Dentist Ankur Thakral

From the Editor’s Desk
JINPAFO
A Half Yearly Publication
Volume 8, Number 2, July – December, 2019
Dear Friends,
It gives me great pleasure to present the Second Issue of 2019 to the Hon’ble
Members of the Academy. I wish to thank all the authors and contributors of the
scientific material published in this issue. The members of the Editorial Board and the
Reviewers strive hard to bring up the standard of the journal. On behalf of the Editorial
Team, once again thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you and this
Academy.
May I take the opportunity to request all the members of our Academy to
contribute to the journal with their research and also encourage your colleagues and
students to submit their research for publication.
Jai Hind
Dr. Amandeep Singh

Editor-in-chief
Associate Professor
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh
Email: [email protected]
Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019
44
Original Research
AN ASSESSMENT OF INHERITANCE PATTERN OF LIP

PRINTS IN NATIONAL CAPITAL RANGE POPULATION
Syed F Hasan1*, Puja Bansal2, Deepak Bhargava3, M.C Chhabra4
1*
Postgraduate Student (2nd year), 2 Professor, +Professor and Head
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology,

4
Associate Professor,
Department of Biochemistry, Sharda School of Dental Sciences,
Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Aims and Objectives- Lip prints are normal lines and fissures in the form of wrinkles
and grooves present on the lips. They are unique to each person but basic lip prints patterns
could still have similarities within the family. If established that there is a hereditary pattern in lip
prints patterns, they can be an important tool in personal identification and determining familial
lineage of a person. Therefore, present study was carried out to ascertain whether lip prints of
mother match with their corresponding children. Methodology- The subjects for the
investigation included 60 individuals of 30 families from NCR population. Mother and a daughter
or son of each family was selected and the lip patterns of the 30 off springs were compared with
the corresponding lip patterns of his or her mother. The lip prints were analyzed using
magnifying lens and were classified using the criteria given by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The
results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results- Hereditary resemblance was observed
between mother and off springs in 17 out of 30 cases. Lip print types I, II & III among mothers
were significantly more inherited by their children while lip print type IV & V were not inherited
significantly (the level of significance was set at p < 0.05). Conclusions- The result indicates
the role of heredity in lip patterns. This can be an aid for narrowing down investigations and also
a basis for genetic and inheritance implications.
Key Words: Cheiloscopy, Inheritance, Grooves, Lip prints
Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019
45
Introduction: range of methods are available for this
As Forensic odontology, or forensic purpose out of which, the best and most
dentistry,was defined by Keiser Neilson in often used is fingerprints. An alternative
1970 as “a branch of forensic medicine” method of identification is cheiloscopy.
which in the interest of justice deals with the These grooves occur as distinct patterns or
proper handling and examination of dental types and are unique to each individual and
evidence and with the proper evaluation and thus can be used to fix the identity of a
1
presentation of the dental findings’. person.5 Sometimes lip print can be a basis
The external surface of the lip has for crime detection. It is used to find the
many elevations and depressions forming a situation on the basis of evidence
characteristic pattern called lip prints, which surrounding the crime spot for identifying
3
are unique to an individual like finger prints. number of people involved, their nature, sex
Lip prints are similar to fingerprints, palm as well as type of crime held during the
prints and footprints in that it is an individual event.4 This present study was carried out to
characteristic.2 For a long time forensics ascertain whether lip prints of mother match
have been using Fingerprints, DNA and with their corresponding children.
Retina Pattern for identification of a person. Materials and Method:
With advancement in technology many Subjects for the investigation
innovations have come across for the help included 60 individuals of 30 families Mother
3
of forensics. and Son/Daughter of National Captial
Human identification from the study Range Population were taken. Written
of their biometrics has gained much informed consent was taken from each
popularity in recent times. In these subjects, In case of minor subject consent
approaches human beings can be identified was taken from parent.
based on their physical traits without the aid Following materials were used in
of any external key. Several methods are recording lip prints.
used for human identification such as face, Ø Red colored lipsticks and lipstick
iris, retina, finger veins, skin, finger-nails brushes.
recognition, palm vein, etc.4 Ø A cellophane tape.
Personal identification is becoming Ø White colored bond papers.
increasingly important not only in legal Ø A magnifying lens
medicine but also in criminal investigation, Ø A scissor, pencil, cotton
identification and Genetic Research. A wide Ø Gloves, a wall mirror.
Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July - December., 2019
46
Criteria for sample selection: was placed on a white A-4 sheet where the
The criteria for sample selection lip impression were analyzed with the help
were subjects with no congenital facial of a magnifying glass.
defects, no lesions on the lips and no known Results:
hypersensitivity. The lip prints were Type I pattern was found to be 100%
analyzed using magnifying lens and were inherited by the respective children (n=03).
classified using the criteria given by Suzuki Significantly higher proportion (66.7%) of
2
and Tsuchihashi,as follows: Type II lip pattern among mothers were
Type I: Clear-cut vertical grooves that run inherited by their children. Significantly
across the entire lips. higher proportion (71.4%) of Type III lip
Type I': Similar to type I, but do not cover pattern among mothers were inherited by
the entire lip. their children. Significantly lower proportion
Type II: Branched grooves (branching Y- (14.3%) of Type IV lip pattern among
shaped pattern). mothers were inherited by their children.
Type III: Intersected grooves. Criss-cross There was only 1 mother having Type V lip
pattern, reticular grooves. pattern which was not inherited by her
Type IV: Reticular grooves. child.( Graph 1)
Type V: Grooves do not fall into any of the Lip print types I, II & III among
type I-IV and cannot be mothers were significantly more inherited by
differentiated morphologically. their children while lip print type IV & V were
(Undetermined). not inherited significantly. (Table 1,Graph 2)
Method: Lip print types I, II & III among
Subjects were asked to sit at relaxed mothers were significantly more inherited by
position on a dental chair, their lips were their children while lip print type IV & V were
cleaned with wet cotton, red colored lipstick not inherited significantly.
was applied on the lips with the lip brush, Fig 1 - Child
subjects were asked to rub both their lips to
spread uniform application of lipstick, glued
portion of the cellophane tape strip was
placed and a lip impression was made by
dabbing it in the center first and then slowly
moving towards the corners of the lips,
Cellophane tape strip with lip impression
47
Fig 2 – Child Lip Print Fig 4 – Mother Lip Print
Fig 3 – Mother
Graph 1: Inheritance patterns of lip prints among the study groups

100.00% 100.00%
100.00%
80.00%
Child's lip pattern
66.70%
57.10%
60.00%
40.00% 28.60%
16.70% 14.30% 14.30%
20.00% 0.00%
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.00%
Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V
Motehr's lip pattern
48
Table 1: Statistical significance of inherited lip patterns
Similarity of lip print
between mother & child
Pattern of Lip Print Total
Not
Present
present
N 0 3 3
Type I
% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%
N 4 8 12
Type II
% 33.3% 66.7% 100.0%
N 2 5 7
Type III
% 28.6% 71.4% 100.0%
n 6 1 7
Type IV
% 85.7% 14.3% 100.0%
n 1 0 1
Type V
% 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
n 13 17 30
Total
% 43.3% 56.7% 100.0%
Chi square value 9.832
P value 0.043, S
Graph 2: Similarity of lip prints between mother and children.
Similarity of lip print between mother & child

100.00%
100.00%
90.00%
80.00% 71.40%
66.70%
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
14.30%
20.00%
10.00% 0.00%
0.00%
49
Discussion based on the patterns of the grooves of the
Every human is distinct and unique lip prints”that The lips can be horizontal,
in the pattern of characteristics they exhibit. elevated, or depressed, and according to
Lip prints are lines and fissures that appear their thickness, it is possible to identify the
as wrinkles and grooves in the zone of following four groups: 1. Thin lips (common
transition between the inner labial mucosa in the European Caucasian),2. Medium lips
and the outer skin of human lip. The (from 8 to 10 mm is the most common
examination of these fissures is referred to type),3. Thick or very thick lip (usually
as “cheiloscopy”.6 having an inversion of the lip cord and is
Forensic science is defined as the usually seen in negroes),4. Mix lips (usually
application of scientific methods and seen in Orientals).1
techniques to matters Saxena S, Sharma P, Gupta N
under investigation by a court of law. stated that Forensic odontology has played
Forensic science in a broad sense deals a key role in identifcation of persons in
with criminal mass disasters (aviation, earthquakes,
investigations by identification of the body, Tsunamis), in crime investigations, in ethnic
cause, and manner of death, etc. studies, and in identifcation of decomposed
Identification and disfigured bodies like that of drowned
of gender of an individual plays a significant persons, fire victims, and victims of motor
role in the forensic investigation Dental, vehicle accidents. The various methods
fingerprint and DNA comparisons are employed in forensic odontology include
probably the most common techniques used tooth prints, radiographs, photographic
in this context, allowing fast and secure study, rugoscopy, cheiloscopy and
9
identification processes. However, in certain molecular methods.
circumstances related to the scene of the Vignesh R, Rekha CV, Annamalai S,
crime, these techniques might be Norouzi P, Sharmin D conducted a study
unavailable, so there is still an increasing on Cheiloscopic patterns where, lip patterns
need for reliable alternative methods of were analyzed for skeletal malocclusions,
establishing gender.7 but the literature search shows no studies
Ranjan V, Sunil MK, Kumar R relating to terminal planes in primary
founded in their study on “lip groove dentition. This study is an initial attempt to
patterns in all the quadrants of both male relate them as the terminal plane of the
and female subjects to identify the sex, primary second molars plays a signifcant
50
role in determining the occlusion of the among mothers and their offsprings. A
permanent dentition.6 detailed analysis of different aspects of lip
Ghalaut P, Bhagwath S, Saxena S, prints should be done. Complete utilization
also conducted a study where study was of this evidence can be achieved by
carried out to ascertain whether there is any standardizing the methods and opining the
hereditary pattern in lip prints patterns minimum matching points required,
between parents and offspring's and their Extensive chemical methods and
study showed Both mother and father sophisticated software tools should be
showed strong positive & significant developed. Besides all this, the
correlation between parents and their anthropological aspects of lip print patterns
offspring's indicating that lip print patterns should be practiced, which can enable
2
do have a family linkage. narrowing down of the investigation
Research studies and information process.
regarding the use of lip prints as evidence in Conflict of interest: None
personal identification and criminal
Financial assistance: None
investigation in forensic dentistry is very
much scanty. In spite of few studies
REFERENCES
available, the study of Tsuchihashi gives a
1. Ranjan V, Sunil MK, Kumar R. Study of
standard classification of his own for
lip prints: A forensic study. Journal of
different types of lip prints. We kept this Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and
classification as the basis, of the current Radiology. 2014 Jan 1;26(1):50.
study. To study the lip print patterns
2. Ghalaut P, Bhagwath S, Saxena S. An
indicating that there might be an inheritance Assessment Of Inheritance Pattern Of
pattern for lip prints from parents to Lip Prints In North Indian Population.
offspring's. A strong inheritance Indian Journal of Dental Sciences. 2013
phenomenon of lip patterns has also been Mar 1;5(1).
proved by studies of Hirth et al (1975) and 3. Sharma SM, Shalini K, Akshari A.
Schnuth et al (1992), who founded that CHELOSCOPY-A UNIQUE FORENSIC
heredity plays an important role in lip print TOOL. Nitte University Journal of Health
development. Science. 2013 Dec 1;3(4):74.
Conclusion: 4. Bandyopadhyay SK, Arunkumar S,

The present study depicted that Bhattacharjee S. Feature extraction of
there persists a similarity of lip print patterns
51
human lip prints. arXiv preprint evaluation and comparison of various
arXiv:1312.0852. 2013 Dec 3. methods of lip prints in gender
determination and its stability over a
5. Ghimire N, Nepal P, Upadhyay S,
period of time.Int J Anat Res 2018, Vol
Budhathoki SS, Subba A, Kharel B. Lip
6(2.1):5167-71. ISSN 2321-4287
print pattern: an identification tool.
Health Renaissance. 2013;11(3):229-33. 8. Saraswathi TR, Mishra G, Ranganathan
K. Study of lip prints. Journal of forensic
6. Vignesh R, Rekha CV, Baghkomeh PN,
dental sciences. 2009 Jan 1;1(1):28.
Annamalai S, Sharmin D. Comparative
evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of an 9. Saxena S, Sharma P, Gupta N.
alternative natural agent for disinfection Experimental studies of forensic
of toothbrushes. European journal of odontology to aid in the identification
dentistry. 2017 Jan;11(1):111. process. Journal of forensic dental
sciences. 2010 Jul;2(2):69.
7. Aparna B, Ahmed Mujib B.R, Rashmi
Naik , Shruthi K Patil , Arun Kumar N,
52
Review Article
RECONSTRUCT, REMODEL AND REINCARNATE: AN

ARCHEOLOGICAL APPROACH TOWARDS
FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION
*
Suman Bisla1, Ankita2, Harneet Singh3 , Ambika Gupta4, Neeraj Taneja5
1& 2
PG student, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology,
3
Asst professor, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology,
4
Sr. professor, Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology
Post Graduate Institute Of Dental Sciences, Rohtak
5
Professor, Dept. of Oral Medicine and Radiology
ABSTRACT
Severally injured, decapitated, and/or mutilated skeletal structures lead to the
difficulty in identification of mortal remains. Since the inception of forensic sciences and forensic
odontology it has posed a greater challenge in identification of the deceased through the
remains. Over the years, various techniques have been applied for the identification of
deceased individuals. Out of these techniques, the commonly used are the comparison of ante-
mortem and post-mortem data by using clinical records, radiographs, or DNA. Still the
identification of severely mutilated bodies poses a challenge for the forensic team. The advent
of the twentieth century brought a revolution in the field of facial reconstruction, as the
computers could completely change the methods of reconstruction. Forensic facial
reconstruction is art and science to recreate the antemortem appearance of an individual in
order to recognize and identify the decedent. Over the years, many techniques of FFR and
imaging modalities that provide the basic data for FFR have evolved. This poster depicts
different methods of facial reconstruction and its pragmatic use in the field of forensic
odontology.
Key Words: Mutilated, Facial Reconstruction, Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional,

Anthropometrical , Anatomical, Computerized
53
INTRODUCTION: HISTORY
Positive identification from the skeletal Unearthing of Tutankhamun’s
remains has always fascinated the medical mummy and exploration of his mortal
experts in recreating and reconstructing the remains opened up new horizons for the
facial structures. With facial features playing forensic scientists in the field of
a major role in identification of the human reconstruction. The process which has been
remains, the gross facial reconstruction predominantly been used to identify the
augments and accelerates the process of dead, to unveil the cause of death and
identification. Skull is a rigid structure which recreate the facial structures, is now an
can survive for centuries and the it proves to important adjunct. Attempts at building the
be an effective archaeological biofact. The face on skull carried out since Neolithic
bones of the skull form the basic framework period as a means of ancestor worship and
1
to which soft tissues are attached . preservation procedure. Anatomists were
Severally mutilated, burned, decomposed the first to become interested in the process
human remains are difficult to identity. The of facial reconstruction. Anatomist Welcker
scientific art of creating appearance of an and Tandler, were the ones who
individual near to the original with the help reconstructed the skulls of some historic
of skull by reconstruction either through figures and compared with portraits,
manual of digital methods is known as the sculptures and death masks . The first 4
2
forensic facial reconstruction . However three–dimensional (3D) facial reconstruction
forensic facial reconstructions will not was tried by His (1895) and Kollman (1898).
produce perfect replica of an individual face Kollman and Buchly (1899) reconstructed
instead it gives a gross approximation which Stone-Age woman face with soft tissue
is an alternative in the identification when all thickness from women of that area which
the usual methods of identification have was considered to be the first real scientific
failed. In archaeological investigations, reconstruction4. United states of America
facial reconstruction has been used to became the first country to attempt facial
identify skeletal remains of famous people reconstruction in 1916 by the initiatives of
3
from the past . This article reviews all the medicolegal experts. But , the first
methods implied in the process of three- documented medicolegal identification was
dimensional facial reconstruction and relives done by Glaister and Brash (1937) by
the history of a few famous cases sorted solving the mystery of missing Dr Ruxton’s
through the same process. wife. Taking the lead, German physiologist
54
and anatomist Welcker devised a method of depth markers marked accordingly. This is
facial reconstruction by enumerating the further superimposed by the tracing paper
varying tissue depths and named it as or any other transparent paper. The artist
“Welcker’s Facial Reconstruction then draws on the transparent paper
Technique”. carefully following the tissue depth markers
METHODS OF FACIAL and contours of the skull. It is very important
RECONSTRUCTION to follow the markers and shapes in
An array of methods has been tried accordance to the skull, being extra vigilant
and tested for the facial reconstruction over to the features such as teeth, orbital
the ages. All those methods have eventually shapes, nose bridges and nasal apertures.
been cumulated into the two major Computer assisted 2D reconstruction done
modalities depending upon their procedural by using various computer software
implication. These methods are: - programs like CARESTM or CARES
(1) The two-dimensional representation of (Computer Assisted Recovery
the face drawn over a photograph of the Enhancement System) and FACES
skull. (Forensic Anthropology Computer
(2) Three-dimensional facial reconstruction Enhancement System) which capture and
using a sculptural technique. digitalize radiographs, photographs and
(3) Three-dimensional computerized facial images of skulls and gives an electronically
reconstruction. altered version of the image.
TWO DIMENSIONAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL
Two-dimensional facial RECONSTRUCTION
reconstructions method was first developed This method also needs
by Karen Taylor in Austin, Texas during the collaborative efforts from an artist and a
1980's. Based on ante mortem forensic anthropologist. In manual methods,
photographs, and the skull5 this method facial reconstruction is done by using
usually requires the collaboration of an artist various material like clay, plastic or wax on
and a forensic anthropologist. 2-D facial the skull to remodel the facial structure
reconstruction is a technique recreats and which further facilitates in identifying an
remodels the facial appearance to that akin individual. It is similar to two dimensional
to the features of the person who was once methods using tissue depth markers of
alive. In the due process, photographs of specified lengths to represent different soft
skull are taken with all the relevant tissues tissue depths at specific strategic points or
55
landmarks. In the computerized method, modelling each facial muscle onto the skull
computer software is used to produce layer by layer and then finally covering with
reconstruction by using photographs a thin layer of clay to create the finished
Anthropometrical American Method/ face. This method is much slower than the
Tissue Depth Method American method and required greater
American 3-D method was degree of anatomical knowledge. This is
developed from the work of Krogman. In this used for reconstruction of fossilized skulls7.
method Krogman photographed a cadaver
head before it was defleshed. The sculptor, Combination Manchester Method/ British
McCue, produced a facial reconstruction Method
using tissue depth data on the same skull Neave in 1977, developed a novel
and recreated the facial structures technique which became instantaneously
matching it to the sex and racial origin of the famous and it is the commonly used method
individual. The results were promising as nowadays. This combination method
reconstruction had a good resemblance to incorporates both the Russian and
the individual when compared to the American methods of anthropometrical and
photograph of the cadaver. In this technique anatomical application. Neave worked with
soft tissue depth data obtained by the use of Manchester Mummy Team at the University
needles, X-rays or ultrasound is taken into of Manchester, which was responsible for
consideration. Facial muscles are recorded the forensic investigation of numerous
in a proper anatomical manner, that Egyptian mummies housed at the
requires highly trained personnel. Due to Manchester Museum. He used same sets of
this technical working curve this technique mean tissue depths as the American
is not preferred now a days. Previously, this method, but followed Gerasimov’s
method was commonly used for anatomical approach, using the tissue
reconstruction by law enforcement thickness points as guides when laying the
6
agencies . skin layer over the musculature. This
Anatomical Russian Method technique takes into account the use of both
This technique was given by the soft tissue thickness and facial muscles.
Russian anthropologist, Gerasimov (1971), Facial tissue markers representing the
who had attempted to recreate the mean tissue depth which are determined by
appearance of deceased individuals. He the age, gender, build are added on to the
developed an anatomical approach where skull at anatomical point, either by placing
56
directly on the skull or by inserting them into digitized 3-D models of two pairs of skulls
the drilled holes of 3mm diameter. The along with their facial data. First pair is used
muscles of mastication and facial as a reference and the other skull is used
expression are constructed on the skull for the validation of the same. An applicable
based on their origin and insertion. The size parametric algorithm is categorically used to
and shape of reconstructed muscles is convert the reference skull into the skull
determined by the underlying hard which has to be reconstructed. To
structures. Muscles are usually modelled on compensate the lack of understanding of
the skull layer by layer with the help of clay. harmony between hard and soft tissue in
To represent skin and subcutaneous tissue the previously used techniques, Nelson and
a layer of clay is added over the Michael introduced a new approach of
musculature to create the finished face reconstruction using the volume
while maintaining the length of the pegs as deformation. In this technique unknown
a guide to the final tissue guides over the skull and other reference skull are digitized.
face. Then a set of control points are placed at
Computerized 3D Forensic Facial specific anatomical positions on the heads
Reconstruction and the skull. Out of them a single head is
Computer-assisted facial deformed by calculating and comparing the
reconstruction was first introduced by spatial distribution of the control points.
8
Vanezis and his colleagues . In this Finally, the selected head deformed with the
technique skull images scanned through help of control points to the shape of the
laser scanner are transformed into the skull and further adjustments of addition of
faces. Skull digitalized by using laser and facial features, facial expressions and tissue
fully shaded images are seen on the depth variations done by manipulating the
computer. Tissue markers are digitally control points.
placed on the garnered image at selected Till today, all computerized
sites. A digital template from the previously reconstruction techniques use CT scanners
scanned face of live subjects is masked for obtaining the virtual copy of the unknown
over the skull facilitating it to specifically skull. In case of live subjects for the
11
conform to the skull . Technique by database, CT scanners allow both the skull
Quatrehomme et al. (1997), describes facial and the face surface information to be
reconstructions based on deformable obtained simultaneously and in the correct
models. CT scan is used to obtain the spatial relationship to each other. Due to
57
radiation hazards of CT scan a non-harmful by reconstructing, remodelling the facial
alternative MRI is also being used. Off late, tissues with the help of the skull only.
Cone-beam CT (CBCT) has also come into Sheena Bora murder case
limelight to overcome certain disadvantages On May 23rd 2012, Raigad police
of CT. Studies are also being done to test stumbled on a scorched body. Skull, bones,
the reproducibility of CBCT scanners by tissue and teeth were sampled. Records
measuring the soft tissue thickness at with dentist were enquired and
different landmarks which revealed that corroborated. Forensics experts used digital
thickness that can be measured with high superimposition photography and facial
reproducibility. reconstruction for identification. They
Computerized 3D is a fast, efficient and superimposed mugshots of the likely family
cost-effective computer-aided forensic facial members over the dead people to look for
reconstruction method. Models can be bone structure matches and finally the DNA
manipulated and edited easily at several test followed for confirmation. This is how
angles to identify an individual within a short with the help of 2D computerized technique
duration. Sheena Bora emerged from her bones.
FEW CASES AT A GLANCE The Nithari killings
Forensic art is a tool used in law In the famous Nithari case police
enforcement in different capacities. The faced the same problem of establishing the
most popular form of forensic art that we identity of skulls found in drainage. The
have seen is the police sketch which had investigating agency decided to go in for
wonderful success in cases of missing DNA test and facial reconstruction and
persons. Now a day’s artists are facial super imposition of all skulls found. In
turning towards computer software’s for 2006 Noida police sent 19 skulls and DNA
drawings. Facial reconstruction is a method samples for laboratory examination to
used in the forensic field when a crime forensic science laboratory. The forensic
involves unidentified remains. Over the past and DNA Experts using superimposition and
few years, it has been of much help in crime 3D techniques identified 16 children.
cases where there were no clues to track a Ambernath murder case
person, or if a face has been damaged or Police found decapitated body in the
the body decomposed. Recently few Ambernath hills with skin peeled. Police
reported cases in India which were solved reached a team of forensic experts for the
facial reconstruction. Forensic team used
58
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own advantages and disadvantages. Latest death+masks+4.&source=bl&ots=bzvNcYcUL
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reconstruction is widely used, but a
Rnzig&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi75eHN08
computer system that interprets the muscle
jnAhXSAnIKHaLqCyMQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v
structure of the face which can be altered
=onepage&q=Anatomist%20Welcker%20and
sculpturally would seems to be the most
%20Tandler%2C%20were%20the%20ones%2
accurate way of developing facial
0who%20reconstructed%20the%20skulls%2
reconstruction in the coming future. Thus, it
0of%20some%20historic%20%EF%AC%81gur
can be said that the scope of improvement
es%20and%20compared%20with%20portrait
and scientific advancement go hand in hand
when it comes to bringing back the dead. %2C%20sculpture%20and%20death%20mas
ks%204.&f=false accessed on 29th
Conflict of interest: None November, 2019
59
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7. Kahler K, Haber J, Seidel H. Re-animating identification of cranial and facial fractures in
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from skull data. ACM TOG. 2003;22(3):554- imaging reconstruction techniques. Int J
61. Legal Med. 1999;113(1):33-37.
8. Vanezis P, Blowes RW, Linney AD, Tan AC, 11. De Greef S, Willems G. Three-dimensional
Richards R, et al. (1989) Application of 3D cranio-facial reconstruction in forensic
computer graphics for facial reconstruction identification: latest progress and new
and comparison with sculpting techniques. tendencies in the 21st century. Journal of
Forensic Science International 42(1-2): 69- Forensic Science. 2005;50(1):12-17.
84.
9. Vanezis M, Vanezis M. Cranio-Facial
Reconstruction in Forensic Identification
60
Review Article
RECENT CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY:

A REVIEW
Shafali Singh 1*, Deepak Bhargava 2, Puja Bansal 3, Ritika Sharma4, Vidyadevi Chandavarkar5 ,
Mithilesh N Mihsra6, Taruna Kumari7
1
Senior Lecturer, 2Professor & Head, 3Professor , Reader4,5,6
School of Dental Sciences Sharda University Greater Noida
Consulting Oral Pathologist7
ABSTRACT
Forensic dentistry is an upcoming branch of dentistry that utilizes the dentist’s
knowledge to serve the legal system. Despite breakthrough in science and technology, natural
calamities and crimes continue to persist in human life. Identification of human remains is
essential for various reasons including legal, criminal, humanitarian and social grounds. Dental
remains can be used for identification. Forensic odontology analyzes dental evidence to overlap
the dental and legal profession. Various methods have been developed to determine age, sex,
and ethnicity of the person, using dental tissues. This article reviews the evolving trends in
conventional methods and the recent advances in the field of forensic odontology.
Key Words: Current trends, dental identification, forensic odontology.
INTRODUCTION: the physical, chemical and biological

“The Forensic odontology was changes that occur in living or dead man's
defined by Keiser- Neilson in 1970 as “that skeleton and even human parts or facts.2 It
branch of forensic medicine which in the involves dentist participation in assisting
interest of justice deals with the proper legal and criminal issues.3
handling and examination of dental Forensic odontology has three
evidence and with the proper evaluation and major areas of utilization:
1
presentation of the dental findings”. It can
be characterized as the field to determine
61
(1) Diagnostic and therapeutic examination odontology. This article provides an
and evaluation of injuries to jaws, overview of the evolving trends in
teeth, and oral soft tissues. conventional methods and the recent
(2) The identification of individuals, concepts used in forensic odontology.
especially casualties in criminal
investigations and/or mass disasters. METHODS USED IN FORENSIC
(3) Identification, examination, and ODONTOLOGY
evaluation of bite marks which occur Conventional Methods
with some frequency in sexual Maintenance of dental records is
assaults, child abuse cases, and in the duty of a dentist and is an essential
4
personal defense situations. component, serving as an information
Some of common methods used source for the dentists and the patients, in
for individual identification are visual,
medico‑ legal, administrative, and for
personal or medical information( height,
forensic purposes. Forensic dental
weight, build, age, presence or absence of
identification most of the times are
hair, eye colour , facial hair), specific
dependent on the availability, adequacy,
information (scars, tattoos, birthmarks,
and accuracy of antemortem dental records.
operations, implants, old injuries, medical
Dental records are available in various
conditions, body piercings), radiological
forms such as dental notes, dental charts,
information (foreign bodies - prostheses) ,
radiographs, photographs, and models.6
clothing, personal effects and
Computer generated dental records gain
documentation, dentistry , fingerprints and
more importance due to the fact that it can
DNA profiling.5
be easily networked and transferred for
Evolving trends have been
routine professional consultation or forensic
observed in the conventional methods used
cases requiring dental records for
such as dental record maintenance, dental 7
identification.
imaging techniques, bite mark analysis,
Dental imaging techniques
DNA analysis using oral tissues,
Historically, the application of
cheiloscopy and rugoscopy. In addition, the
radiology in forensic sciences was
recent concepts such as facial
introduced in 1896, just one year following
reconstruction, denture identification,
the x-ray discovery by Roentgen, to
comparison microscopes and tongue prints
demonstrate the presence of lead bullets
have been introduced in the field of forensic
inside the head of a victim.8In cases where
62
the identification of a corpse is required, inanimate object. Bite marks change over a
radiographic images of the deceased can time on living as well as dead. If the bite is
be obtained and compared with any ante- on living person there will be post injury
mortem radiographic image of the changes in the tissue, where bleeding,
presumed person.9 swelling and discoloration can be seen. If
The identification technique utilizing the bite is on dead person, then
conventional radiography is based on the photographs of marks are taken with
comparison between ante-mortem images standardized technique.12
recorded in dental offices and centers with The standard techniques for
post-mortem radiographic images. This examining bite marks are based on
method allows the observation of interpreting photographic evidence, in which
anatomical characteristics such as coronal a bite is compared with the models of the
shape and size, pulp anatomy, positioning teeth of suspects. There are a number of
and shape of the alveolar bone crest, different ways to produce overlays from a
besides unique and individual suspect’s dentition : Hand tracing from
characteristics resulting from dental dental study casts, hand tracing from wax
treatments.10 impressions, hand tracing from xerographic
Computed tomography (CT) images, the radiopaque wax impression
images reveal the cross-section of the areas based method.13
method, and the computer‑
exposed and produce multiple images. DNA analysis
Antemortem CT images provide information DNA analysis is a new tool used in
which can be used in the construction of a the field of forensic odontology, gains
postmortem facsimile image, considering importance when conventional identification
that craniometrical points methods fail due to the effects of heat,
can be precisely located and traumatism or autolytic processes,
measurements can be accurately distortions, and difficulties in analysis. There
11
performed. are many biological materials such as
Bite marks blood, semen, bones, teeth, hair, and saliva
It is defined as the physical that can be used to accomplish DNA typing.
alteration in or on a medium caused by the With the advent of polymerase chain
contact of teeth. In few of criminal cases it is reaction (PCR) which allows enzymatic
seen that suspect or victim has left his or amplification of a specific DNA sequence
her teeth marks on another person or even in a negligible amount of source
63
material, forensic identification using DNA injuries, diseases or environmental
analysis becomes increasingly popular with changes.
investigators. Applications of Cheiloscopy in
In the field of forensic sciences, Modern Science-
the genomic and mitochondrial DNA - A deterministic aid for forensic sex
(mtDNA) are used.4 The genomic DNA is determination
found in the nucleus of each cell in the - A tool in crime investigation
human body. The teeth are an excellent - An aid for personal identification
source of genomic DNA (Fig.1). mtDNA - Cheiloscopy and palatoscopy: aid for
can be used when the extracted DNA human identification
samples are too small or degraded, such as The following methods may be
those obtained from skeletonized tissues. used for recording lip prints- on non porous
The amplified DNA is then compared with flat surface such as mirror, enlarged and
the antemortem samples such as stored overlay tracings made of the grooves, rouge
blood, hairbrush, clothing, cervical smear, can be applied to the lips and then lips are
14
and biopsy specimens. photographed, after applying lip stick the
impression should be taken on a paper until
the lipstick has exhausted or applying
special creams on the lips (Fig.2).15
Figure 2: Impression fixed on bond

Figure 1: Schematic photograph paper
showing replication of DNA by PCR
Cheiloscopy and palatoscopy The print taken is directly
Cheiloscopy is the study of lip photographed or covered by a cellotape to
prints. Lip prints remain the same maintain a permanent record. Nowadays,
throughout life and are uninfluenced by softwares are used for the recording of lip
64
prints.Recent studies have proven lip prints arch, computer software programs (for e.g.,
as a superior tool compared to fingerprints RUGFP‑ID), calcorrugoscopy or overlay
and mandibular canine index in gender print, stereoscopy (through which three‑
determination. dimensional [3D] image of palatal rugae can
Palatoscopy, or palatal be made), stereophotogrammetry (which is
rugoscopy, is the name given to the study of comparatively accurate).4
palatal rugae in order to establish a
person's identity. The palatal rugae are
Recent Methods
located on the anterior portion of the
maxilla. Palatal rugae are irregular,
Forensic Facial Reconstruction (FFR)
asymmetric ridges of mucous membrane
FFR refers to a process that aims
extending lateral from the incisive papilla
to recover the morphology of a face at the
and the anterior part of the median palatal
moment before death, from the observation
raphe (Fig.3).12 Palatal rugae analysis may
of a skull.16 It is the scientific art of
serve as an important aid in forensic
recreating the facial appearance of an
odontology as they remain consistent in
individual from the skull for the purpose of
shape, pattern, direction and unification
personal identification.It allows recognition
throughout the life of an individual except
and assists the process of human
change in their size with growth of the
identification when it is not possible to
palate.4
obtain optimal conditions, as a comparison
of ante-mortem and post-mortem data.
There are currently two basic
approaches – two-dimensional and three-
dimensional types of reconstruction. Both
techniques employ either a manual or a
computerized approach. The earliest
scientific endeavour towards facial
reconstruction began in the late 19th
Figure 3: Delineated palatal rugae century with various measurements of the
patterns facial thickness from cadavers.17 Nowadays,
Materials and methods used to the advancement in technology a new
analyze the rugae patterns includes, computer-based techniques emerged that
photographs and impression of maxillary claimed to be quicker and more flexible.
65
With the advancement in 3D technology, transportation mishaps and identification of
computerized 3D forensic facial mutilated and decomposed bodies when all
reconstruction - a fast, efficient and cost other parameters like scars, tattoos, and
effective computer aided forensic facial facial features have failed.
reconstruction method was developed.18 Methods of denture labeling falls
This method uses a laser video camera under two categories: the surface marking
interfaced with a computer or with CT method and the inclusion method. The
scanning. Skull data are then imaged as a surface marking methods include scribbling
fully shaded 3D surface. The face can be or engraving the denture and marking with
drawn with the help of computer software embossed letters. Inclusion methods
19
(Fig.4). include metal identification bands, computer
Denture identification ‑printed denture micro‑labeling system,
Medicolegal importance of denture lead paper labeling, embedding the patient
marking systems in identification of the photograph, denture bar coding, T‑
bar,
dead or deceased when all other means laser etching, lenticular card system (using
have failed, identification of individuals for a
forensic, social and legal reasons, victim polyethylene terephthalate, in which
identification in case of mass disasters like the first flip shows patient’s name, sex, and
terrorism, bombings, earthquakes, age, and the second flip shows address and
hurricanes, typhoons, air crashes and other driving license number, when viewed from
a different angle), radiofrequency
identification tags, electronic microchips.4
Comparison Microscopes
The use of microscopes in forensic
sciences has an impact on the accuracy.
Examination of teeth under microscope can
confirm sex by the presence or absence of
Y-chromatin. The phase contrast
microscope is useful in analyzing the
Figure 4: Facial reconstruction using
cemental annulations for age estimation.
computer software.
The forensic technology has
(Image courtesy of KoljaKähler, MPI Informatik
developed a prototype virtual comparison
Saarbruecken, Germany).
microscope (VCM).4 VCM utilizes images of
66
deformed bullets, bullet fragments, and To maximize dental application in
various types of rifling from the company’s forensic cases, it is necessary to train
BulletTrax‑3D system. With the VCM, it is dentists in the practical aspects of forensic
easy to find significant markings in any odontology. And there is necessity in
direction while maintaining a consistent exposing dentists to the basic principles and
appearance.20 techniques of the subject.
Tongue prints Hence dependence on latest
Tongue is very unique vital organ technologies alone does not always help in
and its vitality is well inscribed in Traditional solving cases.Thus a combination of reliable
Chinese Medicine as “Tongue of life”. The conventional methods and potentialities of
dorsal surface of the tongue is unique for advanced sciences can make wonders in
each person. The characteristic features of the science of forensic dentistry.
the tongue exhibit remarkable difference

even between identical twins. Lingual Conflict of interest: None
impressions (impression of the dorsal Financial assistance: None
surface along with the lateral borders)

together with its photographic image, have REFERENCES
been proved to be useful in forensic 1. Jayanth Kumar Vadivel. Virtual Autopsy.
International Journal of Forensic Odontology,
dentistry identification when used in
2016.
conjunction with methods such as
2. Moumita Sinha, I. Arjun Rao. Genetics and
cheiloscopy and rugoscopy.4
Molecular Biology Techniques Applications in
CONCLUSION
Forensic Dentistry-A Review. Int. J. of
Forensic dentistry plays a major role Multidisciplinary and Current research,2017,
in identificatin of those individuals who 5: 316-19.
cannot be identified. At the crime scene, the 3. Karanprakash Singh, Chitra Anandani,
forensic odontologists play a major role in RamanPreet Kaur Bhullar, Anil Agrawal,
investigating Harshvardhan Chaudhary, Ankur Thakral.

Teeth and their Secrets – Forensic Dentistry.
and interpreting the dental evidence.
J Forensic Res 2012, 3:1.
Recent tragedies and past and present
4. Nadeem Jeddy, Shivani Ravi, T. Radhika.
situations have increased awareness
Current trends in forensic odontology. J
concerning the importance of forensic
Forensic Dent Sci. 2017 Sep-Dec; 9(3): 115–
dentistry in identification of victims.
119
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5. Zakirulla M, et al. Modern Tools in Forensic Inanimate Object: A Forensic‑Based Cross‑
Dentistry. IJCD ; 2011:2(3). sectional Study.IJFO;2018.
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Practice in Indian context compared to identification of human remains. Ann Dent
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15. Chandramani More et al. Cheiloscopy – A
7. Hegde P et al. Role and Importance of Review. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine
forensic odontology in identification. Int Toxicology. 2009, Vol. 3, No. 1.
Interdiscip J Sci Res 2014; 1:64‑9. 16. Lara Maria Herrera et al. Forensic Facial
8. Carvalho SP et al.Use of images for human Reconstruction: Review and Analysis of
identification in forensic dentistry. Radiol Scientific Research in Brazil.Brazilian Journal
Bras2009; 42:125‑30. of Forensic Sciences, 2013.
9. Suzana Papile Maciel Carvalho et al.Use of 17. Arpita S. 3D Forensic Facial Reconstruction:
images for human identification in forensic A Review of the Traditional
dentistry. Radiol Bras. 2009 Mar/Abr; 42 Sculpting Methods and Recent Computerised
(2):125–130. Developments. Int J Forens Sci 2018,3(1):
10. Gruber J et al. O papel da radiologiaem 000134.
odontologia legal. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 18. Sonia Gupta. Forensic Facial Reconstruction:
2001; 15: 263–8. The Final Frontier.Journal of Clinical and
11. Rocha Sdos S . Applicability of 3D‑CT facial Diagnostic Research. 2015 Sep, Vol-9.
reconstruction for forensic individual 19. Arun Jacob Thomas et al. Advances in
identification. PesquiOdontol Bras 2003; Forensic Odontology - An Overview. IJPCDR,
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12. K. P. Divakar. Forensic Odontology: The New 20. Sumalatha S, Padmaja S, Prafulla Thumati.
Dimension in Dental AnalysisInt J Biomed “Every contact leaves its trace” – Insight into
Sci.2017. recent advances of forensic odontology. J
13. K Saraswathi Gopal l. Evaluation of Accuracy Cancer Treat Res 2015; 3:1‑7.
of Human Bite Marks on Skin and an
68
Review Article
THE SCIENTIFIC MAZE: DERMATOGLYPHICS
Roopika Handa1, M.K. Sunil2*

1
Reader, 2Professor & Head
Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology,

Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Center, Moradabd
ABSTRACT
Dermatoglyphics is defined as the scientific study of fingerprints on the surfaces of
palms, soles, fingers and toes. The term is derived from Greek word ‘derma’ means skin and
‘glyphics’ meaning curved. Cummins and Midlo first coined this term in 1926. Harold Cummins
is considered to be the father of dermatoglyphics.
The fingerprints are comprised of epidermal ridges, which are of two types, namely,
primary and secondary. These ridges are differentiated during the third and fourth month of fetal
life. The primary ridges are mainly responsible for the characteristic dermatoglyphics pattern.
Secondary ridges are present at regular intervals on the apex of primary ridges. They have
distinct patterns to them mainly: loops, arch and whorls.
Galton in 19th century stated that dermatoglyphics in every individual remains
unchanged throughout the lifetime. They are unique for each individual, varying even in
monozygotic twins. This uniqueness is thus considered as an important tool for the study of
genetics, genetic disorders and also in forensics, as they are the last to decompose after a
person dies. Its study has various uses in dentistry since a number of parameters can be
determined because of their uniqueness that can help in diagnosing various dental anomalies.
Key Words: Dermatoglyphics, Forensic Dentistry, Fingerprints
INTRODUCTION: powerful tool for diagnosis of various

According Humans are all unique psychological, genetic and medical
and the major predictors of it have been our conditions.
fingerprints. Decades of scientific research Dermatoglyphics have been applied
have led to recognition of study of hand as a in various fields of medicine, genetics,
69
education, human resources and topographic growth forces affecting volar
management, etc. Lately there have been skin.1, 4
remarkable discoveries based on theory of PATTERNS AND CLASSIFICATION
multi-intelligence forming the basics of There are three basic types of
chirology. Inclusion of dermatoglyphics with patterns for fingerprints:
physical examination can provide 1) Arch type: In these the ridges traverse
information on otherwise difficult to from one side to another with no
diagnose disorders. This scientific maze backward turns. These are of plain
comprised of lines and patterns has been a and tented types. The ridges in plain
tool of identification in forensics to type flow from one side to the other
deciphering of future for traditional palmists side with rise or wave in center. In
also. tented arches however the ridge in the
Though Cummins and Midlo coined center forms angle or upthrust.
the term first in 1926, the significance of 2) Loops comprise 60-70% of
fingerprints had started with experiments fingerprints. The ridges terminate in
conducted by William Hersched in 1858. the direction they entered after
This furthermore led to demonstration of its recurving. The radial loops open on
biological variations and hereditary the radial side and ulnar loops on the
significance with different racial groups by ulnar side.
Sir Francis Galton in 1892. The first book on 3) Whorls are of 6 types and comprise of
classification and uses of fingerprints by Sir about 25-35% of fingerprint patterns.
1,2,3
Edward Henry was published in 1893. The concentric whorls are arranged as
Since then it has been a series of concentric rings in succession. The
evaluation and experiments on deciphering ones that spiral around a core are
this code that our genetic system has given known as spiral whorl. A small whorl
us right on our finger tips. enclosed by a loop is a central pocket
EMBRYOGENESIS whorl. Any complex patterns are
The configurations of dermal ridge included in accidental whorls. Variable
are direct consequence of surface combinations are categorized as
topography of fetal hand during dermal mixed. Two separate loop formations
ridge development between thirteenth and with two shoulders and deltas
nineteenth weeks of prenatal life. These are comprise of double loop whorl. Central
the immediate results of physical and pocket whorl has recurving ridges or a
70
right angle obstruction to the inner flow According to various studies a
line. particular pattern has been correlated with a
Alongwith these patterns there are type of learning behavior and each finger
various ridge characteristics comprised of correlated with a brain lobe. High
bifurcation, trifurcation, dots, spur, bridge, performers have been revealed to have a
ridge crossing and ending ridge depending high average total ridge count with
upon the terminations, intersections and percentages ranging from 65-100%,
5,6,7,8,9,10
branching of the various ridges. average performers have 50-64% and low
CORRELATION WITH INDIVIDUAL performers below 50% of average total
CHARACTERISTICS AND DISEASE ridge count.12
An individual is defined by their Since time immemorial various
unique set of functional, physical, psychic studies have been done to establish
and pathological characteristics. Since correlation of various dental diseases with a
fingerprints are a mirror to the unique particular fingerprint pattern. Individuals with
genetic characteristics, their value has been high susceptibility to dental caries were
established in identification at sites of mass found to have increased whorl pattern.
disaster, at crime scenes, accidents, Decreased frequency of radial loops has
uncertainty of paternity, gender identification been correlated with periodontitis. Oral
11
and for national identification. submucous fibrosis has been shown to be
Nowadays there have been various present in individuals with increased arches.
centers where dermatoglyphics is evaluated Presence of increased whorls in lower half
to define the characteristics and intelligence of palm has been reported in squamous cell
of an individual. Especially when parents carcinoma. Subsequent correlations have
want to evaluate the capabilities of their been observed in cases of cleft lip and
child so that a proper career for further palate with an increased frequency of ulnar
persuasion can be chosen. These centers and radial loops. Breakthrough studies have
are using dermatoglyphics multi-intelligence furthermore revealed dermatoglyphics as a
tests to further evaluate the capabilities of mirror to many congenital anomalies and
individuals and to help them in making a genetic disorders.6,9,14,15,16,17,18
right career choice. The fingerprint patterns
have also been established as characteristic CONCLUSION
for brain mapping and intelligence This review is a brief insight into the
12,13
quotient. simple yet complex scientific structure of
71
dermatoglyphics. Though being just as 5. Lakshmi Prabha J, Thenmozhi R. A Short
simple as fingerprints it gives an insight into Review on Dermatoglyphics. J. Pharm. Sci.
many complexities of human body and & Res. Vol 6(4), 2014, 200-202.
6. Gh. Mohd. Bhat, M. Arif Mukhdhoomi, Bahir
nature. There have been many correlative
Ahmed Shah, Mohd Saleem Ittoo.
studies, which have led to various
Dermatoglyphics: in health and disease – a
breakthroughs asserting the presence of
review. Int J Res Med Sci 2014 Feb; 2(1):
particular pattern of fingerprints with an
31-37.
individualistic behavior or disease. The 7. Anu Sharma, Veena Sood, Poonam Singh,
science of anything is an insight and Apoorva Sharma. Dermatoglyphics: A
inquisitiveness into what may be hidden, review on fingerprints and their changing
thus being a never ending quench for trends of use. CHRISMED J Health Res
further evaluations and studies. 2018;5: 167-72.

8. Amit Soni, Siddharth Kumar Singh, Anjali
Gupta. Implications of Dermatoglyphics in
Conflict of interest: None
Dentistry. www.journalofdentofacialsciences.
com 2013; 2(2): 27-30.
9. Namdeo Prabhu, Rakhi Issrani, Saurabh
REFERENCES Mathur, Gaurav Mishra, Shruti Sinha.
1. Garima Jain. “Dermatoglyphics” – The Dermatoglyphics in Health and Oral
Science of Lines and Patterns and its Diseases-A Review. JSM Dent 2014; 2(4):
Implications in Dentistry. International 1044.
Journal of Contemporary Medical Research 10. Nichole A. Fournier and Ann H. Ross. Sex,
2016 Oct; 3(10): 2973-2977. Ancestral, and Pattern Type Variation of
2. Ceena Denny E., Junaid Ahmed, Nandita Fingerprint Minutae: A Forensic Perspective
Shenoy, Almas Binnal. Dermatoglyphics in on Anthropological Dermatoglyphics. Am J
Dentistry – A Review. Int J Cur Res Rev, PhysAnthropol 000:000-000, 2015.
Nov 2013; 5(21): 30-33. 11. Surapaneni Ratheesh Kumar Nandan,
3. N S Priya, P Sharada, N Chaitanya Babu, H Brijesh Krishna Bandaru, Arvind Babu
C Girish. Dermatoglyphics in Dentistry: An Rajendra Santosh, Prashanth Thankappan,
Insight. World J Dent 2013;4(2): 144-147. Naga Sirisha Venkata Chundru, Rajesh
4. Nivedita Sahoo. A Comparative Study of Amudala. A study on association and
Dermatoglyphics in Subjects with correlation of lip and finger print pattern
Hypodivergent and Hyperdivergent Growth analysis for gender identification. J NTR
Patterns. J IntSocPrev Community Dent. Univ Health Sci 2015; 4: 176-81.
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72
12. Madhumitha Prabhakaran, Sudakshina 15. Sharma A, Somani R. Dermatoglyphic
Chakrabarti, Gunapriya Raghunath. interpretation of dental caries and its
Dermatoglyphics and intelligence quotient correlation to salivary bacteria interactions:
(IQ) in children of the age group 4 to 7 years An in vivo study. J Indian SocPedod Prevent
in the South Indian population. J. Evolution Dent Jan-Mar 2009; 1(27): 17-21.
Med. Dent. Sci. 2019; 8(14): 1178-1187. 16. Khokhar Vijender, Ghavri Tarannum, Pathak
13. Simeen R Khan, Heena R Kher. A Review Anuradha. Dermatoglyphics Interpretation of
on Fingerprint Classification for Brain Dental Caries: An in vivo study. Int J Dent
Mapping. GIT-Journal of Engineering and Med Res 2015;1(6):54-56.
Technology, Ninth Volume, 2016, ISSN 17. NidhiMadan, ArunRathnam, Neeti Bajaj.
2249-6157. Palmistry: A tool for dental caries prediction!
14. Shruthi Chandrasekaran, Ramya Indian J Dent Res 2011; 22: 213-18.
Chellammal, Dhanraj M. Ganapathy. 18. Mathew L., Hegde A. M., Rai K.
Dermatoglyphics: A tool in dentistry. J Adv Dermatoglyphic peculiarities in children with
Pharm Edu Res 2017; 7(3): 248-252. oral clefts. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent
2005 Dec: 179-182.
73
Review Article
ROLE OF TONGUE-PRINTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY –

A REVIEW
Shilpa Dutta Malik1*, Aparna K Sanath 2, Upender Malik 3

1,2
Senior Lecturer,
Dept. Of Oral Pathology & Microbiology
3
Professor
Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology,
Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Center, Moradabd
ABSTRACT
Tongue is a vital organ that is well encased in the oral cavity. Tongue imprints in
forensic odontology for person identification is a novel technique and can be used as a
biometric tool too. The role of forensic odontologist is of utmost importance in forensic
investigations. In case, all the sources of information are lost, tongue can be used as an
effective alternative as it is difficult to be forged. However, few conditions such as
developmental malformations, systemic illnesses and associated syndromes, limit the use of
tongue as forensic tool. But few researches have been conducted which prove the efficacy of
tongue-prints as an effective investigative tool.
Key Words: Personal identification; sexual dimorphism; tongue imprints; forensic dentistry
INTRODUCTION: imprints in forensic odontology for person

Forensic odontology is an integral identification is a novel technique and can
part of forensic science(1). Over the years, be used as biometric tool. The tongue is a
dental and oro-facial characteristics have muscular organ situated in the floor of the
been crucial in person identification in mouth. The tongue comprises of skeletal
judicial system. Dentist have a major role in muscles that are voluntary and is
maintaining all dental records so that legal associated with the functions of taste,
authorities may recognize any abuse or speech, mastication and deglutition. Tongue
fraud in the identity of person(2). Tongue has an oral part that lies in the mouth and
74
pharyngeal part that lies in the pharynx. between males and females tongue
Oral and pharyngeal part are separated by characteristics5. Various studies have
a V- shaped sulcus called sulcus terminalis. proven efficacy of tongue impressions in
Tongue is anchored to hyoid bone, assessing sexual dimorphism. Abraham
mandible and soft palate. Four intrinsic and johnson et al6 conducted a study to evaluate
three extrinsic muscles of tongue are tongue morphology and texture using
supplied by hypoglossal nerve. Studies tongue impressions and photographs and
have shown that even identical twins have concluded that features like color shape and
different tongue morphology. This review texture can be used as an effective method
focuses on the different techniques of in person identification. However, its use in
tongue print collection and application of natural calamities is yet to be documented7.
morphological characteristics of tongue in Tongue prints collection and Tongue
forensic identification. assessment: There are various techniques
Tongue as forensic tool: The by which tongue prints can be collected for
tongue is the only internal organ which can evaluation and person identification. Visual
be drawn out for the purpose of inspection examination done by the help of digital
and palpation. On the basis of tongue imaging is a simple technique in which
morphology, texture shape and color, the digital images of the tongue can be taken
tongue can be analyzed. There are many and matched with the database for
obvious differences from one individual to verification. Tongue images can also be
other which can be studied using tongue used for identification of tongue shape
impressions and tongue images. The which is done by joining 3 reference points7.
individual tongue’s shape is constant and A study was conducted in Hong Kong
physiological texture is invariable as it is polytechnic university in 2007 which was
protected inside the oral cavity, so difficult to designed to develop tongue image
forge(3). Lingual impressions (impression of database that included both tongue
the dorsal surface along with lateral geometric shape and surface texture of
borders) have been proved to be useful in individual8. For studying minute details and
forensic dentistry for personal identification, 3 dimensional analysis of the tongue,
when used along with methods such as alginate impressions can be done followed
4
cheiloscopy and rugoscopy . Various by cast preparation5,6. Alternate method
studies have shown its role in sexual includes sublingual vein analysis9. An
dimorphism on the basis of differences ultrasound technique has been employed
75
using an ultrasound transducer placed in cough and cold. Retinal scans are sensitive
the sublingual area to analyse the function and get affected by intensity of light. Among
10
of the tongue . Histological examination of all these biometric systems, tongue as a
the tongue can also be used as a mode of biometric tool has several advantages as its
tongue analysis. well encased in oral cavity and protected by
Tongue print as biometrics: All the external environment, hence difficult to
currently used biometric systems like forge and not subjected to alterations. So
fingerprints, retinal scan, signature check, the physiological texture and shape remains
face scan, voice recognition have their own constant throughout the life. Moreover,
advantages and disadvantages they can be tongue is unique to every individual.
easily forged; like fingerprints can be altered Therefore, tongue print is a novel technique
surgically or by injuries and burn. Even which can be employed for biometric
voice can be altered in various illnesses like authentication7.
Advantages of tongue as diagnostic tool Limitations of tongue as diagnostic tool
• Well protected from the external • Role is not documented in deceased

environment person
• Uniqueness in terms of surface texture and • Tongue characteristics altered due to any
shape disorders
• Easy accessibility • Coated tongue
• Presence of evidence at crime site - • Any potentially malignant lesion

unaltered
• It is resistant to decomposition and • Developmental deformity

carbonization due to its location in the
humid closed cavity and thus can be used in
post-mortem evaluation.
• Physiological texture and shape remains • Known allergy to alginate

constant throughout the life
• Difficult to forge \• with systemic illness like anemia,

syphilis, hyperthyroidism, gigantism,
dwarfism
• Potential role in differentiating between • Pregnancy
healthy and unhealthy individuals (colour)
• Can be used as for biometric • Associated syndromes like Melkerson-
76
authentication Rosenthal syndrome, Down syndrome
palatoscopy and odontometrics in sex
CONCLUSION: prediction and discrimination – A

comparative study. Open Dent J
Forensic identification based on
2015;8:269-79.
tongue imprints is a novel technique. Very
5. Jeddy N, Radhika T, Nithya S. Tongue prints
few studies have been carried out on the in biometric authentication: A pilot study. J
same. More studies are needed to validate Oral Maxillofac pathol 2017;21:176-179.
the role of tongue in forensic investigations 6. Abraham J, Binita G, Sandra E J. A
and in biometric authentication, thus Morphological Study of Tongue and its Role
enhancing the role of forensic odontologists in Forensics Odontology. J Forensic Sci &
in the same. Criminal Invest. 2018; 7(5): 555723. DOI:
Conflict of interest: None 10.19080/JFSCI.2018.07.555723

7. Radhika T, Jeddy N, Nithya S. Tongue
prints: A novel biometric and potential
REFERENCES forensic tool. J Forensic Dent Sci.
1. Dinkaran j, Dineshkumar T, Nandhini G, 2016;8(3):117-201.
Priyadharshini N, Rajkumar K. Gender 8. Liu Z, Zhang D, Tang QL. A tongue-print
determination using dentition. SRM J Res image database for recognition. Mach Learn
Dent Sci. 2015;6:29-34. Cybern 2007;4:2235-8.
2. Verma AK, Kumar S, Rathore S, Pandey A. 9. Yan Z, Wang K, Li N. Computerized feature
Role of dental expert in forensic odontology. quantification of sublingual veins from color
Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2014;5(1):2-5. sublingual images. Comput Methods
3. Stefanescu C L, Popa M F, Candea LS. Programs Biomed 2009;93:192-205.
Preliminary study on the tongue-based 10. Menard L, Aubin J, Thibeault M, Richard G.
forensic identification. Rom J Leg Med Measuring tongue shapes and positions with
2014; (22): 263-266. DOI: ultrasound imaging: A validation experiment
10.4323/rjlm.2014.263. using an articulatory model. Folia Phoniatr
4. Nagalaxmi V, Ugrappa S, Naga Jyothi M, Ch Logop 2012;64:64-72.
L, Maloth KN, Kodangal S. Cheiloscopy,
77
Conference Report
The International Conference of Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse (ICFO
2019) organized at King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
Over The International Conference from all over India, students as well as
of Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse faculties of various colleges, forensic
(ICFO 2019) organized at King George’s laboratories, social workers, lawyers, army
Medical University (KGMU) from 31st July person, etc actively participated in the
to 3rd August 2019 in association of IAOMP activities and scientific sessions of the
(Indian Association of Oral & Maxillofacial conference.
Pathologists) & other knowledge partners
Day 1 of the conference was
AFOHR (Association Forensic Odontology
dedicated to 2 pre-conference workshops at
for Human Rights), INPAFO (Indo-Pacific
KGMU titled as DVI Lecture & Perspective
Academy of Forensic Odontology), SPIC
of Experiences on Practice Field and
(Society for Prevention of Injuries &
Pixel-scopic Analysis- A Workshop on
Corporal Punishment). This conference was
Morphometric Analysis in Research,
gathering of experts of various fraternities
organized in CP Govilla, New Dental
from 10 countries across world, expressed
Building KGMU. The inauguration of the
their views, research work and discussed
workshops was done by (Hon. Vice
future work on the subject of forensic
Chancellor) Prof M.L.B. Bhatt and the Chief
odontology and child abuse. Apart from the
guest Maj. Gen. (Dr.) A.K. Nandi (Director
conference 6 pre-conference workshops,
Command Hospital) along with Dr.
scientific sessions and cultural competitions
Prashanth Bhagawath (Forensic Advisor,
were conducted.
ICRC, SAARC Division) and guest of honor
The conference was organized by Mr. Sudhir Mishra (Editor in Chief nav
Forensic Odontology Unit, Department of Bharat Times) and dr. Shalini Gupta.
Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of
The workshop on DVI Lecture &
Dental Sciences under the guidance of Prof.
Perspective of Experiences on Practice
Dr. Shaleen Chandra and Prof. Dr. Shalini
Field was designed in such a manner to
Gupta. They put their heart and soul into the
benefit the army personal, police and
success of this conference. This conference
media. Delegates from National Disaster
witnessed a large number of registrations
78
Management Association, State Disaster of death through post-mortem and new and
Management Association, State Disaster emerging aspects of forensic science.
Relief Force, Police, Forensic Science
Whereas the Pixel- scopic
Laboratory, International Red Cross
Analysis- A Workshop on Morphometric
Society, Army personal and media
Analysis in Research was conducted by
representatives were invited and lectures
Dr. Satyajit Tekade and Dr. Anmol Gadbail
were delivered by Prof (Dr.) Adarsh Kumar
along with Ms. Apoorva Singh who gave
(In-charge Forensic Anthropology &
Hands on experience during the workshop
Forensic Radiology, AIIMS) Dr. Prashanth
which focused on the use of morphometric
Bhagavath (ICRC India), Dr. Emilio
software in forensic odontology including
Nuzzolese (HOD of Forensic Odontology,
radiographic measurements for age
Medico-legal Institute of Turin), Major
estimation in different stages of dentition
General A.K. Nandi (Director Command
using the morphometric software which
Dental Hospital), Mr. Sudhir Mishra
helps in studies on bitemark analysis and
(Resident editor of Nav Bharat Times), Dr.
cheloiscopy. The workshop was attended by
Archana Tripathi ( Director FSL, Lucknow).
the students, researchers and the faculty
The workshop encompassed the role of
members of the dental sciences, pathology,
above fraternities and practical use of
anatomy, and medicine. The workshop
forensic odontology in the scaling down
covered some aspects of 3-D volumetric
child abuse and disaster victim identification
measurements of pulp, use of
(DVI). During the workshop SAARC
Histomorphometry and Digital Slide
forensic division advisor Dr. Prashanth
Analysis. Other than this it even focused on
Bhagavath described during the event of
the oral cancer detection using PET scans
natural or man-made disaster how the
using (Eclipse Software) and studying scans
NDRF (National Disaster Management
in 2D & 3D MATLAB predicting the chances
Association) teams co-ordinate to prevent
of tumor recurrence. Recent advancements
loss of lives and difficulties arising in the
in the field of the digital techniques have
forensic investigation and personal
increased the role of morphometric analysis
identification of the cadaver and methods to
in the field of forensic odontology which is
overcome such issues. Dr. Emilio Nuzzoles
laying new foundation for the advance
discussed the techniques used by the
studies in the field of dental sciences and
doctors for prevention from infection,
forensic odontology.
identification of cadaver, estimation of time
79
Organizing secretary of the ICFO by Dr. Evi Untoro (INTERPOL, Indonesia),
and Professor in the department of Oral Dr. Emilio Nuzzoles, Dr. Adarsh Kumar, Dr.
Pathology and Microbiology Dr. Shalini Ranjeet Singh. This workshop covered the
Gupta stated that is first of its kind in India INTERPOL guidelines for disaster victim
where representatives from media, forensic identification. This Guide has been
expert, police personals, and students were endorsed by the INTERPOL DVI Standing
trained in the field of medicine, child abuse Committee and INTERPOL DVI Working
and neglect long with the methods and Group, for use by INTERPOL Member
ways to scale then down. During the event Countries in the identification of disaster
SDRF SSP Niharika Sharma and Shoaib victims. It can also be used to assist in
Iqbal, Media cell Shiv Kishor Pandey and establishing DVI Teams and in the
Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry management of DVI operations by those
Dr. R.K. Chak were amongst some eminent countries that either do not currently have a
guests. Another workshop conducted on DVI capacity, or have never been
Dental Skills in Dvi conducted by Dr. Selina confronted with such operational situations,
Leow (Australia) at different venue should be of use to personnel from both law
Saraswati Dental College. enforcement and forensic backgrounds. It
should also be of use to national and local
Day 2 of the conference was
authorities, as well as to organisations that
organized in the Kalam Center situate in the
have responsibility for emergency
campus of King George’s Medical College.
contingency planning.
Three workshops were conducted
simultaneously for which students as well The DVI process is an internationally
the faculty participated actively. recognized sequence of activities that has
been developed over several years. It has
Workshop on Dvi Procedures With
been tested in large scale disasters in many
Interpol Guide With Hands On, 3D
regions across the world and has proven to
SCANING AND PRINTING and Child
be a reliable method by which victim data in
Protection Workshop for Health
the form of post-mortem material can be
Professionals were organized on second
matched against missing person data. The
day of the conference.
aim of this matching process is to positively
Workshop on DVI Procedures With identify human remains. It is also essential
Interpol Guide With Hands On conducted to respond to relatives’ needs with
compassion, respect, and honesty, to
80
provide answers and certainty as soon as by the ability to create its precise
reasonably possible. The application of replications using 3D printing. Dr. Ludhwani
open communication, respect and honesty even demonstrated the process of 3D
are all hallmarks of the principles that printing.
should underpin DVI operations and these
Workshop topic Child Protection
principles are supported and strongly
Workshop for Health Professionals was
promoted by INTERPOL.
conducted by Dr. Hani Jahshan. The goal of
The workshop included lecture on this workshop was to establish sensitize the
disaster scene, introduction on INTERPOL health professionals to the importance of
forms by Dr. Emilio Nuzzolese) followed by keeping violence against children in mind
lecture on AM - PM data collection, during clinical practice. The objective of the
repatriation system by Dr. Evi Untoro. Then workshop was to make the attendees
hands-on fingerprinting by Dr. Ranjeet understand following
Singh and lecture by Prof. Dr. Adarsh
I. Comprehend the concepts of incidence
Kumar on Forensic Anthropology with
and prevalence of violence against
Hands-On for identification of bones of
children.
unidentified person. Then Dr. Emilio
Nuzzoloes delivered lecture Forensic II. Understand the demographics of violence
Odontology and DVI with hands-on on against children.
Dental Autopsy. Followed by embalming
III. To get acquainted with the legal and
hands-on and lecture on Forensic Pathology
ethical issues related to child protection.
& Forensic Genetic/ DNA, Autopsy
Simulation Video/ Pictures by Dr. Evi Untoro IV. To identify traditional medical tools of
history, physical examination, laboratory,
The next workshop was conducted
imaging, and consultation as the primary
by Dr. Suresh Ludhwani on 3D SCANING
tools for diagnosing violence against
AND PRINTING in this workshop Dr.
children.
Suresh Ludhwani demonstrated the future
perspective of this innovative technology V. Apprehend the short and long-term
and its forensic relevance. He even outcomes of violence against children.
demonstrated the printing and scanning
VI. Enabling them to respond to identified
techniques using multiple software and
cases of violence against children including
method of digital archiving of trace evidence
81
their role in the national multi-sectorial child Later Prof. M.L.B. Bhatt vice
protection system. chancellor (KGMU) appreciated that the
government of Uttar Pradesh for
Day 3 and 4 were reserved for the scientific
establishing the forensic odontology unit in
sessions. The scientific sessions along with
King George’s Medical University for it is
cultural events was participated by huge
tremendously growing across globe. He
number of participants. The competitions
announced that forensic odontology unit is
included poster and oral presentation,
going to launch an app soon to educate
Rangoli, documentary, soap carving and e-
children and their guardians about child
poster presentations. With active
abuse. He expressed his views on the topic
participation and enthusiasm of the faculty
of child abuse and said that it is shameful
as well as students makes it a colossal
and unfortunate for a kid is deprived of his
success.
innocence and imparts negative effect on
The inaugural ceremony for the him throughout his life. He further added
conference was grand with Minister of Law that in last 10-15 years child abuse cases
and Justice and Additional Energy reported have crossed all past records.
Resources and Politicians Pension in Uttar Lastly concluded by wishing the government
Pradesh Government Mr. Brajesh Pathak as for their efforts to bring justice to such kids
chief guest of the conference and session and maintaining strong heads towards such
started with lightening of lamp and then cases for in past these cases were not even
scientific session started. He put forth his reported.
views on the child abuse and his deep
Later in the ceremony Mr. Brajesh
regrets towards such cases. He further
Pathak (Minister of Law and Justice and
added that the government of Uttar Pradesh
Additional Energy Resources and Politicians
is not lenient towards such cases and is
Pension in Uttar Pradesh) Prof. M.L.B. Bhatt
heading with strong heads to deliver justice
(Vice Chancellor, King George’s Medical
and determined to promote and conducting
University), Prof. Shadab Mohammad
such events. He even congratulated Prof.
(Dean, Dean Sciences) and Dr. Shalini
M.L.B. Bhatt vice chancellor medical
Gupta (Organizing secretory) released the
college, Dr. Shalini Gupta and her team on
souvenir. This was followed by IAOMP
organizing this conference and asked to
(Indian Association of Oral and Maxillofacial
conduct similar conference in future for it
Pathologists) oral cancer awareness torch
helps the society.
rally. Students preceded by faculty moved
82
with placard with slogans and collages to scientific competitions were awarded by the
spread awareness regarding the cause, esteemed faculty. Ending the 4 day
repercussion and cure of oral cancer. conference with great energy and a reality
check about the society where the future of
While the scientific sessions
this country is growing.
included both national as well as
international speakers who were experts The final outcome of the conference
from various fraternities delivered lecture on was that we need to revise the laws against
scaling down the cases of child abuse and the child abuse and it should be redefined
cases of forensic odontology. The majority with modern definition including cyber
of delegates were Dental and Law students bullying. Whereas India still needs to
but many dentists, forensic odontologists, establish strict laws along with classes to
scientist, anthropologist, paediatrician, help the children suffering from child abuse.
psychologist and few people from judiciary, While in the context of forensic odontology it
bureaucrats, politicians, police, military was established that India still needs to
personals and state disaster management work in this field to reach the world
authorities’ personals also attended the standards. With great scope of development
conference. Therefore, the outcome of this India still lags research in this field, to tackle
conference was fruitful for the people of this, modes of improvement and ways to
various fraternities. The scientific sessions engage more people towards improvement
included experts from different arenas in this field was discussed in the
delivered their views and opinions on the conference. The International Conference of
theme of the conference, the interactive Forensic Odontology & Child Abuse - 2019
audience uplifted these sessions. brought together participants from a wide
range of disciplines, to meet, learn of the
The last ceremony of the last day
latest advances and trends in the field of
was the valedictory ceremony where all the
forensic odontology along with the burning
speakers and winners of all the cultural and
topic of child abuse, and exchanged ideas.
Prof. Shalini Gupta, Prof. RK Gorea,
Organizing Secretary (ICFO) President, Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic
Department of Oral Pathology & Odontology (INPAFO)
Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Professor & head, Forensic Medicine &
King George’s Medical University, Toxicology, Gian Sagar Medical College,
Lucknow, India Banur, Punjab
83

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From the Editor’s Desk

Dr. Amandeep Singh

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019

AN ASSESSMENT OF INHERITANCE PATTERN OF LIP

Syed F Hasan1*, Puja Bansal2, Deepak Bhargava3, M.C Chhabra4

Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology,

Key Words: Cheiloscopy, Inheritance, Grooves, Lip prints

Journal of Indo-Pacific Academy of Forensic Odontology Vol 8, No. 2, July-December, 2019

Graph 1: Inheritance patterns of lip prints among the study groups

Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Graph 2: Similarity of lip prints between mother and children.

Similarity of lip print between mother & child

Conclusion: 4. Bandyopadhyay SK, Arunkumar S,

RECONSTRUCT, REMODEL AND REINCARNATE: AN

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key Words: Mutilated, Facial Reconstruction, Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional,

CONCLUSION 2. Rinchon S, Arpita S, Mahipal S and Rajeev

skeletal remains are often found, one can at page 45 https://books.google.co.in/

rely on the facial reconstruction technique to books?id=NKWm9Q0vbT4C&pg=PA45&lpg=P

Conflict of interest: None November, 2019

Financial assistance: None

RECENT CONCEPTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY:

School of Dental Sciences Sharda University Greater Noida

Consulting Oral Pathologist7

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Key Words: Current trends, dental identification, forensic odontology.

INTRODUCTION: the physical, chemical and biological

Figure 2: Impression fixed on bond

Figure 3: Delineated palatal rugae century with various measurements of the

patterns facial thickness from cadavers.17 Nowadays,

Materials and methods used to the advancement in technology a new

analyze the rugae patterns includes, computer-based techniques emerged that

photographs and impression of maxillary claimed to be quicker and more flexible.

Chinese Medicine as “Tongue of life”. The conventional methods and potentialities of

each person. The characteristic features of the science of forensic dentistry.

the tongue exhibit remarkable difference

impressions (impression of the dorsal Financial assistance: None

surface along with the lateral borders)

investigating Harshvardhan Chaudhary, Ankur Thakral.

17:24‑8. April-June (Suppl) 2018; 5(2):79-81.

Sci.2017. recent advances of forensic odontology. J

of Human Bite Marks on Skin and an

THE SCIENTIFIC MAZE: DERMATOGLYPHICS

Roopika Handa1, M.K. Sunil2*

Dept of Oral Medicine and Radiology,

Key Words: Dermatoglyphics, Forensic Dentistry, Fingerprints

INTRODUCTION: powerful tool for diagnosis of various

further evaluations and studies. 2018;5: 167-72.

ROLE OF TONGUE-PRINTS IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY –

Shilpa Dutta Malik1*, Aparna K Sanath 2, Upender Malik 3

INTRODUCTION: imprints in forensic odontology for person

• Well protected from the external • Role is not documented in deceased

• Easy accessibility • Coated tongue

• Presence of evidence at crime site - • Any potentially malignant lesion

• It is resistant to decomposition and • Developmental deformity

• Physiological texture and shape remains • Known allergy to alginate

• Difficult to forge \• with systemic illness like anemia,

• Can be used as for biometric • Associated syndromes like Melkerson-

CONCLUSION: prediction and discrimination – A

in the same. Criminal Invest. 2018; 7(5): 555723. DOI: