ra)v TroXepiitov dperalg yeyovevat rd avpL
    jSavra Xeycov, TrperreLv 8' rjyovpLevo? iavro) 8td toi'
    oyKov rrj? -qyepLOvla? Karaao^apeveadai rcov okv
    dpcoTTOJV Kal BoKelv beuvov rravros eTrduoj rr]v

    3 ^^XW ^X^^^- 8tr^Aey;)(ero ye ^171^ c) rfjg^vx^js


    dopv^og VTTO Tcov (fypovTiScDV (2) GKeTTTopLevov^ rivL
    7TLGT€V(J€L KLVOvpL€vqv TTjv dvaroX-qv , o? Tt/xajpi)-
    aerat /^tev tt^^ toji^ 'Iou8atcov eTTavdaraaiv, Trpo-
    KaTaXruperaL 8' aurot? rjbr] Kal rd vept^ eOurj
    A (Jvvi^oGovuTa. p.ovov \ovv ^
    evpioKei Oveoiraaiavdv
    raZs XP^^^'-'^ dvaXoyovvra Kal nqXcKOvrov TToXepLOV
    piyedog dvahe^aodai Svvdp,€vov, dvhpa rats' dird
    veorriros orpareiaLg iyyeyiipaKora Kal Trpoeipr)
    vevaaura fxev TrdXai 'Pcu/xatot9 rriv loTrepav vtto
    Veppavajv rapaaoropLevqi^ TTpoaKTrjadfjievov 8e tols
    ,

    c OTrXoig BpeTTauiau retog XavBdvovoav, odev avrov

    ^ PA : ffTparTjyov the rest (perhaps rightly).


    ^ (JKeTTTOUfVOS 5i C.
    * MA (corrector) Lat. : om. the rest,

    574
    BOOK iir

    (i. The news of the reverses sustained in Judaea


    1) Nero's
    illed Nero, as was natural, with secret consternation orS'e u°e"vs
    md alarm, but in public he affected an air of disdain of events m
    '^"^*^^-
    md indignation. " These unfortunate incidents,"
    le said,
    " were due to remiss generalship rather than

    o the valour of the enemy " and the majesty;

    if empire made him think it became him to treat


    •lack tidings with lofty contempt and to appear to
    lossess a soul superior to all accidents. His inward
    erturbation, however, was betrayed by his anxious
    eflection.
    (2) He was deliberating into whose hands he should He appoint
    ntrust the East in its present commotion, with the J'o^take*"
    ouble task of punishing the Jewish rebels, and of command.
    Drestalling a revolt of the neighbouring nations,
    hich were already catching the contagion. He
    Duld find none but Vespasian a match for the
    mergency and capable of undertaking a campaign
    n so vast a scale. Vespasian was one who had been
    soldier from his youth and grown grey in the
    irvice he had already earlier in his career pacified
    ;

    nd restored to Roman rule the West when con-


    iilsed by the Germans he had by his military
    ;

    snius added to the Empire Britain, till then almost


    iiknown, and thus afforded Claudius, Nero's father,**
    " Step-father ; he adopted Nero (c/. B. ii. 249).
    575
    JOSEPHUS
    /cat TO) TTarpl KAauSto) napia\e xojpi? IhpojTOS
    lSlou dpiajJL^ov Karayayelv.
    6 (3) TauTCL re 817 npoKXr]hovLl,6iievo<; Kal orade-
    pav pLer' e'/LtTretptas" tt^i^ -qXiKiau opujv, /xeya' §€
    TTiareco? aurou toi)? uiou? opLrjpov Kal rd? rou
    TOJi^ aK/xd? X^^P^ ''"^^ TTaTpcpa? avueoeco?, rdxa
    Tl Kttt 77ept TOtV' oAtUl^ T^Sr^ ToO ^eOU TTpOOLKOVO
    7 fjLOupLevou, TTC/xTret rdi'dvBpa XrjipopLevov rrjv rj-ye
    pioviav Twv IttI Hvpia? ot par ev p.a.r ojv ttoXXo ,

    TTpos TO €.TT€lyov ola KeXcvovoLv at dvdy/cat /xetAt


    8 ^dfjLeuo? re Kal TrpodepaTrevaa? . 6 8' dno rrji

    W^atas, evda ovurjv ro) Kepujvi, rov pLev vloi

    Ttrov aTTeoreiXev in^ 'AAe^ai^Speta? ro nepLTTTOi


    Kal hcKarou^ eKeldev duaarrjGoura rdypLa, ne
    pdoa? 8' aurd? rou 'KXX-qoTTOvrov Trends- el
    Hvptav d(l)LKveLrai, KdKel rds re 'Poj/xatVcd? Suva
    pLeLS ovvriyaye Kal ovx^ovs napd rcjv yeLrvicovro)
    paoiXdajv orvpLpLaxov?.
    9 (ii. 1) *Iou8atot 8e pLerd rrjv Keartou TrXrjyrj

    evTippievoL rals dhoKrjroL<; evrrpayiai^ aKparel


    rjoau oppLYJ'i Kal (Lonep eKpLTTil^opievoL rfj rvx
    77poocorepa> row rroXepiOV e^rjyov Trdv yovv evdecu
    600V r^v pLaxi-p-corarou avrol? ddpoiodeure? d>p
    10 pii]aav eV WoKdXojva. rtoXi^ eorlv dpxo.ia rcj
    *\epoooXvpL(jjv eiKoai rrpos rols TrepraKoaloL^ dn
    ^ Destinon : /u<7-d mss.
    Kal biKarov Niese, etc., cf. B.
    * iii. bo (and Tacit. Hist. v. 1]
    Koi TO biKarov MS3.

    " He was sent by Claudius to Germany and subsequent)] j^


    576
    JEWISH WAR, III. 5-10

    the honours of a triumph which cost him no personal


    exertion."
    (3) Regarding, therefore, this record as of happy
    augury, seeing in V^espasian a man with the steadi-
    ness resulting from years ^ and experience, with sons
    who would be a sure hostage for his fidelity, and
    whose ripe manhood would act as the arm of their
    father's brain,moved, may be, also by God, who was
    already shaping the destinies of empire, Nero sent
    this general to take command of the armies in Syria,
    lavishing upon him, at this urgent crisis, such sooth-
    ing and flattering compliments as are called for by
    emergencies of this kind. From Achaia, where he
    was in attendance on Nero, V^espasian dispatched
    his son Titus to Alexandria to call up the fifteenth
    legion from that city he himself, after crossing the
    ;

    Hellespont, proceeded by land to Syria, where he


    concentrated the Roman forces and numerous
    auxiliary contingents furnished by the kings of the
    neighbouring districts.
    (ii. 1) The Jews,
    after the defeat of Cestius, elated unsuccess

    -I 111
    by their unexpected success, could not restrain their
    1
    ardour, and, as though stirred into activity by this
    Jewish
    ^''li
    attack on
    Ascaion.
    gust of fortune, thought only of carrying the war
    further afield. Without a moment's delay their
    most effective combatants mustered and marched
    upon Ascaion. This is an ancient city, five hundred
    and twenty furlongs from Jerusalem,^ but the hatred

    in A.D. 43 (aet. 34), to Britain, where his career of victory,


    which included the reduction of the Isle of Wight, was " the
    beginning of his fortune" (Tac. Agric. 13; Suet. Vesp. 4).
    " Vespasian, born in a.d. 9, was now 57.

    * About fifty-nine miles (the stade being rather longer than

    3ur " furlong ") ; the distance as the crow flies is just over
    forty miles.
    VOL. II u 577
    JOSEPHUS
    €xov(ja. urahlovs, del 5td {jllgov? 'louSatot? yeye
    vqjievT], hio Kol Tore rats' rrpajrais opixals iyyiujv
    11 eho^ev. i^-qyovvro 8e ttJ? KaTahpofjLrj<; rpels av-
    hpes dA/crJv t€ Kopv(f)aloi /cat ouv€G€l,^ ISiyep re o
    riepatTT7S" /<at d BajSuAcui^to? StAa?, 77p6s" ots
    12 ^lojdvvrjg 6 'Ecrcrato?. t] ^^ 'Acr/cdAcuv irereix^oro
    fjLev Kaprepo)?, ^o-qdeias 8e tJv CT^eSoi^ ep-qpLog
    i(f)povpelTO yap vtto re uTrelpag rretojv /cat utto
    /xtas" tA.T]? LTTTTeajv, -^s" €7T-qpxev 'Avrctjvto?.^
    13 (2) Ot ^ey oi5i^ TToAi) rat? opfialg^ ovvrovajrepov
    dSeuCTavre? cu? iyyvdev d)ppLr]pLevoL /cat St) Traprjcav
    14 d 8e 'Avrttjvtos', ou yap -qyvoec pLeXXovaav ert rT^i
    €<f>obov avrojv, Trpoe^i^yaye rovs iTTTret?, /cat ouSei-
    oiJre 77^6? rd TrXrido? ovre rrju roXpLav VTToSeicras
    Tcov TToXepiiojv Kaprepoj? rds irpwras oppids dv
    ehe^aro /cat rov? eirl to ret;)(OS" wppL-qp^evovs dv
    15 eVrctAev'. rot? he Trpds ep^ireipovs 7ToXepLa>v aTretpotc
    /cat TTt^Ot? TTpog LTTTTels, dcTVVrdKTOLS T€ TTpOS
    TjvcjjpLevovs /cat rrpos OTrXiras e^rjpTvpi,evovs el-

    Kaiorepov ajTrXiopLevoi?, dvpLco re TrXeov ^ovXi


    rj

    arpar-qyovpLevoL? Trpog evTreideZs /cat vevpLart vdvrc


    16 TTpdrrovras dvrLTaoo6p.evoLS ttovo? -qv paSio?-* cos
    yap avrwv dira^ -qhq ovverapdxQ'qfJO-v at Trpotra.
    <f>dXayyes , vtto rrjg lttttov TpeTTovraL, /cat roit
    KaroTTLV axnojv evl ro relxo9 /Sta^o/LteVoib- Trepu-

    ^ PA : avfeaiv the rest.


    « P) PAM.
    +Try€u.ioi' (6 Try.
    ^ PAL (corn): dpvats the rest with Lat. (perhaps rightly).
    * I retain with hesitation the text of (Lat.j: foi PAM
    TTovos Tjv pgioios the rest have irovovaLv paSius, beginning the
    sentence with ol 5f and replacing the subsequent datives by
    nominatives.

    578
    JEWISH WAR, III. 10-16

    with which the Jews had always regarded it " made


    the distance of this, the first objective selected for
    attack, seem less. The expedition was led by three
    men of first-rate prowess and ability, Niger of Peraea,
    Silas the Babylonian,* and John the Essene.*' Ascalon
    had solid walls, but was almost destitute of defenders,
    its garrison consisting of but one cohort of infantry
    and one squadron of cavalry under the command of
    ^^

    Antonius.
    (2) The ardour of the Jews so accelerated their
    pace that they reached the spot as though they had
    just issued from a neighbouring base. But Antonius
    was ready for them informed of their intended
    ;

    attack he led out his cavalry and, undaunted either


    by the numbers or the audacity of the enemy, firmly
    sustained their first charge and repulsed those who
    were rushing forward to the ramparts. It was a case
    of novices against veterans, infantry against cavalry,
    ragged order against serried ranks, men casually
    armed against fully equipped regulars, on the one
    side men whose actions were directed by passion
    rather than policy, on the other disciplined troops
    acting upon the least signal from their commander.
    Thus outmatched, the Jews were soon in difl^culties.
    For, once their front ranks were broken by the cavalry,
    a rout ensued, and, the fugitives falling foul of those
    in their rear who were pressing forward to the wall,

    " Philo, Legal,ad Gaium, 205 (Cohn), mentions this irre-


    concilaV)le feud the Jews had recently devastated the town
    ;

    {B. ii. 460). It had since 104 b.c. been independent.


    ^ Both these distinguished themselves in the first engage-

    ment with Cestius, ii. 520 ; Niger was the governor, or ex-
    governor, of Idumaea, ii. 566.
    '^
    Recently appointed general for N.W. Judaea, ii. 567.
    **
    ala^ a body of auxiliary cavalry.

    579
    JOSEPHUS
    TTLTTTOvreg dXXrjXojv rjcrav TToXefJUOi, fJ-^xpL Travreg
    rat? T(jL)v L7T7T€cuv e/x/SoAat? et^avre? ioKehdod-qaau
    dvd ndv ro Trehiov to Se rjv ttoXv Kal ttoLv ltt-
    17 TrdoLfiou. o hrj Kal rot? 'Pco/xatot? avvepyrjaav
    TrXeloTov elpydaaro rcov ^Xovhaiojv (f)6vov Tovg re
    yap (f)€vyovTa'^ avroju (f)ddi'ovr€g eTreorpe^ov Kal
    rcov rod Bpofiou ovveiXovfievajv SieKTraiovre?
    V7t6
    d7T€Lpovg dvTjpovu, aAAot Se dXXov? ott-q rpeTTOLvro
    KVKXoVfJL€VOL Kal 7T€pL€XaVVOVT€<; KaTr]K6vTLl,0V pO.-
    18 Sioj?. Kal Tot? fiev 'louSaiot? to lSlov TrXrjdos
    iprjiila TTapd Tag dpi-qxavias KaT€(f)aLV€TO, 'Pa»-
    fialoL 8* iv rat? evvpayiais, Kaiirep ovTeg oXiyoi,
    Twv TToXefxicjv^ Kal TrepioaeveLv o(f)ds avTOV? vtt-
    19 eXdpL^avov Kal tcov fikv Trpoo(f)LXov€LKOVVTajv Tolg
    .

    7TTaiap.aoiv aldol re 4>vyqs Ta;(€ta? Kal /xera-


    ^oX-rjg iXTTiSi, T(2)V 8e p.T) kottlcjovtojv €v of? 6U-
    TV\ovv, 7Tap€T€LV€v Tj p.d\r] p-^xpt SetXrjs , ecu? dv-
    fipeO-qoau [leu ixvptoi, tojv ^Xovhaiojv tov dpidfiov
    dihpeg Kal hvo tojv rjyep.6vojv, ^lojdwq? re Kal
    20 SiAa?* OL XoLTTol Se rpau/xariai to TrAe'ci^ ovv rw
    77€pLX€L7TOfJL€Va) TO)V qy€p.6vUJV ^Sly^pL TTjS 'ISoU"
    /uaia? et? TtoXi\vriV Tivd, XaaAAi?^ KaXeiTai, ovv-
    21 €(f)vyou. oXtyoi Se' Tti^es" Kal tcov 'PojpLaiojv inl
    TTJoSe Tri<; vapaTa^eoj? €Tpcodr)aav.
    22 (3) Ov fxr^v ol 'louSatoi T-qXiKavTr) GVfjL(f)opa
    KaT€OTdXr)oav Ta <f)povrjiiaTa, p.dXXov S avTCJV
    TO Trddo? -qyeipe Ta? roA/xa?, VTrepopcovTeg t€ tov?
    iv TTOol v€Kpovs eSeAea^oPTo TOt? TrpoTepoL?^
    23 KaTopBujpiaaiv ivl TrXrjyrjv bevTepav. biaXiTTOVTes

    '
    Conj. Niese: ru woXi.uuj ms9.
    » PAM* Lat. (Chailis): 2d\\.$ the rest.
    * Tp07€feffT^p0lJ PAM.
    580
    o

    JEWISH WAR, III. 16-23

    they became their own enemies, until at length the


    whole body, succumbing to the cavalry charges, were
    dispersed throughout the plain. This was extensive
    and wholly adapted to cavalry manoeuvres, a circum-
    stance which materially assisted the Romans and
    caused great carnage among the Jews. For the
    cavalry headed off and turned the fugitives, broke
    through the crowds huddled together in flight,
    slaughtering them in masses, and, in whatever
    direction parties of them fled, the Romans closed
    them in and, galloping round them, found them an
    easy mark for their javelins. The Jews, notwith-
    standing their multitude, felt themselves isolated in
    their distress; while the Romans, few as they were,
    imagined, in their unbroken success, that they even
    outnumbered their enemies. However, the former
    continued to struggle on under their reverses,
    ashamed of being so quickly routed, and in hopes of
    a return of fortune, while the latter were indefati-
    gable in pushing their success so that the combat
    ;

    was prolonged till evening, when ten thousand of the


    Jewish rank and file, with two of the generals, John
    and Silas, lay dead upon the field. The remainder,
    most of them wounded, took refuge with Niger, the
    one surviving general, in a country town of Idumaea,
    called Ghaallis." The Romans, on their side, had but
    a few wounded in this engagement.
    (3) Far, how-ever, from the spirit of the Jews being Second
    crushed by such a calamity, their discomfiture only attad?
    redoubled their audacity ;and, disregarding the Ascaion
    ^^
    dead bodies at their feet, they were lured by the ^^^^
    memory of former triumphs to a second disaster.
    « Unidentified.

    581
    JOSEPHUS
    yovv oud' oaov laoaoBai to. rpau/xara Kat T-qv
    hvv(i\iiv TTaaav €7TiGvX\e^avr€S opyiXajrepov Kal
    TToXXoj TrXelov? eVaAii'Spd/xoui' irrl ttjv WoKaXajva.
    24 TTapeLTTero 8' avroi? fierd tc r-q'^ aTreipias Kai
    Ttov a?^ow TTpo? TToXepLOV IXaouoJiiarujv rj irpoTepa
    25 TV^y]' Tov yap ^ Xvrujviov ras" TrapoSou? Trpo-
    Xo)(^ioav7os dhoK-qTOL rat? ivehpais ipLTTeoovres Kai
    V7t6 Toji^ LTTTTcajv TTpLU 6t? P'^X'^v Gwrd^auQai
    KVKXojdevreg, ttolXlv ttLtttovgl p-kv vrrip oKraKia-
    XiXtovs, ol XoLTTol Se TTavre? ecjivyov, crvv ols
    Kal Siyep, ttoAAo. Kara rrjv (f)vyqv euroA/xta? €7tl-
    heL^dpevos epya, avveXavvovrai Kre >^ 7TpoGK€Lp,€vajv
    TOW o^vpov KcopLT]? BeA-
    TToXepLLOJV €1? TLua TTvpyov
    26 LedeK KaXovpevq<^. tov Wvtojvlov,
    ol Se Trepi
    ojg pi']^^ Tpif^oivTO TTepl TOV TTvpyov oi'Ta SvG-
    dXa>Tov pLTjTe L,on'Ta tov rjyepiova Kal yevvatoTaTov
    TOJV TToXepiLOJV TTepLL^OLeV, VnO-mpTTpaGL TO T€LXO?.
    27 (fyXeyopevov he tov TTvpyov 'PajpaloL p,€V dva-
    XOjpovGL yeyrjdoTes ojs hiej)dapiievov Kal Xtyepo?,
    o 8e eiV TO pLuxa^TaTOV tov (f)povpLOV GTr-qXatov
    KaTaTTTihrjGas eK tov Ttvpyov' SiaCTOJ^erat, /cat
    p,€d^ rjpiepa? Tpels toIs P-^t^ oXoc^vppov Trpos
    28 KTjheLav avTov epevvojGLV V7To4>6eyy€TaL. TrpoeXdow
    he x^pci? dveX-TTiGTov ndvTas eTrX-qpojoev 'louSatou?
    oj? TTpovoia deov oujOels avTols GTpaT-qyo? €t? ra
    peXXovTa.
    29 (4) OveGTraGiavos he ra? hwdpLeu^ dvaXa^ojv
    €K T-qS WvTLOX^loL^, ^ pLTqTpOTToXls eGTL TYJS Supta?,
    pLeyedovs Te eveKa Kal ttjs dXX-q? evhaipbovias

    ^ ins. Destinon (after Lat.) om. mss. :

    ' Destinon and Xiese.


    TTvpbi conj.

    582
    JEWISH WAR, III. 23-29

    Without even leaving time for wounds to heal, they


    reassembled all their forces and, more furious and
    in far greater strength, returned to the assault on
    Ascalon. But, with the same inexperience and the
    same military disqualifications, the same fortune
    attended them as before. Antonius had placed
    ambuscades in the passes into these traps they
    ;

    inconsiderately fell, and before they could form up


    in battle order they were surrounded by the cavalry
    and again lost upwards of eight thousand men. All
    the remainder fled —
    including Niger, who distin-
    guished himself in the retreat by numerous feats of
    ^'alour —
    and, hard pressed by the enemy, were driven
    into a strong tower in a village called Belzedek.*
    The troops of Antonius, unwilling either to expend
    their strength upon a tower that was almost im-
    oregnable, or to allow the enemy's general and
    bravest hero to escape alive, set fire to the walls.
    3n seeing the tower in flames, the Romans retired
    exultant, in the belief that Niger had perished with
    t but he had leapt from the tower and found
    ;

    •efuge in a cave in the recesses of the fortress, and


    ;hree days later his lamenting friends, while search-
    ng for his corpse for burial, overheard his voice
    Deneath them. His reappearance filled all Jewish
    learts with unlooked-for joy they thought that
    ;

    jrod's providence had preserved him to be their


    general in conflicts to come.^
    (4) Vespasian had now set in motion his forces Vespasian

    issembled at Antioch, the capital of Syria, and a city frJliT^^^


    vhich, for extent and opulence, unquestionably ranks Antioch tc

    " Unidentified.
    ^ He was murdered by the Zealots during the siege of
    ferusalem {B. iv. 359).
    583
    JOSEPHUS
    rpLTOv ah-qpLTO)<; inl ttj^ vtto 'Pco/Ltatot? olkov-
    IxevTj^ €xovaa tottov, euda fJLera TTdGrjg rrjg tbla'
    laxvo? eKbexofievov avrov rrjv a(f)L^LV Kal 'Aypirr-
    TTav Tov ^aoiXea KareiXirjcheL, eVt IlToAe/xatdo^
    30 rj7TeLy€To. Kal Kara ravTr]v VTravrojcnv avroj tt/i
    ttoXlv ol TTJg TaXiXalag H,€Tr<hojpLV i^ejJLOfJLCvoL
    31 fJLOvoL T<jjv Trjhe elprjViKa <f)povovvT€S' oi Kal rfj
    lavT ujv acorrjpiag Kal rrjg 'PajpLaiajv laxvog ouh
    d7Tpov'6r]TOL TTplv d<f)iKea6aL OveorraGLavou Kat
    oevvLco FaAAoj TTLoreLS t€ ehooav Kal Se^ta? eXa^oi
    32 Kat TTapehe^avro (f)povpdv. rore ye p,rjv (jyiXo
    (^povixj? €Kd€^dfjL€voL TOV rjyefjLOva 7rpoBvp.<jj<^ o(j)5.'
    avTovs VTTeoxovTo Kara rojv 6p.o(^vX<jjv avfj,
    33 fidxovs' o'lg 6 orparr^yos d^LOJoaoi recos Trpo'
    da(f)dX€Lav t7777ets- re Kal 77€ ^oi)? TTapahlbcooL.
    oGov? di'de^etv rat? KarabpopLal?, et tl 'lofSato
    3i TTapaKLVolev, VTreXdyif^avev Kal yap ov fiLKpo
    €66k€L to KLvhvVeVlJLa Trpo? TOV fXeXXoVTa TToXefJLO
    d(f)aLpedrjvaL ttjv Y,€7T(j>ojpLV , fieyLOT-qu fiev ovaa
    rrj? TaXiXaias ttoXlv, ipvfxvoTdTcp S' e7rtT€T6i;(t
    oiievTjV ;>(oj/)taj Kal (f>povpdv oXov tov edvovs €go
    p.ivqv.

    35 (iii. l) Aug 5' ovoag Tag FaAtAatas", tt]u t


    dvoj Kal KdTOj 77 pooayopevopLevT)v , Trepuox^
    TTjv
    fiev rj (t>OLVLKrj t€ Kal ILvpia, hiopit^^L S' ciTro /xe
    hvo€aj? TjXiov riToAe/xats' Tolg rr)? ;)(a»pa? Tepfxao
    Kal KdppLTjXog , TO TrdXai fiev FaAtAatwi^, vvv 5
    36 Tvplojv opos' CO TrpoGLOX^f- Fa/Sa/ ttoXls Imreajv
    ovToj TTpoGayopevofievT] 8ta to tovs vcf)^ 'HpcuSo
    1 So Lat. (rf. A. XV. 294-, Vila 11.5): Ta/Saa, Fd/SaXa etc

    5S4-
    JEWISH WAR, III. 29-36

    third ^ among the cities of the Roman world. Here -'^^•^•.^''

    he had found, among others, king Agrippa awaiting


    his arrival with all his own troops. From Antioch
    Vespasian pushed on to Ptolemais. At this city he
    was met by the inhabitants of Sepphoris in Galilee, the Submissic
    only people of that province who displayed pacific IhotR'.
    sentiments. For, with an eye to their own security
    and a sense of the power of Rome, they had already,
    before the coming of Vespasian, given pledges to
    Gaesennius Gallus, received his assurance of pro-
    tection, and admitted a Roman garrison ^ now they ;

    offered a cordial welcome to the commander-in-chief,


    and promised him their active support against their
    countrymen. At their request, the general pro-
    visionally assigned them for their protection as large
    a force of cavalry and infantry as he considered
    sufficient to repel invasions in the event of the Jews
    causing trouble indeed, it appeared to him that the
    ;

    loss of Sepphoris would be a hazard gravely affecting


    the impending campaign, as it was the largest city of
    Galilee, a fortress in an exceptionally strong position
    n the enemy's territory, and adapted to keep guard
    3ver the entire province.

    (iii. 1) Galilee, with its two divisions known as Descriptk


    of ^ahiee.
    Upper and Lower Galilee, is enveloped by Phoenicia
    ind Syria. Its western frontiers are the outlying
    territory of Ptolemais and Garmel, a mountain once
    Delonging to Galilee, and now to Tyre adjacent to ;

    3armel is Gaba, the " city of cavalry," so called from


    :he cavalry who, on their discharge by King Herod
    <»
    After Rome and Alexandria.
    ^ Cf. ii. 510 (Gaesennius was commander of the 12th
    egion) with Vita 394 (Sepphoris asks for and obtains a
    garrison from Cestius Callus).

    VOL. II u2 ^^^
    JOSEPHUS
    jSacTiAeco? aTToXvofxevovg iTTTreh eV avrfj KarotKelv
    37 (1770 be 'LafiapelrL? re Kal T^Kvdo
    fjLea-qiil^pLa?
    ttoXl? lJie)(pi ^lopbdvov vap-aTcov. irpo'S eo
    Tujv
    8' Kal FaSapoti OLTTorepiveTaL Kal tt
    *]7T7Trjvfj re
    TavXavLTibi^' ravrrj Kal rrjg WypLTTTra ^aaiXeia
    SSopoi. TO. 77 poodpKTia d' avTTJg Tvpoj re /cat ri
    Tvpioji' X^P9- TTeparovrai. Kal Trj<i puev kolto
    KaXovp.evrj£ TaXiXatas oltto TijSeptaSo? P-^XP
    Xa/3ouAcL»i^, Tj? ev rots' TrapaXioLS Y\roXep,a
    ro pLrJKOs eKreiverai. TrXarvveTau 5'
    39 yeircoVy d77<

    TTJg ev TO) pLeydXcp Trehio) Keip.evqs Kcop^-qg, :LaX(jjd


    KaXelrai, /xe^pt Br)padPrjs, rj Kal rrjg dvoj FaAt
    Aata? evpos dpxrj p^^XP^ Ba/ca KwpL-qg' aim
    els
    40 he rrjv Tvplojv yrjv opiCet. pLrjKVveraL 8e t^^^XP
    yirjpdjd aTTO 0eAAd Kcop^r]? ^lopbduov yeirovo?.
    41 (2) TrjXiKavTai 8' ouaat to pLeyedos Kal rooov
    roL? eOveoLV dXXo<f)vXoi? KeKVKXa)p.evai Trpog irdoa
    42 del TToXepLou Trelpav avreuxov pLdxi-P-ol re yap ei
    vrjTTLcov Kal TToXXol FaAtAatot Trdvrore, Kal our
    heiXia TTore rov? dvhpas ovre XiTravSpia rr^v x^P^
    Kareaxev, eVeiS?) 77ta>v re rrdaa Kal ev^oros Ka
    hevbpeoL TravToiois Kara^UTO?, ojs vtto r-qg ev
    Trereias TrpoKaXeaaoBai Kal rov -^KLara yrj? (jaXo
    43 7701^0^. TTpooTjOKridq yovv vtto tcov OLKi^ropoj
    TTaoa, Kal p.epos avTrjg dpyov ovBev, dXXd Ka
    TToXeLS TTVKval Kal TO Tujv KOJiLOJV TrXrjdos TravTaxo\
    TToXvdvd pcxJTTOV hid TTjV evdrjvcav, ojs" rrjv eXaxLCPTr^i

    ^ Vav\u}i'iTi5i PA.
    'E^aXwty PAL : ZaXcI;^ the rest, rf. Vita 2-27.

    • Cf. A. XV. 294; called Geba by Plinv, Nat. Hist. v. 19


    75.
    586
    JEWISH WAR, III. ,S6-4S

    settled in this town.'^ On the south the country is


    bounded by Samaria and the territory of ScythopoHs
    up to the waters of Jordan on the east by the
    ;

    territory of Hippos, Gadara, and Gaulanitis, the


    frontier-Hne of Agrippa's kingdom on the north
    ;

    Tyre and its dependent district mark its hmits.


    Lower Gahlee extends in length from Tiberias to
    Chabulon, which is not far from Ptolemais on the
    coast ; in breadth, from a village in the Great Plain
    called Xaloth ^ to Bersabe. At this point begins
    Upper Galilee, which extends in breadth to the
    village of Baca, the frontier of Tyrian territory in ;

    length, it reaches from the village of Thella, near the


    Jordan, to Meroth.
    (2) With this limited area, and although sur-
    rounded by such powerful foreign nations, the two
    Galilees have always resisted any hostile invasion,
    for the inhabitants are from infancy inured to war,
    and have at all times been numerous never did the
    ;

    men lack courage nor the country men. For the


    land is everywhere so rich in soil and pasturage and
    produces such variety of trees, that even the most
    indolent are tempted by these facilities to devote
    themselves to agriculture. In fact, every inch of the
    soil has been cultivated by the inhabitants there is
    ;

    not a parcel of waste land. The towns, too, are


    thickly distributed, and even the villages, thanks to
    the fertihty of the soil, are all so densely populated

    ''
    Mentioned as on the southern frontier in Vita 227, " I
    ought to have gone to Xaloth or beyond " (to meet a deputa-
    tion coming from Jerusalem to Galilee) lying on the
    ;

    " flanks " of Mt. Tabor, it is the O.T. Chisloth-tabor, Jos.


    xix. 12, modern Iksal. Josephus by " length " here means
    the measurement from east to west, by " breadth " that
    from south to north.
    587
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    vnep rrevraKio-x^iXiov? npog rolg fMvpioig ^X^'-^
    OLK-qropa^;
    '*4
    (3) Ka^oAou h\ el koX to* pLeyeBei ng eAarTcu-
    G€L€ TTJg riepata? ttjv TaXtXaiav, TTpoeXotro 8* av
    rfj bvvdpL€L- 7] p-kv yap ivepyog oXtj Kal avvex^?^
    €GTLv Kap7Tocf)6po?, Tj Ylepala Se ttoXv p.ev p.€iCojv,
    €pr]pLo<i Se Kal rpax^ia ro ttXIov, rrpog re Kapncvv
    45 -qpLcpcoi' av^TjOLu dypicvrepa {to ye p.7jv piaXdaKou
    avrfj? Kal 7TdpL(f)opov, Kal rd rrehia SeVSpecrt ttol-
    klXols Kard(f)VTa to TrXeloTOw re iXaiav '^Te]^ Kal
    dp,7T€Xou Kal (f)OLVLK(jjvag -qoKrjTai) htapSofievr)
    X^tp-dppoig re rot? drro tCjv opcov Kal rrriyals
    devvdoL<; aAt?, €t ttot' eKeivoi GetpLcp </)^tVotei'.

    i6 p.rJKog p,€u \ovuY aurr)? dTTO }*]axo.LpovuTog elg


    VleXXav, evpo? S' drro OtAaSeA^etag- p-^XP'- 'lopSa-
    47 vov. Kal HcAAt] /xeV, tjv 7Tpo€LprjKap.€v, to. Trpog
    dpKTOv opt^erat, irpos ioTrepav Se ^lopSdurj' /xe-
    G-qpL^pLVOV S' avTTJ? rrepag rj McoayStrtS", Kal rrpds
    dvaToXr]v 'Apa/Sta re /cat 'Ecre/ScuytrtSi,* 7rp6? 8e
    ^iXaheXi^qvfj Kal Fepacrot?^ diTOTepLveTai.
    48 (4-) 'H 8e T.ap.ap€LTLS X^P^ pieGrj pieu tt}? FaAt-
    Aata? CCTTt /cat tt^? 'louSata?" dpxop-evT] yap citto
    TT7? cV TO* [/zeyaAojJ^ Trehicu KeipLeu-qs Fivata?'

    ^ De.stinon,r/. Lat. assidue awexv^ mss. :

    * Aami' (om. T() PAM ets ^Xa/ai/ re the rest.


    :

    3 om. PAL.
    * Reinach alter Schiirer (Z^/Swh'tiSi) ZtXwi'tTtSt or 2c\- :

    ^uiv'nibi MSS.
    ^ \ K : Fepapots the rest. om. PAL. *

    ' C: Y-nviC^% or TTj^f'tts the rest: the place is called V-nixaif)


    B. ii. -23-2, n^Q// s; A. xx. 118.

    * We may suspect exaggeration. There were 204 towns


    588
    JEWISH WAR, III. 43-48

    that the smallest of them contains above fifteen


    thousand inhabitants."
    (3) In short, if Galilee, in superficial area, must be Peraea.
    reckoned inferior to Peraea, it must be given the
    preference for its abundant resources for it is en-
    ;

    tn-ely under cultivation and produces crops from one


    end to the other, whereas Peraea, though far more
    extensive, is for the most part desert and rugged
    and too wild to bring tender fruits to maturity.^
    However, there, too, there are tracts of finer soil
    which are productive of every species of crop ;and
    the plains are covered with a variety of trees, olive,
    vine, and palm being those principally cultivated.
    The country is watered by torrents descending from
    the mountains and by springs which never dry up and
    provide sufficient moisture when the torrents dwindle
    in the dog-days. Peraea extends in length from
    Machaerus to Pella,^ in breadth from Philadelphia "
    to the Jordan. The northern frontier is Pella, which
    we have just mentioned, the western frontier is the
    Jordan ;on the south it is bounded by the land of
    Moab, on the east by Arabia, Heshbonitis, Phil-
    adelphia, and Gerasa.
    (4) The province of Samaria lies between Galilee Samaria
    ^"^'
    and Judaea beginning at the village of Ginaea ^ "
    ;
    '

    situate in the Great Plain, it terminates at the


    and villages in Ga]\\ee {Vita 235); the largest village was
    Japha {ib. 230), the largest town Sepphoris {ib. 232).
    " Including Machaerus, but excluding Pella (mod. Fahil)
    which was in Decapolis: Peraea is the Jewish province, not
    comprising the northern trans-Jordanic region (Decapolis).
    " The O.T. Rabbah of Ammon, called Philadelphia after

    Ptolemy II Philadelphus, modern Amman it was in Deca-


    ;

    polis, but a neighbouring village was the scene of a bloody


    boundary dispute between its citizens and the Peraean Jews
    {A. XX. 2). ^ CJ\ B. ii. 232 (Gema).

    589
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ovofia Kco(jLr]<; eTTiArjyct T77? WKpap€rr]va)V tott-
    apx^os' 4>VGLi' he r-q? 'louSata? /car' ovSeu 8ta-
    49 (f)opo?. diJi(f)6r€paL yap opewal Kal TrehidSe?, et?
    T€ yecjjpyiav jxaXdaKal Kal rroXvcjiopoi, Kardhevhpoi
    re Kal OTTcopa? opetvrjg Kal -qfiepov fiearai, Trap*
    ooov ovhafjiou <f)va€L Sti/ra8e?, vovrai Se to irXiov
    50 yXvKV 8e vap^a Trdv Sta^opco? eV aurat?, /cat 8ta
    TrXrjdo? TToas dyaOrj? rd Krrjvq irXeov 7) Trap*
    aAAot? yaXaKTO(f>6pa. iieyiorov ye pirjv reKpn^piov
    dperrjs Kal evdrjVLa? rd TrXrjdveiv dvhpojv eKarepav.
    51 (5) ^leBopios 8' avrojv r) Wvovddov Bdp/catos"
    TTpoGayopevofJievrj Ka)f.Lrj- Trepas avrrj rrj? 'louSatas"
    rd TTpds ^opeav, rd voria 8' avrrjs eTrl iJirJKog
    IJLerpovpLevr)<; opileL TrpooKvpovaa rolg ^Apdpojv
    dpoLS KOjp.rj, KaXovGi 8' avrrjv 'Iap8ai^^ ol rfjhe
    ^lovhaloL. evpds ye pLrjv (itto *\opSdvov noTajiov
    52 pLexpi-? ^loTTTTi-js dvaTTeTTTarai. pLeoaiTdrr) 8' avrrjs
    ttoXls rd '\epoo6Xvp.a
    Kel-r at, rrap^ o Kal rive? ovk

    doKOTTOJS rd dorv tt^c -^wpag eKaXeoav


    ojJLcfyaXdv
    53 dcji-fip-qraL 8* ovSe rwv Ik BaXduo-qs repTTVojv rj
    'louSaia roLS TrapaXioLS KarareLVOvaa f^ie)(pL YlroXe-
    54 p^atdos. /xept^erat 8' el? evheKa KXiipov\las cjv ,

    * C : 'lopodi/ the rest.


    " South-east of Shechem.
    " The Lat. has " Anunath which is also called Borceas";
    Borcaeus is the modern Berkit, nine miles due south of
    Shechem. Or, perhaps, " at its greatest length."'
    "^

    •*
    Or larda perhaps the modern Tdl Arad, sixteen mile
    :

    nearly due south of Hebron.


    * Strictly, rather to the north-east of the centre of Judaea.

    The usual Rabbinic tradition, however, was that (like Delphi


    to the Greek) Jerusalem was the navel (tabur) of the whole
    world, a position assigned to it in some mediaeval maps.
    See the Book 0/ Jubilees ^ viii. 19," Mount Zion, the centre of
    590
    JEWISH WAR, III. 48-54

    toparchy of Acrabatene." Its character differs in no


    wise from that of Judaea. Both regions consist
    of hills and plains, yield a light and fertile soil for
    agriculture, are well wooded, and abound in fruits,
    both wild and cultivated both owe their productive-
    ;

    ness to the entire absence of dry deserts and to a


    rainfall for themost part abundant. All the running
    water has a singularly sweet taste and owing to the
    ;

    abundance of excellent grass the cattle yield more


    milk than in other districts. But the surest testi-
    mony to the virtues and thriving condition of the
    two countries is that both have a dense population.
    (5) On the frontier separating them hes the village Judaea.
    called AnuathBorcaeus, ''the northern limit of Judaea;
    its southern boundary, if one measures the country

    lengthwise, is marked by a village on the Arabian


    '^

    frontier, which the local Jews call lardan.*^ In


    breadth it stretches from the river Jordan to Joppa.
    The city of Jerusalem lies at its very centre,* for
    which reason the town has sometimes, not inaptly,
    been called the " navel " of the country. Judaea is,
    moreover, not cut off from the amenities of the sea,
    because it slopes down towards the coast on a ridge
    extending as far as Ptolemais.^ It is divided into
    the navel of the earth," Talm. Bab. Sanhedrin, 37 a, with
    other passages cited by Charles (on Jub. viii. 12) ; the idea
    was based, inter alia^ on Ezek. xxxviii. 12.
    fA difficult clause. Not " having a coast extending as
    far as Ptolemais," for the maritime plain was not in Jewish
    possession; and Ptolemais, in Phoenician territory, was far
    north, not only of Judaea, but of Samaria. The reference,
    it seems, is to the central mountain chain, which, sloping
    westwards to the Mediterranean and extending northwards
    rhrough the Judaean plateau and Mt. Ephraim, terminates
    in Mt. Carmel, a little south of Ptolemais perhaps also to
    ;

    the view obtainable therefrom.


    551
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    apx^i ftev ^aoiXeiov to. 'lepoaoAu/xa -npoanoxovGa
    rrjg TTeptOLKOv Trdarig cjOTrep tj K€(f)aX-q aco/xaros"
    at Aot77at 8e /ner' avrrfv hirjprjVTaL^ ra? roTrapXi'O.?,
    55 Fo^i'a hevrepa Kal /xera ravrr^i/ 'A/cpa^era,
    0a/xi^a 77po? xat Au88a, 'A/x/Aaous" '<oit
    rai/rat?
    rieAAry Kat 'ISou/xata /cat 'Ei^yaSSat Kat 'HptoSetov
    56 Kat 'lepLXOu?- fjced' ag 'la/xi^eta Kat ^Iottttt] tcov
    TTepLOLKCxJV d(f)rjyovvraL, kolttl raurat? rj re Fa/xa-
    XiTLKr] Kal FauAai'tTt^ Barai^ata re Kal Tpap^w
    vtTts", at Kat rrjs WypinTTa ^auiXeias etcrt /xotpat.
    57 dpxofJLevT] he aTTO At^dvov opovs Kal rwv \opoavov
    7Tr]ya)v rj
    X^P^ I^^XP^ '^V^ npos Tt/Septa8t' Xlfivrj^
    evpvveraL, diro 8e Kcofjur]? KaAou/xevry? 'Ap^as"
    fjLexpi-? 'louAtaSo? eKTeiverai to fxrJKO?. olkovctl
    58 8' avrrjv /xtya8e? 'Iou8atot re Kat "LvpOL. rd fxev
    Br] TTepl rrjs 'louSattoi^ re Kal Trepi^ X^'V^^ ^5"
    ei'-T^i' fidXiara GvvrofjLws aTrrjyyeXKajJLev

    59 (iv. 1) 'H 8' v7t6 OveoTTaoLavov TrejiSdeloa


    Y^eTT^ajpirais ^or]6eia, ;)(tAtote^aKio-
    piev LTnrels
    xiXioi he FIAaKtSof ;)(tAtap;(OUVTO? avrcju,
    TTeLoL,
    iv ro) p,eydXcp rrehioj arparoTTehevadfievoL 8i-
    aipovvrai, Kal rd jiev rret,dv iv rfj TToXet rtpds
    (f)vXaKr)v avrrjs, ro 8' lttttlkov inl rrjs TrapepL^oXrjs
    1 Kara has possibly dropped out.
    * wpbs Ti/3epid5i Niese: npos Ti^epidoa or Tt/3eptd5os the rest.

    " Or " allotments."\'iewed from the Jewish standpoint


    they are B. v. 160 r? 'E^paiuv KXrjpovxia and
    K\rjpovxta.i (cf.
    often in A. of the allotments of the tribes in Canaan), from
    the Roman standpoint, for administrative and revenue-
    coilectinfT purposes, roTrapxta'. Pliny, Hint. yat. v. 14. 70.
    mentions the division of Judaea into ten toparchies he omits ;

    Idumaea and Engaddi, inserts Joppa (incorrectly), and sub-


    592
    JEWISH WAR, III. 54-59

    eleven among which Jerusalem as the


    districts,'^
    capital supreme, dominating all the neighbour-
    is

    hood as the head towers above the body in the case ;

    of the other minor districts the divisions coincide


    with the toparchies. Gophna is the second, then
    come Acrabeta, Thamna, Lydda, Emmaus, Pella,^
    Idumaea, Engaddi, Herodion, and Jericho. To these
    must be added ^ Jamnia and Joppa, which have
    jurisdiction over the surrounding localities, and lastly
    the territories of Gamala, Gaulanitis, Batanaea, and
    Trachonitis, which form, moreover, part of Agrippa's Kingdom
    ^^'"^^^
    kingdom. That kingdom, beginning at Mount
    Libanus and the sources of the Jordan, extends in
    breadth^ to the lake of Tiberias, and in length'' from
    a village called Arpha^ to Julias^; it contains a
    mixed population of Jews and Syrians. Such, in
    briefest possible outline, is my description of the
    country of the Jews and of their neighbours.

    (iv. 1) The supports sent by Vespasian to the people The Roms


    of Sepphoris ^ consisted of a thousand cavalry and lepphods
    six thousand infantry under the command of the ravages
    tribune Placidus the troops at first camped in the
    ;

    Great Plain and then divided, the infantry taking up


    quarters in the town for its protection, the cavalry
    ;titutes(correct]v)for Fella Betholethephene(= Bethleptepha,
    8. iv. 445).
    " See previous note.
    " Josephus here appends to the four main provinces of
    Jewish territory (1) the onlj^ two maritime towns whose
    )opulation was predominantly Jewish, (2) Agrippa's king-
    lorn in the north, also containing a large Jewish element.
    **
    From north to south. * From east to w'est.
    ' Unidentified (east of Trachonitis).
    " Bethsaida Julias at the head of the Sea of Galilee.

    * Resuming the narrative of


    §§ 33 f.
    593
    JOSEPHUS
    60 avXiLerai. T7po'i6vT€<; Se eKarepajdev uvvexoJ? ko.1

    TO. rrepi^ Try? )(ojpa<; Kararpexovre? /xeyaAa rot'S"

    776/31 Tov ^IcucjrjTTOV iKfiKovv, drpefJLOUVTOL'i re Kara


    TToAet?^ e^codev Xr]l6(i€V0L Kal TrpoOlovras orrore
    61 dapp-qoeiav dvaKOTTTOvres - ajp/JL-qae ye fA,r]v *I(j6-

    Gl)7TOS €771 TT)V TToXlV alprja€LV iXTTLGa?, T^V aVTOS


    TTplv OLTTOcrTrjuai TaXiXalcoi' erelxi-CFev, cu? kol
    'PcDfiaLOig SvcfolXojtoi' elvai- Sio Kal rrj? €A77t8o?
    dcfy-qfiaprev, rov re ^idteodai /cat rov fieTaneideiv
    62 Z€77<^copiTa? do6ev€Gr€po^ evpedelg. -napw^vvev
    5e lidXXov Tov TToXejJiov irrl r-qv x^P*^^'* '<^'' ovt€
    vvKTOjp ovre /X€^' rjf.L€pav opyfj rrjg €7TL^oXrj<;^ ol
    'PcofxaloL hieXiTTOi' hrjovpre? avrtov rd TreSta /cat

    5tap77a^ovT€S' rd irrl rfjs x^'^P^^ KT-t^fiara, Kal


    Kreivovres /xei' act to /i,d;(i/xoi^, di'8pa77o8i^d/xei'ot
    63 8e 77upi he tj FaAiAata Kal ai/LtaTt
    Tou? dcr^erei?.
    TTeTrXrjpojTondua, TrdOovs re ovhevos r) GVfji(f)opds
    d776ipaTO? 171' /xta yap KaTa(f)vyrj hiajKOfJievoLS ai
    VTTO rov ^IcoGTjTTov TeiXiadelaaL TToXets rJGav.
    64 '0 Se TtTO? TTepaLOjdels d-TTO rrjs 'A;(atas
    (2)

    ei? rr^v WXe^avSpeuav cLKvrepov rj Kara ;\;£t/xtoi'OS

    wpav, rtapaXajJL^dvei jiev i<f>^ rjv eGraXro SvvajJLLV.


    Gvvrovco he ;^p6up.€ros" vopeia hid rdxovs els
    65 riToAe/Lia^Sa dcbiKvelrai. /cd/cet KaraXa^cjv rdi
    rrarepa hvGl rols dfia avrco rdy/JLaGLV, rju he rd
    emGTjiiorara rd rreyirrrov Kal rd heKarov, levyvuGi
    66 rd dxOev utt' auTOU 77ei'Te/<ai8e/<:aToi'. TOUTOts

    * text Niese: drpfMoC^ra rds re TroXetj most MSS.


    * Destinon : (Tri^ovMjs mss.

    594.
    JEWISH WAR, III. 60-66

    jmaining in camp. Both divisions made constant


    lilies and overran the surrounding country, causing
    mous trouble to Josephus and his men if the latter :

    miained stationary in their cities, the Romans


    ivaged the surrounding district whenever they;

    entured out, the Romans beat them back. Josephus


    id, in fact, attempt an assault on the city in hopes

    f capturing it, although he had himself, before it Josephus


    bandoned the Gahlaean cause, so strongly fortified J-Siy*^^^^^
    as to render it practically impregnable even to the attacks

    omans consequently his hopes were foiled and he


    ;

    »und it beyond his power either to compel or to


    3rsuade Sepphoris to surrender." Indeed he drew
    nvn fiercer hostilities upon the country for the ;

    omans, enraged at his enterprise, never ceased,


    ght or day, to devastate the plains and to pillage
    e property of the country-folk, invariably killing
    I capable of bearing arms and reducing the in-
    Scient to servitude. Galilee from end to end
    came a scene of fire and blood from no misery, ;

    calamity was it exempt the one refuge for


    ;

    hunted inhabitants was in the cities fortified


    Josephus.
    (2) Meanwhile Titus,^ after a swifter passage from Titus joins
    haia to Alexandria than is usual in the winter ^^^P^^^^^^
    ason, had taken command of the forces which he
    d been sent to fetch, and by a forced march soon
    iched Ptolemais. There he found his father with i^otai
    two legions, the most distinguished of all, the
    ;
    °^
    jf^'^^^s*^^

    :h and the tenth, and now united to them the forces.

    :eenth which he had brought himself. These

    A similar, though apparently distinct, attack of Josephus


    Sepphoris {before the arrival of Vespasian) is recorded in
    ta 395 ff. " § 8.

    595
    JOSEPHUS
    €L7Tovro oKTOJKaiheKa OTTelpaL' Ttpoaeyevovro 8-
    Kot KaLoapetas rtevre kol LTTTrecov lXtj (Ma
    aiTO
    67 77 e'l-re 8' erepac tow oltto ^vpla? iTTTTeujv. rcov 8
    GTTeLpojv at 8eVa puev etxov dva ^(tAtous" Tre^ous
    at 8e AotTrat SeKarpel? dua l^aKooiovs ^t€v Tre^ous
    68 LTT—eU 8e eVarov etVoatt'. crL';(;i^ov' 8e /cat Trap
    Toji' ^aatXeojv ouvrj)^drj aviiiJiaxi-Kov, Wvtloxov [jlc

    /cat AypLTTTTa /cat ^oaip^ov TrapaGxofjieuojv av


    8to-;)(tAtou? TreCous" ro^oras- /cat ;;(iAi'ous' LTnTel?, to
    be "Apa^os y\dX)(ou )(iXlov? TTefjuhavTO? l7T7T€'l? eV
    77-€^Ot? TTeVTaKLGXi-XiOLS y djV TO TtXcOV TjOaV TO^OTa
    69 (L? TTjv Tidoav SvvajjiLv avve^apLdjjLovfievojv to.

    ^aaiXiKOJV LTTTreas t€ /cat tte^ovs et? €^ ddpoit^eadt


    /i.upta8a? 8t;)(a deparroi'TOJV, ol Tra/xTrAr^^et? /x«

    etT7oi'ro, 8td 8e GVvdGKTjGLV TToXepiiKrjV ovk c

    dTTOTdoGOLVTO Tov /xa;)^t/xoL', /cara /xev elprjvr^v *

    Tals /LteAeTats" toji' SeGTTOTcbv det oTpecj^ofievo


    GVyKLvSvV€VOVT€S 8' cV TToXe/JLOLg, OJS p-rp"^ €p,7T€Lpt

    p.rjT^ dXKTJ TLV09 TtXt^V TOjy ScGTTOTCOV IXaTTOvodo

    70 (v. l) \\dv TOVTO) ^€u ovi' davp^doat rt? (

    'PojpLaiojv TO 7TpopLi]des, KaTaGK€vat,opi€va>v iavTo


    TO OLK€TLk6v OV pLOl'OV €iS TO.? TOV ^LOV hiaKOvU
    71 dAAd /cat Trpos Tovg TToXep^ovs xp-qGipiOV el he t .

    avTOJV /cat els ttjv dXXrjv ovvTa^tv ttjs GTparu

    ° The cohort was the tenth part of a legion, norma]


    numbering about 600 men.
    * Antiochus IV^, king of Commagene ; vSoemus, king
    Eme.sa(R ii. 500f.).
    ' The items supplied work out at not far short of tl
    figure. An exact computation is impossible owing to u
    596
    JEWISH WAR, III. 66-71

    egions were accompanied by eighteen cohorts " ;


    ive more cohorts with one squadron of cavalry came
    :o join them from Gaesarea, and five squadrons of
    3avalry from Syria. Of the twenty-three cohorts,
    :en numbered each a thousand infantry, the remain-
    ng thirteen had each a strength of six hundred
    nfantry and a hundred and twenty cavalry. A
    urther considerable force of auxiliaries had been
    nustered by the kings Antiochus, Agrippa, and
    5oaemus,'' each of whom furnished two thousand
    mmounted bowmen and a thousand cavalry the ;

    Vrab Malchus sent a thousand cavalry and five


    housand infantry, mainly bowmen. Thus the total
    trength of the forces, horse and foot, including the
    ontingentsof the kings, amounted to sixty thousand,''
    iithout counting the servants who followed in vast
    umbers and may properly be included in the cate-
    ory of combatants, whose military training they
    hared for, taking part in peace time in all their
    ;

    lasters' manoeuvres and in war time in their dangers,


    hey yielded to none but them in skill and prowess.

    (v. 1) One cannot but admire the forethought Digression


    tiown in this particular by the Romans, in making r" maii
    iieirservant class useful to them not only for the a™y.
    n'nistrations of ordinary life but also for war. If
    ne goes on to study the organization of their army '^

    squadrons (alae) of cavalry,


    irtainty as to the strength of the
    he legion= about G120 men. If the alae are reckoned at
    30 men each, the total is 55,720; if at 1000 men, it amounts
    ) 58,7i0.
    This remarkable ctiapter, a first-rate authority on the
    ^

    Oman army in the first century, should be compared with


    )e passage which probably suggested it —
    the more detailed
    igression of Polybius (vi. 19-42) on the army of three
    ^nturies earlier.

    597
    JOSEPHUS
    OLTrihoL, yi'o'joerai ttjv roGrjvbe rjy€yiOViav avrov
    72 dperrjg Kri^fxa e^ovras, ov bojpov rv-^^rjs- ov ya
    aVTols OLPXV '^^^ OTtXojV [6 j TToXeiJLO?, Ou8* €77

    jjLovag TO.? ;)^p6tas' to* X^^P^ klvovolv iv elp'qv


    TTpoTjpyrjKOTe?, dAA' ojoTrep cjTJ/LtTre^uaroTes' TOt
    ottXols ovheTTore ttj? aGKYjoecos XapL^dvovGcv €Ke
    73 x^tptai^ ovSe dvafievovGiv rovg Kaipov?. at fJLeXerc
    §' ai^Tors" oudev tt]? Kara. dXrjdeLav evrovia
    dTTohiovGLV, dXX eKaGros oary/xepat GrparLcorr^
    TTaGT} TTpcOvfMLa KaOdrrep iv TToXe/jLco yvpuvdi^eTa
    74 8t6 Kov(f)6Tara rds fidxci? hta^epovGiv ovre yd
    dra^la hiaGKthviqGiv ainovs citto rrjs ev edeC gvi
    TGL^eCU?, OVT€ hiog i^LGTTjGLV, OVT€ haTTaVO. TTOVO
    €7T€TaL Se TO Kpareiv del Kara raju ovx ofioia
    15 /Se/Satov. Kal ovk dv dfidproL Tt? eLTTOJU ra? fi*

    fjieXerag aincov ;\;c(jpts" alp.aros Trapard^eis, re


    76 7Tapard^€L£ 8e jied^ alfxaros fjLeXerag. ovbe yc
    i^ eTTL^pofi-qg evdXcoroL TToXepLLOLS' oirrj 8' (

    ijjL^dXajGLU eiV ixOpoju yrji^, ov Trplv dnrovri


    77 iid)(rjs Tj T€LXLGaL GrparoTredou. to Se ovk eiKau
    ovhk dv<jjp.aXov iyeipovGLV, ovde rrdvres t} aTa/CTO
    8iaAa/3di^T€?, dAA' ei pikv dvcu/xaAo? wv rvX'
    Xdjpo?, e^ofxaXiLeraL- Sta/xeTpetTat Se TTap€p,fio}
    78 Terpdyajuo? avrol?. Kal reKTOvcov TrXrjdog erren
    ribv re 77po? Tryi^ hopLiqGLV epyaXelcop.^
    79 (2) Kat TO /Ltei' euSov €t? GKrjvd<^ StaAa/zjSc

    * rd Tf . . . ^pya\ela M\Ke'.

    " Poly bi US, vi. 4:2, contrasts the practice of Greeks an (.

    598
    JEWISH WAR, III. 71-79

    as a whole, be seen that this vast empire of


    it will
    theirs has come
    to them as the prize of valour, and
    not as a gift of fortune.
    For their nation does not wait for the outbreak of Their
    war to give men their first lesson in arms they do not Sce"tfmf ;

    sit with folded hands in peace time only to put them


    in motion in the hour of need. On the contrary, as
    though they had been born with weapons in hand,
    they never have a truce from training, never wait
    for emergencies to arise. Moreover, their peace
    manoeuvres are no less strenuous than veritable
    warfare each soldier daily throws all his energy into
    ;

    his drill, as though he were in action. Hence that


    perfect ease with which they sustain the shock of
    battle no confusion breaks their customary forma-
    :

    tion, no panic paralyses, no fatigue exhausts them ;

    and as their opponents cannot match these qualities,


    victory is the invariable and certain consequence.
    Indeed, it would not be wrong to describe their
    manoeuvres as bloodless combats and their combats
    as sanguinary manoeuvres.
    The Romans never lay themselves open to a sur- The camp
    '

    prise attack for, whatever hostile territory they co^nstruc-


    ;

    may invade, they engage in no battle until they have ^ioQ-


    fortified their camp. This camp is not erected at
    random or unevenly they do not all work at once
    ;

    jr in disorderly parties ; if the ground is uneven, it


    is first levelled " a site for the camp is then measured
    ;

    ut in the form of a square. For this purpose the


    y is accompanied by a multitude of workmen and
    :)f tools for building.
    (2) The interior of the camp is divided into rows

    Romans in constructing a camp ; the former follow the lie


    af the ground and spare themselves the trouble of entrenching.
    599
    JOSEPHUS
    vovGLU, 8' o kvkXo? rei^ovs o^iv e7Te';\;et,
    e^ajdeu
    80 TT-u'pyots"loov e^
    hLaoTriiiaro<; KeKOGfi-qfJievog. IttI

    he rojv fxeraTTvpyiOju rovs t€ o^u/SeAet? /cat Kara-


    TTeXrag /cat Xido^oXa /cat 77ai' dcherrjpLOv opyavov
    81 TideaoLVy Travra Tipos ras ^oAa? eroL/xa. nvXaL
    Se et'ot/coSo/zoOvrat reoaapes /ca^' eKaorov rod
    TrepijSoAou KXijjLa, rrpos re elaoSovs tcjv V7Tol,vyicjjv
    €U/Ltapet? /cat 77/30? ra? lKhpoiia<^ avrcov, el Kar-
    82 eTTelyoL, nXarelai. pvpLoroixovac 8' evhiaOeTOJs etaa)
    TO orparoTTeSou, /cat fJLeoa^ jxev ras rojv rjyejjLovoju
    OKTji'as ridevraiy {JLeoatrarov be rovrcuu to orpar-q
    83 ytov- i^aoj TrapaTrXrjOLOv cjorrep he ev oxehloj ttoAi?
    /cat dyopd rt? drroheLKVUTaL /cat ;\;etpoTe;(i^at?

    •X^ojpiov, dojKOL Te Xoxayol? /cat Ta^idp\OL<;, otttj


    84 St/cci^otei^, €t Tti^e? htacfyepoLi^TO. TeL\Lt,eTai he 6
    Tjepi^oXos /cat to. ei' ai^ro) Trdvra daTTOv eTTLVoias
    TrXrjdeL Kal errLarrjfjLr^ tcou ttovovvtojv el S' erreiyoi
    Kol Td(f)pog e^coOev Ttept^dXXeraL, ^ddo? Terpd-
    TTTjxv? /cat evpo^ lor].

    (3) ^pa^dfievoL
    8' auAtijOP'Tat /cara cuvra^ets
    85
    eKOGTOL fjLed^ TjGvx^Oi? Te /cat KoopLOu. TxdvTa 8
    auTOt? Kat rdAAa /xer' eurafia? dvveraL Kal dG(f)a-
    Aeta?, ^vXeta Te kol eviOLTiop,6s el heoivTo, /ca. ,

    86 vhpela /cara ovvrd^eis e/caaTOt?. oi)8e ya/3 8et77i^oi


    •^ dpLGTOv, OTTOTe deXrjGeiau, aine^ovGiov e/cacTTOJ
    Trdati' 8' ofjLov, tov^ re vttvov^ avTols /cat rds
    (^uAa/cdi Kat Ta? i^eyepoei'^ aaA77tyye? tt/jo

    " o^i'/SfXets and /caraTrArat, species of c«^(7/)?///af, mechanica


    contrivances for discharging arrows by means of a wind
    lass \i6o3o\a, ballistae, for discharging stones with higl
    :

    angle tire.
    * The praetorium,

    600
    :

    JEWISH WAR, III. 79-86

    of tents. The exterior circuit presents the appear-


    ance of a wall and is furnished with towers at regular
    intervals and on the spaces between the towers are
    ;

    placed " quick-firers," catapults, " stone-throwers," "


    and every variety of artillery engines, all ready for
    use. In this surrounding wall are set four gates, one
    on each side, spacious enough for beasts of burden
    to enter without difficulty and wide enough for sallies
    of troops in emergencies. The camp is intersected
    by streets symmetrically laid out in the middle are ;

    the tents of the officers, and precisely in the centre


    the headquarters of the commander-in-chief,^ re-
    sembling a small temple. Thus, as it were, an
    improvised city springs up,*^ with its market-place,
    its artisan quarter, its seats of judgement, where

    captains and colonels adjudicate upon any differ-


    '^

    ences which may arise. The outer wall and all the
    buildings within are completed quicker than thought,
    50 numerous and skilled are the workmen. In case
    3f need, the camp is further surrounded by a fosse,
    four cubits deep and of equal breadth.
    (3) Once entrenched, the soldiers take up their Daily
    ][uarters in their tents by companies, quietly and in
    fff"^/" ^ani
    yood order. All their fatigue duties are performed
    .vith the same discipline, the same regard for security
    ;he procuring of wood, food-supphes, and water, as
    •equired —
    each party has its allotted task. The
    lour for supper and breakfast is not left to individual
    liscretion all take their meals together.
    : The hours
    or sleep, sentinel-duty, and rising, are announced
    " Cf. Polyb. vi. 31 6 fxev ds dyopav yiueTai. roiros 6 5' 'irepos
    (^ Tf Taf.LLii(p . . . TToXet Trapair^rjalav ('^ft ttjv biadecnv.
    **
    centurions (Xoxos = a century ii. 63) and
    Perhaps
    ribunes (Reinach). But Ta^iapxoi appear to be distin-
    •uished from x'^^ctpxo' in § 87 and in A. vii. 26.
    601
    JOSEPHUS
    GrjfjLaLVovGLV, ovd^ €G7LV 6 Tt yu'CTat SiX*^ Trap-
    87 ayyeA/xaro?. vtto he rrjv eoj to crTpartajTiKov /xev
    €771 eKaTovTap\a<; eKaoTot, Trpos Se tou?
    Toi)?
    XiXidp-)(ovs ovroi avviaoLV doTraaoiievoL, /.te^' dw
    -npos Tov Tj-yeiJLOi'a tujv oXojv ol ra^lapxoL TrdvTes
    88 o 8' auTot? TO T€ €^ eOovg GrjfjLelov Kal rdXXa
    TTapayyeXfxara StaStScoati^' hiacjyepeiv etV tous
    V7TOT€TayfjL€vov? . 8 Srj KaTTL 7Tapard^€(jj? Trpdr
    Tovre? €77 LOT p€(f)ovT at T€ Tax^oj? , Iva^ Scot, /cat

    7rp6? TQ? €(f)66ov9 avroL?^ Kal rrpos tq? dvaMrArJcreis


    VTTOXOjpOVOLV ddpOOL.
    80 (4) 'E^teVat Se tol! uTparoTreSov heov vtto-
    Gr]jjLaLV€L fiev rj odXTTiy^, r]pep,el 8' ou8ei?, ciAA
    d/xa vevfjiaTL Tct? /xev OKiqvds dvaipovrnv , irdvra 8
    90 i^aprvovTai npo'^ rrjv €^ohoi'. Kal TrdXiv a
    crdA/Tiyye? VTTocr-qfiaivovatv TrapeuKevdadaL. ol 8
    eV Td;(€t Tot? Te dpeucra' Kal tol? vnotvyioi^
    iTndlvres T-qv aTTOGKevrjv loTaoLV ojoTT^p €(^'

    vavXriyo<; i^opfidu eroLpLOL, VTro—LpLTrpdaiv re rjhi

    rrjv TTapepL^oXrjV, oj? avrol? ptev ov pdhiov e/cei

    TTCiAti' TeLxiaaoBai, pLrj yevono 8' eKelvo Trore roZ


    91 TToXepiLOL? ^^'^ rplrov 8' d/xotcos'" a
    XPV^^H'^^-
    adATTtyye? TjpoarjpiaivovGiv rrjv e^ohov, inLGTrep
    XovGai TOV? 8t' aiTLav Tti'd ^pahvvavTa?, w? pi-

    92 Tts" drroXeLcpdeirj Irrjs j^ rd^eoj?. 6 T€ Krjpv^ dffio

    ' PAM: oi5u;<Tiv the rest.


    > RC = '*
    where": + a' the rest.
    « Text doubtful. v<p' P d0' Xaber.:

    5 om. Destinon (so apparently Lat.).


    • Havercamp with one ms. : 6fxu)% the rest.
    ' ins. Bekker with one ms.
    602
    JEWISH WAR, III. 86-92

    y the sound of the trumpet nothing is done without


    ;

    word of command. At daybreak the rank and file


    eport themselves to their respective centurions, the
    enturions go to salute the tribunes," the tribunes
    7ith all the officers ^ then wait on the commander-
    i-chief, and he gives them, according to custom, the
    •atchword and other orders to be communicated to
    he lower ranks. The same precision is maintained
    n the battle-field the troops wheel smartly round
    :

    1 the requisite direction, and, whether advancing to

    he attack or retreating, all move as a unit at the


    ord of command.
    (4^) When the camp is to be broken up, the trumpet Breaking

    Dunds a first call ^ at that none remain idle army on the


    ; :

    istantly, at this signal, they strike the tents and march.


    lake all ready for departure. The trumpets sound
    second call to prepare for the march at once they:

    ile their baggage on the mules and other beasts of

    arden and stand ready to start, hke runners breast-


    ig the cord on the race-course. They then set fire
    j) the encampment, both because they can easily
    )nstruct another [on the spot], and to prevent the
    lemy from ever making use of it. A third time the
    umpets give a similar signal for departure, to hasten
    le movements of stragglers, whatever the reason

    r their delay, and to ensure that none is out of his


    ace in the ranks. Then the herald, standing on
    " Cf. Polyb. vi. 36. 6 (at daybreak the inspectors of night-

    ntries report to the tribunes).


    * 7-a^tapxoi = either "officers" generally, including cen-
    rions and tribunes (Reinach), or perhaps " legates," i.e,
    mmanders of the legions, for which, however, ^irapxos is
    ed in § 310.
    Polybius, vi. 40, similarly describes three trumpet-calls
    fore the march (1) lower tents and collect baggage, (2)
    :

    d beasts of burden, (3) march.


    603
    josp:phus

    rco TToXeyiapxLO Trapaards , €t Trpo? TToXepiov €lgl


    eroLfjLOL, rfj Trarpico yXtvaar} Tpt9 dvaTTvuddveTai
    KOLKelvoL TOoavroLKLS di'TL^ocooiv ixeya tl /cat Trpo
    dufiov, eroL/jLOi Xeyovre? eluai, (f)6dvovoii^ be to
    errepajTcovTa, Kat tlvo? apr]LOV TTvevpLaros vtto
    TTLiiTrXdfxevoL ovve^aipovoiv rds he^ids.
    rfi ^ofj
    93 (5) "ETTetra TTpo'Covre? obevovawrjcrvxfj Kal /xct
    KOGfJLOv Trdi'res, warrep iv TToXefico rr]v ISiav rd^i
    €KaoTos (^vXdoGUJV OL i^iev 77e^ot dcopa^lv [re
    ,

    7r€(f)payfJL€voL Kal Kpdveoiv Kal p-a^a ipo(f)opovvr(i


    8'
    94 dp,4>oT4poj6€v. p^aKporepov ainoji' ro Xauc
    ^i(f>o^ TToXXuj' ro yap Kara ^toJ^ Se^tou (J7ndap.r^

    95 ov TrXeov e;\;et to p.rjKog. (fyepovuL S' ol p,€V 776/


    Toi' crrparrjyov cVtAe/CTOt ttc^oI Xoyxrjv Kal dcTTTtSi
    T) 3e XoLTrrj (f)dXay^ $V(jt6v re Kal Ovpeov eTTLfjL-qKt

    TTpos ols rrpiova Kal ko^lvov, dpuqv re Kal ireXeKV


    TTpos Se Lf-idi'Ta Kal hperravov Kal dXvoiv, r)p.€pa
    re TpLcou £<^6hLov' cu? oXiyov dTToheZv rcov d^Bi
    9g (f)opovvTa)v dplwv rov tt^i^ov. rot? Se Imreva
    pidxo-Lpa pi€v €K Se^Lwv /xa/cpa Krai kovtos in
    p,T^Ki]? eV X^^P^> dvpeo? Se rrapd TrXevpou lttttc
    TrXdyiog, Kal Kara ycopvrov Trapr^pri^vrai rpils
    TrXelovs aKOvres, rrXarelg piev alxpids, ovk dm
    heovre'i 8e hopdrojv pieyedo^' Kpdvr) 8e Kal dujpaK
    97 opiOLOJS rots TTitols aTTaaiv. ovhevl 8e ottXl
    hiaXXdrrovoLV ol rrepl rov orpanqyov eKKpir
    roji' €v TQi? tAat? LTmeojv. KXrjpo) 8e rCjv ra
    pidrcov del ro Xa^ov r^yelrai.

    ^ P: om. the rest.

    " About 9 inches. On the monuments this order


    reversed, the poniard {pugio) being on the left ; similai
    (504
    JEWISH WAR, III. 92-97

    he right of the war-lord, inquires three times in their


    lative tongue whether they are ready for war. Three
    imes they loudly and lustily shout in reply, " We
    re ready," some even anticipating the question and, ;

    rarked up to a kind of martial frenzy, they along


    viih the shout raise their right arms in the air.

    (5) Then they advance, all marching in silence and


    1 good order, each man keeping his place in the

    anks. as if in face of the enemy.


    The infantry are armed with cuirass and helmet and Arms and
    arry a sword on either side that on the left is far of 'in?£uitry
    ;

    le longer of the two, the dagger on the right being


    longer than a span.** The picked infantry, forming
    le general's guard, carry a lance * and round shield,''
    le regiments of the line a javehn and oblong '^

    uckler " the equipment of the latter further


    ;

    icludes a saw, a basket, a pick and an axe, not to


    ention a strap, a bill-hook, a chain and three days'
    tions, so that an infantry man is almost as heavily
    den as a pack-mule.
    The cavalry carry a large sword on their right side, and of
    !
    long pike in the hand, a buckler resting obliquely ^^^^ ^^'
    the horse's flank, and in a quiver slung beside
    em three or more darts with broad points and as
    ng as spears their helmets and cuirasses are the
    ;

    me as those worn by all the infantry. The select


    valry, forming the general's escort, are armed in
    ecisely the same manner as the ordinary troopers,
    le legion which is to lead the column is always
    lected by lot.^
    lybius, who omits the poniard, states that the sword is
    •rn on the right (vi. 23. 6).
    ' Hasta. " Parma. **
    P'dum. * Scutum.
    According to Polyb. vi. 40. 9 the order of march was
    itemed by a daily rotation.
    605
    J0SEPHU5
    98 (6) Totaurat jjLev ovv at 'Pcofj-aiajv TTopeZai 7
    Koi KaraXvaei?, Trpos 8e ottXcjjv Sia(/)opat, ouSe
    8e anpo^ovXevTov iv rat? jidxo.i'b ovhk avrc
    ux^^^ov dAAa yvcofjiri [JLev det Tzav-ro? epyov Trpodye
    ,

    99 rot? BoxOeiGL 8' eTzerat rd epya* 77ap' o k:(


    o(f)dXXovTaL jjL€v TjKLGra, Kav TTraioojcji hi, pahia
    100 dvaXap^^dvovGi rd o<f)dXixara. r^yovvrai re rd
    drro Tu;(7]? iTTLTevyfidrajv dpi€ivovs rd? eVt to
    TTpo^ovXevBeluLV Sta/xaprta?, d>? tou /xet' auT(
    fjidrov KaXov heXedlovro? el? dTrpofirjOetav, ri
    OK€lp€CO? Sc, Kav dTVXT]crj) TTori, TTpOS TO p
    101 ai)^i? KaXrjV ixovarj? pLeXer-qv Kal rcov p-kv avn
    pidrcov dyadojv ov rov Xa^ovra oltlov etvat, re
    8e TTapd yvcopLTjv TrpoaTreaovrcov GKvdpwTTOJV irapt
    pLvdlav TO ye TTpoorjKOUTOj^ ^e^ovXevodai.
    102 (7) YlapaGK€vdl,ovGL p-kv ovv iv rats' pLeXkra
    Tcov ottXcov ov rd GcvpiaTa pLovov dXXd Kal t>
    ifiv^ds dXKLpLovs, TipoGaGKOvvTai 8e /cat rdi <f>6^t
    103 ot re ydp vopLOL Trap* avTols ov XiTTOTa^iov pLov
    dXXd Kal paGTcovTjs oXLyrjs davaTLKOi, ol
    GTpaTYjyol Ta)V v6p,ojv <f>o^6pa)T€pOL- rat? yap 7Tp
    Tovg dyadovg rt/xat? pvovTai to' 8oKCti^ d)p
    104 TTpo? Tou? KoXat,opukvovs TOGOVTOV 8' auToip'
    .

    Tzpos" Toijs rjyepiova^ TreLdrjVLOv, cLs €v Te eiprj


    KOGpLov Kal inl TrapaTd^eco^ eu ocopia t k
    ehai,
    105 oXtjv GTpaTidv. ovtojs ainujv Gvva(f)€l^' pikv
    Ta^ei?, €VGTpo(f)OL 8* cIgIu at rrepLayojyai, d^ci
    8' d/coat p.kv 7rapayykXp.aGiv oipetg 8e G7]pLeL0 ,

    106 kpyoL? 8e ;)^etpe?. d^ei' hpaGai p-kv del rax^


    ^pahvraToi 8e Tradelv eiGLV, ovhi* eoTLV ottov gt
    ^ Tov Dindorf.
    2 L, cf, Lat. eopulati : da^aXeTj or dcpeXds the rest.
    606
    JEWISH WAR, III. 98-106

    (6) Such the routine of the Roman army on the


    is Tactics.

    narch and camp, such are the various arms which


    in
    ;hey bear. In battle nothing is done unadvisedly or
    eft to chance consideration invariably precedes
    :

    iction, and action conforms to the decision reached.


    Consequently the Romans rarely err, and, if they do
    nake a sHp, easily repair their error. They consider,
    noreover, that a well-concerted plan, even if it ends
    n failure, is preferable to a happy stroke of fortune,
    )ecause accidental success is a temptation to im-
    )rovidence, whereas deliberation, though occasionally
    bllowed by misfortunes, teaches the useful lesson
    low to avoid their recurrence. They further reflect
    hat one who profits by a happy accident can take no
    redit for it, while disasters which occur contrary to
    11 calculations leave one at least the consolation that

    10 proper precautions were neglected.

    (7) By their military exercises the Romans instil


    Discipline.

    ito their soldiers fortitude not only of body but also


    f soul ; fear, too, plays its part in their training,
    'or they have laws which punish with death not
    lerely desertion of the ranks, but even a slight
    eglect of duty and their generals are held in even
    ;

    reater awe than the laws. For the high honours


    ^ith which they reward the brave prevent the
    ffenders whom they punish from regarding them-
    elves as treated cruelly.
    This perfect discipline makes the army an orna- Rome owea
    lent of peace-time and in war welds the whole into Jo^jfs"^*'^'^
    single body so compact are their ranks, so alert efficient
    ;

    leir movements in wheeling to right or left, so


    uick their ears for orders, their eyes for signals, their
    ands to act upon them. Prompt as they conse-
    uently ever are in action, none are slower than they

    607
    1

    JOSEPHUS
    devTe?^ ri TrXrjdou? rjoarjdriaav t) arpaTrjyqiJidTCOl
    Tj hvGX(x>pia<; , dAA' ovhk rvxrj?' Kal yap ravrr)
    l(i7 auTot? TO ovu ^ovXr
    Kparelu jSe/Saiorepop'. of?
    p-eu o.p\€.i ^e^ovXev-
    TTpd^eoj?,^ crreTat 8e toI?
    piivois orparos ovtoj Spaor-qpLO?, ri davpLaarov
    el TrpOi eoj pL€v ^v^pdr-qs t oJKeavos Se rrpo
    ioTTepav, pLea-qpL^ptuov 8e AtjSur)? to Tnorarov
    Kal rrpos dpKrov "lorpo? re /cat ^Prjuo? rrj
    Tj-yepLovia? opoi; Seoi^roj? yap dv ri^ €L7tol r :

    KrfjpLa rwv KT-qGapievcou eXaaoov.


    108 (8) Tavra p,€v ovv dLe^rjXdou ou 'PajpLatov
    eVatveVat Trpoaipovpi^evos roaoOrou, ooov €t9 t
    TTapapLvdiav rajv Kex^LpojpLeuojv Kal et? aTTorpoTTr]
    109 rwv veajTepit^ovrajv €117 8* dv rols dyvoovoiv Ta
    (^lAo/caAouvTcov' Kal npog epLTreipLa? 77 dyojyrj rr
    'PojpiaLOju oTpand?. iTrdveLpn 8' odev irrl rav-

    110 (vi. 1) OvecTTTaaiavog pueu dpua rw Traihl Tir


    hiarpL^a>v Tea*? eV rfj fl to Ae/^tat8t oui^eTao'O'ev' tc
    Sfi^a/xet?, o Se Tryt^ FaAtAatai^ KaTaTpe\a>v WXc
    KTtdOb er7€t TToXv p-ev rrX-qdog durjprjK€L rdJv kotl
    Xap.^avopievtov , rovro 8' rjv to doOeuearcpov VaX
    1 1 Xatojv Kal Tat? (f>vyaL?^ eva7TOKdp.vov, opcjv «

    avpL(f)€vyou del to pLd)(Lp.ov et? tol? utto too Ia»cn

    '
    PAL: aiaTCLfTci the rest.
    2 TT a pa rdl^ecj J PAL.
    ^ M (margin) : (pvXaKai^ or \pvx°-'-'' the rest.

    * The motive here admitted is significant. As has be


    said elsewhere (vol. i. Introd. p. xi), the Jewish War,'^ penn
    in \"espasian's former palace by his pensioner, was probab
    of the nature of a manifesto inspired by his imperial patro
    608
    JEWISH WAR, III. 106-111

    n succumbing to suffering, and never have they been


    mown any predicament to be beaten by numbers,
    in
    )y ruse, by
    difficulties of ground, or even by fortune ;

    or they have more assurance of victory than


    )f fortune. Where counsel thus precedes active
    )perations, where the leaders' plan of campaign
    s followed up by so efficient an army, no wonder

    hat the Empire has extended its boundaries


    )n the east to the Euphrates, on the west to the
    (cean, on the south to the most fertile tracts of
    Jbya, on the north to the Ister and the Rhine. One
    aight say without exaggeration that, great as are
    heir possessions, the people that won them are
    reater still.

    (8) If I have dwelt at some length on this topic,


    ly intention was not so much to extol the Romans
    s to console those whom they have vanquished and
    D deter others who may be tempted to revolt.**
    'erhaps, too, any cultured readers ^ who are un-
    cquainted with the subject may profit by an account
    f the organization of the Roman army. 1 will now
    isume my narrative at the point where I digressed.

    Vespasian was detained for some time with


    (vi. 1) Unsuccess-
    is son Titus at Ptolemais, consolidating his forces. piacSj^j^ a
    leanwhile Placidus ^ was scouring Galilee and had Jotapata.

    ;gun by killing large numbers of those who fell into


    is hands, these being weak civilians who were ex-

    lusted by flight afterwards, observing that the


    :

    )mbatants always took refuge in the cities which


    id intended as a warning to the East of the futility of further
    •position." The danger of a rising of the Parthians or of
    e Jews of Babylon (ii. 388 f.) was a constant menace.
    rcDf (f)i\oKa\ovi'Twi' i cf. Polybius vi. 26. 12 rij ^dp oiircjs
    TI.V aTTfOtK'ws irpQS TO. Ka\a kt\. " § 39.

    VOL. U X 609
    JOSEPHUS
    7T0V TeLxi-odeLGas TToAetj ajpfi-qaeu errl rr]v 6-)(ypo)
    TOLTrjuavrcjv ^IwraTrdrau, olofxevo? i^ i(f)6Sov fj^e
    alpTiaeLV paStoj?, jxlya8e AcAe'os" avroj Trapa rot
    iiyepooLV KaK€LVOLS ocpeAog ei? Ta AoLTra Trap
    e^eiv TTpoGxcoprjGeLu yap Se'ei rag aAAa? 77oAet
    iriTr^s" Ka pT ep CUT drrjg olxopilvrig } ttoXv ye iirji> Si
    Yjixaprei' rrjg iX-idog' einovTa yap ainov ol 'Itora
    7Tarr]voL TrpoaLodofJievoL rrpo rrjg rroXecug Ik
    hexovTat, Kal rolg 'Poj/xatot? Gvppayevreg d^oK-qTOi
    TToAAot Kal TTpog fidxf]V eTOLfiOL, TTpodufioi re d>
    dv VTTep KLvSvuevovor)g TrarpiSos Kal yvvaiKCJV kg
    113 reVytoi^, TpeTTOVTaL rax^cos. Kal TToXXoug fie
    TiTpujGKOVGi tCjv 'Pojp.aLcou, CTTTa 8e dvaipouGi
    bid TO /x7JTe draKTOv avTOJV tt^v VTTOXojprjGi
    yeveGdat Kal rd? TrXrjydg eTTLTToXaiovg 7re(f)pay
    fjLeuojv rtdvTodev tujv GOjpidTojv, tovs re *\ovSaLOi
    rroppojBev ^dXXeiv TrXeoi' 7) GV/JL—XeKeGdai dappe\
    114 yvfxvriTag OTxAtTat?. eireoov he Kal tcoi> 'lofSata
    rpelg duhpeg Kal eTpojdriGav oXiyot. YlXdKiSog /X(
    ovu TTJg €771 rrju 77oAti' opfiqg dTovojTepog evpeOe
    cf)evyei.

    115 (~) OveG-aGtavog be


    ajpiiripuevos avTog ipcf^aXe ,

    els FaXiXalav e^eXavi^eu Trjg IlToAe/xatSc


    TYju
    Siara^a? ttju GTpaTidv odeveiv Kadd *Pa)/xato
    lie 6^0?. Tovg /xeV ye ipiXoug twv eTTiKovpojv ki j.

    To^-oras" TTpodyeiv eKeXevaeu, co? duaKOTTTOLev tc


    e^aTTLvaiovs rchv TioXepiiajv eVtSpo/xa? /cat 8
    epevvcuev rds VTTOTrTOv? Kal Xoxdodai bwafieuc -,

    vXag, OL9 Kal 'PajpLaloju oTrXtTLKrj pLoTpt


    etTTeTO
    IIT neioi T€ Kal LTirrelg. TOvroLg d(f)^ eKaGTiqg eKaTov,

    1 MVRC, cf. iv. 1-28: ix^tiiu-qs PAL.


    610
    JEWISH WAR, III. 111-117

    Josephus had fortified, he proceeded to attack the


    most formidable of them, Jotapata. He expected
    to have no difficulty in capturing it by a sudden
    assault, and thus to procure for himself a high
    reputation with his chiefs and for them a considerable
    advantage for the future campaign ;for, once the
    strongest town had fallen, terror would induce the
    'est to surrender. In this hope, however, he was
    greatly deceived. Forewarned of his approach, the
    Deople of Jotapata awaited his coming outside the
    own and burst unexpectedly upon the Romans.
    Being a large body, well prepared for battle, and
    :indled by the thought of the danger threatening
    heir native city, their wives and their children, they
    [uickly routed their opponents and wounded a large
    lumber of them. They killed no more than seven,
    •ecause the Romans retired in good order and, their
    odies being completely protected, received only
    uperficial wounds, while their Jewish assailants,
    ghtly equipped and opposed to heavy - armed
    3gulars, kept their distance and did not venture to
    3me to close quarters with them. The Jews on
    leir side had three killed and a few wounded,
    lacidus, thus finding himself too feeble for an assault
    n the town, beat a retreat.

    (2) But Vespasian, impatient to invade Galilee him- Vespasian


    If, now set out from Ptolemais, after drawing up his fnto^oa^inee

    'my for the march in the customary Roman order. Order of his
    u -T V 1 ^ J ^ J \
    army on th;
    he auxiliary light-armed troops and archers were march.
    ;nt in advance, to repel any sudden incursions of
    le enemy and to explore suspected woodland suited

    r the concealment of ambuscades. Next came a


    intingent of heavy-armed Roman soldiers, infantry
    id cavalry. They were followed by a detachment
    611
    JOSEPHUS
    apxlas rjKo)iOidouv ScK'a n^i^ re lavrCou OKCvrju
    118 Kai TO. /xerpa tt^? Trape/ijSoAr^S" <f)dpour€s, Kal ^er
    aVTOVS ohoTTGlOL TCL TC CTKoAia TT^b Xe(jJ<f)6pOV
    Karevdvveiv Kai x^afiaXovu ra Svo^ara Kal ras
    lpL7:ohiov£ vXa? TrpoapaKO—reLi', tug ixtj raXaLVCj-
    119 pair o hvoTTopovv ro OTpdreufMa. KaTortLU he rov-
    Tojv TQi 76 Ibiag Kal ras Tcjji' vri* avTov r\yep.6v(x>i

    era^ev d-ooKeua<; Kal ov)(i>ov£ IttI tovtol^ irpo


    120 doc^dXeiav tojv LTTrreoji'. p.eO^ ots avTog c^-qXavvei
    rov? re eTTiXeKTOvg rujv TreCojv Kal iTTTTeajv Ka
    Tou? Xoyxo(f)6povg e^ojv. elnero S' avrcp ro 'idioi
    rov rdyiJLaro? ltj-lkov Ihioi yap eKaorov rdy/jiaro
    121 elKOGL TTpog rolg eKarou IrtTreU. rovrois S
    rjKoXovdovv ol TQS" eXeTToXeig (j>epovre£ 6 pel? Ka
    122 rd XoLTid ixrj)(avrjpaTa. p.erd rovrov? -qyepove
    re Kal orreipojv e~ap)(^oi ovv )(^LXidp)(^OL£, eTTiXeKTOo
    123 TTepl G(j)d£ orpajLcora? e)(ovres' evrei-a at orjixaio
    TTepuGXOVoai rov derov, o? TravTog dp)^ei *Paj
    pacoLg rdypLaros ,
    ^aoiXevs re oiojucov aTrduroj
    Kal diXKLpLcorarog d'w o Sr/ Kal rfi<g -qyepLOvia
    reKpL-qptov avrolg Kal KXrjhu'jv, e(/)' ovs dv tcoatj
    124 rod KparijoeLV hoKel. rots he lepols rjKoXovOoi
    ol oaXr^LyKrai, Kal KaroTTiv avrojv rj <f)dXay^ r
    (TrL(f)0? els ff TrXarvvaoa. rovrotg Trapeirrero r
    eKar6vrap-)(Os l^ e6ov£ rrjv rd^LV eTTLOKOTTOVpievo luj

    125 ro 8* OLKerLKOv eKdorov rdyparos arrav ro'w^


    TTe^otS" eLTTero, rag dTTOGKevd? rcov orparLwru.
    €771 rot? opevoiv Kal rolg VTTo^vyloLg dyovre:

    6"12
    JEWISH WAR, III. 117-125

    composed of ten men from each century, carrying


    their own kit and the necessary instruments for
    marking out the camp after these came the
    ;

    pioneers to straighten sinuosities on the route, to


    level the rough places and to cut down obstructing
    woods, in order to spare the army the fatigues of a
    toilsome march. Behind these Vespasian posted his
    personal equipage and that of his lieutenants with a
    strong mounted escort to protect them. He himself
    rode behind with the pick of the infantry and cavalry
    and his guard of lancers. Then came the cavalry
    units of the legions for to each legion are attached
    ;

    a hundred and twenty horse. These were followed


    by the mules carrying the siege towers " and the other
    machines. Then came the legates, the prefects of
    the cohorts and the tribunes, with an escort of picked
    troops. Next the ensigns surrounding the eagle,
    which in the Roman army precedes every legion,
    Decause it is the king and the bravest of all the birds :

    t is regarded by them as the symbol of empire, and,

    A'hoever may be their adversaries, an omen of


    victory. These sacred emblems were followed by
    :he trumpeters, and behind them came the solid
    column, marching six abreast. A centurion, accord-
    ng to custom, accompanied them ^ to superintend
    he order of the ranks. Behind the infantry the
    ervants attached to each legion followed in a body,
    otjducting the mules and other beasts of burden
    vhich carried the soldiers' kit. At the end of the

    <•
    For carrying battering-rams: in iii. 230 the word
    XtTToXis seems to mean the battering-ram itself.
    Reinach thinks that a centurion for each legion must be
    ntended.
    613
    JOSEPHUS
    126 KaroTTLV §e Trdvrajv tujv Tayfxa-ojv 6 ^iadios 6)(Xos,

    of? ovpayol rrpos aCT(/)aAetav rjKoXovdovv Tre^ot re


    Kal OTiXlraL /cat tow lttttIojv av)(yoi.

    127 (3) OvTOJS oh^vaas OveoTtauiavos /^era rrjs

    hwdfiews els tov? opovs d(j)LKvelTai rrj? FaAt-


    Xaias, euSa KaTauTparoTTehevadpievos ojppLrjpLevovs

    et? TToXepLov Tous" GTparLojTag Karel\ev, eTTt-

    heLKvvp.ev6s re r7]v oTparidv etV KaraTrX-q^LV rots


    TToXepiiois Kal i^Leravoias Kaipov Sthovg, el Trpc

    lidxrjs p.era^dXoivTo- dp.a he Kal rrpos TToXiopKiai


    \2Htojv epvpLarow ^^rjprvero. fLerdvoLav [lev ovv rrjs

    drroGrdoeojs 6(f)6eL<; 6 oTpar-qyos ttoXXols eveip


    129 ydaaro, Kard—Xrj^Lv he ndaLV ol p,ev yap Trep

    Tov ^\ojGr)7Tov iarparoTTehevKores ovk aTrcodev rrj'.

    He7T(f)cupeajs [77apa ttoXlv Taplv KaXovpLevrjv \,^ eVe


    TrXrjGLdlovTa rov TroXefJLOV rJKOVGav ogov re ovtto
    TOV? 'Paj/xatou? GvpLpLL^ovra? G(^Iglv, ov p,6vo
    TTpo fidx'TjS, dXXd Kal rrplv Ihelv rovs exdpov
    1^0 htaGKLhvavraL Svyfj. KaraXeiTrerai 5' o ^Iojgtj

    TTOc /xer' dXlyojv, Kal Kanhdw cos ovre he^eGda


    Tovs TToXepiiOVS dpKerrjv exoi^ hvvapLLV Kal Txe

    nrojKOi rd (^povr]p,aTa twv ^\ovhaia>v acr/xei^ot t


    ar, et mGTevoLvro, ;;(Ojpot€i^ ol rrXelovs IttI GTTovhds
    131 ehehiei [lev rjhrj irepl rravros tov TToXejjLov, ror
    8' d>s TToppojTdTco ;)(Oj/)tCea^at rojy KLvhvvcov eKpi

    om. PAL Lat. ; perhaps a ploss from Vita 395, +12.


    2
    ?x^L P.M. I):

    • Apparently the rest of the auxiliary cohorts, of whom b

    614
    JEWISH WAR, III. 126-131

    column came the crowd of mercenaries,** and last of


    ill for security a rearguard composed of light and

    leavy infantry and a considerable body of cavalry.


    (3) Proceeding with his army in this order Ves- ip^^^^T?
    pasian reached the frontiers of Galilee. Here he his troops,
    established his camp and restrained the ardour of ^^j^g^?^^^°
    [lis soldiers, who were burning for the fray, being

    content to parade his forces before the enemy, with


    1 view to intimidating them and giving time for recon-
    sideration, if they wished, before an engagement, to
    iesert their friends^ At the same time he made
    ^reparations for besieging the strongholds. The
    general's appearance on the scene in fact aroused in
    nany regret for their revolt, and in all alarm. The
    roops under the command of Josephus, who were
    tamping beside a town called Garis, not far from
    jepphoris,*' discovering that the war was upon them,
    nd that they might at any moment be attacked by
    he Romans, dispersed and fled, not only before any
    ngagement, but before they had even seen their
    DCS. Josephus was left with a few companions ;

    e saw that he had not sufficient forces to await the


    nemy, that the Jews were crestfallen, and that the
    lajority of them, if they could gain the enemy's
    onfidence, would gladly capitulate. Already he
    ad fears for the ultimate issue of the war for the;

    loment he decided to remove as far as possible from

    3rtion only has been mentioned in § 116. Similarly, in


    olyb. vi. 40. 6-8, " the left wing of the auxiliaries " bring up
    le rear;* if an enemy attack in the rear is expected the
    picked auxiliaries " are transferred to that quarter from
    levan.
    " Or, perhaps, " come to a better frame of mind."
    Twenty furlongs from Sepphoris ( Vila 395, where Garis
    called a village).
    615
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    V€v, avaXa^ojv re^ tov? GvufjieLuaura? etV TiBepLaSa
    KaTa(l)€vyeL.
    132 (vii, 1) OveoTraoLauo? he rrj TroAct rcou ra^d-
    pojv^ eTTeXOoju alpel re Kara TrpajT-qv e(j)ohov av~i^v
    133 fxaxip-ou ttXtjOov? ep-qpLOV KaraXa^ow, Kal Trap-
    eXdojv etdcxj Tiavras rjfSrjbou dvaLpel /xr^Se^ttd^ rcoi
    'PcopLacajv rfXiKias eXeou TTOiovpievojv /xtcret [rep
    TTpOS TO €^1^0? KOI P-l^T^pLJ] TTJ? KaTOL TOV KcCTTtOI
    134 avTCJU TTapavopnas . €fx7TLpL7TprjOLU o ou pLovou avrrj}
    dXXd Kal Ta? Trept^ KcopLa? Trdaas re Ka
    rrjv ttoXlv,
    TToXix^'a?,a? /xei^ TTavTeXojg eKXeXeippiivas, eon
    8' as avro? i^aubpaTTohiLopLevog

    135 (2) '0 8' 'Jojary770? r)i^ 77po? da^aAeiav' elXer


    ttoXlv avTog iverrX-qoev heovg Kara(f)vyajv' ol yap
    aTTO TTJs TijSeptaSos- ovk di', el pi.r) Trpos to tto.
    dTTeyvcoKei top TroXep-ou, rpaTTrjvai rrore avro
    ]3r> ojovTO. Kal Kara rovro ye ov SLrjp.dprauov avro
    T7J? yvajpnqs' eojpa p-ev yap ttol peipei rd ^\ovhaiuj
    reXovs, Kal fnau avrwv fjoei owrrjpLau, et p-era
    137 (jdXoLUTo. avrog 6e Kaiirep ovyyvaiod-qaeodai Trap
    'PojpLaLOLg TrpoodoKOJV, dpctos reBvdvai p.dXXo
    elXero noXXaKis r] Kararrpohovs tt^v TrarptSa kc
    TTjv ifiTTLGrevOetGav avroj orpari^yiav v^ptaa
    138 evTvxelu Trap* ols TToXepn'iocov errep-^Or). ypd(f)ei
    ovv roLS ev reXei row '\epoGoXvp.ojv hieyvoj fxe
    dKpifjelas rd Trpdypiara, cvs /^''Jt' cVt p^l^c
    e^dpas rr]V rcjv 7roXep.ia)v loxvv avOiS elg hetXio
    KaKiCoiro, p.rjre evheeorepov dnayyeiXas Kav pLera
    ' Niesc after Lai.: Of -mss. 6rj Bekker. :

    * Gtroerer: raodpuv or Tadapeui' wss. Gadara was i

    Decapolis and pro-Roman (B. iv. 413); Gabara was


    principal city of Galilee, due east of Ptolemais ( Vila 123).
    ^ From Lat. : 6e mss.
    6j6
    JEWISH WAR, III. 131-138

    he risk of a conflict. Accordingly, with the remnant


    if his troops, he took refuge in Tiberias.
    (vii. 1) Vespasian's first objective was the city of Vespasian

    jabara, which he carried at the first assault, finding aod'^"'^''^


    t deprived of effective combatants. Entering the ^q.^^I°^1^
    ity he slew all males who were of age, the Romans
    howing no mercy to old or young, so bitter was their
    latred of the nation and their memory of the affront
    vhich had been done to Gestius. Not content with
    etting fire to the city, Vespasian burnt all the
    illages and country towns in the neighbourhood ;

    ome he found completely deserted, in the others he


    educed the inhabitants to slavery.
    (2) The arrival of Josephus filled with alarm the Josephns
    ity which he had chosen as his refuge, for the people Jerusaituu
    f Tiberias felt that he would never have fled, had ^'^^^
    instruc-
    1
    e not abandoned all hope of success in the contest. tioQs.
    n this they correctly interpreted his opinion for
    ;

    e foresaw the final catastrophe for which the


    )rtunes of the Jews were heading, and recognized
    lat their only hope of salvation lay in submission.
    s for himself, although he might look for pardon

    om the Romans, he would have preferred to suffer


    thousand deaths rather than betray his country
    id disgracefully abandon the command which had
    ?en entrusted to him, in order to seek his fortune
    nong those whom he had been commissioned to
    ht. He decided therefore to write to the autho-
    ties at Jerusalem an exact statement of the position
    affairs, neither exaggerating the strength of the
    lemy, which might subsequently lead to his being
    unted with cowardice, nor underrating it, for fear

    VOL. II x2 617
    JOSEPHUS
    139 vorjoavrag toojg Bpaavveiev,^ Iva re tj CTTTOvSaf

    atpovfievoL rax^oJb dvTr/panJjajGLV, i) TToXeiieh


    lyvojKores rrpog 'Pot/xatous" d^iOfiaxov aino) vip.
    J 40 ifjojGL SvvapLLV. 6 pikv ovv Tttur' eTxtcTTetAas" Trepne
    dta rdxovs cttI ']€poooXvp,cov rovs tol ypdppiari
    Kopliovras.
    141 (S) Ov€G—aGiau6s Se d>pprip€vo£ l^aipelv rrj

    'lajTaTrdrav, TrerrvGro yap el? airrrjv TrXeLGTOV


    T<jL)i' TToXefiLcov Gvp7r€(f)evy6vaL Kal aAAo)? opp^rjTrj

    pLOv LGXvpov ovGau avrojv, 77 e^ Tret Trelov? re kc


    1777761? rov? 77 poe^opLaXLOvvrag rrjv oSov opeivrj

    v—dpxovGav Kal TrerpcoSrj, hvG^arov he Kal 776^01*


    '^- LTTTTevGLV 8' dp,ri\avov . ol p,ev ovv reGGapGi
    qpepatg i^eipydGavro Kal TiXarelav -^voL^av r
    Grpana Xeoj(f)6pov rf] Trep-nrrj S' o ^Iwgtjtto*
    avrr) 8* tjv Wprep^LGtov pqvos pia Kal eiKa'
    (l)ddveL TTapeXdojv elg rrju ^XcoraTrdrav eV ri
    TijSepia8o? Kal TrertrcoKora rolg 'Iou8atoi? eyeip
    '^•^ra (j>povqpLara. OveGTraGLavco 8e rig evayyeXil^eri
    rrji' pLerd^aGLV rod dvhpo? avropoXo? Kal Kan
    TjTieiyev errl rrjv ttoXlv cvg pier* eKeivi]s alprjGOvi
    TraGav *Iou8atai', el Xd^OL rof ^\ojgt)7tov v-noyeipio id

    144 c5 8' dpTrdGag ojoTrep p.eyiGrov evrvxr]pLa ri p


    dyyeXtav Kal Trpovoia deov rov Gvvercorarov elui
    hoKovura rcoi' TToXepimv olopLevo? elg elpKri
    avdaiperov TrapeXBelv, evdecos pev gvv ;)(iAto
    '
    LC : dpaavvoiev the rest.

    « The distance from Gabara to Jotapata seems to \

    618
    JEWISH WAR, HI. 139-144

    3f encouraging them to hold out when possibly in-


    clined to repent. If the magistrates intended to
    negotiate, they were asked to reply to that effect
    without delay if they decided to continue the war,
    ;

    they should send him a force capable of coping with


    the Romans. Having written a letter to this effect,
    be sent it by express messengers to Jerusalem.

    (3) Vespasian was impatient to make an end of Josephus


    lotapata, having heard that it was the refuge to jotapata
    A'hich most of the enemy had retired, and that it was, Vespa:siaii
    s it.
    noreover, their strong base he accordingly sent a
    ;

    )ody of infantry and cavalry in advance to level the


    oad leading to it, a stony mountain track, difficult
    or infantry and quite impracticable for mounted
    roops." In four days their task was completed and
    I broad highway opened for the army. On the
    ifth, which was the twenty-first ^ of the month May-June
    ^'"
    Artemisius, Josephus hurriedly left Tiberias and ^ °"
    ntered Jotapata, his arrival raising the dejected
    pirits of the Jews. A deserter brought to Vespasian
    he welcome intelligence of the general's movement,
    nd urged him to hasten to attack the city, because
    s fall, could he but secure Josephus, would amount

    D the capture of all Judaea. Vespasian caught at


    bis information as a godsend, regarding it as by
    lod's providential ordering that the man who was
    puted to be the most sagacious of his enemies had
    lus deliberately entered a prison he instantly ;

    ightly underestimated in Vita 234 as " about 40 stades " ;

    is six miles due south.


    * There is some doubt about this figure, which it is difficult
    reconcile with the statement that Jotapata was taken on
    e first of Panemus (§ 339) after a siege of forty-seven days
    316). The 2 1 st of Artemisius, according to Niese's calcula-
    Dn, was the 8th of June, a.d. 67.
    619
    JOSEPHUS
    LTmevoLU 7T€iJ.7T€L UXolklSou Kal heKaSdpx'qi^ At
    ^ouTLOi', avbpa tclii^ Ittloi^ixojv Kara X^^P^-'-
    '^^

    ovveoLu, 77 epLKaraaxeZv KeXevaas tyjv ttoXli', o)'

    jjLTj XddoL StaSpa? 6 'Itocrr^TTO?.


    145 (4) AuTOS" Se /xerd fiiau rjp.epau dvaXa^oji
    TTaaav Tr]u SvvafjLLU el-ero Kal P-^XP'- ^^^Xrj-

    140 oSevoag rrpo^ tyju ^lioTaTrdrav dc^LKvelTai. dva


    Xa^ojv he Ti)v orparidv elg to TrpoodpKriov avrrj
    IJL€po<i eV rtuL X6(f)co arpaTOTTeSeve-at Sieyov'T
    orablov? €7Trd rrj? TToXeco^, Tretpcop.evo'i a>9 p.a
    Xiora TOtb TToXep-ioL? cuaui^'OTrro? eluat rrpos ^k
    147 ttXti^w t) Kal Trapaxp'TJp.a Tooavrrj rou<; lovoaLOV
    Kareox^v, cLs p^rjdeua rov reixov<; roXp-rjoaL Trpo
    14S eXdeli^. 'Poj/xaiot 8' ev6u^ pkv dncoKprjoau vpoa
    jSaAeu', hi oXrjg coheuKorei rjp.€pa^, hiTrXfj he t
    (f)dXayyL KVKXovvrat T-qv ttoXlv Kal rpLTiiv e^ujOe
    TTepuordoLV rrju Ittttov, Trdoa^ d7TO(f)pdoGOur€
    149 avroL? e^ohovg
    ret? rov-^ ev . dnoyucooeL ocorr^

    pia^ Trapoj^vve rov? 'louSaiou? Trpo'? roXp-aw ovht


    yap dvdyKTjs ev TToXepujp p.axt-P-o^repov.
    150 (5) T€vop.ev7]s he p.e6^ rjpepau Trpoo^oXrj? 7
    p.€i' TTpcoToi' ^lovhaloL Ka~6. ;\;oSpai' p^evovn
    dvTelxov, dvTLKpi) tcjv Pcopalwu eorparovehei
    '

    151 Kores^ Tipo rov Telxo^"^' (-'^^ 8e OveoTraoLavc


    TOUTOt? pieu Toug ro^orag Kal ocjievhovqras K(
    ttolV to T(jL)i> Ikti^oXoji' TrXfjdo? eTTLor-qoas eTn
    Tpeilfev ^dXXeiv, aurd? he p,erd rcov 77el,<jJv eU t

    ^ The Lat". translates ^aTpaToirfdfVKOTu}!^.

    "Aebutius, in the service of .\f:rippa, had at an earl


    stage of the war been entrusted with the oversight of th
    *"'

    620
    JEWISH WAR, III. 144-151

    dispatched Placidus and the decurion Aebutius," a


    man of marked energy and abihty, with a thousand
    horse, with orders to invest the town and prevent
    Josephus from escaping secretly.
    (4) Vespasian followed them the next day with all
    his army and, marching until evening, arrived before
    Jotapata. Leading his troops up to the north side
    of the city he encamped on a hill seven furlongs
    distant from it, seeking a position as conspicuous as
    possible to the enemy in order to intimidate them.
    In fact the spectacle had such an instantaneous effect
    on the Jews that none ventured outside the walls.
    The Romans, after their full day's march, were not
    prepared to make an immediate attack, but they
    surrounded the city with a double cordon of infantry,
    and posted outside these a third line of cavalry,
    blocking all means of exit. This manoeuvre, cutting
    off hope of escape, stimulated the Jews to deeds of
    gallantry for nothing in war so rouses the martial
    ;

    spirit as necessity.
    Next day an attack was made. At first those First
    (5)
    3fthe Jews who were encamped opposite the Romans 5Supata^*
    Dutside the walls ^ merely held their ground against
    the enemy ; but when Vespasian brought up his
    archers, slingers, and all his other marksmen in full
    i"orce and gave orders to shoot down these opponents,
    /vhile he himself M'ith the infantry pushed up the

    jreat Plain and had an encounter with Josephus ( Vifa


    14 ff.) : his previous acquaintance with Josephus doubtless
    iccounts for his selection on this occasion.
    * The Jews may well have had a camp extra muros in the

    ;arly days of the siege ; this must have been rapidly driven
    n as we hear no more of it. The Latin has, " the Jews
    nerely held their ground opposite the Romans who were
    ncamped outside the walls."
    621
    JOSEPHUS
    7Tp6aavT€g aveojOeL^ /ca^' o to relx'^^ '^^ €vaX(jjrov
    beioas 6 ^lcoar]7TOs Trept rfj voXei TrpoTrrjha Kal
    152 Gvv avro) ttClv to rciyv ^Yovhaicov TrXrjOog. crv^
    rreoovres 8e Tot? 'Pco/Aaiot? dOpoot rod fieu relxovs
    dveGT€LXau avrov?, TroAAa 8' eTreheLKVvvTo x^Lpajv
    epya kol roXpi-qq. ovk iXdooco^ ye pLrjv oju ehpujv
    153 avT€7TaGXov oaou yap a'urovs 7] rrj<; GOjrrjpLag
    a77oyvcoa't?, togovto tov? 'Poj/xatou? alSw? Trap
    €Kp6r€i, Kal Touq pikv epLTTeipia pLer^ dXKrjg, rovs
    8e dpdGO<; o)7TXiL,€ rw dvpLco Grpar-qyovpievovq
    154 TTapara^djievoi he St' oA)7? T^/xepa? vvktl 8ta-
    rpcoGavreq pev TrXetGrouf;
    Auoi^rat, 'Pa>pLaLCxji^
    SeKarpel? 8' dveXovres' avroju 8' eireGov p.ei
    heKaenrd, rpavpLariai 8' iyevovro e^aKOGLOc.
    155 (6) Tfj 8' VGrepaia [r)piepa\ TraAti' TrpoG^dX-
    XovGL Toi? 'Pco/xatot? eTTc^eA^op'Te? /cat 77oAu /cap-
    repojTepov dvTLTraperd^avro, dappaXecorepoL p^ev in
    rod TTapd Aoyop' dvriGX^^v "Tfj Trporepa^ yeyevrjpievoi
    Xpojp^voi he Kal Tols 'Pco/xatot? /xa;^t/LtajTepot9
    156 VTTO yap alhovs els e^eKaiovro, to /x?
    opyrjv
    157 rax^cos vlkolv -qTrav -qyovpevoi. Kal pexpt- TrepTrrrj^

    Tjpepa? TrpoG^oXal piev eyivovro rwi' 'Ptu/xat'cuj


    dSiaAetTTTOt, eKhpopial he Tchv ^YojraTrariqvcjjv ku
    Tet;^o/xa;(tat Kaprepwrepai, Kal ovre 'lou8atot T171 1

    TcLv TToXepiiwu LGXVv KaTa)pp(jjhovv ovre 'Pa>palo


    77pog TO rrjs TrdAeco? SuoaAtuToi' drreKapvov.
    158 (7) "Ecttii^
    8' ^lajraTTara ttXtju oXiyov Trdoc

    ^ conj. with Naber: avwdei (sir) mss. : avwOfi NIese.


    2 fXacTTOf PL. ^ TTpoTepaia Niese.

    " The phrase dpdaos oirXii^eiv conies from Soph. EL 995 f.

    a plav of which there are other reminiscences in Josephus


    cf. v^i-x^s d<p(ideh B. iii. 212, Soph. El. 980.

    622
    JEWISH WAR, III. 151-158

    slope at the point where the wall offered little diffi-


    culty, Josephus, alarmed for the fate of the town,
    made a sally with the whole multitude of the Jews.
    Falling in a body upon the Romans they drove them
    from the ramparts and performed many signal feats
    of prowess and daring. However, they suffered as
    much loss as they inflicted, for if the Jews were
    emboldened by despair, the Romans were no less
    roused by shame ;on the one side were skilled
    experience and strength, the other had recklessness
    for its armour," and passion for its leader. The battle
    lasted all day, and night alone parted the combatants.
    Of the Romans very many were wounded and thirteen
    killed. The Jewish casualties were seventeen killed
    and six hundred wounded.
    (6) On the following day, when the Romans
    returned to the attack, the Jews made a fresh sally
    and offered a much more stubborn resistance, from
    the confidence inspired by their unexpectedly
    successful resistance on the previous day. But the
    Romans on their side proved more resolute opponents,
    being enflamed to fury by shame and regarding a
    lack of instant victory as tantamount to defeat. So
    for five days the Romans incessantly renewed their
    assaults, and the garrison of Jotapata their sallies
    and their yet more stubborn defence from the ram-
    parts, the Jews undaunted by their enemy's strength,
    the Romans undeterred by the difficulties which their
    objective presented.
    (7) The town of Jotapata * is almost entirely built Site of
    Jotapata.

    * Modern Jefat, Talmudic Jodaphath (according to the


    Mishna it was an old town, walled since the time of Joshua):

    in the hills to the north of the plain of Asochis, midway


    between Gabara (N.) and Sepphoris (S.).
    623
    i

    JOSEPHUS
    Kpriiivos, eV ^kv rwu aXXoji' (lepcvv Travrodev
    (j)dpay^LV OLTTeLpoL? CLTroToiJLO? , CO? TOJP' KaTiheTv
    TTeipojfievow ra? oifjec? 7Tpo€^aaBeva.v rov ^ddovg,
    (27:6 6op€OV he TTpooiTTj fioi^ou , Kad^ o XrjyovTL
    159 TO* 6p€L TrXayiajs^ 77 poo kt lot ai.^ kol rovro 8 o
    'Iojar]77o? €fX7:€pi€LXrj(f)€L Teiy^itajv rrju ttoXlu, ojs
    aKaTdXriTrrou eiVat TToXefxiocs rrjv v-nkp avTrjs
    160 aKpcopetav. kvkXoO^v S' dXXois opeoLV KaXvnro-
    fJi€ur], nplv eloa^yLKOiTo ti? ets" avrriv, TTavjeXojs
    doparos r)i^. et;(€ /iei' ouv' ovrujg oxvporrjros
    ^IcoraTrdTr).
    161 (8) OOcCTTTaataFO? Se rfj re 4>vo€l tou ;)^a»ptoi;

    /<:ai rat? ToA/j-ats- roJi^ 'JouSat'tov dyTK^tAovetK-on.


    eyi^o) KapT€pojT€pou aTT-euBai rijg TroXiopKias, /ca«
    TTpoGKaXeodfievo? tov<; vtt" avrdv rjyefJLova? i^ov-
    162 Aeuero rrept Trj<^ Trpoa^oXrj?. bo^au 8e -x^cooai re
    TTpoGLTOv roO
    T€Lxou? €TrL GvyKOf-iihrjv vXrjs
    ,

    iK7T€fl7T€L TO GT pdr€V[.La Kal KOTTeUTOW TCOl


    TTOlV ,

    7T€pL rr]v noXw dpow, GwaXiodeiG-qs re a/xa rots

    163 ^L'Aot? dTTeipov x^ppidhos, ol pikv rrpos dXeojpdx


    7a)V VTTepdev d(f)i€fjL€ua>u f^eXow yeppa hiareivavres
    vrrep xapaKOJiidrow ^xovv vri' avrolsy ovheu r
    p.LKpd ^Xarrrofxevoi rals drro rov T€t;(OU? jSoAatS".
    164 ol 6e Toi)? TrX-qGLOV 6\Bov<; dvaGTiowres yrjv avroZs
    dhiaXeirrroj^ 7TpoG€.(j)€pov, kol rptxrj bLrjprjiJLevcoi

    165 apyo? rju ouSetg. ol 8e ^lovhaloL rrdrpag t€


    fieydXas drro tcou t€ixojv toi? GKerrdGfiaGLU avrcov
    i7Trj<i>i€Gau /cat rrdu etSog ^eXojw -qu 8e Kal pi^rj
    huKiovixevojv TToXvg 6 xjjo^os Kal <j>ojiepds ipnTohiov
    rol? epya^o/xeVot?.
    ^ ML: TrXa7('(j the rest.
    2 Trpo-fKruferai P*ALM for text r/. : B. V. H8.
    624
    JEWISH WAR. Ill 158-165

    on precipitous cliffs, being surrounded on three sides

    by ravines so deep that sight tails in the attempt to


    fathom the abyss. On the north side alone, where
    the town has straggled sideways up a descending
    spur of the mountains, is it accessible. But this
    quarter, too, Josephus, when he fortified the city,
    had enclosed within his wall, in order to prevent the
    enemy from occupying the ridge which commanded it.
    Concealed by other mountains surrounding it, the
    town was quite invisible until one came right up to
    it. Such was the strong position of Jotapata.
    (8) Vespasian, pitting his strength against the The siege
    ^^"°'
    nature of the ground and the determination of the
    Jews, resolved to press the siege more vigorously ;
    he accordingly summoned his principal ofHcers to
    deliberate with him on the plan of attack. It was
    decided to erect earthworks against the accessible
    portion of the wall, whereupon the whole army was
    sent out to procure the necessary materials. The
    mountain forests surrounding the town were stripped,
    and, besides timber, enormous masses of stones were
    collected. Then one party of soldiers spread screens
    of hurdles over palisades, as a cover from missiles
    from above, and thus protected constructed the earth-
    works, suffering little or no injury from their assailants
    on the ramparts ; while others pulled to pieces the
    adjacent mounds and kept their comrades constantly
    supplied with earth. With this triple division of
    labour not a man was idle. The Jews, meanwhile,
    launched from the walls great boulders upon the
    enemy's shelters with all sorts of projectiles, the
    crash of which, even when they failed to penetrate,
    was so loud« and terrific as to impede the workers.
    " Or " continuous."
    625
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    166 (9) OveoTTaoLavog Se eV kvkXco tol? d(f)€Tr]pLOV^
    fxrjxo.i'OLS iTTLGTrjaag, ra Travra 8' rjv eKarov e^iq-
    Kovra opyava, ^aXXeiv eKeXevaev rovg errl rod
    167 r€L)(ov<i. ojJLOU S' OL re KaraTreXrat Tct? Xoyxo.'S
    dveppoilovv /cat raAai^rtatot At'^ot f^Uyedos Ik rcov
    V€Tpo^6Xojv e^dXXovTOy TTvp re koi TrXrjdos dOpocov
    oloTOJV, drrep ov piovov ro t€lxo<; dve-i^arov rols
    loL'Satots' €.7TOLrjG€v aAAd KOi rrjv ivrog ocrrys
    ,

    ]5S i(f>iKV€iro x<jjpas' kol yap Kal to row ^Apd^cov


    ro^OTiov ttXtjOos dKovTLorai re kox G(f)€i^SovrjraL
    169 rrdvres dpia rols fJL-qxavrjpiacnv e^aXXov ov p.r)v .

    €ipy6pL€VOL rrjs KaOvTrepdev dpivvqs r]pepLOVv eKrpe-


    )(Ovr€<i yap XrjGrpLKcorepou Kara Xoxov; TTepLeanajv
    re rcov epya^opi.€vojv rag oKeTra^ Kal revs yvjjLvov-
    /LteVou? erraLOv, Kal Kad' o TrapeiKOiev eKelvoi
    OLeppLTTrouv re ro ^tDjiia Kal ra ;^apaKc6^aTa avu
    170 rots' yeppois eveTripL-paoai', li^XP^ ovvels OveoTra-
    OLav6<; rrjuhiaipeotv rojv epyojv alriav elvai rijs
    jSActjSr;?, ra yap 8Laor-qpLara rols 'louSat'oi? rrpoo-
    ^oXrjs TTapelx^v rorrov, evol rd OKeTrdapiara, Kal
    ovva(f)6eiorjs a/xa avrolg rrjs Svi'dpieojs dveLpxO^]oav
    at rwv
    ^\ovhaLOJV Trapahvoeis
    171 'Eyetpo/xeVou he rov ;)(a)/u,aTOS" 'qSrj Kal rals
    (10)
    eTidX^eoiv doov ovnoj rrXr^oidtovros, heivdv 6
    ^Icoorjrros vop^loas el .pLr^hev dfrLpLi-jxo.v'qoaLro rfj
    TToXei oojr-qpiov y ovvadpoiteL reKrovas Kal rd relxos
    172 eKeXevoev vipovv. rcbu 8' dSvvarou etvat <^a/j.eVtup
    OLKoSopLelv roaovrois f^eXeai ^aXXopievovs, oKeiT-qv
    173 avrols emvoel roidvhe' hpv4>dKrovs TTTj^aodai

    \'egetius ii. 25 reckons 55 catapults to a Jegion in his


    '^

    time (end of 4th century): this would give 165 of these


    engines to Vespasian';> armv of 3 legions (Keinachj.
    626
    JEWISH WAR, III. 166-173

    (9) Vespasian now had his artillery engines —


    numbering in all one hundred and sixty" brought—
    into position round the spot and gave orders to fire
    upon the defenders on the wall. In one tremendous
    volley the catapults sent lances hurtling through the
    air, the stone-projectors discharged blocks of the
    weight of a talent,^ fire-brands flew, and there was a
    hail of arrows, with the effect not only of driving the
    Jews from the ramparts, but of rendering untenable
    all the space behind them which came within range
    of the missiles. For the artillery fire was reinforced
    by a simultaneous volley from a host of Arab archers,
    javelin-men, and slingers. Though checked in their
    defence of the ramparts, the Jews did not remain
    inactive. Parties of them sallied out in guerilla
    fashion, stripped off theenemy's shelters and assailed
    the workmen thus exposedand, wherever the latter
    ;

    fell back, they demolished the earthworks and set fire


    to the palisades and hurdles. At length Vespasian,
    on tracing the cause of this injury to the separation
    of the earthworks (as the intervals afforded the Jews
    a loophole for attack) united the various shelters and
    simultaneously closed up his troops, with the result
    that further Jewish incursions were repressed.
    (10) The embankment was now rising and almost Counter-

    on a level with the battlements, when Josephus, josephui


    |'eighten
    thinking& it shameful if he could not devise some the walls
    counter-measures to the town, summoned
    save
    masons and directed them to increase the height of
    the wall. On their protesting that building was im-
    possible under such a hail of missiles, he invented the
    following protection for them. Palisades were, by his
    ''
    About three quarters of a hundredweight, if the Attic
    commercial standard is followed.

    627
    JOSEPHUS
    /ceAeJaas" ifMrrerdaaL ^vpaag v€oS6pov? ^oojv,
    re
    a>? dvah€)(OLVTo tov? diTO rojv Trerpo^oXajv
    jikv
    Mdou<; KoXTTOVfieuai, nepioXioddvoL 8' citt' aurcDi'
    [/<at] ra Xonrd ^eXr] Kal to rrvp vtto rrj? iV/xa8os

    174 eipyoLTo, TrpoavLarr^uLV tujv t€Kt6vcov. v(f)* ois


    do(f)aXojs ipyal^ofievoi 8t' Kal vvktos
    -qfiepas re
    TO TeL)(os rfyetpav €iV elKoai 7T-q-)(^eis to vijjog, Kai
    ovxvoug pL€V TTvpyovs evojKohopb-qoav avroj, Kap-
    175 repdv 8e erraX^LV i(f)r)piJL6Gavro. rovro rols Pco-
    fjialoLg rjSrj rrjs ttoXccos €vt6? olop^evoLS etVat
    77oAAt7i^ inoLrjaev ddvpLLav, Kal Trpos re ttjv eTTLVotav
    rod ^lojGrjTTOV Kal to Trapdor-qpia tojv IttI rrjs
    TToXeojs KareTrXdyrjoav.
    176 (ll) OveGTracrtavos Se Kal rrpos to iravovpyov
    rod OTparrjyrjpLarog Kal Trpos tcl? ToA/Ltas" Trap-
    177 a>^vvero tcov ^lojraTraTiqvwv -ndXiv yap dvadaparj-
    oavres errl roj TeLXtopLO) toi? 'Poj/xatot? irre^eOeov,
    Kal KaO^ Tjpiepav lyivovro ovfiTrXoKal Kara Ao;(Of?
    eTTLVOid re XrjarpLKrj
    Trdaa Kal rojv TrpoGrvxovroiV
    178 dprrayal Kal rdjv dXXa)V epyojv TTvpTToXrjoei?, eco?
    OveGTraGLavos dvaTravGag r-qv orparidv pi'O.XV^
    hteyvco 7rpoGKadel,6fievo? OTrdveu rwv eTTLrrjSeLOJV
    179 alpelv rrjv ttoXlv rj yap dvayKa^ofievovs rals
    drroplaLS iKerevGetv avrop rj p-e^pi' Travrog aTravda-
    180 hiGafievovs hLacfyBap-qGeoO at Xip^qj- ttoXv re pdoGiv
    avrols rj^LOV XPV^^^^^^ Kara r-qv fidx'qi^, et 8ta-
    XL7Td>v avdig eKrerpvxojp'^vois eTTirreGOi. (fypovpelv
    drj Trdoas avrwi^ eKeXevGev rag e^ohovg.

    181 (12) Tot? 8e oiVou jjiev ttXyjOos rji' evhov Kal rwv

    " lieinach quotes \'egetius iv. 15, showing that this method
    of defence was known to the Romans.
    628
    JEWISH WAR, III. 173-181

    orders, fixed to the wall, and over these were spread


    hides of oxen that had just been flayed, to catch in
    their folds the stones hurled by the engines, while
    the other projectiles would glance off their surface
    and their moisture would extinguish the flaming
    brands." Under this screen the builders, working in
    security day and night, raised the wall to a height of
    twenty cubits, erected numerous towers and crowned
    the whole with a stout parapet At this spectacle
    the Romans, who imagined themselves already
    masters of the town, were greatly disheartened the ;

    ingenuity of Josephus and the perseverance of the


    inhabitants astounded them.
    (11) Vespasian was no less provoked both at the
    cleverness of this stratagem and at the audacity of
    the people of Jotapata for, emboldened by their new
    ;

    fortification, they recommenced their sallies against


    the Romans Every day parties of them came into
    conflict with the besiegers, employing all the ruses of
    guerilla warfare, pillaging whatever fell in their way
    and setting fire to the rest ^ of the Roman works.
    This continued until Vespasian, ordering his troops The sieg
    to cease fighting, resolved to resort to a blockade and fnJi^a'^^^
    to starve the city into surrender the defenders, he biockatU
    :

    reckoned, would either be reduced by their privations


    to sue for mercy or, if they remained obdurate to the
    last, would perish of hunger Moreover, if it came to
    a battle, he counted on obtaining a far easier victory,
    if, after an interval, he renewed his attack upon
    exhausted opponents He accordingly gave orders to
    keep a strict guard on all the exits from the city.
    (12) The besieged had abundance of corn and of

    ' I.e. apparently other than the embankments which had

    been protected by the method described in § 170 (Keinach).


    620
    JOSEPHUS
    aAAojv dXos airavrajv, eVSeia 8' vha-ros to? av
    ttAtov

    rrriyqs ovk ovorj<; Kara rrjv TroAiv, rco o


    fJ-CV

    oyL^pio) hiapKoviiivixjv rcvv iv avrfj' ovdviov 5* et


    182 TTore to KXifia^ depovs uerat. Kal Kara ravrTji'
    rr]v wpav TroAtopKOU/xeVtov dOvpiia Seivrj irpos ttju
    'Tf)V hiifjov? eTTLVOLav r]V, doxaXXovTOjv rjSr) co?
    183 KaBd-nav cTnAeAoiTTOTO? uSaro?* o yap 'IcuCTr^TTo?

    Tr)v Te 77oAti' opcbv Tcbv dXXiXiV eTTLT-qheLLOV €V770pOU


    Kal TO. (f)povriiJLara yevvala tujv avhpow, ^ouXofievog
    Te Trap' iXTriba rol? 'Pcu/xatot? eKTctvat ti]!^ -noXiop-
    Kiav, fX€Tpoj TO 77ot6i^ airfoi? Stei^eip,ei^ [evoeo)?].
    1S4 ot Se TO TaiJueveodat xaXeTTUjrepov evheias vrreXap.-
    ^avov, Kal ro /lit) avre^ovotov avroju ttXIov eKU'ei
    T-qv 6p€^Lv, Kal KaBd-n^p etV eoxo-rov rjSrj Siipov?
    SiaKeLfievoL 8' outco? ovk
    TjpoTjKOVTes d-niKa\xvov.
    185 iXdvdavov 'Ptu^atou?* 0776 yap tov KaTdvrov<;
    tous'
    ccupojv auTOi)? U77ep to Tet;)(Os €(/>' €va Gvppdovra^
    TOTTOv Kal jierpovyLevoVi to vhoop, €</)' ov Kat TOt?
    c^v^eXeaiv e^LKvovpievoL ttoXXovs dvfjpovv.
    186 (13) Kat OveoTTaoLavos pcev ovk el? p.aKpdv Tchv
    (.Khoxeia>v KevcjBevTcov 7JX7TlI,€v vtto tt^;? dvayK-qs
    187 auTO) TTapaboBrjoeoBai ttju ttoXlv 6 he 'IctSar^Troc
    KAaoat rrjV eArrt'Sa ravrrju avro) 7TpoaLpovp,€vos
    ip-^pe^at KeAeuet TrXeiorov? tol //xaTta xrai Kara-

    Kpep-doaL -epl tq? errdX^ei?, ojore -nepippeloBai


    188 Tzdv i^aTTLvrjg to T6r;^'Ob rrpo? rovr^ dBvpLca tujv
    .

    'Pojp.aLa>u KaTdnXr^^LS r}v Beaoap.€vcov €i?


    Kal
    p^AeuT^i^ Tooovrov vapavaXioKovra<; uSaTO? ou? ouSe

    TTOToy e\€iv VTTeXdpL^avov ojore Kal tov orparr^yov


    ,

    ajroyvovra rrju 61* ivSeiag dXojGLV rpeireoBai TrdXiv


    ' +TOVT0 Hudson with one ms. (Lat. illo tractu).
    * bUveinev €vdiij)% PA: bUvefxtv ivdius L: 5i^»'e^te»' the rest.
    630
    JEWISH WAR, III. 181-188

    all other necessaries, salt excepted, but they lacked Lack of


    water, because, there being no springs within the ration* *^
    town, the inhabitants were dependent on rain-water ; system,
    but in this region rain rarely, if ever, falls in summer,
    which was precisely the season at which they were
    besieged. The mere idea of thirst filled them with
    dire despondency, and already they were chafing, as
    though water had entirely failed. For Josephus,
    seeing the abundance of the city's other supplies and
    the courageous spirit of its defenders, and desirous
    to prolong the siege beyond the expectation of the
    Romans, had from the first put them on water
    rations. This control system appeared to them
    harder than actual want ; the constraint of their
    liberty only increased their craving and they became
    as hmp as though they had already reached the last
    extremity of thirst. The Romans were not ignorant
    of their plight : from the slopes above they could
    see over the wall the Jews flocking to one place and
    having their water doled out to them, and, directing
    their catapults ° upon the spot, killed numbers of
    them.
    (13) Vespasian expected that the water in the
    cisterns would ere long be exhausted and the city
    reduced to capitulate. To crush this hope, Josephus
    had a number of dripping garments hung round the
    battlements, with the result that the whole wall was
    suddenly seen streaming with water. The Romans
    were filled with dismay and consternation at the
    spectacle of all this water being wasted as a jest by
    those who they supposed had not even enough to
    drink. The general himself, despairing of reducing
    the place by famine, reverted to armed measures and
    • Greek " quick-firers " (§ 80).
    631
    JOSEPHUS
    1S9 77po? oTrAa kqI jSiap 6 619 roi? Toi'Saioi? 5i*
    iTnOvfjLLa^ rjv (iTTeyi-ojKore? yap €avrov<; Kal r-qu
    TToAti^ 77po At/xou KQt diiprji TOi' iv TToXejxco ddiarou

    JjpOVUTO.
    190 (14-) '0 fievTOL ye 'lojcrr^-o? Tzpo? rajbe toj
    OTpariqyqfiarL Kal erepov inevoiqoev els TrepLOvaiau
    191 awToi* 8ia tip-o? )(apdSpa<^ Svo^drov Kal Std rovd^
    VTTO Tijjv (^vXaKtov dixeXovfiivq^ Kara rd Trpos hvoLV
    IJieprj rij? c^dpayyo^ eKTrepirrajv rii'd? ypdiJ-fxard re
    7Tp6? ovg Tj^ovAeTo Tcuu e^oj [ovSaLaju SieTTc'/x^aro
    Kal -ap^ avrcoi^ iXdpi^auev, vavro^ re eTrn-qheiov
    Toji' did TT]i^ TToXii^ eTnXeXoLTToruju einroprjaeu,
    192 epneLi' rd noXXd -apd Td? ^uAaxd? KeAcuaa? rots
    e^LOUGLV Kal -rd voj-a KaXv-reiv vdKeaiv, cu? el
    Kal KarldoL rt? avTou<; i^vKrajp, (f)avraolav nap-
    e.\OLev Kvvojv, fJ-expt- ovvaiodop-euGi rriv enlvoiav
    ot (^povpol TrepiLOXouoLi^ rrjv xapddpai^.
    193 (15) Kat t68^ 6 'loSaryTTO? (j.ei' j-qv ttoXlv ovk
    €t?p.aKpdv opojv avde^eiv, ev aTToptp 6e tyju eauroG'
    Ga>Tr]plav el p.evoL, hpaop.dv dfxa Tol<g Svuaroi'i
    i^ovXevero. ovvaLGd6p.evoL be to TrX-qOoi Kal
    vepi^vdev auro) KaTriuri^oXovv /xr) G4)ds TrepiLbeh-
    194 €77* avTO) fjLOucp KeipLevov; elvai ydp rfj voXeL Kal
    ocoTTipia^ ixev eXnlq napaixevojv ^^ Travro^ dyat-
    VLGOfxeiou §1' avrdi^ vpoOupoj^ kop aXdjatu be, ,

    195 Ttapapvdlau. TtpeTreii' 6 gutcu M'V'- 4*vyelu rov^


    e^Spovs fjLiqT eyKaraXiTreli' toix; (f)lXov<; ^i)t dvo-
    TTTibdv ojGTtep \ei.pLaL,oiJi€.v7)i vetdi . el^ r]v ev yaXrii/rj
    196 vapi)X6ev eTn^aTTTLoeiv ydp avTol-; Tr]i tioXlu,

    ^ ^avrC.. HA.
    ' Text unceridiii : Herwerden read^ (\7ri.ia 7rapc.M^^o^Ta.

    632
    JEWISH WAR, III. 189-196

    force. That was just what the Jews desired ; for,


    having given up all hope for themselves and the city,
    they preferred death in battle to perishing of hunger
    and thirst.
    (14) After this stratagem, Josephus devised yet a neglect
    another to procure himself supplies in abundance. ?" obtain
    There was, leading down to the ravine on the west suppliers
    side, a gully so difficult to traverse that it had been
    neglected by the enemy's outposts by this route
    ;

    Josephus succeeded in sending letters, by some of his


    men, to Jews outside the city with whom he wished
    to communicate, and receiving replies from them ;

    by the same means he stocked the town with all


    necessaries when its supplies began to fail. The
    messengers sent out had general orders to creep past
    the sentries on all fours and to wear fleeces on their
    backs, in order that, if they were seen at night, they
    might be taken for dogs. However, the guards
    eventually detected the ruse and blocked the gully.
    (15) Josephus, now recognizing that the city could Josephns
    not long hold out and that his own life would be f^cntem-
    endangered if he remained there, took counsel with mgnt.
    the principal citizens about the means of flight. The
    people discovered his intention and crowded round
    hmi, imploring him not to abandon them, as they
    depended on him alone. if he remained, they
    urged, he would be their one hope of the town
    bemg saved, as everyone, because he was with them,
    would put his heart into the struggle were capture
    ;

    in store for them, even then he would be their one


    consolation. Moreover, it would be unworthy of
    him to fly from his foes, to desert his friends, to leap
    in the storm from the vessel on which he had em-
    barked in a calm. For his departure would wreck
    633
    JOSEPHUS
    IJir]hev6? €TL Tots" TToXefXLOLS To\}x<jjVTOS dvOiGTacrdai,
    8t' ou av Oapaolev olxofievov.
    1^~ (16) '0 he ^IcoarjTTOS ro Kad^ avrov da^aXes
    VTTOcrreXXofJLeuos inrep avrcov €(f)aGK€v TTOielodai
    198 rr]v e^ohov jievojv ^ikv yap e'loco ovr' dv d>(f)eXr}aaL
    TL fJLeya oojlojjievovg, Kav dXioKOJvrai, ovvairo-
    XeZoOai TTepirrojs, eVSi)? 8e rrjs TToXiopKias e^codev
    199 auTovg djcfyeX-qaecv p.iyiOTa' rov? re yap e/c rrjg
    )(^ujpas TaXiXaiovs ovvadpoioeiv fj rd^os Kal 'Pco-
    jLiatous" eVepoj TToXepicp rrjs ttoAccc*? avrcov dvTi-
    200 TTepLOTTaoeiv. ov)( opdv he, ri TrapaKaOe^ofievog
    avroZs ;)(p77crt/xo? <ai^>^ elr] vvv, ttAt^i^ €t fxr] 'Poj-
    /xatou? TTapo^vvLov fxaXXov IttI tyjv TToXiopKiav , ou?
    TTepl TrXeioTov TTOLeXadaL Xa^elu avrov el 8* eV-
    hpdvra Trvdoivro, rroXv tt^? errl r-qv ttoXlu opixrjs
    201 dv-qoeiv. ovk eTretdeu he tovtol?,' dXXd /xaAAop'
    e^eKavcrev to ttXtjOos avrov 7Tepie)(eodai' 7rat8ta
    yovv Kal yepovres Kal yvvaia jjierd vrjiriajv ohvpo-
    fxeva TTpoaeTTLTtrov avrw Kal rol? ttogIv ejirrXeKO-
    202 fievoL Trdvre? e'l^ovro, Kal fierd Ka>Kvrci>v kolvcovov
    o<j)Lai ri]? rvx'^? fxeveiv LKerevov, ov (f)d6vcp rrjs

    eKeivov ocorrjpla?, ej^OLye hoKeli^, aAA' eXTTihi rrjs


    iavrojv' ovhev yap tj^lovv TreioeoSaL 8611^01^ 'lo;-
    GrjTTOv pilvovroS'
    203 (17) '0 he TTeiBojjLevo} fxev LKer-qpiav ravra
    vofUGaSy ^la^o/xeVoj he Spovpdv, ttoXv 8' avrov
    ^ ins. Xiese. ^ L Lat. : toutovs or aurovs the rest.

    " eixovTo
    /cat /xera KivKVTiCP a reminiscence of Horn. II.
    :

    xxii.408 (the mourning over Hector) d/x(pi 8e Xaol kcokvt(2 t


    etxovTo Kal ol/xuyy Kara &(ttv. There is a similar scene in
    Vita 210 ff.
    634
    JEWISH WAR, III. 196-203

    the town, as none would have the heart to resist


    the enemy any longer, when he whose presence
    would have given them courage was gone.
    (16) Josephus, suppressing any allusion to his own His

    safety, assured them that it was in their own interests prevented


    that he had contemplated departure for his presence
    ;

    in the town could not materially assist them if they


    were saved, and if they were taken what end would
    be served by his perishing with them ? Were he,
    on the contrary, once clear of the siege, he could from
    outside render them the greatest service, for he
    would promptly muster the Galilaeans from the
    country and, by creating a diversion elsewhere, draw
    off the Romans from their city. He failed to see how
    his presence at their side could assist them in present
    circumstances, or have any other effect except to
    spur the Romans to press the siege more vigorously
    than ever, as they attached so much importance to
    his capture ; whereas, if they heard that he had fled,
    they would considerably relax the ferocity of their
    attack. Unmoved, however, by these words, the
    multitude only clung to him more ardently children,
    :

    old men, women with infants in their arms, all threw


    themselves weeping before him ; they embraced
    and held him by his feet, they implored him with
    sobs " to stay and share their fortune. All this they
    did, I cannot but think, not because they grudged
    him his chance of safety, but because they thought
    of their own for, with Josephus on the spot, they
    ;

    were convinced that no disaster could befall them.


    (17) Josephus suspected that this insistence would
    not go beyond supplication if he yielded, but meant
    til watch would be kept upon him if he opposed
    at
    their wishes. Moreover, his determination to leave
    635
    JOSEPHUS
    Trj<; €tV T-171^ OLTroXenjjLV op^rjs Kal 6 twv oSupojueVcov
    204 eKXaaev oIkto<;, fieueiv tc eyuco, Kat ttju koiutjv Trj<;

    TToAeoj? aTToyvwaiv onXiod^evos , " vvv Katpos,


    €i7Tcoi>y
    " dpx^oOriL ixd^iqs or* cATTt^ ovk eon,

    GOJTr)pLa<;' KaXou evKXetau duTLKaTaXXa^dpievov rod


    ^Lov Kal hpdoat^rd tl yevvalou ei? pvi'jp.iqu oi/jLyevcov

    205 TTeoelv," iu^ ^PV^ TpeVerat. Kat npoeXdojv pLerd


    Toyv paxiptoTdroji' hieoKLdva re tou^ (f)povpov<; Kal
    piixpiTov orparoTTeSov rcbv ' Pco/xaicuv Karerpex^^,
    Kal rd? pev inl tCjv ^oj/xarcuP' h^ppeL<;, ai? vtt-
    eoKTjvovv, hUo-a, roZ<; 8e €pyoL<i eve^aXXev vvp.
    200 Tfj 6* ^^^S opoLOJS Kal rfj ^pirr] Kal inl ov\vd<;
    Tjpepa? Kal vvKra? noXepojv ovk €Kapv€v.
    207 (18) OveoTTaoLavo? he rwu^ Pcvpaicov KaKov-
    pduoju Tat? eVSpo/xat?, rpe-eoOai re yap vtto
    ^lovhaioji' fjSovvro Kal rpaTievrojv evihiiOKeLV
    pdpeL rwv d-nXajv rjoav PpaSels, ol re 'louSaioi
    TTpiv n del Spdwres dve^evyov els rrjv
    rraOelv
    208 TToXiVy pev onXiraLS rds oppds avrujv Ik-
    rols
    KXiveiv eKeXevoev Kal prj ovpvXeKeodai davartooii
    209 dvOpcjTTOL'^ ovSev ydp dXKipwrepov eiuai rfji
    d-noyvojoeojs, rrepLO^evvvoBaL he avrojv rd<; oppds
    210 OKorrd)V aTTopovpeuas uionep vXrjs ro TTvp vpoo-
    ,

    r^Ketv ye pL-qv Kal 'PcupaioL^ per^ do(f)aXeia? Ka


    ro VLKau, d>? du ovk e^ dvdyKTjq TToXepovotu, dXXc
    2\\ rrpooKrojpevois ro'i<; he rchv ^Apd^cjv ro^orai^.
    •

    Kal Tot? drrd ri]<; Xupt'as o(f)evhovqraLg Kal XiOo


    /SoAoi? TCI 77oAAa rov£ ^\ovhaLovg dueoreXXev
    rjpepei 8' ovhe rwv d(f)err]pLCjou opydvoju ro vXijdo^
    212 OL he rovroLS pev e^Kov KaKovpeuoL, rojv he voppa

    * + rt M3S. : om. Lat.


    JEWISH WAR, III 203-212

    them was greatly shaken by compassion for their


    distress. Hetherefore decided to remain, and, making
    the universal despair of the city into a weapon for him-
    self," " Now is the time," he exclaimed, " to begin the
    combat, when all hope of deliverance is past. Fine is
    it to sacrifice life for renown and by some glorious
    "
    exploit to ensure in falling the memory of posterity !

    Suiting his action to his words, he sallied out with Jewish


    '^

    his bravest warriors, dispersed the guards, and pene-


    trating to the Romans' camp, tore up the tents of skin
    under which they were sheltered on the embankment,
    and set fire to the works. This he repeated the next
    day, and the day after that, and for a series of days
    and nights indefatigably continued the fight.
    (18) The Romans suffered from these salhes, for
    they were ashamed to f^y before Jews, and when
    they put the latter to flight the weight of their arms
    impeded them in the pursuit, while the Jews always
    did some mischief before the enemy could retahate,
    and then took refuge in the town. In view of this,
    Vespasian ordered his legionaries to shun these
    attacks and not to be drawn into an engagement with
    men who were bent on death. " Nothing," he said,
    " is more redoubtable than despair, and their im-
    petuosity, deprived of an objective, will be extin-
    guished, like fire for lack of fuel. Besides, it becomes
    even Romans to think of safety as well as victory,
    since they make war not from necessity, but to
    increase their empire." Thenceforth he relied
    mainly on his Arab archers and the Syrian slingers
    and stone-throwers to repel the Jewish assaults ;
    tlie greater part of his artillery was also constantly
    in action. Severely handled by the engines, the Jews
    « Cf. § 153 note.
    637
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    ^aXXofJidvojv evborepco yti'o/xerot TrpooeKeivro rots
    *PcjojjiaLOL9 ^^XV'^ '^^^ oojjjiaros d(f)€L-
    x^t'^e'^o''
    xo-'i'

    ifiaxouTO, Ik 8taSo_)(7]? iKarepoi to k€-


    hovvT€<i
    KfirjKO? iavrojv avaXaji^dvovres
    213 (19) OveG7TaGLav6<^ he -qyovjievos roj iii]k€l tov
    Xpouov Kal rats' eV'S/DO/xats" avrLTToXiopKelaOai, rcov
    XCJLffidTcvi' jjSr) TOt? T€LX€OL TTeXaCouTcov TTpoodyeiv
    214 eyvoi rov Kptov. 6 5' €orlv VTTepjJLeyeOrj? Soko?
    laro) veto? TrapaTrX'qaios' ioropLajrai Se Tra^ei
    Oihi^pcpkqt' aKpov els Kpiov TTpOTOfirjv, dcf)^ oC
    215 Kal KaXetraL, rervTrajfievoj. KaraLOjpelraL 8e ko.-
    XoLS fxeoos cjOTTep oltto TrXdoriyyos irepas ookov,
    oravpoLS eKarepajdei' ebpaloig V7T€Grripiypi€vqs.
    216 dv<jjdovpi€vos hk vtto ttXtjOovs dvhpcbv els ro Karo-
    7TLV, Tcjv aincbv ddpocos TrdXiu els rovfJLTrpoaOev e77t-

    ^pLodvTiov rvTTTei rd Tet-x''] '^d> TTpoavexovri GLh-qpcp


    217 Kal ovhels ovtws Kaprepos nvpyos r) Trepl^oXos,
    TrXarvs, 09 Kav rag Trpcoras TrXrjyds evlyKif Kar-
    21s Loxvoeu^ rrjs eTTLiiourjs. €.ttI ravrrjv r-qv Trelpav c

    GTparrjyos tcuj^ 'PcopLaLcoi^ pLere^atvev /3ta rrji

    ttoXlv eXelv orrevhajv, ujs to 7TpooKade[,eodai


    219 ^Xa^epdv rjv ^lovhaiujv ovk rjpefiovvrcov. ol fiei
    ovp rovs re KaraTreXras Kal rd XoiTrd rcov d(f)e-
    r-qplcxju, (1)S e^LKvolro rcov errl rod reixovs koj-
    Xveiv 7T€Lpojfi€vojv, eyyiov irpooayayovres e^aXXov
    ofioLOJS Se avvi^yyit^ov ol ro^orai Kal (j(f)evhovrjraL.
    220 8ta 8e ravra fxrjhevos tojv TTepi^oXojv eTTi^rjvai
    ToXpicbvTOSi TTpoG-rjyov erepoL yeppois
    rov Kpidv
    re hi-qveKeoi Kal KadvirepQev 7Te(f)payp,evov heppei
    ^ Niese: evtyKelv or iveyKai yiss. ^ KaTurxiVet VRC.
    • Cf. Soph. El. 980 ^vxm dipeiSTjaafTe with note on § 153.

    6S8
    JEWISH WAR, III. 212-220

    gave way, but once past the reach of their adver-


    saries' long-range projectiles they flung themselves
    furiously on the Romans and fought desperately,
    prodigal of life and limb," one party after another
    relieving their exhausted comrades.
    (19) The length of the siege and the sallies of the The
    enemy made Vespasian feel that the position was ['am appu*.
    reversed and himself the besieged so, now that the
    ;

    earthworks were approaching the ramparts, he de-


    cided to bring up the " ram." This is an immense
    beam, like the mast of a ship, reinforced at its ex-
    tremity with a mass of iron in the form of a ram's
    head, whence the machine takes its name. It is
    suspended at its middle point by ropes, like the
    beam of a balance, to another beam which is sup-
    ported at either end by posts fixed in the ground. A
    large body of men first draw the ram backward and
    then, all pushing together with all their weight,
    heave it forward so that it batters the wall with the
    projecting iron. And there is no tower so strong,
    no wall so thick, as, even though it sustain the initial
    impact, to withstand the repeated assaults of this
    engine. Such was the expedient to which the Roman
    general had recourse, being impatient to carry the
    city by storm, as the long blockade, coupled with the
    (activity of the Jews, was proving injurious. The
    I
    Romans now brought forward the catapults and the
    jrest of their artillery within range of the Jews on the
    ramparts who were endeavouring to beat them off', and
    put these engines into action the archers and slingers
    ;

    >iiniultaneously advanced. While the fire of these


    :r(i ops would not permit any to venture on the ram-

    jarts, another party brought up the ram, protected


    jy a long line of hurdles, over which was a covering

    639
    J05EPHUS
    7rp6<; 7€ avroju nal rou iJ.r]\ai^rjfiaTO<; a.O(f)dX€Lai^,
    221 Kal Kara Trjv -rrpojriqv TrX-qyrju bieoeLodrj ixkv to
    Tdlxo?, Kpauyrj Se fieyiaTri napa Tchv evhov rjpdrj
    Kaddnep iaAwKorcov rjSr].

    222 [-20) rioAAa/ct? be etV toi^ avrou 7iaiovro<;^ tottov


    6 'lotcn^TTOb ooov ov—oj KaTappKJydi^aoixevov
    opojv
    ro T€t;^os", GO(f}Ll,€TaL 7Tp6<;^ oXtyov rr]v ^iav rov
    223 /Lt7];\^at'r)jLtaro9. oaKKOvg dxvpcov 7TXrjpa)(TauTa<; eVe-
    Xevaev KaOifidv KaO^ o (fjepofievov del rou Kpiov
    opcoev, cu? TrXd^OLTO t€ rj efx^oXrj Kal Sexop-evoL
    224 rag TrXrjyds €kk€1'ol€v rfj ^j^aui^drr^rt. rovro nXei-
    orrfv biarpL^rjV 77apecr;^ev rot? 'Pa>/xatot?, Kad o
    fJLeu TpdrroLeu dvTLTrapayovTtov tous
    ttjv fj.TjxcLi'-qv

    odKKOvg Toji^ VTTepOev, vTTO^aXXoi^Tcov re^ rai? ip,-


    ^oXalg, COS" p-T^Sev Kar' dvTLrvrrLav ^XdrrreoOaL to
    225 relxog' fWb dureTni^orjcraureg kovtovs ol 'Pco/xatot
    p.aKpovs Kal hpeTTava rovg
    hi^aavres Itt* aKpojv
    22tj odKKOVs ivepyov 8e ovrco rijg iXe-
    d—e-rep.vov.
    TToXeojg yei'opidvrjg Kal rov relxovg, veonayeg yap
    i^u, evBihovTOs yj^'Tj, TO XoLTTOu ettI rrjv eV rrvpog

    227 dpLVvav ol Trepl tov ^Icoa-q-rrov a)ppLr)oai'. dipdpLeuoL


    Se OGOV av-i]g el\ov vXiqg rpixddev IveKdiovoLV,
    Kai ra re in^xavi]p.aTa Kal rd yeppa Kal rd
    228 X^/^^'''^ "^^'^ '
    Poi/xatcui^ vTrerripiTrpaaav. ol he
    KaKcog eTTe^o-qdovv, npog re r-qv r6Xp.av avroju
    Kara-errXriyore? Kal vtto rrjg (fiXoyog rag dp.vua^

    ' Niese: nalofTts, waiofTa i) or Traioi'rai MSS.


    r VA. 2 Niese: oi mss.

    Sacks of rags (centones) were used by the Romans


    <»

    (Wget. iv. 23, quoted by Heinach). ^ Or " continually."

    ' Ttie f\^7ro.\ts, here used for the ram, was originally the

    640
    JEWISH WAR, III. 220-228

    'skin for the greater security of themselves and of


    leir engine At the first blow the wall was shaken
    id a piercing cry arose from the interior of the town
    ; though it had already been taken.
    (20) Josephus, seeing that under the repeated Counter-
    ows constantly directed upon the same spot the of the^
    all was on the verge of collapsing, devised a method ^"^°'^?
    I
    [*f
    '
    paralysing for a while the force of the machine, to the
    e directed that sacks filled with chaff « should be fn°gTnTs.
    t down by ropes at the place which the ram was seen

    om time to time to be battering, with the object


    '^

    'deflecting the head and deadening the force of the


    ow by the soft cushion which received it. This
    riously retarded the Romans, for, wherever they
    n*ned their engine, those above retorted by opposing
    leir sacks beneath the strokes, and so the wall
    iffered no injury from the impact until the Romans ;

    vented a counter-device of long poles to the ends


    which were attached scythes, with which they
    it the cords supporting the sacks. The engine ^
    iving thus recovered its efficacy, and the newly
    jilt wall already showing signs of giving way,
    Dsephus and his comrades, as a last resort, had
    ;course to fire. Snatching up ^ all the dry wood
    hich they could find, they rushed out from three
    jarters of the town and set fire to the engines,
    icker shelters, and props of the enemy's earth-
    orks. The Romans did little to save them, stupefied
    y^their opponents' audacity and outstripped by the

    ime given to a movable tower, invented by Demetrius, with


    vera! stories for the carriage of artillery and troops (c/. § 121).
    ^ a-^ydpievot c/. apd/nevoi irup TrdAif, § 234.
    : The meaning
    kindle " (so Reinach) is usually expressed by the active
    'T€Lv, though the middle is used for " set fire to " (a build-

    g), B. V. 287 Tuiu epytof j^TTTeTo to nvp.


    VOL. II Y 64<1
    JOSEPHUS
    (f)6av6iJ,€voL' ^rjpd? yap vXr]?, Trpo? 8e do(f)dXro
    T€ Kal rrLGcrrjS, en 8e deiov, SiLTrraro to ttv

    (TTivoias TO-XLOV, Koi TO. 77oAAa> KayLaro) TTeirour^

    p.€va rolg 'PajjU.atot? irrl pLLa^ copag cie/xero.


    229 (21) "Et'^a Kal dvrjp ti? i^ecfxivr) 'lovhaiaf'
    Xoyov Kal pLv-qpL-qs d^LOS' ^afiaiov^ /xei^ Trat? 7)1

    'EAea^apos" 5' iKaXelro, Trarplg avn ZajSa" 8e


    230 TTJ? FaAtAata?- ovro? vnepixeyeOrf Trerpav dpo
    jxevog d^Lr]OLV (itto tou Tet'xou? eVt tt^p' eAcTToAt
    /xerd TOoavTqs ^tas , ojore drropprj^aL ttjv K€<f)aXr
    70V in)')(a.vr]fxaro<; , rjv Kal KaTanrihr^oas €/c fxeaa
    aiperai rcov noXeyi'LOJV Kal iierd ttoXXt]? aoeic
    231 €77t TO Teixo'; €(f)€pev. okotto^ be TrdoLV ro
    €)(^poLg yeiofievog Kal yvpLvo) tco ocofJiarL tc
    TXr]yds be^dfjLevog nevre fxev hiaTreiperaL ^eXeai
    232 77p6s ovhev be tovtojv err lot panels , ore to Telx'-
    die^r] Kal TrepioTTTOS Trdaiv ttj? evToXpila? eoT
    TOTe iXvGTTwpLevos V7T0 Twv TpavjJLaTOJV fieTa tc
    233 Kpcov Kaie-eoev. dpLoroi ^leT avTOV e(l)dvqoc
    dbeX(f)ol hvo NeTetpa? Kal ^lXlttttos, dno 'Pou/x(
    KcopLfjs, FaAiAatofc Kal avToi, [ol \* 7Tpo7Tr]ba)Oi p.

    els Tovs 0770 Toi3 SeKdTOV TdypLaTog, tooovtco <

    poito) Kal (Sia toi? 'Poj/xaioi? ovveTreaov, cus 3


    appfj^aL Te to? To^et? Kal TpeijjaoBai KaO' ov? ec
    opprjoetav aTravTas.
    23i (22) Merd tovtovs 6 Te 'IcoorjTTO? Kal 1

    Ao(77di^ vXrjdos dpdfjLevoL TTvp TrdXtv to p.rixo.v\ r

    /iOTtt Kal rds" VTTohvoeis dfia tols epyoig vcpTJipc


    rov t€ rrepLTTTOv Kal tov heKdTov Tpa-nevTOS to^
    * la^JLiov PAL.
    So or la^aa or laa^ the
    * Mss. : Niese suggests rd,Sa,
    known town of Galilee.
    642
    JEWISH WAR, III. 228-23t

    lames in their efforts to rescue them for fed by dry ;

    inder, with the addition of bitumen, pitch, and


    ulphur, the fire flew in all directions quicker than
    bought, and works which had cost the Romans such
    evere labour were consumed in a single hour.
    (21) On this occasion one Jew who made his mark Jewish
    leserves record and remembrance his name was
    ^^^'^'^^'^•
    ;

    •Lleazar, son of Sameas, a native of Saba in Galilee,


    lifting an enormous stone, he hurled it from the wall
    t the ram with such force that he broke off its head ;

    hen, leaping down, he carried off this trophy from


    he midst of the enemy and bore it with perfect
    omposure to the foot of the ramparts. Now become
    target for all his foes, and receiving their hits in his
    efenceless body, he was pierced by five arrows,
    lut, without a thought for these, he scaled the wall
    nd there stood conspicuous to all the admirers of his
    ravery then, writhing under his wounds, he fell
    ;

    eadlong with the ram's head in his hands. Next


    3 him those who most distinguished themselves
    ere two brothers, Netiras and Philip, also Gali-
    leans, from the village of Ruma
    dashing out " :

    gainst the lines of the tenth legion, they charged


    le Romans with such impetuosity and force that
    ley broke their ranks and put to flight all whom
    ley encountered.
    (22) Following in the wake of these men, Josephus
    nd the rest of the people, with fire-brands in their
    ands, again sallied out and set fire to the machines,
    lelters and earthworks of the fifth legion and of

    " Modern RionaJi, a few miles from Jotapata on the south


    "
    the Plain of Asochis.

    ^ euros oTrepjJLeyedr] M (Lat.) : VTrep/xcyedr} 8e or virepfxeyedr)


    le rest. * ins. M Lat. : om. the rest.

    643
    JOSEPHUS
    /Liaro?, Kal ra opyava koa
    OL XoLTTol be cfiddoavre^

    235 TTauav Kare^ojoav. rrepl 8e BeiXrjv ttciXu


    vXrjv
    duaGTT]GaVT€? TTpOGrjyOU rOV KpiOV fj 7Tp07T€7TOVl]K€l
    236 rvrrro/j-evov to relxo?. evda rt? rajv dpLVVofjie-
    vcov diT^ avrov ^dXXet rou OveoTraaLavov jSe'Aei
    Kara tov rapoov rod ttoSo? Kal TLrpa)GK€L /xei
    e77t7roAataj?, TTpoeKXvGauro^ to ^Xiqdkv rod 8ta-
    OTrjiJLaTO?, fieycGTOv 8e dopv^ou iveTTOtr^Geu rot^

    237 *Pc(j/xaiot9" Trpo? yap to af/xa Tapay(devTojv tcoi


    TrXr]GiOV (firifJ-rj Sta Tzavro? eTTrjeL tov GTpaTOV, Ka
    TTJg TtoXiopKLa^ OL TrXelou? dt^ijxevoi /xer' iKTrXrj ^.

    23S ^eco? Kal heovg €7tI tov GTpaTiqyov ovvedeov. Ttpt {

    he TrdvTOJi' Tlto? Setcra? Trepl to) iraTpl Traprjv


    (jjs TO TrXrjOo'i Kal Trj Ttpos tov -qyovfjLevov evvou
    Kal Trj TOV TTacSog dyojvia GvyxvdrjvaL. paGTt
    fjLevTOi TOV Te VLOV 6 TTaTTjp SeStdra Kal ttjv GTpa
    239 Tidv €7TavGev tov Bopv^ov rcuv' yap dXyrjhovoj
    irrdviD yev6iievo<^ Kal TraGiv rot? enTor^fievoLS Si

    avTOv GTTOvhdGag 'x^aXe'ncjJTepov 'louSat'ot


    6(f)drjvaL

    CTT-qyeLpe^ tov TToXefXOV eKaGTog yap ajs" TLjjLOjpo


    TOV GTpaTrjyov TrpoKLvSwevecv rjOeXev, Kal /3o
    TTapaKpoTOVvTes aXX-i]Xovg errl to Telxos ojpjJiOJV.
    240 (~3) Ot he Trepl tov ^Iojgtjttov, Ka'tTtep ez
    dXXy]Xoig TTiTTTOvTe? vtto tojv KaTaTTeXTCKcov kc
    Tojv TTeTpo^oXcov, ofjico? ovk direTpeTTOVTO to
    Telxovg, dXXd TTvpl Kal Gthripoj Kal TreTpon tov
    VTTO^ ra yeppa tov Kptov eTTL^piOovTag e^aXXoi
    1 eir-Tjpey PA ; for text rf. B. v. 9S.
    2 Destinon, Holwerda : ^tti mss.

    ° § 233.
    644
    JEWISH WAR, III. 234-240

    the tenth which had been routed " ; the other


    legions hastily buried their machinery and all com-
    bustible materials. Towards evening the Romans
    re-erected the ram and brought it up to the spot
    where the wall had been weakened by its previous
    blows. At this moment, one of the defenders of Vespasian
    the ramparts hit Vespasian with an arrow in the sole ^o'^"^^*^-
    of the foot. The wound was slight, the distance
    having broken the force of the missile, but the in-
    cident created a vast commotion among the Romans :
    [he sight of blood alarmed those immediately sur-
    rounding Vespasian, the news at once spread through
    :he whole army, and most of the soldiers, abandoning
    he siege, came running towards their general in
    consternation and terror. The first on the spot was
    Titus, with grave fears for his father, so that the
    Toops were doubly agitated, both by their affection
    or their chief and by the sight of his son's anguish,
    however, Vespasian found little difficulty in allaying
    )oth the fears of his son and the tumult of the army.
    Vlastering his pain, he hastened to show himself to
    ill who had trembled for his life, and so roused them

    o fight the Jews more fiercely than ever. Each


    vished to be the first to brave danger in avenging
    lis general, and, with shouts of mutual encourage-

    nent, they rushed for the ramparts.


    (23) Josephus and his men, though falling one Fierce nigh
    ipon another under the hail of missiles from the thrRoman
    catapults and stone-projectors, still were not driven
    rom the battlements, but with fire, iron,^ and stones
    continued to assail the soldiers who, under cover of
    ,heir wicker shelters, were propelling the ram. How-
    ' Usually= " sword-blade " : here probably iron arrow-
    leads are meant (Horn. II. iv. 123).
    645
    JOSEPHUS
    241 Kal Tivvov fLei> ovbev rj fjLLKpov, avrol 8* a8ta-
    XeLTTTOJ? eTTL—TOV VTTO flYJ jSAcTTO/LteVcUV Kadopcfj-
    242 [levof avroL re yap vtto rrjg o<f)€Tepas Trept-
    XafjLTrofievoL (f)Xoy6g okotto? rjaav roig TToXep.ioi'S
    evGvvoTTTOs, worrep iv rj/jbepa, Kal row opydvcvv
    TToppcoOev ii-q ^XeTTOfJievcov 0VG(l)vXaKTOV rjv to
    24.'> ^aXX6fjL€vov. T) yovi'^ tcov o^v^eXojv Kal Kara-
    TTeXrajv TToXXovg afia hi-qXavvev, Kal ra>v vttc
    jSi'a

    ri]g fMriXOLi^fj? a^Lep.evajv rrerpajv 6 polLo^ eVaA^ets


    re aTTeovpev Kal yojvias arreBpvTrre TTvpyojv
    244 avdpujv fiev yap <ovBev >^ ovrwg LGX^pov crrl^os
    o /xt)' iaxdrri? orpcovwrai
    fjLexpib (^6Xayyo<; /Stc

    245 Te Kal fjbeyedei rod XiBov. fiddoL 8' dv rt? tt^i

    rod iJi7])(^avrifJLarog row Irrl rrjohe rrj<:


    dXKrjV €k
    vvKro'i y€VopL€Vcov ydp ng qtt' auroi
    TrXrjyels
    rdjv TTepl roi^ ^IcocrqTTOV iarajrajv dvd ro rei-)(0
    aTTapdaaeraL rrjv K€<f)aX7]v vtto rrjs Trerpag, Ka
    ro KpavLOV aTTO rpicov €0(f)€vhovrjdrj orahiojv
    246 yuvai/co? re pieO^ rjfJLepav iyKvp,ovog TrXrjyeLarj
    TTjV yaurepa, TrpofjeL 8e veov i^ otVta?, i^eaetae
    e'd)' rjfjLLardhiov ro ^pe</>o?* roaavrr) tjv rj ro
    247 Xido^oXov ^la. rwv ovv opydvojv (f)o^€pcorepos
    245 polLog, rwv 8e /SaAAo/xeVcuv tjv 6 ip6(f)OS. eV
    ciAAryAot 8c eKTVTTOVV ol veKpol Kara rod reixov
    pL7Tr6fJL€VOLy Kal SeLVT) }ikv evhodev Kpavyrj yvvaLKco
    rjyeLpero, avvqxovv 8' e^ojOev olpLOjyal (f)OV€vo
    249^eVct>v. at/JLari 8* ippelro rrds 6 Txpo rrjg P'dx'Ti

    ^ Niese re ovv MSS.


    :
    i
    * Niese: om. PA*L: A- has oi'dei'i, the otherMss. ins. oi
    ^,v before or after oIto:s.

    » § 80.
    * ?.«. the XlOo^oXov, 'Ldit. hall ist a, %%Q\ Reinach identifi*

    6\6
    JEWISH WAR, III. 241-249

    :ver, their efforts had httle or no effect, and they


    vere incessantly falHng, because the enemy saw them
    vithout being seen for, with the glare of their own
    ;

    ights all round them, they formed as conspicuous a


    nark for the enemy as in broad daylight, while they
    bund difficulty in avoiding the projectiles from the
    engines which they could not see in the distance.
    Thus the missiles from the ." quick-firers " " and
    catapults came with such force as to strike down
    vhole files, and the whizzing stones hurled by the
    mgine * carried away the battlements and broke off
    he angles of the towers. Indeed, there is no body
    )f troops, however strong, which the force and mass

    )f these stones cannot lay low to the last rank. Some

    ncidents of that night will give an idea of the power Examples (

    )f this engine. One of the men standing on the wall the Roman
    )eside Josephus had his head carried away by a stone, engines.
    md his skull was shot, as from a sling, to a distance
    )f three furlongs ;a woman with child was struck on
    he belly just as she was leaving her house at day-
    )reak, and the babe in her womb was flung half a
    urlong away.'' So mighty was the force of these
    tone-projectors. More alarming even than the
    engines was their whirring drone, more frightful than
    he missiles the crash.'^ Then there was the thud of
    he dead falling one after another from the wall,
    "earful shrieks from the women within the town
    ningled with the moans of the dying victims with-
    )ut. The whole surrounding area in front of the fight-

    he " engine " as the onager, another form of stone-projector,


    )ut apparently not invented till later.
    " Josephus is prone to exaggeration.

    **
    It seenns unnecessary to correct 0o/3fpu)7fpo9 to (po^epbs
    »r 0o/3epu)Taroj with Reinach, who renders
    " Terrible aussi
    tait le sifflement des machines et le fracas de leur ravage."

    647
    JOSEPHLS
    TTepifjoXog, Kal Trpoo^arov vtto TTTOjjJLaTOJU tc
    250 Ter;(09 iyiuero. (fjo^cpcoTepau 8' Ittolovv rrju ^orji
    7T€pLrj)(ovvra ra opr), Kal ovSev irr^ eVetVr^s" Trj<^
    vvKTos oure €19 dKorjs ovre els oipeoj^ KaroLTrXrj^u
    251 OLTreXeLTTero. TrXeloroi fiiv ye rcov l-nl rrjs 'Icora
    TTOLT-qs dy(jji'il6iJL€U0L yevvaioj^; €7T€OOu, TrXelaroi 8 ,,

    lyivovro rpavfj-ai Lat, Kal jjloXl? Trepl Trju iojdcvr)


    (fyvXaK-qv ivhlSojOL TOt? fjir))(ai^y]fJLaGL ro r€L)(0'
    252 dbtaXeLTTTO)? rvTrrop-evov ol 8e (fypa^dfievoL rol ;,

    ocofiaai Kal tol<; ottXol? to KaTappi(f)d€u dvr


    wxvpojcrau, rrplv ^X-qOrjvaL rds eTTL^arrjpLOv? vtto toj
    'PcjopLatoju pi-qyavas-
    253 (94) 'T776 8e Tr]v eoj OveuTraoLavos IttI tt)

    KardX-rjijiLV Trj<; TroXeojs avurjyev tt^v arpaTidv


    oXiyov a770 tou vvKrepivov rrovov SiavaTravaas
    254 ^ovX6pi€vo<i 8' dTTO Tcou KaTappL^Bevrwv Trepi
    ovaaai rovs eipyovrag, toi)? p.€u yevvaiordrov
    ]
    Tojv i7T7T€cov ciTTO^r^aa? [Tibv tTTTTtuP' '
    rpi'xfj 8teTa^e
    Kara ra TTeTrrajKora rod TeL)(ovs, Trdurodev 7T€(j)pay
    p,euovs TOLS OTrAoi? ^at tou? koutous 7Tpoto\ovTa
    OJS o-nore rds err L^arrj pious ^dXXoiev pLTj-^avd
    255 KardpxoLvro rrjs elooSov Karomv hk avr cjp era^e
    rov TTelov ro dKp-aiorarov, ro he Xoittov lttttlko
    dvriTTape^ireivev rep retx^t- Kara Trdoav rrjv opeivrj
    rrpos ro piTjdevarwu ai/a^euyourcof €k rijs dXcooecjo
    250 biaXaOeu^. Karo-w TTepUonqaev rov
    8e rovroju
    ro^or as e;(eti^ KeXevaas ra ^eXrj npo
    erotpia
    dcfyeaiv, opiOLws 8e Kal G(p€vSovrjras Kal rovs ctj
    257 rcou p-qxaurjiJLdrcov, irepovs Se KXiptaKas dpap.evov
    vpoo(f)€pe.iv lirdvoj rois dKepaiots reixeotu, Iv^ c

    ^ om, as gloss Destinon; rf. iii, 4-+9.

    648
    JEWISH WAR, III. 249-257

    ng line ran with blood, and the piles of corpses formed


    I path to the summit of the wall. The echo from
    he mountains around added to the horrible din in ;

    hort nothing that can terrify ear or eye was wanting


    m that dreadful night. Multitudes of the defenders
    'f Jotapata fell in valiant fight, multitudes were
    mounded and not till towards the hour of the
    -,

    riorning watch did the wall, after incessant battering, a breach


    uccumb to the machines The besieged, however, ^^® ^*^'"
    lucking the breach with their persons and their
    capons, threw up a makeshift defence before the
    a)inans could lay the gangways for the escalade.
    (24) Vespasian, having allowed his troops a brief Prepara-
    espite after the fatigues of the night, reassembled escalade,
    hem soon after daybreak for the final assault. His
    bject was to draw off the defenders from the breach.
    Vith this intention, he ordered the bravest of his
    avalry to dismount and marshalled them in three
    ivisions " opposite the ruined portions of the wall ;

    rotected by armour from head to foot and with


    mces couched, they were to be the first to enter the
    Dwn the moment the gangways were laid behind ;

    nese he placed the flower of the infantry. (The rest


    f the cavalry were deployed all along the mountain
    de facing the ramparts, to prevent the escape of a
    ngle fugitive when the town was taken.'') Further
    the rear he posted the archers in a semicircle,
    1

    'ith directions to have their arrows ready to shoot,


    long with the slingers and the artillery, under similar
    rders. Other parties were then told off to bring up
    idders and plant them against the wall where it was
    *"
    Or " three deep."
    " As Reinach suggests, § 255 appears to be a parenthesis.
    tid § 256 follows, in the order of battle, immediately after
    254.
    VOL. II Y 2 649
    JOSEPHUS
    fiei' Tovrou? KcoXvetv TreLpcofxevoL KaraXiiroiev ttjv
    Totb KarappL(f)deiGLV ol XolttoI 8*
    irrl (f)vXaKi]v,
    V7t' ddpoojv ^iatopbevoi rcJov ^eXcov et^ojGLV rrj?
    €Lo6Sov.
    258 {'25) ^lcuGr]7T0S Se avvtel^^ r-qv iTrivoiav IttI fiev
    rod pLevoPTOS reixovg gvv tol? KCKpLrjKoaiv tarrjoi
    Tovg y-qpatov? cus" pirjheu Tavrrj ^Xa^rjoopievovs,
    €1? Se ra Trapeppcoyora^ rod reixov? rov? Svva-
    Tcurdrov? Kal Trpo Travrcov dvd e^ dvbpas, pied'
    d)P Kal avrog et's" to TTpoKLvSwevetv eKXrjpcooaTO
    259 eVeAeucreV re Trpo^ p^kv tov dXaXaypiOV rcop raypid-
    rcov d7T0(f)pd^aL rd? dKodg, to? dv pirj KaraTrXayelev
    npo? Se TO rrXijdos rdv ^eXwu GVVOKXdaavrai
    KaXvipaoOai KaBvTrepBev rot? dvpeols, U77o;\;copr^CTa
    re 77 pog dXcyov,^ ecu? rds (jiaperpas KevcoGOJGiv o
    260 ro^orai- ^aXXovrojv 8e ra? eTn^ar-qpiov? p.-qyavd'
    avrovs TTpoTT-qhav Kal Sta rcju lSloju opydvco
    diTavrdv roZs TroXepLtoL?, dyajviteGdai re eKaGro
    ovx <jo9 vrrep GCx)6r]Gop.evr]s , dXX cos" virep dn
    261 oXwXvias rjSrj rrjg TrarptSo? dpLVvopievou, Xapi^dveL
    re TTpo ocjidaXpicbv GcfyayrjGopLevovs yepovra^; ko
    reKva Kal yvvaiKa? dvaiped-qGopbevas^ vtto ro)
    exOpojv OGOP ovbeTTco, Kal rov enl rat? pieXXovGai
    GvpL(l)opalg OvpLOv rrpoaXiGavras eva^elvai roig Spo
    GOVGiv avrds.
    262 (26) "Y.ra^ev pcev ovp ovrcos eKdrepov rd \

    dpydv dird rrjs iroXeajs TrXrjdoSi yvvata Kal vratSe


    1 avveU MVRC. 2 ^:arippoiy6Ta PAML.
    ^ 7rp6? 6Xt70f J /car' oXLyov " little by little " L Lat. (perhaj
    riphtly).
    * (vptdTjao/j.ii'Ovs {-fx^vas) P(AL): capi Lat.
    650
    JEWISH WAR, III. 257-262

    still intact, in order that some of the besieged, in the


    attempt to repel them, might be induced to abandon
    the defence of the breach, and the remainder, over-
    whelmed by a hail of missiles, be forced to give way.
    (25) Josephus, penetrating this design, entrusted Josephus'

    the protection of the intact portions of the wall to ol'^hS^"^'"


    the fatigued and older men, expecting that there troops,
    [hey would come to no harm but he placed at the ;

    breach the most vigorous of his men, and at the head


    )f each group six men,'* drawn by lot, among whom he

    limself drew for his place ^ to bear the brunt of the


    jattle. He instructed his men, when the legions
    •aised their war-cry, to stop their ears, so as not to
    3e frightened when the volley of missiles came, to
    ;

    rouch down and cover their bodies with their


    bucklers, and to fall back for a while, until the
    nchers had emptied their quivers but, the instant ;

    he gangways were laid, to spring on to them them-


    -eU es and confront the enemy by means of his own
    nstruments.^ " Let each man fight," he continued,
    '
    not as the saviour of his native place, but as its
    ivenger, as though it were lost already. Let him
    picture to himself the butchery of the old men, the
    ate of the children and women at the hands of the
    be, momentarily impending. Let the anticipation
    )f these threatened calamities arouse his concen-
    .rated fury, and let him vent it upon the would-be
    3erpetrators."
    (26) Such was the disposition of his two divisions.
    3ut when the crowd of non-combatant townsfolk,
    <•
    Meaning a little doubtful. These leaders are the
    pofxaxoL mentioned in § 270.
    "
    Cf. § 263 e'Xaxf'').
    (f;.

    ' " The engineer hoist with his own petard " {Hamlet,
    u. iv.).

    651
    JOSEPHUS
    ois" idedaavro rpLTtXfj fjiev (jiaXayyi tt]v ttoXlv
    ILojoixivriv, ovhkv yap els rrju fia.xT\v jieTaKeKLvriTO
    rwv vdXai (f}vXaK(jjv, Trpog be toi? ^€^Xrjfj.euoL<^
    reix^GLV rovg TroAe/xtou? ^L(f)rjp€LS kol rrp Kad-
    VTTepdev opeivrjv XapLTTOfjLevrjv ottXols, to. t€ ^eXrj
    roiS" To^orats' VTrepavexovra^ rcbu ^Apd^oju, vora-
    Tov TLua KOJKvrov dXojoeojs avvri)(r]oav, cos ovk
    OLTTeiXovfJieicov en rcbv KaKow dXX -qhrj Trapovrajv.
    263 o 8e ^YojoiqTTOS rds p-ev yvvatKas, cl>s p-rj dT^Xyvotev
    0LK70J rds oppids rcov a<f)eTepa)v, /cara/cAeiet Tatj
    oLKtaLS p.€T^ aTreLXrjsKeXevaas' avros
    rjovxd[,€LU
    264 Se CTTL T<jjv eXa^^v Traprjet. rots
    IpeK^devrcjv fj
    p.kv ovv Kcid* erepa 7TpoG<f)€povGL rds xrAt/xa/cas" ov
    TTpooelxev, aTreKapahoKei be r-qv oppLrjv rujv ^eXtov.
    205 (27) 'Opov 8' ol re oaXmKral rd)V raypdrcxjv
    dTrdvrojv ovvrixijoav Kal bewdv i7TrjXdXo.^ei^ rj

    or par id, /cat TrdvroBev d(f)LepL€vajv aTTO ouuOrjpLaros


    266 rdjv ^eXtov rd (f)(x)s vrrerepivero. /x£/xv7]/zeVot ye
    pLTji' rojv rov 'Icoctt^ttou 7Tpoorayp,drojp ol ovv
    avro) rds Te aKods rrpds rrjv ^orjv Kal rd ocvpara
    267 TTpos rds d(f)eG€LS i<f)pd^avro, Kal ^aXXovrojv TCts
    py'ixavds erte^ehpapiov hi avrcov Trplv eTTi^rji^ai rovs
    268 ^dXXouras, GyfirrXeKopLevoi re^ ro'is dviovGiu rrav
    rola Kal x^^pd^^ ^97^ '^'^^ ^^XV^ ivaTrebeLKVVvro, 'j!

    TTeipdjp.evoL rrapd rds CGxdras Gvp,<f)opds prj ;^et


    povs (^aiveGOai row ev aKivhvvoj rep Kard G(f)ds
    269 dvbpilopei'coi'- wGre ov Trporepov aTreppriyvvvro
    2/0 T^^y ^^ojpa'iojv Ttplv r) TreGelv rj hiacfyOelpai. cl»s
    ''

    5' oi peu eKapvov hirjveKojs dpvvopevoi Kal rouSfff"

    oonj. : (Trafixoi'Ta MSS-

    tei
    • § 148.
    JEWISH WAR, III. 262 270

    women and children, beheld the city encircled by a


    triple —
    cordon of troops for the Romans had not
    shifted for the battle any of the guards which they
    —
    had posted at the outset," when they saw, moreover,
    at the foot of the ruined walls the enemy sword in
    hand, and above them the mountain-side gleaming
    with arms and higher still the arrows of the Arab
    archers pointed at the town, they shrieked aloud,
    a last shriek, as it were, at their capture, as though
    the catastrophe were no longer imminent but already
    upon them. Josephus, fearing that the wailing of
    the women might unman the combatants, had them
    shut up in their houses, ordering them with threats
    to hold their peace. He then took up his allotted
    position at the breach, and, regardless of the ladders
    which were being brought up elsewhere, breathlessly
    awaited the hail of arrows.
    (27) And now the trumpeters of all the legions Hand-to-
    simultaneously sounded, the troops raised a terrific onlhe^
    shout, and at a given signal arrows poured from gangways
    all quarters, intercepting the light. Mindful of
    the injunctions of Josephus, his comrades screened
    their ears from the shout and their bodies from the
    volleys ;and, as the planks were laid, they dashed
    out across them, before those who had laid them
    could set foot on them In the ensuing hand-to-
    hand fight with their mounting enemy, they dis-
    i
    played all manner of feats of strength and gallantry,
    endeavouring in the depth of calamity to prove
    themselves not inferior to men who, without the
    same interests at stake, were so courageous. None
    relaxed his struggle with a Roman until he had killed
    him or perished. But whereas the Jews, now be-
    coming exhausted by the incessant combat, had none
    653
    .

    J05EPHUS
    vpofjidxovs diielBeLW ovk exovreg, to KeKfJLTjKO?
    he Twv 'PojfiaLOJV dKpai(f)vel? bieSexovro Kal
    Tax^o^? o-vtI TO)!/ dTTO^LaoOevTOJV eTTe^aivov erepoL,
    TrapaKeXevodiJLevol re dXXrjXotg Kal TrXevpdv fiev
    evojoavTe^, dvpeolg KaOvrrepdev (j)pa^d-
    toi? he
    fievoi 071(^0? dpp-qKTOV eyevovTO, Kal KaOdrrep evl
    oajfiaTL TrdoT) ttj (f^dXayyi tou? 'lovSatou? dv-
    ojBovvTeg rjhrj tov Telxov? eTre^aivov.
    271 (28) '0 he ^]coor]7TO? ev Tat? dji-qxcLVtaLg ovfA,-
    ^ovXov Xa^d>v rrjv dvdyKTjV, rj S' iorlv heivT) Trpos
    e—Lvoiav, orav avrrjv dTroyvcooLS epeOll^r], l,eov
    272 eXaiov eKeXevoev Karaxelu tcjv ovvrjUTTLKorcov. ol
    h\ cu? TrapeoKevaojievov exovres, fierd, rdxovs
    TToXXol Kal TToXv TrdvTodev Tojv 'PcjfiaLOJV Karex^ov
    avveTraSievre? Kal tq dyyeTa ^paaoofieva rij deppLj].
    273 rovTo KaLop.ev(x>v tlov 'Pajfialajv hieoKehaoev rrjv
    rd^LVy Kal fierd heivow dXyrjhovojv dTTeKvXivhovvTO
    274 -roij Tei-xovg' paora fjiev yap to eXaLOV drro Kopv(j)rj^

    fj-expi- 77oha)V VTTOra? TzavoTrAta? hieppei tov acu/ia-


    To? oXov, Kal T-qv odpKa (fiXoyos ovhev eXaooov
    e-TTe^oGKeTO, depiiaLVopievov Te Kal(jyvoei Ta;!(€a)?

    275 4^vxdiJ.evov ^pahecxjs hid ttju heTTLorrjTa. toZs


    Ocijpa^LV Kal Tols KpdveoLV evhehepLevoiv drtaXXayr]
    TTj^ Kavoeojs OVK r,v, TTTihuiVTes he Kal ovvei-
    XcvfievoL Tals dXyrjhooLV drro tojv yec^vpujpidTcov
    eTTiTTTOv OL he Tparrevres els tovs ocfjerepovs TTpoocj
    ^latopievovs evxeipojToi toIs KaTOTTiv TiTpojoKovaiv
    r^aav
    276 (29) 'ErreAeiTzev'^ 8' oxne 'PajfiaLovs ev Tals
    KaKOTT pay Lais lox^S ovre tov? ^lovdaiov? ovveoLS,
    fVAtrei' PA.
    ^

    ° See § 256.
    654,
    JEWISH WAR, III. 270-276

    to replace their foremost champions," in the Roman


    ranks the exhausted men were relieved by fresh
    troops, and when one party was driven back another
    instantly took its place the assailants cheered each
    ;

    other on, and, side linked to side, with their bucklers


    protecting them above, they formed an invulnerable
    column,^ which with its united mass, like one solid
    body, pushed the Jews before them and was even
    now mounting the ramparts.
    (28) In this critical situation, Josephus, taking Scalding i

    —
    counsel from necessity, ready as she is in invention Jhe'Soma
    —
    when stimulated by despair, ordered boiling oil to be
    poured upon this roof of close-locked shields. His men
    had it ready, and at once from all quarters deluged
    the Romans with large quantities, flinging after it
    the vessels, still scalding hot. This broke their forma-
    tion the Romans, burning and in excruciating agony,
    :

    rolled headlong from the ramparts. For the oil


    instantaneously penetrated beneath their armour
    from head to foot, spreading over the whole surface
    of their bodies and devouring the flesh with the fierce-
    ness of a flame, this liquid being, from its nature,
    quick in absorbing heat and, from its fatty properties,
    slow in cooling. Encumbered with their cuirasses
    and their helmets, the victims had no escape from
    the scalding fluid leaping and writhing in anguish,
    :

    they dropped from the scaling-bridges. Those who


    turned to fly were blocked by their comrades pressing
    forward to the assault and became an easy mark for
    Jewish assailants in their rear.
    (29) But, in the midst of these trials, the Romans
    showed no lack of fortitude, nor yet the Jews of
    * The testudo formation (c/. B. ii. 537),

    Q55
    .

    JOSEPHUS
    dAA' ol fxev KaLTTep oiKTpa 7racr;^ovTa? opcjures
    TOUi Karax^devTa'i opLOJS et? tou? Kara-)(€Ovras
    i(f)epouTo, Tou Tipo auTov KaKilow eKaarog ws
    277 efjLTToSiOv ovra rrjg pvjj.rj';^' ol he Mou8atot 8dAa»
    d€VT6pcp ra? TrpoG^daeis^ avroju e77eo4>aXXov rrjXiv
    ic^drjv V7TO)(€.ovres^ rals oavioiv, rj'g* €7;oXLodavovT€?
    278 VTieovpovro. /cat oirre tcju rpeTTopLevojv ovre rcov
    77 poo^aLVOvrojv^ tls 6pd6<g efievev, aAA' ol fiev in
    avrwv V7TrLal,6fj.€voL toju iTnf^aTrjpitou ix-qx^L^oj^
    ovverraTovuro , ttoXXoI S' eVt to ;;(aj/xa KareTnTrrov.
    279 irraiovTO 5' vtto toju 'lovdaiojv ol 7T€o6vr€9'
    eocfyaXpiivcov yap tujv 'Poi/xat'cov ovroi, rrjs Kara
    ;)(etpa avfXTrXoKrjs IXevdepojdivres, €i? ras jSoAd?
    280 €VGr6xovv } 77oAAd hk KaKovfxdvovg iu rfj rtpoa^oXfj
    TOU5 crrpaTLcuras 6 arpar-qyos rrepl SeiAr^i^ dveKaXei.
    281 eTTeoov hk tovtow fxev ovk oXiyoL Kal TrXelovg
    €TpojdrjGav, TOJU S' OLTTO TT^? ^ lajraTTOLrT]? dniSavov
    p.kv e^ dvhpe?, -rpau/xartat 8' vrrkprpLaKoalovg
    282 dveKopiiodrjoav . etKadt p.kv \aLaiov fxrjvos r]
    rrapdra^LS "qv

    283 (30) Oi}eG7TaoLav6<; hk €7tl tols avjjilSe^rjKOOL ttjv


    orpaTidu 7TapapLvdovp.evos tu? Ovixoviikwous kojpa ,

    284 Kal ov TrporpoTT-qg dXX epyojv beofxeuovg, Tipoo-


    vifjojaat p.kv rd xcofxara, Trvpyovg hk rpels,
    TTevT-qKOV-ra nohwv to uipos €KaoTou, KaTaoKevdoai
    KeAeuaa? ndurodeu oih-qpci) K€KaXvpipi€vovs ojs ,

    ibpaloi T€ €Lev vtto ^pidovs Kal hvadXojTOL irvpi,


    285 TLi)v \ujyidTU)v eTreoT-qoev. Gvv^m^-qoas aurot?
    ' Destinon (rf. A. vii. 239 (pepofxeifo^ fxi-a. ptV^s) : puinqi mss.
    * Trpo3da€i% PA ML.
    ' fTTixf'oj'Tes Hudson with one ms.
    * ah MVRC. * npo^a^i'iji'Tui' PAL.
    • f( TxoXofj' •'
    had leisure to take good aim " LVRC.
    656
    JEWISH WAR, III. 276-285

    resourcefulness. The former, though they saw their


    comrades in tortures from the drenching oil, none
    the less rushed on against those who poured it, each
    cursing the man in front of him for impeding the
    charge. The Jews, on their side, invented a second Another
    ruse to trip their assailants, by pouring over the ruse'.^

    gangway-planks boiled fenugreek", on which the


    Romans slipped and stumbled backward. Whether
    attempting to retreat or to advance, not a man could
    remain erect :some collapsed on their backs on the
    gangways and were crushed under foot, many fell off
    on to the earthworks, where they were pierced by
    the arrows of the Jews ;for, in consequence of this
    prostration of the Romans, the defenders, relieved
    from hand-to-hand fighting, showed good marksman-
    ship. After severe losses sustained in this assault The assau
    the troops, towards evening, were called off by the
    general. The Romans had many dead and more
    wounded. The defenders of Jotapata lost only six
    dead, but upwards of three hundred wounded were
    brought back to the town. This combat took place June-July
    ''°' ^^'
    on the twentieth of the month Daesius.
    (30) Vespasian at first sought to console his troops Vespasian
    for their recent experiences. But when he found forufieTh
    them in sullen mood and calling, not for encourage- 1^"^^^^'^
    ment, but for action, he ordered them to raise the
    height of the embankments and to construct three
    towers, each fifty feet high, entirely covered with
    sheet-iron, both to ensure their stability by their
    weight and to render them fire-proof. He then had
    these erected on the earth-works and mounted upon

    '
    Foenum Graecum ; Reinach remarks that this plant
    ivould be in flower precisely at this season (June-July).
    '
    8 July (Niese's reckoning).
    657
    JOSEPHUS
    aKOvrLGTOL?T€ Kal To^oras koI tcov a^^rripioiv
    opydvcov TCL K0V(f)6repa, Trpo? he rov£ pco/xa-
    286 Aecorarou? 0(j)ev8ovr)Tas- ol fir) KaOopcofJbevoL 8td
    TO vijjog Kal TO, dajpaKia ra)u TTvpycov elg Kad-
    287 opoJiJLei'ou? rov'^ inl rov reixov^ e^aWov. ol Be
    fiT^re Kara KopGTjS (j)epoixevojv ra)V fteXujv eKKXiveiv
    SwdfievoL pLrjre rovg d(f)aveLS dfivveaOaL,
    pahi(x><;
    Kal TO fiev i'i//o? rojv TTvpyojv hvue^LKrov opcovreg
    eK x^^P^? iSeAet, TTvpl Se rov rrepl avrolg aiSripov
    did\coTov, e^evyov diro rod relxoug Kal Trpoo-
    288 ^dXXeiv TretpcujLteVot? eTre^eOeov. Kal ol fiev inl
    rrjg 'IcuTaTrarrjs" dvrelxov ovroj?, dvaLpov/JLevoC re
    Kad^ TjfjLepau ttoXAoI Kal pnqhev dvnKaKovv rov?
    TToXe/jLLOug, on fi-q fxerd klvSvvcov dvelpyeiv exoureg,
    2S9 (31) Kara 8e rag avrdg -qp^epas OveGTraoiavos
    677t Tti^a ra)v rrj? ^IcaraTrdr-qs dcrrvyeiroucov ttoXlv,
    "la(f)a KaXelrai, vea>repil,ovGav Kal row 'Icora- F'

    Trarrjvoju rrapd Bo^au dvrexdvrcov eTraipop.eurjW,


    Tpa'iavou ovra rod heKdrov rdypiarog -qyepLOua...
    eKTrepLTTet Trapahovs avro) ;(tAtoi;? piev IrrTrels,

    290 neljOVS Se hiax^Xlovs . 6 he rrjv puev ttoXlv Svg-


    I
    dXojrov KaraXa^ojv rrpos yap r<2) (f>vGeL Kaprepc
    ,

    rvyxdvetv ovGa Kal hiTrXco TrepL^oXcp rerelxi'CTTO, rrpo- roti

    a7Trjvrr)K6rag he rovs e^ avrrjg irolpLovs eh l^o-XV^ M


    Lhd)V GVfi^dXXei Kal rrpos oXiyov dvrLGXOvra\
    291 ihicoKev. gv picfivyovr ojv he el? ro Trpcjrov relxo^.
    ol 'PcopcaloL Kara rrohag 'npoGKeip.evoi GVveiG
    292 erreGOV. oppLTjGavras he rrdXiv els ro hevrepoi

    " The father of the future emperor of that name. 2-1'

    * Japhia of the O.T. (Joshua xix. ]-2), modern Va/a, som


    tr;e;

    ten miles south of Jotapata and two miles south-west o Bdni

    658
    JEWISH WAR, III. 285-292

    them, besides the hghter artillery, the javelin-men,


    archers, and the most robust of the slingers. These
    troops, being screened from view by the height of
    the towers and their breastworks, opened fire on the
    besieged who were plainly visible to them on the
    wall. The Jews, finding no means of avoiding the
    projectiles directed at their heads or of avenging
    themselves on an invisible foe, seeing these lofty
    towers inaccessible to missiles thrown by hand
    and protected against fire by their iron casing,
    abandoned the wall and made sallies against any who
    attempted to renew the escalade. Thus did Jota-
    pata continue to hold out day by day many of its
    ;

    defenders fell ;
    powerless to retaliate on the enemy,
    they could only hold them at bay at peril of their
    lives.
    (31) In the course of these days Vespasian dis- Capture

    patched Trajan,*^ the commander of the tenth legion, Traja?/an(


    Titus.
    with a thousand horse and two thousand foot, against
    a town in the vicinity of Jotapata, called Japha,^
    which had revolted, encouraged by the surprising
    resistance of their neighbours at Jotapata. Trajan
    found a city presenting formidable difficulties, for in
    addition to its naturally strong situation, it was
    protected by a double ring of walls. However, its
    inhabitants ventured to advance to meet him, pre-
    pared, as he saw, for action he charged them and,
    ;

    ifter a brief resistance, routed them and started in


    Dursuit. They burst into the first enclosure, whither
    ;he Romans, following hard on their heels, penetrated
    mih them. But when the fugitives rushed on to the
    Niazareth, here called a " city," but elsewhere described as
    '
    the largest village in Galilee," Vita 230 ; at one time the
    leadquarters of Josephus {ib. 270).
    659
    JOSEPHUS
    reixo? aTTOKXeiovaiv rrjg TioAecu? ol o<f)4r€poi, Bei-
    293 aafre? fir] ovveLo^aXojoiv ol TroXefjiLOL. deos 8'
    rji^ apa 6 'Pcu/^at'ot? to. FaAtAata;!^ rrdOrj )(^apit,6-

    jX€Vos, OS KOI Tore rov rrfs TToXeojs Xaov avravSpov,


    X^porlv oiKeiais eKKXeiudivra, TTpos aTTcLXeiav exr-
    294 hoTov (f)ovcocnv exBpois Trapeurrjcrev e/x77t77TovTe? .

    yap ddpooL rat? TTvXais Kal noXXd rovs ctt' au-


    reus oi^ofiadTL KaXovvres eV /u,eaat? d7T€G<f)dTTOV-
    295 TO rat? iVecrt'ats". Kal to /xev rrpcoTov avrol?
    Telxos ol TToXejjLLOL, TO hevrepov 8' e/cAetaav ol
    296 G(l)€TepoL- jJLeaoL 8e toIu bvolu KaTeuXovfievoL Trepi-
    ^oXojv ^vCpqVj^ TToXXol }ikv rot? dXXrjXoiV, noXXol
    he Tois IhloL? TTepieTTeipovTo H4>eaiv, aTreipoi he
    VTTO 'PcxjpLalcov eTTLTTTov ovhk OGOV 61? dpivvav
    dvadappovvTes' Trpos yap toj KaTarreTTXrj^O at tovs
    TToXepLLOvs Ta? ijjvxds avrcou eKXaaev tj tojv OLKeloji
    297 TTpohouia. rrepas edurjcjKOv ov 'PcjofMaioLS dAAa rots
    IhiOLS^ KarapcopLevoL, p-e^pi TrdvTes diTcoXovTO pLvpLOi
    29S Kal hiGX^XiOL Tov dpiQpiov ovTes. Kevrjv he /xa;(t/xcL»i

    Aoyi^o/xevos" etvac ttju TpaXavog, el ht


    ttoXlv 6
    Ko/i TLves evhov elev, olopLevos fi-qhev avTovs roXpi-q-
    oetv VTTO heovs, dveTiOei toj CTpaT-qyco tt^u dXojGLV
    Kal GTeiXas dyyeXovs Trpos OveorraGiavov fjTelrc
    Trepujjai tov vlov avTov^ TtVov eTTiBriGOVTa rfj vlki
    299 TeXos. 6 he GvpL^aXdw VTToXeiTreGdai riva ttovoi
    /xera GTpaTids rov vlov eTTLTrepLTTet TTevraKOGLon
    3(j(j /xev iTTTrecov, ;)(tAtajv he Tre^oiP'. o he Trpos ttji
    ttoXlv eXdojv hid rdxovs Kal hiard^as ttjv GTpaTidi

    ' om. PL: the word recurs in B. vi. 326.


    * OlKdoiS P.
    ' C : favToi' VR, suum Lat. : ai-Tw the rest.

    ^
    Cf. the njessage of Joab to David at the siege of KabbaJ
    660
    JEWISH WAR, III. 292-300

    second wall, their own fellow-citizens shut them out,


    for fear of the enemy forcing their way in at the
    same time. God, and no other, it was who made a
    present to the Romans of the wretched Galilaeans ;
    it was He who now caused the population of the town

    to be excluded by the hands of their own people and


    delivered them to their murderous foes, to be ex-
    terminated to a man. Vainly did the swarming
    crowds batter the gates and implore the sentinels by
    their names to let them in : while their supplications
    were on their lips they were butchered. The first
    wall was closed to them by the enemy, the second by
    their friends. Cooped up and huddled together
    between the two ramparts, they fell, many impaled
    on their comrades' swords, many on their own, while
    prodigious numbers were slain by the Romans, with-
    out even having the heart to defend themselves for ;

    to their terror of the enemy was added the perfidy


    of their friends, and that broke their spirit. Cursing,
    in their dying moments, not the Romans but their
    own people, in the end they all perished, to the
    number of twelve thousand. Trajan, judging that
    the city was bereft of combatants or that any who
    still remained within would be paralysed by fear,

    decided to reserve for his chief the credit of capturing


    the place. He accordingly dispatched a message to
    Vespasian, requesting him to send his son Titus to
    complete the victory." The general, conjecturing
    that some work still remained to be done, sent with
    his son reinforcements consisting of five hundred
    cavalry and a thousand infantry. Titus rapidly
    marched to the city, drew up his troops for battle,
    of Amnion, 2 Sam. xii. 26 ff. ; this courtesy was common to
    Jews and Romans.
    661
    JOSEPHUS
    €7rt fieu Tov Xaiov Kepoj? rov T palavov lanqoiv,
    avTos 6e TO be^LOv €\ojv i^riyelro rrp6<; rrju ttoXl-
    301 opKtav. r(2)v he OTpanojrojv KXijiaKas TrdvroOeu
    TO) Teix^i- 'Trpoo4>ep6vTojv Trpog oXiyou ol raAiAalot
    KadvTTepdeu dfiwdpievoL^ Xeiirovoiv tov Trepi^oXov,
    302 €7TL7n)'6r]GavTe<; 8' ol irepl rov TtVoi^ ri)? p-ev

    TToXecog €.Kpdrr]oav Ta\eaj^ , Trpos Se rovg euSov


    avrolg ovorpac^evra^ Kaprepd p-O-xr) avpprjyvvr ac
    303 Kal yap eV rolg orevoj-ols ol hvvarol TrpooeTTLTTrou
    Kal aTTO Tcju oIklcov at yuvat/ces" e^aXXov rrdu to
    304 7T pocrrvxov avrals. Kal p-^xpi- P-^-v e^ ojpcjjv dvrelxov
    p.axdp.€VOL, haTravqdivrojv hk rd)v piaxlpLajv to
    XoLTTov ttXtjOo'; ev T€ Tot? VTTaiOpoLS Kal Kara rag
    OLKLag d7T6G(f)drTOVTOy V€OL T€ OpLOV Kal yipovT€S'
    ovhkv yap dppev v7T€XeL(f)9rj St'xct vtjttlcjov, a p^erd
    305 yvvaiKOJV e^rjvhpa-ohioavro . row p.kv ovv dv
    aipedevrajv dvd re rrjv ttoXlv Karri rrjg Trporepaq
    rrapard^ecos dpiOfxdg p.vpL0i Trpos rols Ttevra-
    KLoxiXloL? Tjv, TO. 8' ai'v^aAcuTa hiox^Xia eKarov
    306 Kal rpiaKOvra. rovro avve^rj ro Trado? I aXtXatOLg
    TTepLTTTT) Kal eLKdSi AatCTtou p.r)u6<;.

    307 (32) "KpieLvau 8e ovde ^aptapelg drrelparou uvp,-


    (f>opd)v ddpoLodevres yap eirl to Tapitelv KaXov-
    pLevov opog, OTrep avroT? eoriv dytov, Kara x^P^^
    p,eu epbevou, TToXepuov 8' ^i-X^^ aTreLXrji/ 17 re gijuoSo?
    308 avrow Kal rd (^povr]pLara. Kal ovhe rol<; yetrvLojai
    KaKol? eocoSpovitovrOy TTpds 8c TCt? *Pa>/Ltatcoi^

    ev-payiag ev dXoyioroj rrfv Kard o(f)dg aodeueiaut

    ^ Destinon afxvu6ti€i>oi. mss.


    :

    * FA : rg KUTa a(pai dadfyeiq. the rest; text doubtful.


    662
    JEWISH WAR, III. 300-308

    posting Trajan on the left wing, and himself taking


    command of the right, and led them to the assault.
    As the soldiers were bringing up ladders to every
    portion of the wall, the Galilaeans, after a brief
    defence from that quarter, abandoned it the troops ;

    of Titus thereupon scaled the ramparts and were


    instantly masters of the town. But within the walls,
    where the inhabitants had rallied to meet them, a
    desperate struggle ensued the able-bodied fell
    :

    upon the Romans in the narrow alleys, while from


    the houses the women pelted them with whatever
    missiles came to hand.For six hours the contest
    was maintained the more efficient combatants were
    ;

    at length exterminated, and the rest of the popula-


    tion was then massacred in the open or in their
    houses, young and old alike. For no males were
    spared, except infants these, along with the women,
    ;

    the Romans sold as slaves. The slain, whether in


    the city or in the previous action, amounted in all to
    fifteen thousand the captives numbered two
    ;

    thousand one hundred and thirty. This disaster


    befell the Galilaeans on the twenty-fifth of the
    month Daesius.'^
    (32) The Samaritans, too, did not escape their share Massac
    of calamity. Assembling on their sacred mountain gailadi
    called Garizim, they did not move from the spot, but o" ^^^•
    ^,, 11-1 1
    GenziiT
    this mustermg or the clan and their determined atti- Cereaiii
    tude contained a menace of war. They had learnt
    nothing from their neighbours' calamities the ;

    successes of the Romans only made them ridiculously


    conceited of their own feebleness, and they were
    " 13 July, A.D. 67 (according to Niese's reckoning).
    663
    JOSEPHUS
    wSovi^ Kal iJL€TeajpoL Trp6<; rapax^v vnrjpxov.
    309 iboKec Se OveoTraoiavco (f)9daaL ro Kivqiia Kal rag
    oppLci^ avTojv VTTorepLveodaf Kal yap el^ (^povpai<;
    T) Sa/xapetTts"SLeiXrjTTTO, to ye^ ttXtjOos toju
    oXtj
    310 iXrjXvdorcoi' Kal ovvra^tg rjv ^o^epd. KepeaAtoi^
    rj

    ovv errapxov ovra rov 7T€[jL7Trov TayfJLarog p.e^'


    e^aKooiiov Irnrecov Kal Trelcov rpiox^-Xitov 7re/x7ret.
    311 TOVTO) 7Tpoc^aiV€Lv fxkv TO opos Kal ovvdiTTeiv
    p.dxriv ovK aa(/>aAe9 cbo^ev ttoXXojv Kadvjrepdeu
    TciiV TToXepLLUJV OVTOJV, KVKXa)odfJL€VOg 8e rfj hvvdpi€L
    Tiaoav TTjv VTTopeLOV 8t' oXrjg avrovs i(f)povpeL rrj?
    312 TjiJLepa';. avve^rj 8e vBaro? dvopovfxevojv rcou
    ^ayiapeujv iK(f)X€yfjvaL rore Kal Kavfia heLuov
    ojpa 6' "qv depovs Kal tcoi^ iTnrrjheiojv to ttXtjOo';
    313 aTTapdoKevov a>? Tti^a?^ fiev av0rip,ep6v vtto*
    Tov diifjov? aTTodavelv, voXXovg Se rrjg T0Lavr7)s
    a77ajAetab to bovXeveLV 77poaLpouiJ.ei-oug 'Poj/xatot?
    314 7Tpoa4>vyelv. i^ d)V avvelg 6 KepeaAio? Kal tovs
    €TL ovpLfieuovTa? VTTO Toii^ h€Ludji> KaTeayoTas
    eTTava^aivet tuj Kal ttjv hvvapnv iv kvkXco
    opei,
    TTepicmrjGa? Tolg TToXefiioL? to {xeu TrpcjTov ertl
    Se^td? TTpovKaXeiTo Kal ocoLeaOaL Trape/cdAet, 8ta-
    315 jSe/3atoi^'/xei^o9 aa^aAetai' to OTrXa pLipadLU. d)g 8'
    OVK eTTeideu, TrpooTreoujv duiKTCLvev TrduTag, ;)(tAtOL'?
    i^aKoaiov? IttI p.vpiois ouTas' ^^hofirj Kal elKdhi
    Aatatof yL-qvo^ eTrpdxOrj. Kal TOtauVat? pcev au/x-
    (^cpati Sa/xapeiTat ixp-qoavTO.
    316 (33) TcZii' 8' did tol 'lojTaTrara KapTepovuroju

    1 M (Lat. etsi): om. PA: dei the rest.


    * M (Lat. tamen) n the rest.
    :

    ^ To-x P. * Bekker: cLtto ms3.

    664
    JEWISH WAR, III. 308-316

    eagerly contemplating the prospect of revolt.'*


    Vespasian accordingly decided to anticipate the
    movement and to curb their ardour for, although
    ;

    the whole district of Samaria was already occupied


    by garrisons, this large assemblage and their con-
    federacy gave ground for alarm. He therefore
    dispatched to the spot Cerealius,'' commander of the
    fifth legion, with a force of six hundred cavalry and
    three thousand infantry. This officer, considering it
    hazardous to ascend the mountain and engage in
    battle, as the enemy were in such strength on the
    summit, confined himself to surrounding the entire
    base of Garizim with his troops and kept strict guard
    during the whole day. The Samaritans happened
    to be short of water just at the period of a terrific
    heat-wave ; it was the height of summer and the

    multitude had not laid in provisions. The result was


    that several died of thirst that very day, while many
    others, preferring slavery to such a fate, deserted to
    the Romans. Cerealius, concluding therefrom that
    the rest, who still held together, were broken down by
    their sufferings, now ascended the mountain and,
    having disposed his troops in a circle round the
    enemy, began by inviting them to treat, exhorting
    them to save their lives and assuring them of security
    if they laid down their arms. These overtures
    proving ineffectual, he attacked and slew them to a
    man, eleven thousand six hundred in all this was on
    ;

    the twenty-seventh of the month Daesius ^ Such was


    the catastrophe which overtook the Samaritans.
    (33) Meanwhile the defenders of Jotapata were The laii o
    Jotapata.
    " The historian's animus against the Samaritans appears

    elsewhere, notably in A. ix. 290 f.


    * Sextus Cerealis Vettulenus. ' 15 July, a.d. 67 (Niese).
    665
    JOSEPHUS
    Kal Trap iXTTiSa TOts" Seti^oi? avTexovTOJv reu'
    aapaKocrrfj jiev rjlJLepa Kal e^hojxr] ra ;)(ctj/>taTa

    317 rci)V 'PcjfiaLOJV VTTeprjpdrj to relxo?, avTopioXel 8e


    Tts" Trpo? Tov OveoTTaoLavov rrj? avrrjg ruiipas rrjv
    re oXiyoT-qTa tCjv eTrl rrjs TToXeojg i^ayyeXXojv /cat
    318 rr]v audlveiav, Kal d>? aypvTTvia hi-qveKel Kal
    fjidxo-i'? iTTaXXrjXoi? hehaTravrjpievoi hvvarol fxev
    €tev ouSe ^LaCojjLevoug ert (f)€p€LU, Kal SoXco 8* dv
    319 aXolei^, et Tt? eTTidoZro' irepl yap rrjv i.G\drr]V
    (jivXaK-qv, KaO' tjv dveoiv re ra)u hetvoji' IdoKovv
    e-)(eiv KOI KaOoLTTreTai pidXiora K€K07T0Jfjievcov ea>-
    Blvos vttvos, Karahapddvetv ecfyauKeu rovg cfyvXaKa?,
    ovve^ovXevev re Kara ravrrji' rrjV ojpav eTreXdelv.
    320 ro) S' TjV fiev St' VTTOVoias 6 avrofioXog, ro re
    irpos ciAAt^Aou? TTiurovelhon rcou 'louSat'coi^ Kal
    321 rrjv Trpos rag KoXdaeis VTrepoifjlau, eTreihr] Kal
    rrporepov Xr](f>deis n? rcou oltto rrjs 'IcuTaTTCLTT]?
    Trpos" Trdoau aiVtat' ^aadvcxjv dvreax^v Kal inqhev
    8ta TTvpos e^epevvojoL rols TToXejiiois Trepl rcou
    evhou elTToju duearavpcoOi'j rod daudrov Kara-
    322 jieihiojv rd ye [jltju eiKora Trior 6u eTTOiei rou
    TTpodoriqu, Kal rd^a jjieu dXrjOeveLU eKeluou, jjLrjSev
    8' avros e^ eveSpas TTeioeodai fieya TrpoohoKCxyVy
    rou jjLev (f)vXdaGeLU eKeXevaeu eTrl he rrju Kard-
    ,

    Xiqxjjiu rrj? TToXecos napeoKevaL^e rr^u orparidu.

    323 (31-) Kara he r-qu pnqwdeZoau ojpav -fjeaav rjGvxrj

    324 Trpos ro re^xo?. Kal Trpujros eTTL^aivei Tiros gvv


    evl roju x'-^'-^PX^^^ AofJierLOj Haf^iuco, rcou drro
    rov TTe/jLTTrov Kal heKarov rdyfiaro? oXiyov? dycjv

    " The writer possihly has a more famous siege in mind


    it^
    that of Troy; cf. " tempiis erat quo prima quies mortalibus ,iij

    aegris incipit," Mrg. Aen. ii. 268, and just before " inuadunt
    666
    JEWISH WAR, III. 316-324

    stillholding out and beyond all expectation bearing


    up under their miseries, when on the forty-seventh
    day of the siege the earthworks of the Romans over-
    topped the wall. That same day a deserter reported
    to Vespasian the reduced numbers and strength of
    the defence, and that, worn out with perpetual watch-
    ing and continuous fighting, they would be unable
    longer to resist a vigorous assault and might be taken
    by stratagem, if the attempt were made. He stated
    that about the last watch of the night an hour when —
    they expected some respite from their sufferings and
    when jaded men easily succumb to morning slumber '^

    — the sentinels used to drop asleep and that was the ;

    hour when he advised the Romans to attack. Ves-


    pasian, knowing the Jews' loyalty to each other and
    their indifference to chastisement, regarded the
    deserter with suspicion. For on a former occasion a
    man of Jotapata who had been taken prisoner had
    held out under every variety of torture, and, without
    betraying to the enemy a word about the state of
    the town, even under the ordeal of fire, was finally
    crucified, meeting death with a smile. However, the
    probability of his account lent credit to the traitor ;

    and so, thinking that the man might be speaking the


    truth, and that, even if his story were a trap, no
    serious risk would be run by acting upon it, Vespasian
    ordered him into custody and made ready his army
    for the capture of the city.
    (34) At the hour named they advanced in silence
    to the walls. The first to mount them was Titus, with
    one of the tribunes, Domitius Sabinus, followed by a
    few men of the fifteenth legion. They cut down
    urbem somno uinoque sepultam; caeduntur uigiles " 265 f.
    with § 32.5 (a.Troacpd^avTe'; de tous (pvXaKas eifflaaiu els Tr]v noXci')
    and § 327 (l/ttj/i^ 5ia\4\vuTo).
    667
    JOSEPHUS
    325 d770CT^a|ap'T6? he Tovg (f)vXaKa<; eloiaotv els Ty)v
    ttoXlv . fxed^ OU9 Y.e^TO<; tl? KaXovdptos X'-^'-^PXV'^
    Kal HAaKtSo? rovs vtto G<f)LaL reray/jLevovs ela-qyov.
    326 KaretXriixiievris he rrjs aKpas kol rojv TToXefiioju
    ev fieaoj G'7pe<f)0fieva)V, TJhrj he /cat rjixepag ovar]s,
    op.ojs ovTTOj TTjS aXojGeojs TOLS Kpa70vp.evoLS at-
    327 odrfOLS -qv Kapidroj re yap ol 77oAAot Kal vttvo)
    htaXeXvvro, Kal row hiavcoraiievcov ojjLLxXr] rag
    oipetg aTTTjiJi^Xvvev ttoXXt] Kara TV\riv rare rfj
    328 noXei TTepixvOelaa, P-^XP'- 77Ciai7? rrj? crrpaTtd?
    eloTTeoovarjs rrpos p.6vriv rrjv tcjv KaKcov alodrjoii'
    i^avearrjaau Kal rr)v aXcvoiv eTTiorevov dvaipov
    329 fjievoi. 'Pcu/Ltatou? he Kara pLvrip,rjv oji^ eV rrjg
    TToXiopKLas eTTadov ovre 0et5cu? elafjeL tlvos out'
    eXeos, aAA' elq to Karavreg^ d-TTO r-qs aKpas tov
    330 Xedw Gwcodovvreg e4)6vevov. evda Kal rovs en
    p-dx^odai hvvap.evovs r] hvox^jpia r-qv dfJLVvai>

    d4>eiXeT0'OXtBopLevoL yap ev rots orevojTTols Kal


    Kara rod rrpavovs vrroXioOdvovres peovri Kar
    331 aKpas eKaXv-rovro rw 77oXep.cn. rovro ttoXXovs
    Kal row rrepl rov ^\d>or]7Tov emXeKrajv eV avro
    Xeipiav Trapco^vvev Karihovres yap d)S ovhevo
    roju'Pojpaicov dveXelv hvvavrai, to ye rreaeh
    avTovs^ VTTO 'Pcjpalwv rrpoeXa^ov Kal avvadpoi-
    odevres errl rd KaraX-qyovra r-qs TroXeojs o4>d>,
    avrovs dvelXou.
    332 (35) ''OaoL ye p-qv vtto rrpajr-qv rijs KaraArj^ecDsfif
    alodrjGiu rojv (^vXdKOjv Siac^uyetv e^Oaaav dva-
    ^dvres els rwa rwv 7TpooapKrLa)V TTvpycov pexp
    pev rivos dvTipvvavro, TrepLOX^Q^vres he TrX-qSe
    '
    4Trl Niese: the interior mss. have irfpi (ttji/ TroXtop^jaf ).
    » +d7ra»'Tes PAML. » Xext doubtful.
    668
    JEWISH WAR, III. 325-332

    the sentries and entered the city. Behind them


    came Sextus Calvarius, a tribune, and Placidus with
    the troops under their command. The citadel had
    actually been taken, the enemy was ranging through
    the heart of the town, and it was now broad dayHght,
    before the vanquished inhabitants were aware of the
    capture. Most of them were worn out with fatigue
    and asleep, and if any awoke, a thick mist, which
    happened at the time to envelop the city, obscured
    their vision. At length, when the whole army had
    poured in, they started up, but only to realize their
    calamity the blade at their throat brought home to
    ;

    them that Jotapata was taken.


    The Romans, remembering what they had borne
    during the siege, showed no quarter or pity for any,
    but thrust the people down the steep slope from the
    citadel in a general massacre. Even those still able
    to fight here found themselves deprived of the means
    of defence by the difficulties of the ground crushed
    :

    in the narrow alleys and slipping down the declivity,


    they were engulfed in the wave of carnage that
    streamed from the citadel. The situation even drove
    many of Josephus's picked men to suicide seeing ;

    themselves powerless to kill a single Roman, they


    could at least forestall death at Roman hands, and,
    retiring in a body to the outskirts of the town, they
    there put an end to themselves.
    (35) Those soldiers of the guard who, the moment
    it was known that the town was taken, had succeeded

    in escaping, took refuge in one of the northern ^


    towers, where for some time they held their own ;
    but, being surrounded by large numbers of the

    '
    The Romans had entered from the north (§§ 158, 162).

    669
    JOSEPHUS
    Tojv TToXefjLLOJu oipe 7Tap€Loav TOLi 8e^6a? KoX rot?
    333 i(f)€(jra)GLV ttjv o<f}ayr)V evBvyioi rrapeaxov . dval-
    jjLaKTOu 8' dv Tjv ai)-)(fiuai 'Poj/xatots" ro reXo? Trj<i

    TToXiopKLag, el fiTj Kara, ttjv dXcoGLV ei? eTreaev


    TLS' eKarovrdpxT]? rju ^ AvrojvLog, OvqaKei S eg
    334 ivedpa?. 7<jjv yap els tq OTn^Xatd ti? gvjjl-
    7Te<f)evy6row, ttoXXol S' ovtol ttXtjOo? -qoav, LKerevei
    Tou ^AvrcovLov ope^ai 8e^tai^ ainoj, ttlgtlv re
    335 oojrrjpia? Koi ^OTjde tav vrpo? duoSov 6 6 d-
    <j)vXdKTa>s d'jpeye rrjv )(elpa, kol (jiddoa? avrou
    eKeluo? vvrret Kdrwdev vtto^ tov ^ov^coi^a hopan
    /cat TTapaxprjP'CL hiepydi^erai.
    336 [o6) Kar' eKeivqv [lev ovv rrjv -qpLepav to
    <j)avep6v TrXrjdog dvelXov ol 'Ptu/xatot, rati 8
    CTTtouCTat? dvepevvcjjJievoL rds Karaduaeig rov? ev
    roLS VTTOi^ofJLOL? Kal rolg Grr-qXaioi? eVe^rjeaav /cat

    hid TrdGrj^ e)(^cx>povv r^XiKias ttXt^v vrjTTtcjv /cat

    337 yvvaiKcov. /cat rd jxev alxp^dXajra ;)(tAta Trpog rpts"


    hiaKOGioi? Gvvrj)(9r}, veKpol he /card ri^v dXojGiv
    Kal rd? TTporepov pid^o.? GW-qpiOpLrjO-qGav rerpa-
    338 KLGpLvpLOL. OveG'TTaGLavo? he tyjv re ttoXlv Kara-
    GKdipau KeXeveL /cat rd (f)povpLa Trdvra TrpoGefM-
    339 TTLTTp-qGLV avT Tj s . 'IcoraTrara ovv ovrojs edXoj
    pi.ev

    rpiGKaiheKdro) r-qg yepojvog -qyepovta? erec Oave-


    fjLov vovpL-qvla.
    340 (viii. l) 'Pto/xatot he rov ^Iojgtittov dval,rjrovv-
    T€S" Kard re opyrjv G(j>erepav Kal Gcj^ohpa rod
    Grparrjyov (f)LXorLp,ovpLevov, fieyLGrrj yap rjv fjiolpa
    rov TToXejjLov Xrj(l)deL?, rovs re veKpovg hi-qpevvojv
    1 iiri PAL.
    670
    JEWISH WAR, III. 332-340

    enemy, they at length surrendered and cheerfully


    extended their throats to their assailants. The
    Romans might have boasted that this last phase of the
    siege had cost them no loss of life, had not one of
    them, the centurion Antonius, fallen when the town
    w^as captured. He was killed by treachery. One of
    the many fugitives who had taken refuge in the
    caverns besought Antonius to extend his hand to
    him, as a pledge of protection and to assist him to
    rise ; the centurion incautiously complied, where-
    upon the Jew from below instantly stabbed him with
    his spear beneath the groin, and killed him on the
    spot.
    {36) On that day the Romans massacred all who
    showed themselves on the ensuing days they
    ;

    searched the hiding-places and wreaked their


    vengeance on those who had sought refuge in sub-
    terranean vaults and caverns, sparing none, whatever
    their age, save infants and women. The prisoners
    thus collected were twelve hundred the total
    ;

    number of the dead, whether killed in the final


    assault or in the previous combats, was computed at
    forty thousand. Vespasian ordered the city to be
    razed and had all its forts burnt to the ground. Thus
    was Jotapata taken in the thirteenth year of the
    principate of Nero, on the new moon of Panemus."
    (viii. 1) A search for Josephus was then instituted josephus
    ^" ^"'^'""
    by the Romans, to satisfy both their own resentment cave,
    and the keen desire of their general, who considered
    that the issue of the war depended largely on his
    capture. So the bodies of the slain and the men in

    » 20 July, A.D. 67 (Niese).


    671
    JOSEPHUS
    341 Kal rou^ d7TOKpv(j)ov?.^ 6 de^ Trj? TrdAeoj? dAi-
    GKOfievT]?, SaifjiovLOj ovvcpyia )(pr)GdiJ,€vo?,
    TLVL
    [xeoov fiev eavrov iKKXlnreL tojv iroXep.iojv Kad- ,

    dXXerai 8e eig nva ^advv Xolkkov, (L TrXarv aTT-qXaLOif


    342 hteCeuKTO Kara. nXevpav rol? dvojQev doparov €vSa .

    reaaapdKovra p-kv roji' 1-LGrip.ojv diSpag xara-


    Xafjif^dveL Xauddvovrag napaaKevrjv 8' €.7nrr]heicov
    ,

    343 ovK oXiyaig biapKelv Svuapieuiqv. pLed^


    rjpLepaLg
    qpLcpav p-kv ovv VTreoriXXero tow TToXepLiojv rrdvra
    i'vkto?
    hL€LXrj(f)6rajv, 8* dvLwv il-qret hpaGpLOU
    SidbvGLV Kal ra? (f)vXaKd? KareGKeTrreTo. (f^povpov-
    p.evci)v 8e —dvTodev TrdvTOJV 8t' avTov, cog XaOelv

    344 OVK Tjv, avOtg ets" to GTTrjXaLov KarfjeL. Svo p.kv


    ovv rjpLepaig ^LaXavddveL, rfj 8e 'pL'f) yvvaiKog
    dXovGrjS ra)V a/j.a avrolg /xryruerat, Kal OveoTra-
    GLauog avTLKa fierd GTTOvhfjg TrepLTrei Svo ^(tAtap-
    Xovg, navXlwov Kal FaXXuKauov, be^td? re tuj
    *\coGrj7Ta) Sovvat KeXevGag Kal TTporpeifjupLevovg
    dveXdelv.
    345 (2) WdnKopLevoL
    yovv rrapeKdXovu ovroi toi^
    dvhpa Kal 7TLGT€is TTepl GojT-qpiag ebiBoGav, ov
    346 p.7]v €7Teidov Ik yap (Lv CLKog -qv rooavra Spdoaura
    rradeu', ovk Ik tov (f)VG€L row napaKaXovvToju
    TjpLepov rag VTTOipiag GVveXeyev, iSeSieL re cu?
    €7tI rtpLOjpLav TtpoKaXovp^evovg €Ojg OveGTraGiavog y

    rpirov i-L-ep.7Tei xtXiap^ov XtKai'opa, yvo'jpip.ov

    '
    + Tr)% Tr6\(LL}^ nvxoC'S M\'R.C. " the secret recesses of the
    city." 2 +dpTt MVRC.

    ' Probably, as Reinach suggests, a relative of M. Valerius


    h
    Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, and in a.d. 69 governor of
    Galha Narbonensis(Tac. Hist. iii. 43).
    672
    JEWISH WAR, III. 341-346

    hiding were closely examined. But Josephus, when


    the city was on the point of being taken, aided by
    some divine providence, had succeeded in stealing
    away from the midst of the enemy and plunged into
    a deep pit, giving access on one side to a broad
    cavern, invisible to those above. There he found
    forty persons of distinction in hiding, with a supply
    of provisions sufficient to last for a considerable time.
    During the day he lay hid, as the enemy were in
    occupation of every quarter of the town, but at night
    he would come up and look for some loophole for
    escape and reconnoitre the sentries ; but, finding
    every spot guarded on his account and no means of
    eluding detection, he descended again into the cave.
    So for two days ^
    he continued in hiding". *=
    On the isdiscove
    by the
    third, his secret was betrayed by a woman of the aJ)ma^, Romans :

    party, who was captured ; whereupon Vespasian at '"^ited


    invited t(
    t
    1 ., T-» 1. T surrendji
    once eagerly sent two tribunes, raulmus ^ and
    GaUicanus, with orders to offer Josephus security
    and to urge him to come up.
    (2) On reaching the spot they pressed him to do His parie
    and pledged themselves for his safety, but failed
    so Ro^a'?^
    \ persuade him. His suspicions were based not on
    to officers.

    the humane character of the envoys, but on the


    I

    iconsciousness of all he had done and the feeling that


    !he must suffer proportionately. The presentiment
    that he was being summoned to punishment per-
    sisted, until Vespasian sent a third messenger, the
    '

    '
    tribune Nicanor,^ an old acquaintance and friend of
    " A friend of Titus, who was afterwards wounded while
    endeavouring, in company with Josephus, to parley with the
    Jews of Jerusalem, by whom he was known, B. v. 261. It
    has been suggested that he may have served under Agrippa
    and so become acquaintpH with Josephus (Kohout).

    VOL. II z 673
    JOSEPHUS
    8*
    347 TO) ^lojorjTTO} Kal avvrjdr) TrdXat. TrapeXdwu
    ovTOS TO re (j^voei 'Pojfiaicov xpiqarov rrpos ol)?

    ai^ oTraf eAcuat Stefijet, Kal tu? 8i' aper-qv avros


    Oavjidi^OLTO fJLaXXov rj pLioolro rrpos rcov -qyeiiouoju,
    348 OTTOvSdl^eLi' re tou arparrjyov ovk iirl 7t/xtuptai
    dvayayelv avrov, ivelvai yap TavTr]v Kal rrapd
    fiT] rrpoLOvros Xa^elv, dXXd oojaai vpoaipovpLevoi
    349 dvSpa yevvalov. TTpoGeTiOei 8' co? out' dv Ove-
    GTTaoiavos ivehpevoju (f)LXov e7T€iJL7T€u, Lva tol
    KaKLorov TTpdyfjLaros tt pooTrjoriT ai to KdXXiorov
    dmoTLas (jyiXlav, ovh^ dv avros dnaT-qoajv dvhpo
    4>iXov UTTrjKovoev iXdelv.
    350 (3) tou 'Icoot^ttou Kal rrpoi
    ^Evhoidi^ovTO? 8e iec

    TOP Nt/cai^opa, TO
    oTpariajriKov utt* opyrj^.
    ixev
    CKKaUiv TO OTTTiXaiov wpjJL'qro, Karelxev 8' auToi)< k
    o TToXefiapxo? l^coyprjoai rov dvSpa (J)iXotliiovijl€vo<;
    351 cus" 8' o Te KiKdvcop TrpoolKeiTO XiTrapaJv Kal Tct!
    aTretAd? tou rroXefilov nXrjdovs 6 'IdJor^Tro? ep-aOev h
    dvdfjLvqaLS avrdv rcov 8td t^u/CTo? ovelpcov €.la€p\€.rai
    hi (x)V 6 Oeog rd? re fieXXovaas avrco ovpLcfiOpd
    7Tpo€GT](JLav€v ^louhalcov Kal rd ir^pl rov<; Pcu/xatco
    352 /SaotAet? iaopLeva. rju he Kal Trepl KpiGeis oveipo)
    LKai'6^ ovp.^aXelv tol d/x(/)tj3oAaj? vtto rod deio-
    XeyofjLeva' twu ye pLrjv lepojv ^l^Xojv ovk rjyvoe
    rd? 7Tpo(f)rjTeLa<£ co? dv avros re ojv lepeus Ka J^

    353 lepeojv eyyovos. d>v enl rrjs rore ojpas evdov fa;

    yevoixevos Kal rd <f)pLKa)hr) rwv 7rpoa<f)droj


    oveipcxjv OTrdaas (jiavrdoyiara 7Tpoa4>epei rd) dec
    ^oA XeXi-]9vlav evxr^v , Kal " eireihr) rd 'louSat'coi^," e(j>ri w

    "
    Cf.
    " Roniane, memento . . . parcere subiectis," Virg
    Aen. vi. 851 flF.

    " Did he claim kinship with his namesake, the patriarcl

    674
    JEWISH WAR, III. 347-354

    Josephus He, on his arrival, dwelt on the innate


    generosity of the Romans to those whom they had
    Dnce subdued,"" assuring him that his valour made him
    an object rather of admiration, than of hatred, to
    the commanding officers, and that the general was
    anxious to bring him up from his retreat, not for
    —
    punishment that he could inflict though he refused
    to come forth —
    but from a desire to save a brave
    3ian. He added that Vespasian, had he intended to
    entrap him, would never have sent him one of his
    ^riends, thus using the fairest of virtues, friendship,
    iS a cloak for the foulest of crimes, perfidy nor ;

    ^ould he himself have consented to come in order to


    ieceive a friend
    (3) While Josephus was still hesitating, even after
    ^^icanor's the soldiers in their rage
    assurances,
    attempted to set fire to the cave, but were restrained
    Dy their commander, who was anxious to take the
    lewish general alive. But as Nicanor was urgently
    Dressing his proposals and Josephus overheard the
    ;hreats of the hostile crowd, suddenly there came
    Dack into his mind those nightly dreams, in which
    3od had foretold to him the impending fate of the
    lews and the destinies of the Roman sovereigns.
    fie was an interpreter of dreams and skilled in
    livining the meaning of ambiguous utterances of the
    Deity a priest himself and of priestly descent, he
    ; ''

    ^as not ignorant of the prophecies in the sacred


    Dooks. At that hour he was inspired to read their
    Meaning, and, recalling the dreadful images of his
    •ecent dreams, he offered up a silent prayer to God.
    '
    Since it pleases thee," so it ran, " who didst create

    loseph P For his interest in dreams cf- B. ii. 112-116 : he


    .ells us of another dream at a crisis in his life. Vita 208 ff.

    675
    JOSEPHUS
    **
    <j)v^ov KXaoai^ hoKel ool rco KTLoauTL, /xeTc'jSi

    he TTpos 'PojfxaLOvg -q Tvxrj Trdoa, Kal r-qv efirji

    ilivxqv e77eAe^cu rd yiiXXovra eiTrelv, hihajyn /xci

    'Poj/xat'ot? rd? ;^€tpas Ikojv koi 1,0), [xaprvpofjia


    §6 ojs OX) TTpohor-qs ciAAd oos ciTTet/^t StaKOP-o?
    ,

    355 (4-) Tai3r' elrroju eveblSov to) y^LKavopt. Ka


    Tojvlovhalcvv ol (jvyKaTa(f)vy6vr€<i cLs tov 'Ituai;
    (jvvUoav etKoyra rols TrapaKaXovatu, dOpoo
    7T0V
    3oQ TTepiGTOLures, " tj jjieydXa y' du cn€vd^€Lai^,'
    i^oujv, " 01 Trdrpioi vojjlol, Kal KaTr)(f)rjoaL^ 6(6
    'louSat'ot? 6 KTLcra? ipvxds davdrov Karacl)povovoas
    357 (f)LXoLoj€Ls ,^ ^IcjoGTjTre, Kal ^ojs UTTO/xeVet*; dpd
    SouAo?; o)? Tax€a>? eTreXdOov aavrov ttooov
    3i)S VTTep iXevdepias drioOvqaKeiv eVetaa? ifjevhrj p.€

    dpa ho^au dvSpeta?, ipevh-q Se Kal <jvv€0€oj<; ^^X^'^


    (L ye GCJTr)piav /xev ^x^^-v eXrrii^eLS Trap' oU ovra>
    €7ToXipL-r)oas , oajt^eaOai 8' vir^ eKelvcov. Kav
    359 jSe'^atov, deXet? dAA' ei Kal aol X-qdrju oeavTO
    Kar^x^^^' 'PajpLaLwv rvx^j, rrpovo-qreov -qpuv ro
    T]

    Tra-rpiov KXeoug ;)(p7](70/xeV ctoi Se^tdi/ Kal ^L(f)o<.


    .

    ov S' dv fi€v eKOJV dvqoKjjS, ^Yovhaicov arpar-qyoi


    3G0 d^ 8' aKOJV, rrpoBorr]? reOvri^fj." ravO' dp.
    XeyouTes eTravereivavTO rd ^i<j>ri Kal Si-qTreiXov
    *
    dvaLpiqG€LV avrov, el rot? 'Poj/xatoi? evhiboirj
    3tJl (5) Aet'cra? 8e ttju €(f)oSov 6 'lojcrT^TTO? Kal Trpo
    booiav Tjyovp.evog etuai rcjv rod deov Trpoaray
    fjLdrojv, el 77 poaTToOdvoi rrjg 8tayy£Ata?, yjpx^T
    302 TTpog avTOV<; cf)LXooo(pe'LU enl rijg dvay/cr^S"" " t

    •
    A Leyden ms. quoted by Naber : KoXdaai PA ML
    6K\daai the rest (followed by Niese and Xaber), "that
    should sink into the dust."
    ' Kai KaT7)<p7iaai. M\'RC: ovs KO.Ti<pT]a^v the rest.
    676
    JEWISH WAR, III 354.-362

    the Jewish nation, to break thy work, since fortune


    has wholly passed to the Romans, and since thou
    hast made choice of my spirit to announce the things
    hat are to come, I willingly surrender to the Romans His
    md consent to live but 1 take thee to witness that sur?endTr^'
    ;

    [ go, not as a traitor, but as thy minister."


    (4) With these words he was about to surrender is opposed
    ,o Nicanor. But when the Jews who shared his companion!
    etreat understood that Josephus was yieldinff to ^^o
    thrpatpn
    ;ntreaty, they came round him in a body, crying out, tokiiihim
    '
    Ah well might the laws of our fathers groan aloud
    !

    ind God Himself hide His face for grief God who —
    mplanted in Jewish breasts souls that scorn death !

    s life so dear to you, Josephus, that you can endure


    o see the light in slavery ? How soon have you
    orgotten yourself How many have you persuaded
    !

    o die for hberty False, then, vt'as that reputation


    !

    or bravery, false that fame for sagacity, if you can


    lope for pardon from those whom you have fought
    bitterly, or, supposing that they grant it, can deign
    accept your life at their hands. Nay, if the fortune
    f the Romans has cast over you some strange forget-
    jlness of yourself, the care of our country's honour
    evolves on us. We will lend you a right hand and
    sword. If you meet death willingly, you will
    ave died as general of the Jews if unwillingly, as ;

    traitor." With these words they pointed their


    words at him and threatened to kill him if he
    urrendered to the Romans.
    (5) Josephus, fearing an assault, and holding that Josephus
    would be a betrayal of God's commands, should he tbem o^*^
    ie before delivering his message, proceeded, in this tiiecnme

    mergency, to reason philosophically with them.


    + uj P. * ivbiboirf Dindorf: ivbibwi) aiss.

    677
    JOSEPHUS
    yap roaoOrov," €(l)rj,
    " G(}>a)V avrcoPy ^Tolpoi
    4)0vw}X€v; 7) ri to. (^tArara StacrraCTia^OjLtev, ctoj/xc

    363 KOI ipvx'qv ; rjXXd-)(daL^ rt? ifie aX\


    (l)iqoiv.

    olhaoiv 'PojfJialoL rovro ye. [Kal] KaXov a


    TToXefjicx) dXXa
    durjaKELv, TToXefJiov voyao, tovt€otu
    364 V7t6 tcov KparovvTow. et p,ev ovv rov 'Pto/xatcui
    6.770 or pi(j}opiaL oihiqpov, d^LOS dXridcns €t/it TOVjioi
    ^i(^ovs Koi x^ipos TTJg c'/xt^s" ^l 8' eKelvovs eta
    epxerai </)etScu TToXefiiov, ttocjco hiKaiorepov dv T^/xai

    r)[idjv avTOiV eloeXOoi; Kal yap -qXidLOV ravrc


    hpdv o(i>ds avTov?, -nepl Sv vrpos eK€Lvovs 8i

    365 tordpLeda. KaXov yap v-rrkp r-qs iXevdepla? citto

    BvqoKeiv (f)rjpil Kdyo), fiaxopievovs fJLevroi, Kal \)7T>

    Tujv d(jiaipovpiiv(x)v avrrjv. vvv 8' ovr^ els y-d^T)


    avridCovaLV rjplv ovr^ dvaLpovGLu 7]/xds" 8eiAo
    Se opioiojs d re pL-q ^ouXoptevos dv-qoKeiv orav hi-

    366 Kal 6 ^ovXopievos, orav prj Ber]. tl 8e Kal hehoLKO


    T€S TTpos 'PajpLaiovs ovK dvLpev; dp' ovx'l Odvarov
    367 e?^' ov SeBoLKapLev Ik rujv i^OpaJv VTroTrrevopevoi
    eavTOLS jSe'ySaiov eTnoTrjoopev ; dXXd BovXeiai
    368 ipel Tis". Trdvv yovv vvv e'cr/xev eXevOepoL. yev
    valov ydp dveXelv iaurov, (j}rjG€L Tig. ov pL€v oui
    dXX' dyeveararov, d>s eyojye Kal Kv^epvrjrrjv -qyov
    /xat heiXorarov, dans X^^P-^^^ 8e8otK:a;? irpo rrj
    369 dvdXXrjs i^dTrrioev eKwv to OKd(j)OS. dXXd pr]v
    avTox^Lpia Kal rijs KOLvrjs aTjdvTOJV Icpojv (l)vo€a)
    dXXoTpiov Kal rrpds tov KTLoavTa deov rjpds icrri
    370 daejSeta. rojv pev ye Icpojv ovhev eanv o dvquKt^
    perd TTpovoias r) 8t' avTOV- (jivoeojs ydp vopo
    •
    6ir}\\dxeai PAML
    678
    JEWISH WAR, III. 362-370

    " Why, comrades," said he, " this thirst for our
    own blood ? Why set asunder such fond companions
    as soul and body ? One says that I am changed :

    well, the Romans know the truth about that. Another


    says, It is honourable to die in war
    *
    yes, but
    '
    :

    according to the law of war, that is to say by the


    hand of the conqueror. Were I now flinching from
    the sword of the Romans, I should assuredly deserve
    to perish by my own sword and my own hand but;

    if they are moved to spare an enemy, how much


    stronger reason have we to spare ourselves It '?

    would surely be folly to inflict on ourselves treatment


    which we seek to avoid by our quarrel with them.
    '
    It is honourable to die for liberty,' says another :
    1 concur, but on condition that one dies fighting, by
    the hands of those who would rob us of it. But now
    they are neither coming to fight us nor to take our
    lives. It is equally cowardly not to wish to die when
    one ought to do so, and to wish to die when one ought
    not. What is it we fear that prevents us from sur-
    rendering to the Romans ? Is it not death ? And
    shall we then inflict upon ourselves certain death, to
    avoid an uncertain death, which we fear, at the hands
    of our foes ? No, it is slavery we fear,' I shall be
    '

    told. Much liberty we enjoy at present !It is noble


    '

    to destroy oneself,' another will say. Not so, I retort,


    but most ignoble in my opinion there could be no
    ;

    more arrant coward than the pilot who, for fear of a


    tempest, dehberately sinks his ship before the storm.
    " No suicide is alike repugnant to that nature
    ;

    which all creatures share, and an act of impiety


    towards God who created us. Among the animals
    there is not one that deliberately seeks death or kills
    itself ; so firmly rooted in all is nature's law the—
    679
    JOSEPHUS
    ioxvpos eV arraoLV to ^rju idiXeLW 8td rovro Kal
    Tcv? i^aveptZs ac^atpof/LteVoi;? T^/xa? tovtov ttoAc-
    fjLLOV? Tjyovfxeda Kal rovg i^ eVedpa? riiiajpovix^Ba.
    •^71 Tov hk deov ovK oUode dyavaKrelv, orav avdpojTTo?
    avTOv TO datpov v^piCr); Kal yap etAT7(/)a/xev Trap'
    CKeivov TO elvaL Kal to fxr)K€TL etvat tto-Xlv eVetVoj
    372 dLdojfxev.^ to. ixiv ye attj/xara dvqTO, Trdaiv Kal gk
    (Pdaprrjg vXrjg SehrjfjLLOvpyqTaL, tjjvx'r} Se dOdvaTO';
    del Kal deov (lolpa tol? aojy^aaiv eVotHrt^erat cTt'

    €d^ p.kv dcpavLGT^ tls dvOpojTTOV TrapaKaTad-qKrjv ^


    biaOrJTaL KaKcJs, novrjpog elvau hoKel Kal aTnaTO?,
    €(' 5e TLS TOV G(j)€T€p0V CTOJ/XaTOS" €K^dXXei Tr)l/

    7TapaKaTa6riK-qv tov Beov, XeX-qdevai boKel tov


    373 dbiKOVfxevov ; Kal KoXdl^eiv (lev tov? dirohpavTas
    oiKETas biKaiOv vevop^ioTai, Kav novqpovs xara-
    XeLTTOJGL heuTTOTas i avTol he KaXXiUTov beoTroTrjw
    dTrohtdpaoKovTes tov deov ov boKOVfxev doe^elv;
    374 dp^ OVK loTe, OTL tujv ixkv e^LOVTOJV TOV ^iov KaTa
    TOV T-qg (iiJcretus vo/jlov Kal to XrjcjiQev Trapd tov
    deov xpeos eKTLVvvTOjv, oTav 6 hovs KoiiioaaBai
    deXr/, KXeo? p.ev alwvLov, olkol Be Kal yeveal ^e-
    jSatot, Kadapal be Kal eTT-qKOOL p.evovGiv at ipv^aL,

    Xojpov ovpdvLOv^ Xaxovoai rov dytcoTaTov, evdev


    €K TTepLTpoTTTJs alujvojv dyvol^ TrdXiv dvTeVOLKL-
    375 iovTat ocjfiaoLV oaoig be Kad^ eavTcov efiavqaav
    ai ;(6tpei, tovtojv aSr/g fxev SexeTai rd? i^vxa?
    CKOTeLVOTepos , 6 be tovtwv TraT-qp Oeog els ey
    '
    Niese: di56afjL(p, oido/xep or oi'Sw/uef isic) M33.
    * P : oiipavov the rest.
    680
    JEWISH WAR, III 370-375

    will to live.That is why we account as enemies


    those who would openly take our lives and punish as
    assassins those who clandestinely attempt to do so.
    —
    And God think you not that He is indignant when
    man treats His gift w^th scorn ? For it is from Him
    that we have received our being, and it is to Him
    that we should leave the decision to take it away.
    All of us, it is true, have mortal bodies, composed of
    perishable matter, but the soul lives for ever, im-
    mortal : a portion of the Deity housed in our
    it is

    bodies. then, one who makes away with or mis-


    If,

    applies a deposit entrusted to him by a fellow-man


    is reckoned a perjured villain, how can he who casts

    out from his own body the deposit which God has
    placed there, hope to elude Him whom he has thus
    wronged ? It is considered right to punish a fugitive
    slave, even though the master he leaves be a
    scoundrel and shall we fly from the best of masters,
    ;

    from God Himself, and not be deemed impious ?


    Know you not that they who depart this life in
    accordance with the law of nature and repay the loan
    which they received from God, when He who lent is
    pleased to reclaim it, win eternal renown that their;

    houses and families are secure that their souls,


    ;

    remaining spotless and obedient, are allotted the


    most holy place in heaven, whence, in the revolution
    of the ages, they return to find in chaste bodies a
    new habitation ? But as for those who have laid
    '^

    mad hands upon themselves, the darker regions of


    the nether world receive their souls, and God, their

    <*
    With this passage c/.Ap. ii.218" . . to those who observe
    the laws and, if they must needs die for them, willingly meet
    death, God has granted a renewed existence and in the
    revolution (of the ages) the gift of a better life."
    VOL. II z2 681
    JOSEPHUS
    yovovg TLiiajpelrai IfTovs tcjju Trarepojv u/3ptCTTa?t/
    376 8(,a rovro iJi€fJLiGr]TaL irapa Oeu) tovto nal napa
    377 Toi oocfxjjTaro) KoAa^erat voixoderr]' tovs yovv
    dvaipovvTag iavrov? rrapa {xev T'lP-lv jiexpig -qXiov
    SvGeojs drd(f)OV? eVpiVretv eKptvav, Kairoi kol
    378 TToXep-iov? dd-rrreiv Beparov rjyovp.evoL, Trap* irepoi?
    he Kal rd? he^cds tujv tolovtojv v€Kpojv drro-
    KOTTTetv eKeXevaau, at? iarparevaavro Kad* iavTUJv,
    rjyovpievoL, KaOdrrep to atu/xa tt]s ^^XV'^ aXXorpiov,
    379 ouTco? Kal ttjv X^^P^ '^^^ CTcujuaros". KaXov ovv,
    iralpoL, StKata (^povelv Kal jjltj rai? dvOpcoTrivais
    avp.<f>opals TTpoodelvai rrjv els tov Krioavra -qpids
    380 BvoGe^eiav. el oco(,eodaL SoKel, oajl^ajp,eda' Kal
    yap ovK dBo^og -q crcoT-qpia irap* olg 8td rocrovrcvv
    epyojv eTTeScL^dpLeda rds dperdg- el Tedvdvat, KaXov
    381 VTTO rwv eXovTOJV. ov pLeja^rjaopLai S' eycj elg rrjv
    Toiv TroXepLLOJV rd^LV, iv' ifiavrov TTpohorrjg yevco-
    /xar Kal yap dv e'irjv ttoXv rcov auro/xoAouvrcop
    rrpos roi)? TToXefxiov? -qXidLcorepo^, e'l y eKelvoK
    p.ev eirl aujriqpia tovto TrpdTTOvoiv, eyoj S' eV*
    382 d-najXela, Kal ye Trj epiavTOV. ttjv pievTOL 'Poj-
    p^alojv evehpav evxopiaL- pLeTa yap Seftdv' dv
    aipovpLevog vn' avTcZv evdvpLOS Tedvri^op.ai, ttji

    tCjv xpevoap-evajv dmoTiav uiKTjS pLelt^ova d7T0<^epLiJi


    vapapivdiav."
    ' Text corrupt :1 suggest rd? rCju iraTipuiv v^peii the text
    ;

    may have arisen out of an erroneous rovs corrected in the


    margin to Td$.

    ' Josephus apparently refers to some Rabbinical tradition ;

    the Pentateuch is silent on the subject of suicide. For the


    burial at sunset of the hanged criminal see Deut. xxi. 22 f.,P^'
    and of the slain enemy, Joshua viii. -29, x. 27.
    * Such was the Athenian custom, as appears from Aeschines,
    682
    JEWISH WAR, III. 375-382

    upon their posterity the outrageous acts


    father, visits
    of the parents. That is why this crime, so hateful to
    God, is punished also by the sagest of legislators.
    With us it is ordained that the body of a suicide
    should be exposed unburied until sunset, although it
    is thought right to bury even our enemies slain in

    war.'* In other law requires that a


    nations the
    suicide's right hand, with which he made war on
    himself, should be cut off, holding that, as the body
    was unnaturally severed from the soul, so the hand
    should be severed from the body.^
    " We shall do well then, comrades, to listen to

    reason and not to add to our human calamities the


    2rime of impiety towards our creator. If our hves
    are offered us, let us live there is nothing dishonour-
    :

    able in accepting this offer from those who have had


    >o many proofs of our valour if they think fit to
    ;

    <\\] us, death at the hands of our conquerors is


    lonourable. But, for my part, I shall never pass over
    :o the enemy's ranks, to prove a traitor to myself;
    [ should indeed then be far more senseless than
    deserters who go over to the enemy for safety,
    vvhereas I should be going to destruction my own —
    iestruction.^' I pray, however, that the Romans
    nay prove faithless if, after pledging their word,
    ;

    hey put me to death, I shall die content, for I shall


    arry with me the consolation, better than a victory,
    hat their triumph has been sullied by perjury,"

    ?one. Ctesiph. 24.4 by Reinach) idu ri$ avrdv


    (quoted
    haxP'H'^V'o.i, Trjp x^'^P^ tovto rrpd^aaai' X'^P'5 tov cw/acitov
    '''^^

    ^dTTTo/xep. For this piece of erudition, comparable to other


    nstances in the Contra Apionem, Josephus is doubtless
    ndebted to his Greek assistants {Ap. i. 50).
    '•
    The consciousness of such treachery would be my ruin-'
    eems to be the meaning.
    683
    JOSEPHLS
    383 (G) iJi€U ovi' Mt6aT7770? ttoAAq TOLavra npos
    384 dTTOTpOTTr]v TTrjs avrox^ipio-S eXeyev ol 8e 7T€(f)pay
    fxevas OLTToyucvoet rd? d/cod? e^ovTes, ojs o.v ndXai

    KaBoGicjuavTes eavrovg rco Oaudrco, Ttapco^vvovTC


    7Tp6<i avrou, Kal 7rpoarp€\(x>u d'AAo? d'AAo^et
    ^L(f)r]p€LS eKaKL^ov re ei's duauSpiaw Kal a>? €Kaoroi
    385 avTLKa ttXj'i^ujv hrjXos TfV. d Se rov p.€V ovofJLaoT
    KaAwv, TO) Se orpaT-qyLKcjrepou iyi^Xivujv, rod S<
    Spaooofievos ttjs be^ids, ov Se Serjoei Svgojttcou
    Kal TTOLKiXoLq Statpou/uevo? vdOeoiv iirl rrj-^ dudy
    Kr/s (ipyeu dno Trj^; 0(f)ayr]S rrdurwu tou oioi']pov
    (7)(j7r€p rd KVKXojBevra tcou d-qpiatv del npo? roi

    386 KaUaTTTOfxei^ov dvrLorpe<j)6iJi€vos rojv 8e /cat rrapc


    rd? €G-xdra<; aviJLcf)opd<; ere rou orparriyov alSov
    pLevojv TjapeXvovTO fxei' at Se^Lai, TrepicoXioOave.
    hk -rd ^L(f)7j, Kal noX^ol rds poa^atar €TrL(f)€pou7€
    avroiJ.drco'; napeloau.^
    387 (7) O 6* eV rat? djjLrjxai'iaL^ ovk rjTToprjoe
    €7TLVoia<;, dXXd Tnorevwu toj K-qSefioi^L deo) 77]
    388 (jojrrjpiau TTapa^dXXeraL, Kal " €7Tel Se'doKrat t
    Our'jOKeLU," ecfj-q,
    " 0e'pe kXtJpcu rds dXXqXojv c^ayd
    irtLrpiipujpiev , 6 Xa')(^<jjv 3' l'tto tou /Lter avro
    389 TTLTTrerco, Kal StoSeuaet rrdvrojV' ovra>s 7] tv)(7^
    /LtryS' 67Tt T^? tSt'a? Keiodoj Se^ids €Kaaro<; dBiKO
    yap olxofxevwi^ nud 7(jjv dXXujv p,eTai^o?)aap'T-
    oojBrjvai." moros jS'] e6o^€v ravra etTTcuv k-q
    390 ovv€KXr)povro Treiaag . iroifxrji^ 8' d Aa;(d»p toj p.€6
    avTOi' 7Tap€LX€u rTju o(f)ayrju, tu? avriKa 7eBvr)
    ^Ojjiivov Kal 70V nrparriyov- ^atijg ydp rjbiaj to [j^

    391 fxerd 70V ^\atoir]7Tov Bdvarov -qyovvro Kara


    * irapiiOrjaai' " were paralysed " MVRC.
    684
    JEWISH WAR, III 383-391

    (6) By these and many similar arguments Josephus Josephus,


    ^'

    sought to deter his companions from suicide. But ml] °


    desperation stopped their ears, for they had long
    since devoted themselves to death they were, there-
    ;

    fore, infuriated at him, and ran at him from this


    side and that, sword in hand, upbraiding him as a
    coward, each one seeming on the point of striking
    him. But he, addressing one by name, fixing his
    general's eye of command upon another, clasping the
    hand of a third, shaming a fourth by entreaty, and
    torn by all manner of emotions at this critical moment,
    succeeded in warding off from his throat the blades
    of all, turning like a wild beast surrounded by
    the hunters to face his successive assailants. Even
    in his extremity, they still held their general in
    reverence ; their hands were powerless, their swords
    glanced aside, and many, in the act of thrusting at
    him, spontaneously dropped their weapons.
    (7) But, in his straits, his resource did not forsake
    him. Trusting to God's protection, he put his life
    to the hazard, and said : " Since we are resolved to
    die, come, let us leave the lot to decide the order in
    which we are to kill ourselves ; let him who draws
    the first lot fall by the hand of him who comes next ;

    fortune will thus take her course through the whole


    number, and we shall be spared from taking our lives
    with our own hands. For it would be unjust that,
    when the rest were gone, any should repent and His
    escape." This proposal inspired confidence ; his knTeaci°^
    advice was taken, and he drew lots with the rest, other and
    ^^ ^'^^^^^^
    Each man thus selected presented his throat to his
    neighbour, in the assurance that his general was
    forthwith to share his fate ; for sweeter to them than
    life was the thought of death with Josephus. He,
    685
    JOSEPHUS
    AetVerat 5' ovro?, €lt€ vtto rvxrj? XP^ Aeyel^^ che^
    u7t6 deov 77 povoias gvv erdpcp, Kal a77ov6dC,ajv
    ,

    firjd' vvo Tov kXtjpov KaraSiKaGdrjvai iirjTe, ei


    TeAefTatos" AeiVoiro, pudvat rriv he^iav 6fjLo4)vXco
    <f>6va) TTetdei kolkclvov eVi ttlgt^l i,rjw

    392 (8) '0 /xev ovv ovTOjg rov re 'Pojfiaicov Kat rov
    OLKelov^ SLacfyvyoju TrdAe/iiOP ctti OveoTraaLai'ov
    393 riyero vrro rod Nt/cdi'opo? ol he 'Pcu/^atot Trai^Te?
    eVi avrov cruvirpe\ov, Kal rov TrX-qdov;
    ^e'ai/

    GwOXt^opLivov rrepl roj Grparrjyoj dopv^og tjv


    volklXos, rojv p.kv yeyrjdorojv eVi rcu Xr](j)6evTi,

    Tujv 8' OLTTe lXovvt cj i^ , tojv §' iyyudei^ Ihelv /Sta^o-


    394 ixivojv . Kal ol p.iv TTopptoQev KoXdCeiu i^ooju rov
    TToXepiiov , Tou?* hk TrX-qGLOU dvdiJLvrjGL? avrov ra)V
    395 epyojv elureL Kal Trpos rv/V pLera^oXrjv Bdfi^og, rujv
    re qyep.ovoji' ovSel? rjv o?, et Kal Trporepov ojpyi-
    Lero, rore rrpos ivihwKev avrov.
    rr]v SiJjlv ovk
    396 ixdXtura Be rov Tirov i^aiperajg* ro re KaprepLKOv
    ev rals ovfKhopal? fjP^^ 'ou 'IcuCTr^Trof Kal Trpos
    rVfV -qXiKLav eXeo<; , dvap.L^,vr]OKOU.ev(jo re rov^ TtdXai
    p.ax6(xevov Kal rov ev )(epulv e\dpcov dpn Keifxeuov
    opcoun Traprjv [8ej^ voelv , oaov hvvarai rv^'Q, Kal
    cL? o^ela fJLev TToXeixov porrri, tujv 8' dvdpajnivcjv
    39" 0L'8ev Qe^aiov rore uvvhieOriKev /xev
    7Tapc Kal
    rrXeiorovs eavrcu Kal Trpo? OLKrov tov 'laxrrjTTOv,
    vXeiarf) 8' aura) Kal napd rep narpi uolpa aw
    tire v-rd rOxrii XPn ^eyeiP, (ire om. PAL.
    rov oiKelov L: ^u'f OiKfiwv most M?5. r^i/ ; r^^i, oiKiiwv SaDer.
    MC : rQi> the rest.
    ^^ dpfTTJj m the margin of FA.
    L\'RC and
    4-01^ VRC, mistaking the use. frequent id Josephus, of
    TiXa; = '•
    formerly," " recently."
    * om. Lat.
    6S6
    «

    JEWISH WAR, III. 391-397

    however (should one say by fortune or by the pro-


    vidence of God ?), was left alone with one other ;

    and. anxious neither to be condemned by the lot


    nor, should he be left to the last, to stain his hand
    with the blood of a fellow-countryman, he persuaded
    this man also, under a pledge, to remain alive.
    (8) Having thus survived both the war with the Josephus
    Romans and that with his own friends, Josephus was vespasiai
    brought by Nicanor into Vespasian's presence. The
    Romans all flocked to see him, and from the multitude
    crowding around the general arose a hubbub of
    discordant voices some exulting at his capture,
    :

    some threatening, some pushing forward to obtain


    a nearer view. The more distant spectators
    clamoured for the punishment of their enemy, but
    those close beside him recalled his exploits and
    marvelled at such a reversal of fortune. Of the
    officers there was not one who, whatever his past
    resentment, did not then relent at the sight of
    him. Titus in particular was specially touched by
    the fortitude of Josephus under misfortunes and by
    pity for his youth.'' As he recalled the combatant
    of yesterday and saw him now a prisoner in his
    enemy's hands, he was led to reflect on the power of
    fortune, the quick vicissitudes of war, and the general
    instability of human affairs. So he brought over
    many Romans at the time to share his compassion
    for Josephus, and his pleading with his father was the

    " Tiie historian's veracity in ttiis narrative is not above

    suspicion ; his inconsistency in other autobiographical


    passages, doubly reported, does not inspire confidence. That
    his companions would have tolerated the rhetorical speech
    on suicide is incredible.
    ( Vita 5), was now thirty years
    * Josephus, born in a.d. 37

    old.
    687
    JOSEPHUS

    395 TTipias iyivero. 6 (livroL OveaTTacnavos (iipovpeiu


    avrov piera Trdar)? docjyaXeias Trpoairarrev cos
    dva7Te}nl)(jJV ainiKa Ne'pojyt.

    399 (9) Tovro OLKOvaas 6 'IcoarjTTO? pLovco ri 6ta-


    8*
    XexOrjvai deXetv eXeyev airro). (jLeraGrrjuapLevov
    iK€LVOV ttXtjv rod TratSo? TtVou Kal Svolv (jiiXcjjv
    400 'o us dXXovs d-TTavra? " oi) txev," €L7T€v, " Ove-
    orraoiave, vop-iteis alx^xaXajTov avro fiovov eiXr]-
    0eVat Tov '\coa-q7Tov, iyoj S' ayyeAos rJKco aoi
    /xet^oVcov fXT) yap
    Oeov rrpoTTeix-oiJLevos fjheiv
    vtto
    TOV '\ovha.iwv vo^iov, KOi rrcug crrpaT-qyolg oltto-
    AQ\ Bv-qoKeiv TTperreL. Sepojvi fjbe Trep-rreLg ; riyap; • *'
    oi fieTOL l^epojva P-^XP^ ^^^ 8taSo;)(Oi p.evovaLi>; av
    Kalaap, OvearraGLave, Kal avroKparajp, av Kal
    402 TTals 6 (Tos ovTo? 8ecTfj.€i be /xe vvv dcjchaXeaTepov
    .

    Kal rrjpei ueavTco heoTTor-qs p.€v yap ov p.6vov


    epiov C7U, Kalaapj dXXd Kal yqs Kal SaXdrr-qg Ka
    TTavTOS dvOpo'jTTUJV yivovSy eyuj 8' i-l Tip^wpiav
    beopLai (j)povpd£ p^eil^ovog, el KaraGX^btdl^aj^ Ka
    403 Oeov." TavT^ eiTTOvros 7Tapaxpi]p,a pikv Oveona
    oiavos aTTLOTelv iSoKei Kal tov 'IcoarjTTov vt:

    404 eXdp^avev TavTa rrepl aajT-qpias rravovpyelv, Kara


    fiLKpoi be els TTLOTLV VTrrjyeTO, tov Beov bi

    eyeipovros avTov els T-qv qyep.oviav rjbr) Ka


    Ta axTJTTTpa 8t' eTepojv crqpLeiojv TrpobeiKvvvTos
    405 aTpeK-Tj be tov '\coo-q7rov Kal iv aAAotS" KaT
    ^
    A
    mention of Nero's impending death seems to have
    dropped out.
    2 KaTaaxedidau: PAML Suid.
    ' For the sending of prisoners of importance to be tried by
    the Emperor cf. B. ii. 243 f. ^Cumanus the procurator and
    the leading rebels). Vita 408 f. (Philip ben Jacimus), and in
    theN.T the case of S. Paul (at his own appeal).
    688
    JEWISH WAR, 111 398 405

    main influence in saving the prisoner's life Vespa-


    sian, however, ordered hino to be guarded with every
    precaution, intending shortly to send him to Nero.**
    (9) On hearing this, Josephus expressed a desire He pred ict..«

    Vespasiau s
    for a private interview with him Vespasian having accessioQ a:
    ordered all to withdraw except his son Titus and two Emperor
    of his friends, the prisoner thus addressed him :

    " You imagine, Vespasian, that in the person of

    Josephus you have taken a mere captive but 1


    ;

    come to you as a messenger of greater destinies.


    Had I not been sent on this errand by God, 1 knew
    the law of the Jews and how it becomes a general
    to die. To Nero do you send me ? Why then ?
    Think you that [Nero and] those who before your
    iccession succeed him will continue ? You will be
    3aesar, Vespasian, you will be emperor, you and
    /our son here. Bind me then yet more securely in
    hains and keep me for yourself; for you, Caesar.
    ire master not of me only, but of land and sea and
    he whole human race. For myself, 1 ask to be
    )unished by stricter custody, if I have dared to
    rifle with the words of God." To this speech
    ^espasian. at the moment, seemed to attach little
    redit, supposing it to be a trick of Josephus to save
    is life Gradually, however, he was led to believe
    :, for God was already rousing in him thoughts of
    mpire and by other tokens foreshadowing the
    ^rone " He found, moreover, that Josephus had
    " These omens and oracles are mentioned by Tacitus,
    'ist.i. 10 (" ostentis ac responsis destinatum Vespasiano
    Derisque eius imperium "), ii. 1 (" praesaga responsa "),
    id in other passages cited by Reinach. I'he widespread
    ?Mef that " persons proceeding from Judaea were to become
    asters of the world," is reported in almost identical terms
    ,'Tacitus {Hist. v. 13) and Suetonius Vesp. 4).
    (

    689
    JOSEPHUS
    eXdii^avev rcov yap rot? anopprirois naparvxovTCOV
    (j)i\ojv [o] ercpog davp.at,eiv e(j)r^ rro)? ovre rolg inl
    Tojv ^lajraTTOiTcov irepl aXujoeaj? ovd^ iavro) rrpo-
    fjLaPT€VGaLTO alxfJiaXajGLav, €t fir] ravra Xrjpo? etr]

    406 8iaKpovoijL€vov rag eV avrou opyds- 6 8e 'Icocrr^-

    770? KOL Tols ^\cora7TarrjVols on fierd TeaaapaKOcrrrjv


    l^hoixrjv r^p.epav dXujoovrai TrpoeiTreZv e(f)rj, Kal
    407 OTL 77/00? 'Pco/JLaLOJU avros t^coyprjOrjueraL. ravra
    vapa rcov alxp-aXojrujv Krar' Ihiav 6 OveaTraaiavos
    eKTTvdofjLevo? CO? €vpLOK€V dX-qOrj, ovrco jnoreveiv^X)
    408 77ept rojv /car' avrov ^pKTO. ^povpds /xev ouvl'.

    Kal SeGfjLow ovK dviei tov 'Iclxtt^ttoi^, ehojpelrc


    S* iadrJTL Kal to?? aAAotS" KeLfJLrjXiois, (jyiXo^povov-

    fjLevos T€ Kal TTepLeTTwv hiereXei rd 77oAAa Ttroi


    rfj TL/JLTJ ovu€pyovvros.

    409 (ix. 1) TcrapTT] he Ylavefiov pnqvos dval^ev^a' \

    els UroXefjiatSa KaKeWev elg ri^v TiapdXiov d(j)

    iKvelrai Y^aiodpeiav , fieyLor-qv rrj? re 'louSata


    ttoXlv Kal ro rrXeov"^ !;(/)' '¥.XXr]vojv OLKOvjJLevqv
    410 ehexovro he Kal rrjv orparidv Kal rov orparrjyo

    fierd Trdarjs ev^'qp.ias Kal (f)LXo<f)poovvrjs ol em


    1 + Kal Niese. * Tr\u(rTov PAML.

    *•
    The fact of this prediction of Josephus to Vespasian
    confirmed by Suet. Vesp. 5 " unus ex nobilibus captiu
    losepus, cum coiceretur in uincula, constantissime asseu<
    rauit fore ut ab eodem breui solueretur, uerum iam imperf
    ''''
    690
    JEWISH WAR, III. 405-410

    proved a veracious prophet in other matters. For


    one of the two friends in attendance at the private
    interview remarked " If these words are not a
    :

    nonsensical invention of the prisoner to avert the


    storm which he has raised, I am surprised that
    Josephus neither predicted the fall of Jotapata to
    its inhabitants nor his own captivity." To this
    Josephus rephed that he had foretold to the people
    of Jotapata that their city would be captured after
    forty-seven days and that he himself would be taken
    alive by the Romans. Vespasian, having privately and is
    questioned the prisoners on these statements and ateTy trea
    found them true, then began to credit those con- as a
    p"®°°®^'
    cerning himself. While he did not release Josephus
    from his custody or chains, he presented him with
    raiment and other precious gifts, and continued to
    treat him with kindness and solicitude, being warmly
    supported by Titus in these courtesies."

    (ix. 1) On the fourth of the month of Panemus,*' Vespasiar


    Vespasian led off his troops to Ptolemais and from Jil^Jroop
    there to Caesarea-on-sea, one of the largest cities in Caesar
    of Judaea with a population consisting chiefly of scythopo
    Greeks.'' The inhabitants received the army and
    its general with blessings and congratulations of

    tore," and by Dlo Cassius (epitome, Ixvi, 1) who instead


    of breui ('* shortly ") writes more precisely fxer' (Viavrou.
    Reinach, wtio quotes these passages, refers also to the
    curious Rabbinic attribution of this prophecy to Johanan
    ben Zakkai, on the occasion of his escape from the siege of
    Jerusalem.
    * 23 July A.D. 67 (Niese's reckoning).

    " Notwithstanding its predominant Greek population the


    city from the time of its refoundation by Herod the Great
    "always continued united with Judaea " (Schiirer).
    691
    . _

    JOSEPHUS
    ywpLOL. Kal Kar' evvoLau fxev ri)v 7Tp6<^ *PojfLaLOV<;,
    TO §€ ttMou €xOeL Tcbv KaT€orpafj,fX€vaju 6l6 Kal
    TQv '\cx)ar]7Tov ddpooL Kara^o6jvT€^ tj^lovv KoAdl^eLU.
    411 ()veo7raaLav6<; 8e r-qu [fJ'€v] 7T€pl tovtov Sdr]aLU

    CO? V7T^ OLKpirov yivofjievrju rrArjOovs e^iXvoev


    4[2 -qavxia- rcov 5e rayfjidrajv rd p-kv hvo x^'-t^^'
    pioovra eKdOioev ctti rrjs Katoapeias imT-qheLov ,

    opwv rrjv to heKarov Se Kal nep.Trrov €t?


    rtoXiv ,

    yiiKvdoiroXiv^ d>S p-r) dXif^ot naurl roj orparuj ttju


    4 13 Katadpetai'. dX^eLvi) 8' -qv KdK^ivq x^'-l^davo?
    d)pa, Kad^ ooov TTViycoh-qs depov; vno Kavp.drojv
    TT^hids ovoa Kal TrapdXLog
    4 14 'Ev he TOiJTcp ovvadpoLodevres oT t€ Kara
    (2)

    ordoLV (KTTLTTrovre^ rwv TroXeojv^ Kal oi 8ta-


    (f)vy6vT€S €K roju KaTeorpap-p-ivajv , 7rXrjOo<; ouk
    oXiyou, dvaKTil^ovaLiy '{otttttiv opp^rjrrjpLoi' o(f)LGU',

    4 15 €pr]p.a>d€Loau vtto Kcgtlov Tipo-repov, Kal T-q<;

    Xojpa<; €K7T€TroX€pLa>p.€vr}<i dveipyopLevoL fieral^aLveLU


    A [a €y I'O) a au €tV rr]v ddXaooav. TTrj^dpLevol re rreipa-
    TLKa OKd(f)r] -nXeloTa rov re ^vpias Kal Ooti/t/cT7?
    Kal rov €Tr^ Alyvrrrou rropov eXfjorevov, drrXatrd
    411 re rrdoLV irtoiovv rd TfjSe veXdyq. OveorraGLavog
    be cos eyvoj rrjV ovvra^LV avrdJu, rrepLneL rreCou^;
    re Kal Irmels drrl rr)v ^lomrr^v, ol vvKra>p (jj<; d-
    4\^ (f)vXaKrov elaepxovrai rrjv ttoXlv . oi 8' eu avrfj
    77pofjoi)ovro p,ev rrjv eio^oXrjv Kal Kara6eioavre<^
    70U fxev elpyetv rov? 'PajpLaiovg dverpenovro,
    ' \' : TToXfM'wf the rest.

    - Vht oth ai)d lOtli (§ 65).


    " Bethshan. thirty-five miles due east of Caesarea.
    692
    JEWISH WAR. Ill 410-418

    every description, prompted partly by goodwill


    towards the Romans, but mainly by hatred of the
    vanquished. This feeling showed itself in a loud
    and universal demand for the punishment of Josephus;
    but Vespasian by his silence quashed this petition
    emanating from an incompetent crowd. Of his
    three legions he established two ° in winter quarters
    at Gaesarea, finding the city suitable for the
    purpose the fifteenth legion he sent to Scytho-
    ;

    polis," in order not to burden Gaesarea with his


    whole army. The climate of the last-named city
    is. like Scythopolis,'' as genial in winter as it is
    suffocatingly hot in summer, from its situation in
    the plain and on the coast.
    Meanwhile, the Jews who had been driven by
    (2) The pira

    seditionfrom the towns and the refugees, whose pnrsTe'd


    homes had been destroyed, had united their not ^'^^ ^^^
    inconsiderable forces, and, to provide themselves
    with a base, rebuilt Joppa, recently devastated by
    Gestius ^ and then, finding themselves cut off
    ;

    from the country, which had passed into the


    enemy's hands, they resolved to take to the sea.
    They accordingly built themselves a fleet of
    piratical ships and made raids on the traffic along
    the coast of Syria and Phoenicia and the route to
    Egypt, rendering navigation in those seas quite
    impossible. Vespasian, on learning of this gang,
    dispatched to Joppa a body of infantry and cavalry,
    who entered the city by night, finding it unguarded.
    The inhabitants had received news of the coming
    attack, but in their alarm made no attempt to

    « KCiKeipv Reinach, referring the pronoun to Scythopolis,


    :

    S reduced to correcting TrapdXios to 7rapa7rora/xtos.


    " B. ii. 507 f.

    693
    JOSEPHUS
    (TVfJL(j)vy6uT€? S' el? rds" vav? i^corepoj ^eXov?
    hievvKTepevoav.
    419 (3) 'AAifteVou 8' ovGTj? (f)VG€L r-fjs ^Iottttt]?, al-
    yiaXo) yap rpax^l Kal to fxev dXXo rrav
    €77tA7]yet
    opdico, ^po-X^ ^^ ovvv€VOVTL KaTOL TCI? K€paia?
    420 iKarepojdev at 8e etcrtv' KpripLvol ^adelg Kal rrpov-
    XovoaL CTTTtAaSes" et? to TreXayos, evda Kal tojv
    'Ay8po/xe8a? 8ecr/i.coP' €Tt 8et/<vi;/xefot ttjttol ttl-
    421 CTrouvTat tt^v apxo-^orrjra rod fivdov, rv-nrtov Se
    Tov alyiaXov evavrlo? ^opias Kal Trpos Tat?
    8e;(0/xeVai? Trerpais vifjVjXov dvaKOTTTcoi^^ to KVfia
    o6aXepcoTepop epr]/xta? tov oppLou aTrepydl^eTai'
    422 MraTci tovtov oaXe-vovoLV toi? d770 ti^? 'loTTTrrj?

    u7t6 tt^v ecu 771'evpLa ^latov iTTLTTLTTTeL' fieXapL^opLOu


    423 UTTO TcZ)i' TavTT) 7rXoLL,opLeva>v KaXeiTai- Kal tq?
    /xev' dAAr)Aai? tcIIv I'etDv' avToBi cruvqpa^ev ,rd? Se
    77-p6? Tat? 7T€TpaLS, TToAAct? 8e TTpO? dvTLOV KVfJia

    ^laCopLevag et? to TreAayo?, toV tc ydp atyiaAdi^


    oi'Ta 7T€Tpio8r} Kal tou? cV auTOu TToXepLiovg
    ehehoiKeaav, /LteTCcupo? VTrepapdel? 6 kXvSojv i^d-
    424 7ttlL,€V. -qv 8' outc <f)vyrj? totto? ovt€ pievovoLV

    oojTrjpla, ^ia /xev dvepLOV Trj? daXdaarjs e^-


    ajdovpiivoLs, 'PojpiaLa>v 8e tt^? TToAeco?. /cat ttoXXtj
    p.kv ovpprjyvvpLevwv iyiveTO tcov GKa(f)wu,
    olpLcoyq
    425 TToXvg 8' dyvvpLevojv 6 ip6(f)og Kal tov rrXridov? .

    ol fieu V7t6 TUJV KVp.dTOJV KaXvTTTOfieVOL bl€(f>d€l-


    ' d^a7^eV7^c«;f P*A*L.
    " The localization of this legend at Joppa is widely [t
    attested. Reinach quotes Pliny, Xat. Hist. v. 69 (marks of te

    the chains shown on a projecting rock), Strabo xvi. -2. -23 (/

    {ivTavda fxidevoiffi TLua r'qv KvOftOfiibav iKTedi)va.L tu KrjT(L),


    '

    Pausanias iv. 35. 9 (a blood-red spring where Perseus [I:

    washed himself after slaying the monsterj, Jerome, In Jon. i. y-.

    69^
    JEWISH WAR, III. 418-425

    oppose the Romans and sought refuge in their ships,


    where they passed the night out of bowshot.
    (3) Nature has not provided Joppa with a port, and
    It terminates in a rugged shore, which runs for by^a'^storr
    nearly its whole length in a straight line, but is ^^ ^^a.

    slightly curved at its two extremities in crescent


    fashion these horns consist of steep cliffs and reefs
    ;

    jutting far out into the deep here are still shown
    ;

    the impressions of Andromeda's chains, to attest


    the antiquity of that legend.'^ The north wind,
    beating full upon the coast, dashes the waves high
    against the face of the rocks and renders this
    roadstead more perilous to sailors than the watery
    waste. It was here that the people of Joppa were
    **

    tossing, when, towards dawn, a furious blast burst


    upon them, the wind called by navigators in those
    parts the " Black Norther." Some of the ships
    were dashed to pieces against each other on the
    pot, others were shattered upon the rocks. Many
    from dread of this rock-strewn coast and the enemy
    that occupied it, strove to gain the open sea in the
    teeth of the gale, and foundered among the towering
    billows. There was neither means of flight, nor hope
    Df safety if they remained where they were the :

    fury of the wind repelled them from the sea, that


    3f the Romans from the town. Piercing were the
    hrieks as the vessels collided, terrific the crash as
    hey broke up. Of the crews who perished, some
    rvere engulfed in the waves, many crushed by the

    the holes through which had passed the rings of the chains
    vere still shown in his day). Cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog.
    ,f Holy Land, 163 f.
    * Literally " than a desert " ; 1 adopt the late Dr. R.
    Traill's happy paraphrase, and see no reason to suspect
    he text.

    Q95
    . .

    JOSEPHUS
    povro. TToAAot 8e TOi<; vavayloL? efj-nXeKo^evoL'
    Ttve? 8' o)? KOv4>or4poj rrju OdXnrrau €(f)Oavoi> tco
    426 oiSrjpcp o(l)a.<i auroi)? dvaLpovvre'^ . to ye firji^

    TrXeiarov vtto tcou Kvp-drajv €K(f>ep6fx€vou rrepi-


    f^aivero rat? aTToppco^iv , cu? alpiaxOijuaL fj.€u iirl

    nXe'iGTOV TO TriXayos, TrXrjpojdrjvaL 8e u€Kpa)V rr)u


    TiapdXiov Kal yap tov<; eVt tov alytaXou eK-
    <f)€poiJi€VOV<; i(l)€Gr(jjT€<; ol 'PajpLaloL hLi(^deLpov
    427 api^^o9 [he] rcov eK^paoOeurujv owfjidraju rerpa
    kloxlXlol 77po? TOLS 8iaK:oCTtot9 rjv. 'Pajfj-aioL be
    Xaf^oures diJ.ax'rjrl rrju KaraoKdrrrovaLU
    ttoXlu
    428 (4) '1 0777777 fjLev ovu ev oXlycp xpovto hevrepov vtto
    429 'PcD/zatotS" edXoj. OveonaoLavos 8' to? fir) TrdXu
    ol TTeiparal ovvaXLodelev elg aim^v. orpaTonebov
    T6 €771 Tt)?aKpOTToXeCO? ey€Lp€L Kal TO ITTTTIKOV €1
    430 avTw KaTaXei-nei fieTa Tretwv oXiycDV, Iv^ ovtol fiei
    /caret \ci)pav p.evovTe^ (fipovpcooL to OTpaToirehov k
    ol 8' LTTTTels TTpOVOp-eVOJOL TTjV Tiipi^ Kal TCt'
    TTfpioiKov^ Kco/ia? T€ Kal voXi^vas i^aiptoGLv Ti)<-

    431 '1077777]?. OL fiev ovu KaTo. ra npoGTaxOeuTa ttjx

    Xiopav KaraTpexovTes Kad^ ruiepav eTep-vov re Ka


    rjprjiJLOVv CLTiaoai'.
    432 (5) 'Qs be els Ta 'UpoooAu/ta to KaTO, T-qi

    McuTaTraTT^v" ndOos rjyyeXrj, to fxev TjpuiTOv rjTTi

    GTOvv OL 77oAAot Kal 8ta TO p-eyedos tyjs ovp.(f)opd>


    Kal 8td to p.rjbeva. tcou Xeyofieuoju avTOTTT-qi
    433 Trapeh'aL bLeoiodr] yap ovbe dyyeXos , dXX avro
    fidTT)^ bLeKrjpvoaev (t>rjpi''q oiKela (f>vo€
    ttju dXojoiv,

    434 Twv oKvSpojTroTepojv . KaT'


    oXiyof be Sid rtDi id'

    Tipooxojpcoi' (jjbeve TdXrjde? Kal napd irdoLV dpL(f)L


    >(

    avTOfxaTi PA. ^.

    696
    JEWISH WAR, III. 425-434

    wreckage from which they could not extricate them-


    selves others, regarding the sword as a lighter evil
    ;

    than the sea, anticipated drowning by suicide.


    The majority, however, were swept to shore by the
    waves and their bodies hurled and mangled against
    the cliff's. A wide area of sea was red with their
    blood, and the coast was covered with corpses for;

    he Romans, lining the beach, massacred those who


    *vere cast up. The number of bodies washed up
    imounted to four thousand two hundred. The Joppa is

    Romans took the town vinthout opposition and razed Ihe^gro°and


    t to the ground.
    (4)Thus was Joppa, after a brief interval, for the
    econd time" captured by the Romans. Vespasian,
    n order to prevent the pirates from congregating
    here again, established a camp on the acropolis and
    eft in it the cavalry with a small body of infantry,
    ^he latter were to remain on the spot and guard the
    amp, the cavalry to ravage the neighbourhood and
    estroy the villages and small towns around Joppa;
    n obedience to these orders, they daily scoured the
    ountry, pillaging and reducing it to an utter desert.
    (5) When the news of the fate of Jotapata reached
    Reception

    erusalem, it was received at first with general saiem of


    icreduHty, both because of the magnitude of the ^^^ ?aTo f°
    alamity and because no eyewitness had come to Jotapata.
    3nfirm the report. In fact, not a man had escaped
    D tell the tale rumour, with its natural propensity
    ;

    ) black tidings,** spontaneously spread the news of

    le city's fall. Little by little, however, the truth


    lade its way from place to place, and was soon
    « ii. 507 f.
    ''
    Cf. the description of " Fama " in Virg. Aen. iv. 173 ff.,
    pecially 190, "facta atque infecta canebat," with "facts
    nbroidered by fiction " in Josephus.
    697
    JOSEPHUS
    /SoAta? "^v ^e^aiorepou' TTpoaeax^SLa^CTo ye
    rjSrj

    fjirju rot? kol to. fir) yevofieva,


    7Te7TpayyL€vois
    reSveoj? yap inl rrj? aXwaeoj? Kal 6 ^IcvcqTTO?
    435 rjyyeXXero rovTO jieyLorov ra 'lepoaoAu/xa TreV-
    .

    dov? InXrjpojuev Kara p.iv ye oIkovs Kal Kara


    avyyev€La? ot? Trpoa-qKcov €Kauro<; tjv rcov aTToXat-
    436 Xorojv idprjveiTO, to 8' irrl toj crTpar-qyo) Trdvdos
    eSr]fX€v9rj, Kal ol fxev ^eVou?, ol 8e avyyevel?, oi
    Se (filXovg [ol 8e dbeXcfiovsy idprjvovVy tov 'Icu-
    437 arjTTOV 5e TTcivTes' cos errl TpiaKOOT-qv p.ev rjiJLepai
    pLTj SiaXiTTelu ra? 6Xo(^-upGei<i eV ttj 77oAet, TrXei
    GTOVS 3e fJLLoOovoBai tov? avX-qrd?, ot Op-qucoi
    avTOL? i^-qpxov.
    438 (6) *Qg §£ rdX-qdrj hL€KaXv7rT€T0 tlo xpova) Ka
    ra (i€v Kara ttjv ^YojTaTTdrrjv djoTrep elx^v, iax^^ia
    ofxeuov 8e to Kara tov 'lojar]7TOV rrddo? evpioKeTO
    t,riv
    8* avTov eyvcoaav Kal rrapd 'Poj/xatois" ovr^

    Kal npos tCjv rjyefiovcxjv TrXeov r) /car' alxp-aXwro


    TVXTIV 7T€pL€7T€odaL, TOOOVTOV Opyfj? £7tI t^iOVTO
    doov evvoia? irrl redvdvai hoKovvros vpoTepo
    439 dveXap-^avov. Kal Trap* ols /uev els dvavhplai
    Trap'' oh 8'
    Trpohooiav eKaKiLeTO, TrXripris 7
    els
    dyavaKTTjoeoJS rjv Kal rcuv kqt' avTov ^Xaa(f)rjp.i(Z
    440 Tj TToXis TTapoj^vvovTO he Tals TtX-qyals Kal rrpoo
    .

    e^eKaiovTo Tals KaKOTrpayiais' to ye jxriv Trrateti


    o ylverai tols ev (f)povovaLV dacfjaXelas Kal ra.
    OjJioiixjv (f)vXaKr)S alriov, eKeivois Kevrpov erepa.
    eyivero ovpLcjyopdjv, Kal ro reXos del rcov KaKu.
    '
    om. PA.

    " Or " guest-friend."


    * The period, as Reinach remarks, of the mourning fc

    698
    JEWISH WAR, III. 434-440

    regarded by all as established beyond doubt. But


    the facts were embroidered by fiction thus Josephus
    ;

    himself was reported to have fallen when the city


    was taken. This intelligence filled Jerusalem with
    the profoundest grief; whereas in each household
    and family there was mourning of the relatives for
    their own lost ones, the lamentation for the com-
    mander was national. While some mourned for a
    host," others for a relative, some for a friend, others
    for a brother, all alike wept for Josephus. Thus for
    thirty days the lamentations never ceased in the
    *

    city, and many of the mourners hired flute-players "


    to accompany their funeral dirges.
    (6) But when time revealed the truth and all that Outcry
    had really happened at Jotapata, when the death S'phi
    of Josephus was found to be a fiction, and it became
    known that he was alive and in Roman hands and
    being treated by the commanding officers with a
    respect beyond the common lot of a prisoner, the
    demonstrations of wrath at his being still alive were
    as loud as the former expressions of affection when
    he was believed to be dead. Some abused him as
    a coward, others as a traitor, and throughout the city
    there was general indignation, and curses were
    heaped upon his devoted head. The citizens were,
    moreover, exasperated by their reverses, and their
    misfortunes only added fuel to the flames. A defeat,
    which with the wise induces precaution and care to
    provide against similar misadventures, only goaded
    them to further disasters and the end of one
    ;

    calamity was always the beginning of the next.

    men such as Moses (Deut. xxxiv. 8) and Aaron (Numb. xx.


    29). The norma] period was seven days (Ecclus. xxii. 12).
    « Such funeral flute-players are mentioned in Matt. ix. 23.

    699
    JOSEPHUS
    4-11 av9i<; apxTl' iJ-dXXov yovv lopiian' ctti rovs 'Pct>-
    ptat'ou? o)? Kal ^{(vorjTTou eV avTolg a/xup'ou/xew'oi.
    442 rov<; fiev ovv irri rcxju 'XepoooXvfJLtov tolovtol
    dopv^oL Kareixov.
    443 (7) OuecTTraonai^o? 5e kq^' Laropiav rrjs 'Aypt77-
    77a /SacrtAeta?. evrjycv a/xa yap jSacrtAei)? aurdt'/
    [5e] KQt he^LojoaoOai rov -qyefj-ova ovv rfj arpa-
    Tta Toj Kara rou olkou oXf^co tt poatpo'vpL^vo'; Kal
    KaraoTelXaL avTcou ra vooouuTa rrjs dpxrj'i,
    81'

    ripas OiTTO TTapdXov KaLoapelag et? r-qv OtA-


    TTJ?
    444 LTTTTou KaXovpievqv fiera^aiveL Kaiadpeiav ei'Oa .

    P-expi- P-^v r]p,6pd)V eLKOGL rr]V orparidv htavaTTavajv


    Kal avr6(; iu eucu^^^t'ats" rju, aTToSiSovg rep deep
    445 ;ca ptcTTTypta tCjv KarojpdcopLevwv (ij<; .
    8'
    aura)
    TijSepta? ptev vecorepl^eLV, dc})€GrdvaL 8' -qyyeXXouTo
    Tapt^j^atat, pLolpa 8e tt^S" WypLTrna ^aoiXeias -qaav
    dpL(j)6repai, rrdvrodev rov? ^lovhaiovg Karaorpe-
    <f>€o9aL SieyvajKO)? r-qv ettI tovtou?^ orpareiav
    evKaipov -qyelro Kal St'
    ^
    \ypi7r7Tav, (Lg et's ^eviag
    440 dpLOL^rjV ouj<^povio(jL)V aincp rd<^ iroXei? . Tre'/XTTCt

    817 Tov VLOv Tirov eh KaLodpetav pcerd^ovra rr)v


    eKeWev orparidv
    HkvOottoXlv 77
    8' eorlu
    elg
    pLeyioTT] T-qg ^eKaTToXeojg Kal yeircou rfjs TijSe-
    4 47 ptdbog ev'da Kal avrog TrapayevopLevos eK^exerai
    Tov VLOV, Kal pLerd rpiLov raypidriov TrpoeXdoju
    G-rpaTOTTeSeveraL p-ev diro rpiaKovra rijg Ti^epta-
    809 GTaSlwv Kara riva GradpLOv evGuvonrou rot?
    448 veojrepitovGiv 'Levva^pls ovopLdi^eraL. TTepLTrei 8e'

    '
    PA : ai'Tos the rest.
    * N'lese: TovToi' or tovtoi<; mss. ^ 8n PAL.

    " Or rather a part of them (§ 446). " ii. 168. lii:

    700
    JEWISH WAR, III 441-448

    They were now animated with greater fury against


    the Romans by the thought that, in having their
    revenge on them, they would also be avenged on
    Josephus Such was the state of agitation prevaiHng
    in Jerusalem
    (7) Vespasian, however, had gone to visit Agrippa's Vespasian
    kingdom, to which the king had invited him with the ^ifestat"*
    double object of entertaining the general and his caesarea
    PhiliDDi
    troops'* with all the wealth of his royal household
    and of quelling, by their aid, the disorders within
    his realm. Leaving Gaesarea-on-sea, Vespasian,
    accordingly repaired to the other Gaesarea called
    Gaesarea Philippi." There for twenty days he rested
    his troops, while he was being feted himself and
    rendering thankoffe rings to God for the successes
    which he had obtained But when he learnt that
    Tiberias was disaffected and Tarichaeae already in Tibenas,
    revolt —both cities formed part of Agrippa's realm —
    revSio"
    he thought that now was the time to march against
    these rebels, in pursuance of his fixed intention of
    crushing the Jews wherever they rose, and also to
    oblige Agrippa and to repay his hospitality by
    recalling these cities of his to their allegiance. He
    accordingly sent his son Titus to Gaesarea to fetch
    the troops quartered there and march them to
    Scythopolis, the largest city of Decapolis and in the
    neighbourhood of Tiberias. Thither he proceeded
    '^

    himself to receive his son, and then, advancing with


    three legions, encamped thirty furlongs from Tiberias
    at a station, well within view of the rebels, called
    Sennabris.<* From there he sent the decurion
    • is some twenty miles south of Tiberias.
    Scythopolis
    " Modern Sinn en-Nabrah, on the south-west side of the
    -ake of Gennesareth, near Tarichaeae.
    701
    JOSEPHUS
    S€KaSdp)(r]v OvaXepiavov ovv l7T7T€VGLV Trevrrj-
    Kovra hiaXexOy^oofJLevov ^Ip-qvLKa rot? /caret rrjv
    ttoXlv Kal 77 porpeiJjojjLevou eVt 7tlgt€l?' dKr]K6eL
    yap, o)? ETndvjxoi-q fiev elprjvrjg 6 SrjfJLog, Kara-
    CTracria^otro 8' vrro tlvojv TToXepielv ^Lal^ofievojv.
    449 TTpooeXduas S* OvaXepiavo? irrel rrX-qaiov -qv toC
    T€LXOVS, avTOS T€ Kara^atvei kol tov? ovv avrcZ
    rcov LTTTTiojv dTri^rjoeVy ojs jjlt) SoKolev aKpo^oXi
    t,6pLevoL TTapelvai. Kal Trplv els Xoyov? iXdeli
    eTreKdeovGLv avrco Taju oraaLaorojv ol Si't'aTtu-
    450 raTot iied' ottXojv. i^rjyelro 8* avrcou ^lr]0ovs Tt<
    ovofia, TTOLS Sa^arou/ rod Xr^orpiKov OTi(})0VS c

    451 Kopv<f)ai6Taros. OvaXepiavo? he ovre Trapd ra^


    eVToAa? rod orparriyov ovpL^aXelv do<f)aXe9 rjyov-
    fievos,el Kal to vlkov e'lrj jSe/Satov, Kal ocf^aXepoi
    TO iidx^oOai TToXXol? jjLeT^ oXlycov dTrapaoKevdoro^
    452 re Trpos eroipiov?, Kal dXXojs eKTrXayelg ttj)

    dSoKTjTou Tojv 'louSatcDV roA/xav, <^euyet Tre^d?


    eTepoL T€ OfJLOiCJS TTevre tovs Ittttovs dneXLTTOv, ov
    ol TTepl Tov ^lr]oovv dn-qyayov el? ttjv ttoXlv yeyrj
    Bores CO? P'dxj] X-q^devras, ovk evehpa.
    453 (S) Tovro Karaheioavres ol yrjpaiol tov Sv^^o
    Kal TTpovx^'-^ hoKovvres (f)evyovoL fxev els to tcj ^
    454 PajfiaLOJU orparoTrehov, eTrayofxevoi he rov ^aoiXe* j(j

    TTpooTTLTTTOVOiv LKerai OveG—aotavcp, (jlt) 0(f)d 10,

    TTepLiheTv heofjLevoL, pLYjhe rr]v oXiyojv dTTovota


    455 -qy-qaaoOai rrjs rroXecos oXrjs, (^eioaodaihe to
    hrjfjLOv *PcjpaLOLs </)tAa (f)povovvTos Kal rov hi
    del,
    aiTLOVs TLfjiOjp-qaaodaL rrjs dTTOordoecos, v^^ cS ^''^
    avTol (jipovprjdrjvai P'^XP^ vvv, errl he^tds 677
    1 MC (c/. il. 599, Vita 66, 134, where he is called son c
    2ax0ia9): most M93. have loixpa..
    702

    !
    JEWISH WAR, III. 448-455

    V^alerianus with fifty horsemen to make peaceful


    proposals to the townsfolk and to urge them to
    treat ; for he had heard that the people in general
    desired peace, but were overruled and being driven
    o hostilities by some seditious individuals. Va-
    erianus advanced on horseback and; on approaching
    he wall, dismounted and directed his troop to do
    e same, to prevent any suspicion that they had
    ome to skirmish. But before any parley had taken
    )lace, the principal promoters of the rising dashed
    ut in arms to meet him, headed by a certain Jesus,"
    on of Saphat, the ringleader of this band of brigands,
    ^alerianus thought it both imprudent to fight them
    n defiance of his general's orders, however certain
    f victory, and, moreover, dangerous with a small
    nd unprepared force to face a large army equipped
    Dr battle. In short, he was taken aback by the
    nexpected daring of the Jews, and fled on foot,
    ve of his companions likewise abandoning their
    orses. The troops of Jesus brought back these
    teeds in triumph to the town, as jubilant as if they
    ad taken them in battle and not by a surprise
    ttack.
    (8) Dreading the consequences of this incident, is reduced
    16 elders and the more respected of the citizens
    1
    ^°
    f"^'
    mission,
    ed to the Roman camp and, after obtaining the
    ing's support, threw themselves as suppliants at
    espasian's feet, entreating him not to disregard
    lem nor to impute to the whole city the madness
    i"a few let him spare a people who had always
    ;

    lown themselves friendly to the Romans and punish


    le authors of the revolt, under whose power they
    lemselves had been kept to this day, long as they
    <»
    Chief magistrate of Tiberias, B. ii. 599.
    703
    JOSEPHUS
    456 €Ly6[i€VOL TrdXat. Tairrats- cVeStSou rat? LKeoiaL^ c

    Grparriyog, KairoL Sia ttji^ dpTrayr^u rcov Ivttcoi

    i<f>^ oXrju ojpyLOjJLlvos tyjv ttoAlv Kal yap dyojvidjurc


    457 7T€pl avrrjs tov ^ Aypimrav icopa. \aji6v70JV 8<

    Tovrojv TO) brjp.cp^ Se^td?


    tov ^\rioov.
    ol Trepl
    oukc't' da^aXks 'qyoufxevoL [leveLv inl rr}? Ti^e
    458 pid8o9 et's TapLXO-iag aTTobLSpdoKovoiu Kal p-eO .

    rjpLepav OveoTraocauo'; avu iTmevoLV TTpoTrejjLTre '-'

    TTpos TTjv dKpojpeiav T palavov d7T07T€Lpa8TJuaL to


    459 7T\r)6ovs, €t Trdures elprjULKa (fypovoleu . (h<; t

    eyvco TOP hrjp.ov 6p.o(jipovovvra rols tKeVat?, dva


    \a^d>v ol he to
    rr)v hvvap.Lv rjei Trpd? rrjv ttoXlu.
    T€ dpoiyouoLw auTcp Kal /Lter* ev(j)-qp.L(Ji
    TTuAu?
    VTrrjVTojv awTrjpa Kal evepydrrjv dvaKaXovvT€'
    460 TTjg he arparid? TpLfjop.evrj<; Trepl ttjv tCjv elooha
    aTevoTTjTa Trapapprj^aL tov Kara iJ.eor]p,^pLav re
    Xovs Oveonaotavos KeXevoag rrXaTvveL ttjv elo^oXi
    461 avrols dprtayrjs /xeVroi Kal v^pecos dnexeoOaL Tray
    T^yyetAcp", toj f^aaiXel xapLl,6p.evo<; , tujv re ret^^o
    hLa TOVTov €0€taaTO, ovpLpLevelv Trp6<; to Xol7T<
    eyyva)p,evov tov^ ev aurot?, Kal TroXXd KeKaKOjp.
    VTjv TTjU ttoXlv €k tt)? OTdoeojs dveXdp.^av€i'.

    4G2 (x 1) 'EneLTa TjpoeXBojv aurrjs re /xera^j) k


    liapi-xaiajv OTpaToveSeveTOL, Tet;(t^et re T-qv na
    ep.^oXi)v oxvpajTepav, V(f)opujp.evos eKei TToXepn

    VR Lat. : TOV drjfxoi the rest.

    " The meaning must surely be " to proceed along t

    ridge " (shown in Smith and Bartholomew's Map of Galil


    on the west of the lake) and to enter the town.
    " Ordinarily identified with the modern Kerak at I
    '

    oouth-west corner of the lake Ic/ Pliiiy. Uiat. Nac. v. 71


    704
    JEWISH WAR, III 456-462

    lad been anxious to sue for terms. The general,


    hough indignant at the whole city on account of
    he capture ot the horses, none the less yielded
    o these entreaties, because he saw that Agrippa
    vas seriously concerned for the town. The delegates
    hus secured terms on behalf of their fellow-citizens,
    thereupon Jesus and his party, thinking themselves
    10 longer safe at Tiberias, fled to Tarichaeae. The
    ext day Vespasian sent forward Trajan to " the
    idge of the hill to discover whether the whole
    lultitude were peaceably disposed. Having assured
    mself that the people were of one mind with
    he petitioners, he then advanced with his army
    3 the city. The population opened their gates to
    im and went out to meet him with acclamations,
    ailing him as saviour and benefactor. As the troops
    ere incommoded by the narrowness of the entrances,
    'espasian ordered part of the south wall to be thrown
    own and so opened a broad passage for his soldiers,
    [owever, as a compliment to the king, he strictly and spared
    )rbade any pillage or violence, and for the same Agrippa's
    ?ason spared the walls, after receiving from Agrippa sake.
    guarantee for the future fidelity of the inhabitants,
    [e thus brought new life to a city which had sorely
    affered from the effects of sedition.
    (x. 1) Vespasian, then continuing his march, Vespasian

    itched his camp between Tiberias and Tarichaeae,^ upon"'^^^


    )rtifvinff
    J
    it with more than ordinary care, in anticipa-
    -^ t-
    I'arichaeae
    '=> tYie centre

    eridie Tarichea " Reinach, however, with others, argues


    ). revolution,
    om the word -wpoCKdvjv, and the previous line of march
    om south to north, that Tarichaeae lay to the north of
    iberias. The ordinary identification is supported by the
    ct that Vespasian's camp was at Ammathus ("warm
    iths." B. iv. 11), undoubtedly the modern Hammam south
    Tiberias.
    VOL. 11 2A 705
    JOSEPHUS
    463 rpL^rjV avTO) yevrjGoaeurjv ovveppci yap els to.

    TapLxo-iOL? Trdv to vetorepltov, rrj re rrjs 77oAea>


    oxvporrjTL /cat ri] Xifivrj rreTTOidorc?, t] KaXelro
    464 Tevvrjuap Trpog rcov enixojpiojv. rj fiev yap ttoXh
    ojGTTep rj Ti^eptds" Vnojpeios ovoa, Kada firj r
    Xl/jlvt] 77 pog€kXv^€to 'udvToOev VTiO rov ^loJG-qTTO
    rer€Lxi-(JTO Kaprepojs, eXaaaov [levroL rrjs Tipe
    465ptd3o?* rov fikv yap €Kel Trepi^oXov ev dpxfj ti'
    OLTTOGTaGecos haxjjiXeia ;\^p7]/xdTC(Jv /cat Suvd/xeo.
    eKpaTVParo, TapLxalac S' avrov rd Xeiijjava rr^

    466 (j>iXoriii'ias pLcreXa^ov. GKd(f>r] 8' tjV aOrot? €7


    rrjg Xipuvqs TrapeGKevaGfieua TToXXd Trpos re t
    GVfji(l)€vy€iv e77t yrjs rjTTOJjJLeuov?, kov el 8eot Sto
    467 vavfiaxelv i^rjprvfjieva. TrepL^aXXopievojv he tcI
    "PcDjJLalojv TO GrpaTorrehov ol irepl rov ^IrjGoi
    ovre Trpos to ttXtjOos ovTe Trpds ttjv evra^lc
    468 rcDv TToXejJLLOJv VTroheioavTes TrpodeovGiv, /cat rrpc
    eSohov Tojv TeixoTTOiojv GKehaoBevTa
    TTjV TTp'JjTTjv
    dXiya ttjs Sopirjoeajs orrapd^avTes, OJS eojpojv roi
    OnXiTas ddpoitojxevovs, TTpiv tl TTaOelv els toi
    o(f)eTepovs dve^evyov evihioj^avTes he 'Pcofxau
    469 ovveXavvovoLV avrovs els to. OKdcbr]. Kal ol /x<
    dvaxOevTes oaov e^LKvelodai tcjv 'PajpLaia
    els
    jSdAAovres" SwatvTO rds re dyKvpas e^aXXov k(
    TrvKvojoavres ojoirep ^dXayya rds vavs eTTaXXrjXoi
    470 rots eTTL yrjs TToXepiLOLS hieuavpLdxovi'. Oveonc
    GLavos he TO TToXv TiXrjdos auTcui^ rjdpoLGpievc
    aKOvojv eu rqj rrpo ri]s TToXecvs Trehioj TrepLTrei tc
    Vldv GVV LTTTTeVOLV e^aKOGlOLS eTTiXeKTOLS.

    " This flatly contradicts Vita ]56, where it is said that tl

    people of Tiberias pressed Josephus to build walls for the


    city '' having heard that Tarichaeae had already been fortified.
    706
    JEWISH WAR, III. 463-470

    tion of prolonged hostilities. For the whole body


    of revolutionaries was flocking into Tarichaeae,
    relying upon the strength of the place and its
    proximity to the lake, which the native inhabitants
    all Gennesar. The city, built like Tiberias at the
    foot of the hills, had
    been completely sur-
    in fact
    'ounded by Josephus, except on the side washed
    3y the lake, with solid ramparts, though not so
    >trong as those at Tiberias ; for the fortifications
    ;here had been built by him at the outbreak of the
    •evolt in the plenitude of his resources and his
    )ower, whereas Tarichaeae only obtained the
    eavings of his bounty."" The inhabitants, moreover,
    lad ready on the lake a considerable fleet, to serve
    IS a refuge if they were defeated on land, and
    equipped for naval combat, if required for that
    )urpose. While the Romans were intrenching their
    amp. Jesus and his companions, undeterred by the
    trength and orderly discipline of the enemy, made
    sally, and at the first onset dispersed the workmen
    nd pulled down a portion of the structure. How-
    ver, when they saw the legionaries mustering, they
    lastily fell back upon their own party, before sustain-
    ]( ag any loss the Romans pursued and drove them
    ;

    o their ships. Putting out into the lake just far


    nough to leave the Romans within bowshot, they
    hen cast anchor and, closing up their vessels one
    gainst another like an army in line of battle, they
    ept up as it were a sea-fight with their enemy on
    hore. However, Vespasian, hearing that the main
    ody of the Jews was assembled in the plain outside
    he town, sent thither his son with six hundred
    icked cavalry.
    tk

    VOL. II 2A2 707


    JOSEPHUS
    471 (2) '0 8* vnepoyKov evpcov Tr]v rcov TToXejiicov
    7rA7]dvv TTpos fJLeu Tov TTarepa rre/xTret, TrXeiovos
    hvvdpieios avroj Selv Xlywv, auro? Se rovs jJLev

    TrXeLovs rcov lttttIcov cLppLrjfjLei'ous 6pa>u /cat Trplv


    acpLKeaOat ^orjdeLav, eanv 8'
    ovs tjgvxt] Trpos to
    TrXrjSos Tcoi^ 'louSatcov KaTaTTeTrXrjyora? , eV In-qKom
    472 OTCLS [eXe^ev cuSej^' " avhpes,'' €(f)r], " 'FcofialoL,
    KaXov yap eV OLpxfj '^^^ Xoycov VTTOixvrjoai roi
    yevovs vfjidg, lv^ elb-fjre, rives ovre?^ Trpos rlvas
    473 piax€oBai [leXXofjLev. rds" [jl€v ye rjixerepag ;)(erpas
    ovbev els rovro ra>v errl rrjs oiKovfMeurjs 8ta-
    7Te<f)evyev, ^\ovhaZoi Se, tv* e'iTrcoiiev Kal vvep avrcjv
    fJi€Xpi' vvv ov KOTiiwoLv rjTrcxjfJLevoL. Kal heivov
    eKeivcDV earcoTajv iu rals KaKOTrpayiais, "qpids rots
    474 evTVX'i^P'O.cf'-v eyKapiveiv . rrpodvpiias p^ev els tc
    (f)auep6u vp-ds ev exovras x^^P^ ^XeTTOJv, hehoi^KO
    he pb-q rivi tu)V TToXepLLOJV ro ttXtjOos KaraTrXri^u
    475 XeX-qdvlav evepydo-qrai. Xoyiododio Srj TraAtv otos
    Trpos olovs Trapard^erai, /cat Stdrt 'loL'Satot /xeV
    et /cat o(f}6Spa Kara-
    ToXp.r]Tal Kal davdrov
    (f)povovvre£, dovvraKToi re Kal TToXepLCDi
    dXX^
    aTTeipoL Kal oxXos av dXXcos, ov orparLO, Xeyoiuro
    rd Se rrjs rjpLeTepas ep-Tieipias Kal rd^eojs ri Sei
    /cat Xeyeiv ; evl touto p-evroi ye p-ovoi Kal /car
    elp-qvrjV doKOvp.eda rot? ottXols, tu^ €V noXep^a.
    476 p-T) Tipos TO avrlrraXov dpLdptcopLev eavrovs. €.TTei

    ris ovTiGLS rrjs SirjveKoOs OTpajelas, dv lgol Trpos


    477 dGrpareuTous dvriTaoo copied a; XoyLt,eGBe he on
    Kal Trpos yvpLvrJTas OTrXlTau Kal In-els Tjpos ttc-

    ^ PA : om. the rest. '^


    +^al mss. : oai. Bekker.
    708
    JEWISH WAR, III. 471-477

    (2) Titus, finding the enemy in prodigious strength,


    sent word to his father that he required more troops.
    For his own part, observing that, although most of
    his cavalry were burning for action without waiting
    for the arrival of the reinforcements, there were
    others who betrayed secret dismay at this immense
    number of Jews, he took up a position where he was
    audible to all and spoke as follows :

    " Romans — it is well at the outset of my address Titus befc

    to remind you of the name of your race, that you may addresses
    bear in mind who you are and whom we have to fight, his troops
    Our hands to this hour no nation in the habitable
    world has succeeded in escaping though the Jews,
    ;

    to give them their due, so far staunchly refuse to


    accept defeat. If they in their disasters still stand
    fast, would it not be disgraceful for our courage to
    flag in the full tide of success ? I rejoice to see in
    your faces such admirable ardour but I fear that
    ;

    the multitude of our enemies may have inspired some


    of you with a lurking alarm. Let such an one reflect
    once more who he is and against whom he is going
    into battle. Let him remember that the Jews,
    however dauntless and reckless of life they may
    be, are yet undisciplined and unskilled in war and
    deserve to be called a mere rabble, rather than an
    army. Of our experience and our discipline is there
    any need to speak ? If, alone of all nations, we
    exercise ourselves in arms in peace-time, it is for
    this very object, that in war-time we need not
    contrast our numbers with those of our opponents.
    What would be the use of this perpetual training, if
    we must be equal in numbers to an untrained foe
    before we face them ? Consider again that you will
    contend in full armour against men that have scarcely
    709
    JOSEPHUS
    ^ovs Kal 07 paTTjyoviievoL Trpog do7 parrjyrjTovs 8t-
    aycovi^eode, /cat cos u/xa? pi€v TaOra TToWanXaaLovs
    7T0L€L TO. 77 XeoveKTiqfjLar a, ttoXv 8e 70V rcov iroXe-
    478 fJiiaju dpidfjLOV Trapatpetrat to. iXa77copLa7a. Ka7-
    opdoL he 70V£ TToXeijLOVS ov TrXriSog duOpojTTOJv, kolv
    fj
    fid^Lfioi',^ di'Speia he, Kav ev oXiyois' ol p.iv ye*
    Koi 7d^ao6aL^ pdhioL /cat TtpooayiVveLV eaurot?, at
    5' VTTepoyKOL hvidfjLeLS u</>* €av7a)V ^Xd7T70U7ai
    4 79 TrXeov ^ rwv TroXefj-iuju. ^lovhatwu fiev ow roA/xa
    /cat dpdoos rjyeL7aL /cat dTTovoia,* Trddrj /cara fxev
    rag evrrpaylas ev7owa, oBeuvvijLeva 5' eV eXa\io7(jis

    odidXpiaoLV rjpLojv 5' dpe7rj /cat evTieiOeta /cat 76


    yevvaZov, o Kdv 7ols [dXXois \^ ev7V)(p]p.aaiv dKfjLa^ei
    ndv 701? 777aLOfj.aaLV pLe)(pL reAou? ov o^dXXe7ai.
    480 /cat i377e/3 [leLLoucov he rj 'Ioi;8atot Stayoji^teta^e
    /cat yap el Trepl eXevdepia? /cat 7Ta7pLhajv e/cetVots
    o TToAe/ios" rt pLeLi,ov -qpuv evho^ias
    /ctySuv'eueTat,
    Kal 70V hoKelv iie7d 7r]V 7rjg OLKOVfievrj<^ rfye-
    jJLrj

    451 fiovlav ev dv7L7:dXaj 76. ^lovhaicov 7Ldeodat; OKe-


    777eov S* ort /cat Tradelu fieu ovhev dvqKeo7ov -qpLU
    <f>6^og' 770XX0I yap OL ^orjBr]OOV7es Kal TrXiqoiov
    dpndoai he 7T]v vlktjv hwdpLeda, Kal xpr) roi)? vnc
    rov rra7p6s TrefiTTOfievov? rjiilv GvpLpLaxovg (l)ddveLV
    LV^ dKOLva)vri76u 7e fj
    to Ka76p6ajiJLa Kal {lellfOV
    452 vout^o) 8* eycoye eTrl 7rjo6e 77)? ojpa? Kat toi
    7:a7epa 76v ep.6v Kpiveodai Kdp,e Kal vfidg, el tcoi
    fiev 7TpoKa7ojpd(jjp.eviiJv d^LO<; eKeiuog, eyd> 8
    eKeivov Trat?, a7/3a7ia>7at 8' vfielg €jjlov- Kal ydf
    eKeivo) to viKav eOog, /cdyw tt/dos" au7oi' vtto-

    ^ duTjxcti'OJ' Destinon, " however huge," but this sense is


    unparalleled in Josephus.
    * ueif yap ML. ' TrapaTo^acfdaL M\ RC.
    710
    JEWISH WAR, III. 477-482

    any, that you are cavalry against infantry, that you


    have generals and they have none these advantages ;

    greatly multiply your effective strength, as the


    enemy's disadvantages greatly detract from his.
    Wars are not won by numbers, however efficient
    the soldiers, but by courage, however few the men :
    small forces are easily manoeuvred and brought up
    to each other's support, whereas unwieldy armies do
    themselves more injury than they receive from the
    enemy. The Jews are led on by audacity, temerity
    and despair, emotions which are bracing in the flush
    of success but are damped by the slightest check ;
    we, by valour, discipline, and a heroism which, though
    doubtless seen to perfection when favoured by
    fortune, in adversity also holds on to the last. Again,
    you will contend for a higher cause than the Jews ;

    for, though they face war for liberty and country


    in jeopardy, what higher motive could there be for
    us than glory and the determination, after having
    dominated the world, not to let the Jews be regarded
    as a match for ourselves ? Nor should you forget
    that we have no irretrievable disaster to fear. Our
    supports are numerous and at hand yet we can ;

    snatch a victory, and we ought to anticipate the


    arrival of the reinforcements now on their way from
    my Our triumph will be more glorious if
    father.
    unshared. For myself, I beheve that in this hour
    my father and I and you are all on our trial it will ;

    be seen whether he is really worthy of his past


    successes, whether I am worthy to be his son, and you
    to be my soldiers. Victory to him is habitual how ;

    * a.Tr6i'0La]-\- Kai PA: aTTouoiai (omitting preceding /cat) the


    rest. » om. LVR.
    711
    JOSEPHUS

    483 OTpi<j)eiv ovK au VTrofieLvaifii Xeit^OeU. Vfielg he


    7rd>? OVK av aioxv^oioOe TrpoKii'BuvevouTO'; rjy€[io-
    I'OS" r)TTwpL€voL ; TTpoKLibvievooj yap, €V LGre, Kai
    4§,4 TrpcDro? et? 70i)? 7ToXep.LOV£ epL^aXo). p.rj AetTrecr^e
    8* t'liels ifiov 7T€7TeLafi€V0L rrjv €.p.T)v opfirjv Trapa-
    KporeloOaL Beu) oviifidx^w, Kal vpoyivojoKeTe
    oa(j)ojg, 07t Trj<; efco p-O-X^i^ ttMou ti KaropBoj-
    oop.€v."
    4S5 (3) Tavra rov Tltov Ste^toi^ros' Trpodvp-ia 8ai-
    pLOVLOs €pL7TL—T€L Tot? QP'dpaatv', KQi 77 pouyevoptevov
    TTplv GvpL^aXelv TpaiayoO /Ltera TeTpaKOoiwv ltt-

    TTeajv 7J0X0.XX01' (jjs avTols


    pLeiovpLeurjs rrj<i vIktis
    486 8ia rr]v KOLVojviav. eTrepupei' de 0v€O7raGLav6<^ Kai
    ^ AvTOJVLOv Y.i\(x>va ovv 6iC7;!^tAtoiS' ro^orai?, /ceAeu-
    ca? KaraXa^ovras to dmiKpv rrjg TToAeco? opo?
    487 Tovs irrl rov Teixovs dveipyeLv. Kal ol jiiv, cvs
    7Tpoo€TeraKTO, rovs ravrrj Treipaj/xeVows" eK^orjOe'LV
    7TepLio\ov, 6 he Tltos npajTOS tov Ittttov rjXavvev
    els Tovs TToXepLLOvg Kal ovv Kpavyfj pier avrov ol
    XoLTTol TrapeKreivavres eavrovs els ooov eTielxov
    ol TToXepLLOL ro vehiov, Trapo Kal ttoXv TrXeiovs
    488 Iho^av. ol he 'lovSaioi, Katroi ttjv re oppLTjv Kai
    TTjv evTa^iav avrujv KaTanXayevres Trpos oXiyov ,

    pLev dvreoxov rals epL^oXals, vvoaopLevoi he roZs


    KOVTols Kal Toj polloj Toju iTTTTeojv dvarpeTTopLevoi
    489 ovveTTaTovvro. TToAAcoy he Travraxpv <j)ovevo}xevojv
    hiaoKihvavraL Kal Trpos ttju ttoXlv ojs eKaoros
    490 ei^^v ro-xovs ecjyevyov. Tiros he rovs p-ev KaroTTiv
    TTpooKelpievos dvifipeL, tujv he hieKTralajv ddpoojv,
    ovs he (^Sdvojv Kara oropta ht-^Xavvev, ttoXXovs

    " Or " if you abandoned me."


    712
    JEWISH WAR, III. 483-490

    could I dare return to him if defeated ^ ? And you,


    surely you would be ashamed to be surpassed when
    your chief leads the way to danger. For lead I will,
    be sure of it, and will charge the enemy at your head.
    Do you then not fail me, have confidence that God is
    on my side and supports my ardour, and be assured
    that, beyond mere victory in this battle outside
    the walls, we shall achieve some further success."
    (3) As Titus thus harangued them a supernatural Defeat of
    frenzy took possession of his men, and when, before a^y^"'''
    the engagement, Trajan joined them with four outside th
    hundred cavalry, they chafed as though these
    partners had come to detract from their own credit
    for the victory. Vespasian at the same time sent
    Antonius Silo with two thousand archers to occupy
    the hill opposite the town and beat off the enemy on
    the ramparts these troops, in accordance with their
    ;

    instructions, prevented any attempts from that


    quarter to assist the Jewish army outside. Titus
    now led the charge, spurring his horse against the
    enemy behind him, with loud shouts, came his men,
    ;

    deploying across the plain so as to cover the whole


    of the enemy's front, thereby materially increasing
    their apparent strength. The Jews, though dis-
    mayed by the impetuosity and good order of this
    attack, for a while sustained the Roman charges ;

    but pierced by the lances and overthrown by the


    rush of cavalry they fell and were trampled under
    foot. When the plain on all sides was covered with
    corpses, they dispersed and fled to the city, as fast
    is each man's legs could carry him. Titus, hotly
    pursuing, now cut down the laggards in the rear,
    now made lanes through their bunched masses here ;

    rode ahead of them and charged them in front, there

    713
    JOSEPHUS
    he uvvrjXoia nepl TreaoVra? ifJLTTTjhcou,
    a}<)^rjXoiS

    491 vacLu §€ TO-S- 77^0? TO relxo? <f)vyag vTre^ejiveTO


    Koi TTpog TO Trehiov av€GTpi(f>ev, eco? to) TrX-qdei
    piaodfxepoL Kal SieKTrcoovres^ et? r-qu ttoXlu avv-
    €(f)€vyov.
    492 (4) 'E/<:8e;(67ai 8e avToug ttolXlv crracns etoo)
    XaXeTTT). Tols jJ-ev yap e-nixajpioLs hid re rd?
    KT-qoeLS KOI TTju ttoXlu ovk ehoKec TToXefietv an
    493 dpxT]S, Kal Tore Slol t')7P' rjTrav TrXeov 6 8' cttt^Au?
    TToXug a)U TrXelou c^ia^ero, Kal hiajpyiopLevcov en
    dXXrjXoLS KpavyT] re rjv Kal dopv^o? tu? ooov ovtto)
    494 <f)epofjLevojv elg 6-Xa. KaraKovoag 8e tt^? rapaxrjs
    Tiros, ov yap rju aTTOjdev rod relxous, " ovros
    r)v Kaipos," eV/Soa, /cat " rl, ovurpariajrai,
    6
    yieXXoiiev eKhihovros r]puv Tovhaiovs 9eov ; 8e-
    495 ^aode rrjv
    vlktjv. ovk OLKovere ^oijs; araaid-
    t,ovaLV rds x^^P^'^ tj/jlcju 8ta<^uyoVT€9.' exofiev
    ol
    rrjv ttoXlv, edv raxvvajpLev hel 8e ttovov npog
    ro) rdx^i- Kal Xrjiiaros' ovhkv yap rcbv fieydXojv
    496 (/jtAet Slxol Kivhvvov KaropdovoBai. (fiddvetu 8' ov
    fjLouoi' XPh ''"'7^ "^^^ TToXepLLajv opLovoiav, ovg
    avdyKYj 8taAAa|et rax^oj?, dXXd Kal rrjv rcov
    Tjpierepojv ^orjOecaw, Iva rrpos raj VLKijoai roaovrov
    TrXrjBos oXiyoi Kal ttjv ttoXlv eXcofiev fiouoi."
    ^ PA: Sie^Tratcraj'Tfs L (improbable repetition of verb
    already used).
    2 5i(K<piy6i'7is P (for text rf. § 473).

    " Probably, as suggested bv Reinach. the incident re-

    corded in Suet. Tit. 4 took place on this occasion " Tari- :

    cheas et Gamalam (the latter was really taken by Vespasian*


    iv. 4 flF.) . in potestatem redegit, equo quadam acie sub
    . .

    feminibus amisso alteroque inscenso, cuius rector circa se


    dimicans occubuerat."
    7U
    JEWISH WAR, III. 490-496

    dashed into groups which had fallen foul of each


    other and trampled them to pieces. For all, in
    short, he sought to intercept retreat to the walls and
    to head them off" into the plain, until at length, by
    superior numbers, they succeeded in forcing a way
    through and flinging themselves into the town."
    (4) But there a new and terrible contention awaited Capture (

    them. The indigenous population, intent on their bJ'^Titus!


    property and their city, had from the first disapproved
    of the war, and after this defeat were now more
    opposed to it than ever. But the crowd from out-
    side, a numerous body, were only the more deter-
    mined to hold them to it. There were mutual angry
    recriminations, shouts and uproar the two parties
    ;

    seemed on the point of coming to blows. From his


    position not far from the wall, Titus overheard this
    commotion. " Now is the time," he cried " why ;

    tarry, comrades, when God himself delivers the Jews


    into our hands ? Hail the victory that is given you.
    Do you not hear that clamour ? They are at strife
    —
    with each other those men who have just slipped
    through our hands. The town is ours if we are quick.
    But besides haste we need eff'ort and resolution ;

    great successes never come without risks.* We must


    not wait till concord is re-established among our
    enemies necessity will reconcile them all too soon.
    :

    But neither let us wait for assistance from our friends :

    after defeating such a multitude with our small force,


    let us have the further honour of taking the city
    unaided."
    ^ A reminiscence of Soph. Electra 945 6pa irbvov tql x^P'-'^
    ivbh similarly paraphrased elsewhere (B. v. 501
    ti^TL'xff",

    5(X'a TTovov KUTopdovv Ti rCjv fxeydXcoi' ovdii^i paSiou, cf. A. ill. 58


    -uj TToveli' .TtavTa XrjTrrd).
    . We have already had other
    phrases drawn from the same context {B. iil. 153, 212).
    VOL. II 2a3 715
    J0SEPHU5
    497 (5) Tai}^' a/ia Xeyoju ivl rov Itittov avaTT-qha
    KOi Kadriyelrai Trpog ttji^ Xi^viqVy 8i' TjSiXdoa?
    rrptoTOs etV rrjV ttoXlv eloepx^jai /cat /^er*avrov
    498 ol XoLTTOi. Seo? Se tt/do? tt^i^ roA/iai^ aurou rot?
    €7TL TOJV T€L)(^(JOV iv'€7T€0€P, KoL [idx^odaL fJLeV Tf

    SLaKCxjXveLu ouSet? VTrejieLveu, Xl7t6i'T€s 8e tyju


    4>povpdv ol JJL€U nepl rov ^\r]oovv hid Trj<i ^wpas
    499 €(f)€vyoi^, ol 8' €771 r-qw XipLVi^v KaTad€.ovre<^ vtt-
    avTidt,ovoLV ToZs TroXefiLOLS TrepLeTTLTrrow eKT^ivovro
    8' ol fieu ini^aivovr^s rcov (TKa(f)cou, ol 8e rots'
    500 duaxO^LGLV TTpocjvelv^ TTeipcj/JLevoL. ttoXvs Se rwu
    Kara rrju ttoXlv rjv (f)6vos, rcxjv jxev eTr-qXvhojv oool
    pLT) 8ia<^uyerr e<f)daoav dvTiraaaoixevujv , dfiax'rjTl
    he rcov emxojpiojv Kara yap iXTTcda Sefids' /cat
    TO Gvveiho? rod fxrj ^epovXevadac'^ TToXefielu pidxr]?
    501 averpeiTOvro, p-^xpt Tiro? rov? fi€u alriovs dveXcov,
    OLKreipag 8e rovs iTnxojpiovs dvenavaaro (j)6vov.^
    502 /cat ol ixev els rrjv XlpLvrjv Kara(f)vy6vres €77et ri^i'

    TToAtv elSov iaXcoKvlav, d>s rroppcordroj rcov rroXe-


    pLLOjv dvqxdf^oau.
    503 (6) Titos' 8' eKnep-ipas rtva rcov Irrrteojv ev-
    504 ayyeXiter ai rw rrarpl rd epyow. 6 8', cu? ct/cds",
    virep-qodels rfj re rov 77ai8os" dperfj Kal rep Kar-
    opdcofiart, pLeyiar-q ydp eSo/cet KaSrjprjoOaL pLolpa
    rov rore pev eXdoju rrepLGxdi'ras rr)v
    TToXepLOVj
    eKeXevaev, cog pLrj SiaXddoL rts ^i
    ttoXlv (jypovpelv
    505 avri]?, Kal Kreiveiv rrpooera^ev*** rfj 8' varepala ,

    ^ Destinon from Lat. natando assequi : irpoufxheii' L:


    irpoairlvTen' most M3S.
    2 ^e^ovXrjadai R ^ Hudson from Lat.: Trofou mss.
    * P: iK^Xevj'.f the rest; there is apparently a lacuna.

    716
    JEWISH WAR, III. 497-505

    (5) As he spoke he leapt on his horse, led his


    troops to the lake, rode through the water ^ and was
    the first to enter the town, followed by his men.
    Terror-struck at his audacity, none of the defenders
    on the ramparts ventured to fight or to resist him ;

    all abandoned their posts and fled, the partisans of


    Jesus across country, the others down to the lake.
    The latter ran into the arms of the enemy advancing
    to meet them some were killed while boarding their
    ;

    boats, others endeavouring to swim out to their


    companions, who had previously gained the open
    water.^ In the town itself there was great slaughter,
    without discrimination between the strangers who
    had not succeeded in escaping and now made some
    resistance, and the residents who offered none, their
    hope of pardon and their consciousness of having
    discountenanced the war leading them to lay down
    their arms. At length, Titus, after the real culprits
    had been slain, took pity on the natives of the place
    and stopped the massacre. Those who had taken
    refuge on the lake, seeing the city taken, sailed off
    and kept as far as possible out of range of the
    enemy.
    (6) Titus dispatched a trooper to convey the Vespasi
    gratifying news of this achievement to his father. fa7trto
    Vespasian, as was to be expected, was highly de- pursue
    ^^^' '^^
    lighted at his son's valour and at the success of his
    enterprise, which seemed like the termination of a
    serious portion of the war. Repairing instantly to
    the spot he gave orders to keep a strict guard round
    the city, to prevent any from escaping, and to kill
    <any who attempted to do so>. The next day he
    **
    The town was unwalled on the side facing the lake (§ i64,).
    ^ § 469.
    717
    ;

    JOSEPHUS
    irpog TT^v Xliivyju /cara/^a? CT;\;e5t'a? eKeXevoev
    inl rovs /caraTrcc^euyoras
    TTrjoaeiv^ at 5' iyivovro •

    rax^ojs a.(f)dovia re vXrjg Kal TrXrjdei re^^t'tTaji^.


    506 (7) 'H Se Xtfiurj Teuurjuap [jl€u oltto rrj? vpoa-
    €)(ovs \<x>pa? KaXelraL, uTahicov 8' evpos ovaa
    reaaapdiKOUTa Kal Trpo? rovroi'^ irepcuv eKarov
    TO fj.rjKO?, yXvKeld re ofioj? iarl Kal ttoti/xcutciti]'
    507 Kal yap rrjs eXcoSovs TraxvTrjTO? €\€l to vdp.a
    Xerrrorepoi^, KaOapa. r' iarli^ Trdvrodev alyiaXol^
    iTTiXriyovoa Kal iljdiJLfjLa), TTpos 3e €VKparog dpv
    oaodaty 7Torap.ov p.ev rj Kprjvrji 77 poarjueGTepa
    ipvxpoTepa Be r) Kara Xtfjiur]^ BLdxvGLi^ del ixevovaa
    508 TO p.ev ye vSojp ovk drrdBeL ^^tdi^os e^aidpiaoOev
    OTTep depov? vvKTOs rroielv eOog Tot? enix^jpLOig
    yevTj 5' Ix^vojv eV avrfj hid(f>opa TTpog rov? dX
    509 Xaxov yevoLW re Kal ISeau. near) 6' vno rov
    *\opSduov refj-uerai. Kal boKei iJiev *\cphdi^ou
    TT-qyrj to Yldueiou, (f)eperai 8* vtto yr\v eU rcvro

    olC KpvTTTaJs eK T7]i KaXovjjLevqs ^idXrjs- tj 8 ea-rli^

    dvLOvrojv els ttju T paxcoi^'irLi' dno arahlajv eKarov


    e'tKOGL KaioapeiaSt r-qs obou Kara to Se^tot^ fxepos
    5)1 OVK drrojdeu. en pev ovv rrjs 7repL(f>epeias ervp,ajs^
    ^idXrj KaXe'traL rpoxoeLbrjs ovoa Xip-vrj, pevei 8*
    ^ 4 J.S P. 2 Hudson after Lat. : tTol^-^i >i;?.

    " i.e. about 16 miles long' by 4^ broad; the Greek stade,

    rendered " furlong "", = 606| English feet. The real measure-
    ments on a modern map are about ]-2^ miles by 7 miles (at
    it5 broadest part). Josephus possibly intends to give the
    average breadth (the breadth at Tiberias is about 5 miles)
    but the length is. anyhow, overstated, and there is noauthority
    for regarding (with Reinach) the words 7rp6j tovtols fTf'pwc
    as interpolated, thus reducing it to 100 stades (= about 11^
    miles).
    718
    ;

    JEWISH WAR, 111. 505-511

    descended to the lake and gave directions for the


    construction of rafts for the pursuit of the fugitives.
    With an abundance of wood and of workmen, the
    flotilla was soon ready.

    (7) The lake of Gennesar takes its name from the Descrip
    adjacent territory. It is forty furlongs broad andoJoen-
    a hundred and forty long.'^ Notwithstanding its nesaretl
    extent, its water is sweet to the taste and excellent
    to drink : clearer than marsh water with its thick
    sediment, it is perfectly pure, the lake everywhere
    ending in pebbly or sandy beaches. Moreover,
    when drawn it has an agreeable temperature, more
    pleasant than that of river or spring water, yet
    invariably cooler than the great expanse of the lake
    would lead one to expect. It becomes as cold as
    snow when one has exposed it to the air, as the
    people of the country are in the habit of doing during
    the summer nights. The lake contains species of
    fish different, both in taste and appearance, from
    those found elsewhere. The Jordan runs through The Jor
    the middle of the lake. This river has its apparent source^
    source at Panion ^ ;in reality it rises in the pool
    called Phiale from which it passes by an unseen
    subterranean channel to Panion. Phiale will be
    found at a distance of a hundred and twenty furlongs
    from Caesarea (Philippi), on the right of and not
    far from the road ascending to Trachonitis the ;

    pool derives its name Phiale ^ from its circular form ;

    ^ " Pan's grotto " (c/. B. i. 404 if.), in the neighbourhood


    of which PhiHp the Tetrarch built Paneas (Caesarea Philippi,
    Banlas), B. ii. 168.
    " Meaning " saucer." The pool is probably the modern
    Birket Ram, some four miles south-east of Caesarea Philippi
    but the possibility of any connexion between this pool and
    Panion is denied by modern geographers (Reinach).
    719
    JOSEPHUS
    €~t )(€lXov? avTi]£ act to hda>p ixiqB^ vttovootovu
    512 firjd' VTTepx^ojievov. ayvoovfxevos Se Teco? o 'lop-
    6dur)<; iuTevOev dpx^oOau Slol tov 7€TpapxT]oavTog
    513 Ypax(JL)Vi-~oJ^ V^^yX^l ^lXlttttov ^aXojv yap ovros
    TTjv ^i6.Xr]u dxvpoi Kara to
    et? ndveiou, evOcv
    iSoKovv oi TraAaiol yevvdadai tov TTOTajjLov, €vp€v
    ol4 duevexdevTa. tov jikv ovv Ylaveiov to (J)Voik6v
    /caAAos" V7t6 TTjS ^acnXiKT]? Trpooe^rjGKrjTai ttoXv-
    TcAeia?, ToJ^ WypLTTTTa vXovtu) KeKOGix-qp.evov
    615 dpxdjJL^vo? 8e (^avepov pevpLaTos 6 ^lopSdur]? drro
    TouSe TOV dvTpov KOTTTei fieu TCL TT^s" Se/xe-
    Kal reAjLtara, Sta/xet0a? 8'
    XtJ^VLTtSos XipLVTjs e'Av^

    eT€pov? eKaTov €lkogl OTahiov? iieTa ttoXlv 'Iou-


    AtctSa Ste/cTTatet ttju Tevvqodp pLeaiqv, eTretra ttoA-
    Xrju dvaii€Tpov[jL€PO<i eprjixiav els T-qu ^ AG(f)aXTLTLV
    c^etCTt XlfjLvrjU.

    516 (8) YlapaTeLVEL Se ttju Tevvqadp 6p.ajvvixos


    X^J^pcLy dav/jLaGT-q T€ Kal KctAAos" ovT€ yap
    <f)VGLV
    avT-q Tt (^VTov apveiTai §ta T-qv TTLOTTjTa, Kal irdv
    77e(f)UTevKaGLV OL V€fJL6pL€U0L, TOV S' depos TO
    517 evKpaTov dppo^ei Kal rol? hiacftopoL?. Kapvai /xeV
    ye, (f}VTU)V TO ;\;et/X€ptC!JTa70i^, d-etpoL Ted-qXaoiVy
    euda (fiOiVLKe?, ot xrau/xart rpe^oi^rat, ovKal Se
    Kal iXa'iaL ttXtjolou tovtojv, at? fiaXOaKcoTepos
    518 drjp (LtXoTLjJLLav dv tl? eiVot ttJ?
    aTToSeSet/crat.
    ^LaGajievqs €t? ei^ auyayayetv to, pdx<-i^o.y
    (fiVG€OJ?
    Kal TOW (jjpdjv dyadrjv epiv, iKaGTiqs (Lanep dvTi-
    ^ Bekker: t6c (or iC-i') siss. with subsequent t\ovtoi' in
    most.

    " Modern Baheiret el HuUh (perhaps the " waters of


    Merom " of Josh. xi. 5).

    720
    JEWISH WAR, III. 511-518

    the water always fills the basin to the brim without


    ever subsiding or overflowing. It was for long un-
    known that this was the true source of the Jordan,
    but the fact was proved by Philip, tetrarch of
    Trachonitis he had chaff thrown into the pool of
    :

    Phiale and found it cast up at Panion, where the


    ancients believed that the stream had its origin.
    The natural beauties of Panion have been enhanced
    by royal munificence, the place having been em-
    bellished by Agrippa at great expense. After
    issuing from this grotto the Jordan, whose course
    is now visible, intersects the marshes and lagoons
    of Lake Semechonitis," then traverses another
    hundred and twenty furlongs, and below the town
    of Julias ^ cuts across the Lake of Gennesar, from
    which, after meandering through a long desert
    region, it ends by falling into the Lake Asphaltitis.^
    (8) Skirting the lake of Gennesar, and also bearing
    The fer
    that name, lies a region whose natural properties cennes
    and beauty are very remarkable.^ There is not a '^^^^•
    plant which its fertile soil refuses to produce, and
    its cultivators in fact grow every species the air ;

    is so well-tempered that it suits the most opposite

    varieties. The walnut, a tree which delights in the


    most wintry climate, here grows luxuriantly, beside
    palm-trees, which thrive on heat, and figs and olives,
    which require a milder atmosphere. One might say
    that nature had taken pride in thus assembling, by a
    tour de force, the most discordant species in a single
    spot, and that, by a happy rivalry, each of the
    seasons wished to claim this region for her own.
    " B.W. 168. « The Dead Sea.
    ^ The plain of Gennesaret {el Ghuweir) on the north-west
    of the lake between Capernaum and Magdala.
    721
    JOSEPHUS
    'noLOVji€vq<; rov )(CjjpLov Kal yap ov /lovov rpeSet
    vapa ho^av tq? hi.a(i)6pov<; oTrajpa?, aAAa Kal
    619 Sta^uAaacret. to. jjiev ye /SaatAtxrc/j-ara, OTa<f)v)^T^i^

    re Kal ovkov, SeVa p.-qali' d6taAet77TCt>9 ;\;opr]yet,

    TOV<; Be Aoi770u? Kapirov^ hC erov^ oXov Treptyrjpd-


    OKOura? eavroL^^' 7rp6<; yap rfj rwv aepojv evKpaoia
    Kal Ti-qyfi htapderai yovifjLOJTdrr], Ka(f)apuaoup.
    620 avTTjv ol CTTLxajpLOL KaXovGiu. TavTTjv (f)Xe^a rov
    Net'Aou TLve? edo^au, Inel yevva tw Kara r-qv
    621 AXe^avSpeojv \ijjLvqv KopaKLVoj TTapaTrXrjoLov. firj-

    Kos Se rov xcoplov Trapareluet Kara rou alyiaXov


    rrjs ojjLOjvviiou Xip.vri'^ iirl oraStov; rpiaKOvra
    Kal evpo<; eiKooi. ravra ixeu \_ovv^ ovrcxj? (/)Jaeaj?

    522 (9) OvecTTTaoLavos 8*, errel TrapeoKevdadrjaav at


    o\ehiai, rrjg Swdfieoj? Ini^rjoas oaov wero toi?
    Kara rrjv XifJLvrjv avrapKeaeiv inaw-qyero. rot?
    be ovveXavvopLevoLs ovr^ errl yrjv Stac^eoyetv rjv

    eKTTeTroXefJLOJfJiewojv vdvrwv ovr^ e^ luov 8ia-


    623 vavfiaxeLV rd re yap OKd(f)rj fiiKpa ovra kol
    XrjorpiKd Trpos tols" oxedia'; rjv doOevrj, Kal KaO'
    eKaarov epivXeovre<; oXiyoi Trpos dOpoovs ecb-

    eartjjras roijs 'Paj/xatou? iyyi^etv ebeSoLKeiaav.


    524 o^a>9 §' ovv eKTrepirrXeovres tq? CT;(eSta?, eoriv 8*

    07701; Kal 7TXr}cndCoure<i, TToppcudeu rovs 'Ptu/xat'of?


    e^aXXov XidoLS Kal vapa^vovres eyyvOev eTraiov.

    ^ L: om. Lat. : ai^rojs the rest : text doubtful.

    • Capernaum (Kepbar-Nahum, village of Nahum) has


    722
    JEWISH WAR, III. 518-524

    For not only has the country this surprising merit


    of producing such diverse fruits, but it also preserves
    them for ten months without intermission it
    :

    supplies those kings of fruits, the grape and the


    fig ; the rest mature on the trees the whole year
    round. Besides being favoured by its genial air,
    the country is watered by a highly fertilizing spring,
    called by the inhabitants Capharnaum some have '^
    ;

    imagined this to be a branch of the Nile, from its


    producing a fish resembling the coracin found in the
    lake of Alexandria.* This region extends along the
    border of the lake which bears its name for a length
    of thirty furlongs and inland to a depth of twenty.
    Such is the nature of this district.
    (9) Vespasian, when his rafts were ready, put onNavaib
    u J I u .J J ^•'^'
    ^ ontheli
    board as many troops as he considered necessary tojestruct
    cope with the fugitives
    ^^m ^ on the lake and launchedo^ ^^^,
    j6WlSll ,
    I

    his flotilla. The Jews, thus rounded up, could


    neither escape to land, where all were in arms
    against them, nor sustain a naval combat on equal
    terms. For their skiffs, being small and built for
    piracy, were no match for the rafts, and each was
    manned by no more than a handful of men who
    were afraid to close with the dense ranks of their
    Roman assailants. However, they hovered round
    the rafts, occasionally even approaching them, now
    flinging stones from a distance at the Romans, now
    scraping alongside and attacking them at close

    Khan Minyeh (more probable) or


    been identified either with
    with Tell Hum, farther north. The latter is a waterless site
    (G. A Smith)
    . above the former rises a copious spring which
    ;

    communicates by a canal with the plain.


    * The Lake Mareotis. The coracin, so called from its
    aven-black colour, seems to have resembled an eel;
    Martial, xiii. 85, calls it " princeps Niliaci macelli."
    723
    JOSEPHL'S

    525 eKaKoui'To S' avrol TrXiov xrar' d/x<^OTepa' rat? Te


    yap ovhkv hpojvres on fir] ktvttou in-
    )(^ep}ia.GiV
    dXXrjXou, etV yap Trecfipayfiewov? e^aXXou, e<j)iKToi
    rois ^PajpLaioju eyivovro ^eXeuLV, kol 7rXr]cndl,€iv
    ToXpLojvTes rrplif hpdoai tl TradeZv e^Oavov /cat

    52(3 ovv avTolg e^aTnit^ovTO rol? (JKdj)€GLV. tcjv he


    SieKTTaUiv TTeipcofieucov rroXXovg fiev icfyuKvovfievoL
    KovroLS 8L€77€tpou, ovs §£ ^L(f)-i]p€L£ imTTrjScouTes
    €ti TO. OKd<j)r], TLvds 8e ovvrpexovoais rat? ox^-
    St'at? ii'a7ToXrj(f)6evras fjLeaov? elXou^ d/xa rat?
    -oy dXidaLv. rcuu 6e ^aTmodevTcov rovs dvavevovras
    Tj] /SeAo? €<f)dav€V Tj gx^Blcl KareXdji^aueVy /cat
    TrpoG^aiveiv vtt^ dfirixo-vla? et? rov? ix^pov?
    TieipojpLevojv rj K€<f)aXds rj ;)(etpa? aTTeKOTTTOu ol

    g28 PajpamL. ttoXXt] re rjv avrcov /cat ttoiklXtj 4)6opa


    Travraxov, p^XP^ rpaTrevres els yrjv e^eojGOrjGav
    OL Xoi-QL KeKVKXojp.ivajv airrols tcjv dXidhow.
    '•2Q ^''^'X^OM^^'ot^ Se TToXXol p.ev ev avrfj KaTqKOvrit,ovTO
    rfj Xip^uTj, voXXous 8' eKTTrjhriGavTas ol 'Poj/xatot
    hie^deipav errl yrjs. rjv S' tSeii^ KeKpap,evrjv pev
    atpaTL, TTeTrXrjpojpLevrjv 8e veKpcov rrju Xip.vr)V

    .^Q anaoav SieoojOrj yap ovdetg. Setvr) 5e rat? e^ry?


    rjpLepai? Trepielx^ Trjv ;)(;ojpav obpij re /cat o^t?" ol
    p,ev yap alyiaXol vavayiojv d/xa /cat StoiSowroji/
    eyep-ov otopdrcov, e/c/cato/xep'ot he /cat pvhCJvres ol
    ve/cpot rov de'pa hie(j)deipov, d>s prj povov OLKrpov
    louSaiot? yeveGOai ro rtddos, dXXd /cat Std piaovs
    -gj rot? hpdoaGLV eXdelv. rovro pev eKeivrjs tt}?
    vavpaxLOi? ro re'Ao?, dniSavov he gvv rols irrl

    1 MVRC Lat. : J^X^oi/ PA: ('7iu)rj\6uv Destinon.


    * PAL Lat. (c/. B. vii. 69, 101): tKKXtioixei^cL the rest.

    7^4
    JEWISH WAR, III. 525-531

    range. But in both these manoeuvres they sustained


    greater injury themselves :their stones produced
    nothing but a continuous rattle in striking men well
    protected by armour, while they were themselves
    exposed to the arrows of the Romans on the other ;

    hand, when they ventured to approach, before they


    had time to do anything they instantly came to
    grief and were sent to the bottom with their skiffs.
    If they tried to break through the line, the Romans
    could reach them with their lances and transfixed
    numbers of them, or leaping upon the barks passed
    their swords through their bodies sometimes the
    ;

    rafts closed in and caught their enemies between


    them, capturing men and vessels. When any who
    had been sunk rose to the surface, an arrow quickly
    reached or a raft overtook them if in their despair
    ;

    they sought to board the enemy's fleet, the Romans


    cut off their heads or their hands. Thus perished
    these wretches on all sides in countless numbers and
    countless manners, until the survivors were routed
    and forced to the shore, their vessels surrounded by
    the enemy. As they streamed forth from them
    many were speared in the water many sprang on
    ;

    land, where they were slain by the Romans. One


    could see the whole lake red with blood and covered
    with corpses, for not a man escaped. During the
    following days the district reeked with a dreadful
    stench and presented a spectacle equally horrible.
    The beaches were strewn with wrecks and swollen
    carcases : these corpses, scorched and clammy in
    decay, so polluted the atmosphere that the catastrophe
    which plunged the Jews in mourning inspired even
    its authors with disgust. Such was the issue of this
    naval engagement. The dead, including those who

    725
    J0SEPHU5
    rrjs" TToXeco? vponpov vtaovoLi' c^aK:ia;(tAtot irrra-

    632 (lO) OveaTTaaiaiog Se /ierd 7171^ fJLd)(r]v KaOlCeL


    lJi€P €7TL ^Tifiarog eV Tapijj^ai'ai?, hiaKpivajv 6' aTro
    €nLXOJpLOJV rov e-TiXuv Xeojv, Kardp^at yap
    ToJP'

    ovTo? idoKeL TroXepLou, /xera toji' -qyepLOuoju et xpij


    533 Kal rovTov? ocoLeiv ioKeTrreTo. <j)ap.€vajv 8e tov-
    Tujv pXa^epdv eoeadau rrju d(f>eGLV avTd)v, ov yap
    -qpepLTjOeLV arroXvdevTas dvdpcoTTOvs iareprjpLevov?
    pi€u 7(jov TTaTpibajVy ^idieodaL he Kal 77p6? ovg
    634 at' KarachvyajaLv TroAcfxetv hwap-evov^; Ov€(j7Ta- ,

    aiavog cus" p.€v ovt^ 0.^^01 oojrrjpLag eiev Kal^


    SLa(i)€V^our at Kara tujv d(f)evr<jjv^ iyivtooKev, lov
    53.3 Se rpoTTov avTujv rrjs dvaipeaeoj? bievoelro. nal
    yap airrodi Kretvan' eKTroXep-OJoeiv vcfyewpdro rovs
    iTTLXOjpLOV^, ov yap dve^eadat (f>ov€Vop.€va>v iKerajv
    TooovTCJv Trap" avTol^y Kal pierd TTLareL? iTTideadai
    630 TrpoeXdovoLv ovx VTrepievev . i^evLKOJV 5* ol (j}iXoL

    prjSev Kara Xeyovre? Kal


    ^lovhaiajv doe^eg eti^at

    XpTivai TO GvpL(^€pov alpeloBai vpo tov ttp^ttovtos,


    537 drav fi pLrj bvvarov a/i(/)tu. Karaievoag ovu avrols
    aSetay dpi^ii^oXov i-erpeipeu e^teVat hid pL6urj<;
    638 TT/S 6771 1 L^epidSa t^epovorjg oSov. tojv he 7a\eajs
    T.LOTevodvTOJV 01? rjSeXov Kal /xera (havepojv <oj?>*
    eu do4>aXeL tojv \p-qp.dTUJV fjTrep eveTpaTTT) x^'
    ^ PA Heg. : -TivraKocoL the re;t.
    * K KCLv
    : or Aoi f/ the rest.
    ' + bir\iUo6ai M. * ins. Destinon, Niese.

    This naval engagement was, it seems, commemorated


    "

    in the triumphal procession at Rome by the " numerous


    ships" which accompanied it {B. vii. 147). Reinach refers
    726
    JEWISH WAR, III. 531-538

    fell in the previous defence of the town, numbered


    six thousand seven hundred."
    (10) After the battle Vespasian took his seat on Fate of
    his tribunal at Tarichaeae, and separating the native ^on^^rV
    population from the crowd of immigrants who had at
    ^""^ ^'
    evidently given the signal for hostilities, consulted
    with his Heutenants whether the lives of the latter
    also should be spared. All unanimously declared
    that their hberation would be pernicious once let
    ;

    loose, these expatriated men would never keep quiet,


    and would, moreover, be capable of forcing into
    revolt those with whom they sought refuge.
    Vespasian recognized that they were undeserving
    of pardon and that they would only abuse their
    hberty to the detriment of their liberators, but he
    asked himself how he could make away with them :

    if he killed them on the spot, he suspected that he


    would bitterly alienate the residents, who would
    not tolerate the massacre in their city of all these
    refugees who had sued for mercy ; on the other
    hand, he could not bring himself to let them go,
    and then, after pledging his word, to fall upon them.
    However, in the end his friends overcame his scruples
    by telling him that against Jews there could be no
    question of impiety, and that he ought to prefer
    expediency to propriety when the two were in-
    compatible. Vespasian accordingly granted these
    aliens an amnesty in equivocal terms, but permitted
    them to quit the city by only one route, that leading
    to Tiberias. Prompt to believe what they earnestly
    desired, the w'retches set out in complete confidence,
    carrying their effects without any disguise, in the

    to bronzes of Vespasian and his sons bearing the legend


    VICTORIA NAVALIS.
    727
    JOSEPHUS
    povvTcov, SiaXafji^dvovaLu fieu ol 'Pco/xatot rr)U

    fJ-^XP^ Ti^eptaSos" rrdoav, ojs p.rj ng aTro/cAtVeiei',

    539 GvyKXeiOVOL 8' avrous ctV rrju ttoXlu. Kal Ov€(j7Ta-


    cnavos eTTeXdow Xcrvqai Trdvras iw rco araoiw,
    Kal yrjpaLov^ jjLev a/xa rotS" d;^p7]CTT0ts' StaKOCTtou?
    540 CTTt x'-^^oig ovras dveXelv eKeX^voeu, rcou Se veoju
    imXe^as rov? laxvpordrov? l^aKioxiXiovs kirefx-

    ipcv Tov ladixov Xepojt^t, Kol TO Xoinov TrXrjdo<^


    €L£

    etV rpLOjJLvpLOV? Kal rerpaKOolovs ovra? TnTrpauKei

    541 X'-^P'-^ "^^^ ^ AypiTTTTa ;(apto-^€VTajt'* rovs yap €K


    rrj? 70VT0V ^aoiXetas eTrerpei/'ei' avrco Troielv et

    n^ ^ovXoLTO' TTLTTpdoKei he Kal rovTovg 6 ^aatAeus".


    542 o fjL€V"70L ye aAAo? o;(Ao? Tpax^JvlraL Kal Tav-
    XavlraL Kal 'IrTTT-qvol Kal ck rrjs TahapLTtSo? to

    TrXeov ojs' GraataGTal Kal ^uyaSes" Kal oh rd


    rrjs elpTji'T]?^ dveldrj t6i> iroXepiOv Trpov^evet. eaAoj-
    aav Se] TopTnaiov pirjuog oyhor],
    ^ eiri] 6 Tc VRC.
    2 ^aav Havercamp with one ms.
    ' TTJs eifirjuris] iv eipy)vr) PAML.
    * i.e. of Corinth, to be employed on the work of the canal,
    JEWISH WAR, III. 538-542

    prescribed direction. The Romans, meanwhile, hned


    the whole road to Tiberias, to prevent any deviation
    from it, and on their arrival shut them into that
    town. Vespasian followed in due course and had
    them all removed to the stadium. He then gave
    orders for the execution of the old and unservice-
    able, to the number of twelve hundred from
    ;

    the youths he selected six thousand of the most


    robust and sent them to Nero at the isthmus.<* The
    rest of the multitude, numbering thirty thousand
    four hundred, he sold, excepting those of whom he
    made a present to Agrippa, namely the former
    subjects of his realm ; these Vespasian permitted
    him to deal with at his discretion, and the king in
    his turn sold them. The remainder of this mob con-
    sisted, for the most part, of people from Trachonitis,
    Gaulanitis, Hippos, and Gadara, a crowd of seditious
    individuals and fugitives, to whom their infamous
    careers in peace-time gave war its attractions.
    Their capture took place on the eighth of the month
    Gorpiaeus.^

    for which Nero himself had recently dug the first sod (Suet.
    Nero, 19).
    *»
    26 September a.d. 67 (Niese's reckoning).

    729
    Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh
    rm: iu.kodian wiii.v i

    AntipalrT poitoa^ tS • c. ivwfh ncculfd II • r.

    at*no ll>' Giral

    4 of S.B.m ll>r hl(h \'l

    I I I

    Anli|«Ur .•loi^ili. (1) •O.I «ilia<(»>o(t|


    •u«ut>4 I KC. >||ii| l^niiliol
    -dkufbur «( Aollfooai
    (iMt of llui»u«<»Mn>)
    li. o((«pp»doe>»

    ^''
    I I I
    i
    AiritaJar Tl|)*liM U-<aa rr. I ll'l llta.<
    I
    I olfl.»)rt<(l*) «IM I. o <i I III. •MriKiirK , «•
    I > n 11 •!.•»>• -<)|^'>*t<'> i -\>tir>>lll)

    Tll<*M.V *.IM»<«l<..|ra| I n^l.l^.r.wia,


    I

    Jo4«i» A..
    II" |l.aa
    I
    ll'< .1 - (' < b.. - |w

    TV. w*<.H| .-u»<4 I; t(ar«* I* l4»4b>t< (or


    THE HERODIAN FAMILY

    Salome (1)
    = Pallas = Phaedra =Eln = Joseph tcA.ivM
    d of Simon the liigli prii pcutfil 3J B.C. =CosUil)ar

    I i
    I I
    I i

    Herod (Philip) (1) Antipas (11) Archelal'^ Olympian (12) Heioil Philip I isael Rcxain Salon Antipalci <-) Ueiincc((,)
    = Herodi*s(10) hanished a d 3'» banished a d. 6 =Jose[)h(13) theTetrarch (14) = Cypr().s(:) =Anstobulus(5)
    /=do(AreUs /=Manamme: 1 a.d. 34 exiTiited 7 u.c.
    I =Herodias(10) ( =Glaph)raC4) =Salome (15)

    01
    GALILEE & SURROUNDING DISTRICT (50-70 A.D.)

    Gaulanitis, Batanaea. etc 'Kingdom of AgrippaU Decapol's independent The rest under Roman Procurators.
    CENIRAL AND SOUTHERN PALESTINE (50-70 A.D.)

    Been Sheba.
    JERUSALEM
    ——1~\- — K'^/stint/ H-er/Zs

    ''Approximate Une of first (old ) w(M.

    Supposed line ot' second hyM.


    ": '-^
    s^

    3EZETHA ) :
    AUerruttive supposed lines of third L-lffrippa'sjwaU.
    ' <
    I '

    — Supposed ancient- streets


    Pool yS. Stephen's Gate <:*_ .^

    ^ Get/isermLne ^ lZH Sites of ancient huildin^fs.

    The lines of the second and third nails are^ imcertjiiri

    Remains recent^ (ISZS) discovered favour the- more-

    norther^ positiorty for the third wait; the line of the

    second nail is identified by some wiOi the e^istinij

    A'ort/i trail

    English Feet

    ^Gihbn
    ^^,,,.f^'ri'n-s Spring)
    ^

    Conloitr fht^^ are >//'t


    THE LOEB CLASSICAL
    LIBRARY
    VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED

    LATIN AUTHORS

    Ammianus Marcellinus. J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols. (2nd Imp.


    revised.)
    Apuleius : The Golden Ass (Metamorphoses). W. Adling-
    ton (1566). Revised by S. Gaselee. (7th Imp.)
    St. Augustine, Confessions of. W. Watts (1631). 2 Vols.
    (Vol. I 7th Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.)
    St. Augustine Select Letters. J.H.Baxter. (2nd Imp.)
    :

    AusoNius. H. G. Evelyn White. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)


    Bede. J. E. King. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
    BoETHius Tracts and De Consolatione Philosophiae.
    :

    Rev. H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand. (6th Imp.)


    Caesar Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars. A. G.
    :

    Way.
    Caesar: Civil Wars. A. G. Peskett. (5th Imp.)
    Caesar: Gallic War. H. J. Edwards. (10^^ Imp.)
    Cato and Varro De Re Rustica. H. B. Ash and W. D.
    :

    Hooper. (Srd Imp.)


    !3atullus. F. W. Cornish Tibullus. J. B. Postgate and
    : ;

    Pervigilium Veneris. J. W. Mackail. (ISth Imp.)


    ^ELsus : De Medicina. W. G. Spencer. 3 Vols. (Vol. I
    Srd Imp. revised, Vols. H and III 2nd Imp.)
    >cero Brutus and Orator. G. L. Hendrickson and
    :

    H. M. Hubbell. (Srd Imp.)


    ]iCERO De Fato
    : Paradoxa Stoicorum
    ; De Parti- ;

    TiONE Oratoria. H. Rackham. (With De Oratore, Vol.


    II.) (2nd Imp.)
    iCERO De Finibus. H. Rackham. (4ith Imp. revised.)
    :

    I
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Cicero : De Inventione, etc. H. M. Hubbell.
    Cicero : De N'atlra Deohum axd Academica. H. Rack-
    ham. {2nd Imp.)
    Cicero : De Officiis. Walter Miller. (7th Imp.)
    Cicero : De Oratore. E. W. Sutton and H. Rackham.
    2 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
    Cicero : De Republica and De Legibus. Clinton W. Keyes.
    {Afh Imp.)
    Cicero : De Senectute, De Amicitia. De Divinatione.
    W. A. Falconer. (6M Imp.)
    Cicero : ly Catilikam, Pro Muhexa, Pro Sulla, Pro
    Flacco. Louis E. Lord, {ord Imp. revised.)
    Cicero : Letters to Atticus. E. O. ^^'instedt. 3 Vols.
    (Vol. I ^th Imp., \oh. II and III Wi Imp.)
    Cicero : Letters to his Friends. W. Glynn Williams.
    3 Vols. (Vols. I and II 3r(/ Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.
    revised and enlarged.)
    Cicero Philippics. W. C. A. Ker. (3rd Imp.)
    :

    Cicero :Pro Archia, Post Reditum, De Domo, De Harls-


    picuM Respoxsis, Pro Plancio. N. H. Watts, {lird Imp.)
    Cicero :Pro Caecixa, Pro Lege Maxilia, Pro Cluextio,
    Pro Rabirio. H. Grose Hodge. (3ro? hnp.)
    Cicero : Pro Miloxe, Ix Pisoxem, Pro Scauro, Pro
    FoxTEio, Pro Rabirio Postumo, Pro Marcello, Pro
    LiGARio, Pro Rege Deiotaro. N. H. \\'atts. {2nd Imp.)
    Cicero :Pro Qlixctio. Pro Roscio Amerixo, Pro Iioscio
    CoMOEDO, Coxtba PtULLUM. J. H. Frccse. {3rd Imp.)
    fCicFRo] Rhetorica ad Herexxium. H. Caplan.
    :

    Cicero Tusculax Disputatioxs. J. E. King, {-ith Imp.)


    :

    Cicero \'errixe Oratioxs. L. H. G. Greenwood. 2 Vols.


    :

    (Vol. I 3rd Imp.. \ ol. II 2nd by\p.)


    Claudiax. M. Platnauer. 2 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
    Columella: De Re Rustica De Arboribus. H. B. Ash.
    :

    E. S. Forster, E. Heffner. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.)


    3 Vols.
    CuRTius, Q. History of Alexaxdeh. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols.
    :

    (2nd Imp.)
    Florus. E. S. Forster and Corxelius Xepos. J. C. Rolfe.
    ;

    {2nd Imp.)
    I'boxtinus Stratagems axd Aqueducts. C. E. Bennett
    :

    and M. B. McElwain. {2nd Imp.)


    I ROXTO Correspoxdexce.
    : C. R. Haines. 2 Vols. (Vol. I
    3rd Imp. \'o\. II 2nd Imp.)
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Gellius. J. C. Rolfe. 3 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd Imp., Vols. II
    and III 2nd Imp.)
    Horace: Odes and Epodes C. E. Bennett. (lUh Imp.
    re vised.)
    Horace Satires, Epistles, Ars Poetica. H. R. Faircloug-h.
    :

    (9thImp. revised.)
    Jerome Select Letters. F. A. Wright, {^nd Imp.)
    :

    Juvenal and Pehsius. G. G. Ramsay. {1th Imp.)


    LivY. B. O. Foster, F. G. IMoore, Evan T. Sage and A. C.
    Schlesinger. 14 Vols. \'oIs. I-XIII. (Vol. I Uh Imp.,
    Vols. II, III, \' and IX 3rd Imp., Vols. IV, VI-VIII,
    X-XII 2nd Imp. revised.)
    LucAN. J. D. Duff. (3rd Imp.)
    Lucretius. W. H. D. Rouse. {1th Imp. revised.)
    Martial. W. C. A. Ker. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5<^ /mp.. Vol. II
    Mh Imp. revised.)
    Minor Latin Poets from Publilius Syhus to Rutilius
    :

    Namatianus, including Grattius, Calpurnius Sict lus,


    Nemesianus, Avianus, with " Aetna," " Phoenix " and
    other poems. J. Wight Duff and Arnold M. Duff. (3rd
    Imp.)
    Ovid : The Art of Love and other Poems. J. H. Mozley.
    (3rd Imp.)
    Ovid Fasti.
    : James G. Frazer. {2nd Imp.)
    Sir
    Ovid: Heroides AND Amores. Grant Showerman. {5th Imp.)
    Ovid: Metamorphoses. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I
    10^/i Imp., Vol. II Sth Imp.)
    Ovid : Tristia and Ex Ponto. A. L. Wheeler. {Srd Imp.)
    Petronius. M. Heseltine Seneca Apocolocyntosis.
    ; :

    W. H. D. Rouse. {9th Imp. revised.)


    Plautus. Paul Nixon. 5 Vols. (Vol. I 6th Imp., Vol. II
    5th Imp., Vol. Ill 3rd Imp., ^'ols. IV and V 2nd Imp.)
    Pliny :Letters. Melmoth's translation revised by
    W. M. L. Hutchinson. 2 Vols. {6th hup.)
    Pliny : Natural History. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V and IX.
    H. Rackham. Vols. VI and VII. W. H. S. Jones.
    (Vols. I-III 3rd Imp., Vol. IV 2nd Imp.)
    Propertius. H. E. Butler. {6th Imp.)
    Prudentius. H. J. Thomson. 2 Vols.
    QuiNTiLiAN. H. E. Butler. 4 Vols. (3rd Imp.)
    Remains of Old Latin. E. H. Warmington. 4 Vols.
    Vol. I (Ennius and Caecilius). Vol. II (Livius, Naevius,
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Pacuvius, Accius). Vol. Ill (Lucilius, Laws of the XII
    Tables). \'ol. 1\ (Archaic Inscriptions). (2nd Imp.)
    Sallust. J. C. Rolfe. (4^/i Imp. revised.)
    ScRiPTORES HrsTOHiAE AuGusTAE. D. Magie. 3 Vols.
    (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Imp. revised.)
    Seneca : Apocolocyntosis. C/. Pethoxius.
    Sexeca : Epistulae Morales. R. M. Gummere. 3 Vols.
    (Vol. I Arth Imp., Vols. II and III Srd Imp. revised.)
    Sekeca Moral Essays. J. W. Basore. 3 Vols. (Vol. II
    :

    Srd Imp. revised. Vols. I and III 2nd Imp. revised.)


    Seneca Tragedies. F. J. Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4:th
    :

    Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp. revised.)


    SiDOKius Poems akd Letters. W. B. Anderson. 2 Vols.
    :

    (Vol. I 2nd Imp.)


    SiLius Italicus. J. D. Duff. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 2nd Imp.,
    Vol. II Srd Imp.)
    Statius. J. H. Mozley. 2 Vols. (2nd Imp.)
    SuETOKius. J. C. Rolfe. 2 Vols. (Vol II th Imp., Vol II
    6th Imp.)
    Tacitus Dialogus. Sir Wra. Peterson
    : ;and Agricola
    AKD Germania. Maurice Hutton. {6th Imp.)
    Tacitus Histories akd Aknals. C. H. Moore and J.
    :

    Jackson. 4 \'ols. (Vols. I and II 4^/* Imp., \'ols. Ill and


    I\' 2nd Imp.)
    Terevce. John Sargeaunt. 2 \'ols. {Ith Imp.)
    Tertulliax: Apologia akd De Spectaculis. T. R. Glover;
    MiNUCius Felix. G. H. Kendall. {2nd Imp.)
    Valerius Flaccus. J. H. Mozley. {2nd Imp. revised.)
    Varho De Lixgua Latina. K. G. Kent. 2 Vols. (2nd
    :

    Imp. revised.)
    Velleius Paterculus and Res Gestae Divi Augusti.
    F.W.Shipley. i2nd Imp.)
    Virgil. H. R. Fairclough. 2 Vols. (Vol. I \mh Imp., Vol.
    II Wth Imp. revised.)
    ViTHuvius: De Architectuha. F. Granger. 2 Vols. (Vol.1
    Srd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.)

    GREEK AUTHORS

    Achilles Tatius. S. Gaselee. {2nd Imp.)


    Aeneas Tacticus, Asclepiodotus and Onasandeb. The
    Illinois Greek Club. (2nd Imp.)

    J
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Aeschines. C. D. Adams. (2nd Imp.)
    Aeschylus. H. Weir Smyth. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 6th Imp.,
    Vol. II oth Imp.)
    Alciphron, Aelian and Philostratus Letters. A. R.
    :

    Banner and F. H. Fobes.


    Apollodorus. Sir James G. Frazer. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 3rd
    Imp., Yo]. II ':2nd Imp.)
    Apollonius Rhodius. R. C. Seaton. (5th Imp.)
    The Apostolic Fathers. Kirsopp Lake. 2 Vols. (Vol. I
    Sth Imp., Vol. II 6th Imp.)
    Appian's Roman History. Horace White. 4 Vols. (Vol. I
    4th Imp., Vols. II and IV Srd Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.)
    Aratus. Cf. Callimachus.
    Aristophanes. Benjamin Bickley Rogers. 3 Vols. (5th
    Imp.) Verse trans.
    Aristotle: Art of Rhetoric. J. H. Freese. (3rd Imp.)
    Aristotle: Athenian Constitution, Eudemian Ethics,
    Virtues and Vices. H. Rackham. (3rd Imp.)
    Aristotle: Generation OF Animals. A. L. Peck. (2nd Imp.)
    Aristotle: Metaphysics. H.Tredennick. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.)
    Aristotle: Meteorologica. H. D. P. Lee.
    Aristotle :Minor Works. W. S. Hett. " On Colours,"
    " On Things Heard," " Physiognomies," " On Plants,"
    " On Marvellous Things Heard," " Mechanical Problems,"
    " On Indivisible Lines," " Situations and Names of
    Winds," " On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias." (2nd
    Imp.)
    Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics. H. Rackham. (6th
    Imp. revised.)
    Aristotle : Oeconomica and Magna Mohalia. G. C.
    Armstrong. (With Metaphysics, Vol. II.) (Srd Imp.)
    Aristotle: On the Heavens. W. K. C. Guthrie. (3rd Imp.)
    Aristotle On the Soul, Parva Naturalia, On Breath.
    :

    W. S. Hett. (2nd Imp. revised.)


    :
    —
    Aristotle Organon The Categories On Interpreta- ;

    tion. H. P. Cooke Prior Analytics. H. Treddenick.


    ;

    (3rd Imp.)
    —
    Aristotle: Organon Sophistical Refutations. Coming-
    to-be AND Passing-away. E. S. Forstcr. On the Cosmos.
    D. J. Furley.
    Aristotle: Parts of Animals. A. L. Peck Motion and ;

    Progression of Animals. E. S. Forster. (3rd Imp.)


    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Aristotle : Physics. Rev. P. Wicksteed and F. M. Corn-
    ford. 2 Vols. (\'oI. I 2nd Imp., \'ol. II 3rd Imp.)
    Aristotle Poetics and Longinus. W. Hamilton Fyfe De-
    : ;

    metrius OK Style. W. Rhys Pioberts. {5th Imp. revised.)


    Aristotle: Politics. H. Piackham. (41 h Imp.)
    Aristotle: Problems. W. S. Hett. 2 Vols. {2nd Imp. re-
    vised.)
    Aristotle Rhetorica ad Alexandrum. H. Rackham.
    :

    (With Problems, Vol. II.)


    Arrian : History of Alexander akd Ikdica. Rev. E.
    Iliflfe Robson. 2 Vols. (\'ol. I 3rd Imp., Vol. II ind Imp.)
    Athenaeus : Deipnosophistae. C. B. Gulick. 7 Vols.
    (Vols. I, IV-\II 2nd Imp.)
    St. Basil :Letters. R. J. Deferrari. 4 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
    Callimachl'S Hymns and Epigrams, and Lycophrojj.
    :

    A. W. Mair; Aratus. G. R. Mair. {2nd Imp.)


    Clement OF Alexandria. Rev. G. W. Butterworth. {3rd Imp.)
    COLLUTHUS. Cf. OpPIAN.
    Daphnis and Chloe. Cf. Longus.
    Demosthenes I Olynthiacs, Philippics and Minor
    :

    Orations I-XVII and XX. J. H. Vince. (2nd Imp.)


    :

    Demosthenes II De Corona and De Falsa Legatione.


    :

    C. A. Vince and J. H. Vince. {3rd Imp. revised.)


    Demosthenes III Meidias, Androtion, Aristocrates,
    :

    Timocrates, Artstogeiton. J. H. \'ince. {2nd Imp.)


    Demosthenes Private Orations and In Neaeram.
    I\'-\'I :

    A. T. Murray. 2nd Imp.) (\ol. 1\'


    Demosthenes VII Fl'neral Speech, Erotic Essay,
    :

    Exordia and Letters. N. W. and N. J. DeWitt.


    Dio Cassius Roman History. E. Gary. 9 Vols. (Vols.
    :

    I and II 3rd Imp., Vols. II 2nd Imp.) MX


    Dio Chrysostom. 5 Vols. \'ols. I and II. J. W. Cohoon.
    Vol. III. J. W. Cohoon and H. Lamar Crosby. Vols. IV
    and V. H. Lamar Crosby. (Vols. I-I\' 2nd Imp.)
    DioDORus SicuLus. 12 Vols. Vols. I-VI. C. H. Oldfather.
    Vol. VII. C. L. Sherman. Vols. IX and X. Russel M.
    Geer. (Vols. I-IV 2nd Imp.)
    Diogenes Laertius. R. D. Hicks. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 4-th Imp.,
    Vol. II 3rd Imp.)
    DiONYSIUS OF HaLICARNASSUS RoMAN ANTIQUITIES. Spcl-
    :

    man's translation revised by E. Gary. 7 Vols. (Vols.


    I-V 2nd Imp.)
    )

    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY


    Epictetus. W. a. Oldfather. 2 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp.,
    Vol. II 2nd Imp.)
    Euripides. A. S. Way. 4 Vols. (Vols. I and II Tth Imp.,
    Vols. Ill and IV 6th Imp.) Verse trans.
    EusEBius : Ecclesiastical History. Kirsopp Lake and
    J.E. L.Oulton. 2 Vols. (Voll Srd Imp., Volll 4^(k Imp.)
    Galen: On the Natural Faculties. A. J. Brock, {-it h Imp.)
    The Greek Anthology. W. R. Paton. 5 Vols. (Vols. I
    and II 5th Imp., ^ ol. Ill 4,th Imp., Vols. IV and V Srd
    Imp.)
    The Greek Bucolic Poets (Theocritus, Bion, Moschus).
    J. M. Edmonds. {7th Imp. revised.)
    Greek Elegy and Iambus with the Anacreontea. J. M.
    Edmonds. 2 Vols. (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vol. II 2nd Imp.)
    Greek Mathematical Works. Ivor Thomas. 2 Vols.
    (2nd Imp.)
    Herodes. Cy. Theophrastus Char\cters. :

    Herodotus. A. D. Godley. 4 Vols. (Vols. I-III 4ith Imp.,


    IV Srd Imp.)
    Vol.
    Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns. H. G. Evelyn White.
    Imp. revised and enlarged.)
    {7th
    Hippocrates and the Fragments of Heracleitus. W. H. S.
    Jones and E. T. Withington. 4 Vols. {Srd Imp.)
    Homer Iliad. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 7th Imp.,
    :

    Vol. II 6th Imp.)


    Homer : Odyssey. A. T. Murray. 2 Vols. {Sth Imp.)
    IsAEUs. E. S. Forster. {3rd Imp.)
    IsocRATEs. George Norlin and LaRue Van Hook. 3 Vols.
    {2nd Imp.)
    ISt.John Damascene Barlaam and Ioasaph.
    : Rev. G. R,
    Woodward and Harold Mattingly. {Srd Imp. revised.)
    JosEPHus. H. St. J. Thackeray and Ralph Marcus. 9 Vols.
    Vols. I-VII. (Vol. V Srd Imp., Vols. I-I V, VI and VII 2nd
    Imp.
    Julian. Wilmer Cave Wright. 3 Vols. (Vols. I and II Srd
    Imp., Vol. Ill 2nd Imp.)
    LoNGus Daphnis and Chloe.
    : Thornley's translation
    revised by J. M. Edmonds and Parthenius. S. Gaselee.
    ;

    {Uh Imp.)
    LuciAN. A. M. Harmon. 8 Vols. Vols. I-V. (Vols. I and
    Srd Imp., Vols. IV and V 2nd Imp.)
    II 'ith Imp., Vol. Ill
    Lycophron. C/. Callimachus.
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Lyha Gbaeca. J. M. Edmonds. 3 Vols. (Vol. I ^th Imp.^
    Vols. II (recif>(d and enlarged) and III 3rd Imp.)
    Lysias. W. R. M. Lamb. (Srti Imp.)
    Maxetho. W. G. Waddell Ptolemy Tethabiblos. F. E.
    ; :

    Robbins. (S/t/ Imp.)


    Mabcus Aubelius. C. R. Haines. {Ath Imp. revised,)
    Mekandeb. F. G. Allinson. (Srd Imp. revised.)
    MixoB Attic Obatobs. 2 Vols. K. J. Maidment and
    J. O. Burtt. (Vol. I '2nd Imp.)
    N0KK03 DioKYsiACA. W. H. D. Rouse. 3 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
    :

    Oppian, Colluthus, Tbyphiodobus. a. W. Mair. {^nd Imp.)


    Papybi. Nok-Litebaby Selections. A. S. Hunt and C. C.
    Edgar. 2 Vols. {'2nd Imp.) Litebaby SELEcrroxs.
    (Poetry). D. L. Page. (3rd hnp.)
    Pabthesius. Cf. LOXGUS.
    Pausanias Descbiptios of Gbeece. W. H. S. Jones. 5
    :

    Vols, and Companion Vol. arranged by R. E. Wycherley.


    (Vols. I and III '3rd Imp., \ols. II. IV and V 2nd Imp.)
    Philo. 10 Vols. Vols. I-V. F. H. Colson and Rev. G. H.
    Whitaker; Vols. VI-IX. F. H. Colson. (Vols. I-III.
    V-IX 2nd Imp., Vol. IV 3rd Imp.)
    Two Supplementary \'ols. Translation only from an
    Armenian Text. Ralph Marcus.
    Philostbatus The Life of Apollokius of Tyana. F. C.
    :

    Conybeare. 2 Vols. (\'ol. I Ath Imp., Vol. II 3rd Imp.)


    Philostbatus Imagikes : Callistbatus
    ; Descbiptions. :

    A. Fairbanks. {2nd Imp.)


    Philostbatus akd Eukapius Lives of the Sophists.
    :

    Wilmer Cave Wright. {2nd Imp.)


    PiNDAB. Sir J. E. Sandys. {1th Imp. revised.)
    Plato I Euthyphbo, Apology, Cbito, Phaedo, Phaedbus.
    :

    H. N. Fowler. nth Imp.) {

    Plato II: Theaetetus akd Sophist. H. N. Fowler. {4th


    Imp.)
    Plato III: Statesman, Philebus. H. N. Fowler; Ion.
    W. R.M. Lamb. {Ath Imp.)
    Plato IV: Laches, Pbotagobas, Meno, Euthydemus. '

    \V. R. M. Lamb. (3rd Imp. revised.)


    Plato V Lysis, Symposium, Gobgias.
    : W. R. M. Lamb.
    {bth Imp. revised.)
    Plato VI Cbatylus, Pabmemdes, Gbeateb Hippias,
    :

    Lesseb Hippias. H. N. Fowler, {-ith Imp.)

    8
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    Plato VII Timaeus, Chitias, Clitopho, Menexenus, Epi-
    :

    STULAE. Rev. R. G. Bury. {Srd Imp.)


    Plato VIII: CHAnniDES, Alcibiades, Hippahchus, The
    Lovers, Theages, Minos and Epinomis. W. R. M. Lamb.
    (2nd Imp.)
    Plato Laws. Rev. R. G. Bury. 2 Vols. (3rd Imp.)
    :

    Plato Republic. Paul Shorey. 2 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp.,


    :

    Vol. II Ath Imp.)


    Plutabch MoRALiA. 14 Vols. Vols. I-V. F.C. Babbitt;
    :

    Vol. VI. W. C. Helmbold Vol. X. H. N. Fowler. (Vols.


    ;

    I-VI, X 2nd Imp.)


    Plutahch : The Parallel Lives. B. Perrin. 11 Vols.
    (Vols. VI, VII and XI 3rd Imp., Vols. III-V and
    I, II,
    VIII-X 2nd Imp.)
    PoLYBius. W. R. Paton. 6 Vols. {2nd Imp.)
    Pbocopius History of the Wars. H. B. Dewing. 7 Vols.
    :

    (Vol. I Srd Imp., Vols. Il-Vll 2«rf Imp.)


    Ptolemy: Tetrabiblos. Cf. Manetho.
    QuixTus Smyrnaeus. a. S. Way. (Srd Imp.) Verse trans.
    Sextus Empiricus. Rev. R. G. Bury. 4 Vols. (Vol. I Srd
    Imp., Vols. II and III 2nd Imp.)
    Sophocles. F. Storr. 2 Vols. (Vol. I lOth Imp., Vol. II
    6th Imp.) Verse trans.
    Strabo Geography. Horace L. Jones. 8 Vols. (Vols. I,
    :

    \^ and VIII Srd Imp., Vols. II-IV, VI and VII 2nd Imp.)
    Theophrastus Characters. J. M. Edmonds Herodes,
    : ;

    etc. A. D. Knox. (Srd Imp.)


    Theophrastus Enquiry into Plants. Sir Arthur Hort.
    :

    2 Vols. {2nd Imp.)


    Thucydides. C. F. Smith. 4 Vols. (Vol. I 5th Imp., Vols.
    II-IV Srd Imp.)
    Tryphiodobus. Cf. Oppian.
    Xenophon Cyropaedia. Walter Miller. 2 Vols. (Vol. I
    :

    4-th Imp., Vol. II Srd Imp.)


    Xenophon Hellenica, Anabasis, Apology, and Sympo-
    :

    sium. C. L. Brownson and O. J. Todd. 3 Vols. (Vols. I


    and III Srd Imp., Vol. II Uh Imp.)
    Xenophon Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. E. C. Mar-
    :

    chant. {Srd Imp.)


    Xenophon: Schipta Minora. E. C. Marchant. {Srd Imp.)

    {For Volumes in Preparation see next page.)

    9
    THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
    VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

    GREEK AUTHORS

    Aeliak Ox THE Nature of Animals. A. F. Scholfield.


    :

    Aesop axd other F"abli.i-ts. B. E. Perry.


    Aristotle: History of Akimals. A. L. Peck.
    Callimachus Fragments. C A. Trypanis.
    :

    Plotikus. a. H. Armstrong.

    LATIN AUTHORS

    St. Augusttxe : Citt of God.


    Cicero : Pro Sestio, In X'atinium, Pro Gaelic, De Pho-
    nxcns CoNsuLAHiBus, Pro Balbo. J. H. Freese and R.
    Gardner,
    Phaedhus and other Fabulists. B. E. Perry.

    DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION

    LONDON CAMBRIDGE, MASS.


    WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD HAEVAED UNIV. PEESS
    Cloth 158. Cloth J2.50

    10

    r\
    PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
    CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET

    UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

    PA

    You might also like