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    SSM ECE Engineering Physics Assignment 3

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    knowledge2intelligence
    The Theory of Compton Effect describes what happens when high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays, interacts with a free electron at rest. When the radiation collides with the electron, part of the radiation's energy is transferred to the electron, increasing its kinetic energy. This causes the radiation to be scattered at a lower frequency and longer wavelength compared to the incident radiation. The difference in wavelengths before and after collision is called the Compton wavelength shift, and can be calculated using laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

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    SSM ECE Engineering Physics Assignment 3

    Uploaded by

    knowledge2intelligence
    16 views13 pages
    The Theory of Compton Effect describes what happens when high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays, interacts with a free electron at rest. When the radiation collides with the electron, part of the radiation's energy is transferred to the electron, increasing its kinetic energy. This causes the radiation to be scattered at a lower frequency and longer wavelength compared to the incident radiation. The difference in wavelengths before and after collision is called the Compton wavelength shift, and can be calculated using laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

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    The Theory of Compton Effect describes what happens when high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays, interacts with a free electron at rest. When the radiation collides with the electron, part of the radiation's energy is transferred to the electron, increasing its kinetic energy. This causes the radiation to be scattered at a lower frequency and longer wavelength compared to the incident radiation. The difference in wavelengths before and after collision is called the Compton wavelength shift, and can be calculated using laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    16 views13 pages

    SSM ECE Engineering Physics Assignment 3

    Uploaded by

    knowledge2intelligence
    The Theory of Compton Effect describes what happens when high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays, interacts with a free electron at rest. When the radiation collides with the electron, part of the radiation's energy is transferred to the electron, increasing its kinetic energy. This causes the radiation to be scattered at a lower frequency and longer wavelength compared to the incident radiation. The difference in wavelengths before and after collision is called the Compton wavelength shift, and can be calculated using laws of conservation of energy and momentum.

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    of 13

    Theory of Airwede

    Let us Consider two pane sursfa ces 0A ad


    DA
    Oß inclnd ct on an ogle ,u be the
    refroive index ot he enclasivg filn in Air
    between the two lane Surfa ces fim
    OA and os The Thicknes ot a
    fm n Cveases from o fo A.
    when tre th in oir tilm is illninated by tha
    worochortie sOurce ot tiht, interference ocUs
    between the rays reftected fron ypper and (o wer
    &urtate of the fim The interferig ras do not
    enter Hhe eye p arallel but they ppear to diverge
    from a point neor te filn.
    Let t be Hhickness ot the fin at a
    dístance trom the edge as
    The path difference for la reflected tight A 2ut; coST.
    foy nomal incidence r= 0j Caso = I csine =
    the patt ditteren ce (4) < 2pt
    1f e is very Snall then we Can
    write tË = Xe
    The path ditterene (4) = 24 X9’ 0
    we lenow the condition for the formotÔn ot bright
    frrges due to le refleted öht js
    The path diferece s- cn +)4l2 ’
    From egns i) nd (2), ue con write
    The pah ditfeen te 2u%& - (n +)dl2
    Since he filr enclosed i ajr mediun the
    ef ractie index for air C) =l.
    :. The path ditterene 226 = (2n+1) ’

    similary we KvOs the condi hon fer dark frirges


    due do refteated tight is
    he ath differen ce A=nA’
    from eym (D and cu), we con wnte
    The path dftferenee 2 M6 = nd
    Shce - I or alr) we bave
    2X6 nd
    Frirge idth ()
    (ase ci): Let E (onsler the dark frirge
    from the ede o y te the
    dtstan e of the nth dark fríhge
    of thicKyness Cth) andlin te e Xnt)
    distance of the Cn+ i) th dark trnge ot thic Kness
    (tnti)
    hen frem he en () we Can write.

    cntD= (nt/20
    Frtnge wid th CBD, hich is te distore oy tuo
    Consecuttve brig ht (or) dark fiiges can be got by
    subtractirg egn (6) from e2u C)

    pA/26 26

    Case (ü! similary if we con


    sider any feo
    (onsecute prisht frirges, theh frlee niH
    be te seme i-e P will
    Hom e2n 3) we Can write
    l46 (2n +) and
    B= Cn+1Xn - 40 (2n +3-2n -)
    Nd - YAG taser
    Introduction :
    " It is solid State laser
    - Stavds fer Nedgmium
    " YAG - Stovds for yittrium Alumini ym Char net
    prieip le :
    The actte medin s opticolly pompad by Irypton
    flash tuhe and Neodymivm - At jons ave raised
    to eyci ted level
    Durirg tte tiansition fren meta stabla stite to
    grourd State, laser bean 6f waelength l"064 u
    Is emitted.
    Choa cteristics :
    Type : four level solid state (aser
    " Actiue med im : Nd- YAa rod
    " Pompiro me thed : optlal pumpirg
    " Aun ptrg Soure : oron fah tbe
    " Optioal resoroor : Two eflecting mirros at te
    ends of Me
    He rod
    One end - fully silvered
    other erd - Partially silercd
    Pouer oUtput
    Natue : Pulsed or Continuous
    " wae length
    Constrvction :
    " (he Constroction is shown M te figure.
    loo' ieflecfor eltipical caviy
    Partial retlector
    rod

    <ryplon

    Powe
    Suppy
    In active Mediun, a Small amout ot yit s
    ,replaced by AH3+
    " Actiue mediun and pumping sourceSOUrce ave paed iside
    elip iti al cavity
    The ends ot he od ore polis ed and ophcal vesaata
    set-y is formed -
    workig :
    The energ y leuel dia9am is shown ja fioure
    Abso rpdion Eo ’ E4 & Eo
    These two transt ttons are absorption
    " Light photors Cje ab Sored and 3t jons ave
    raised to exeited tted
    Popvlation Inverslon :
    These are an- radioactive
    tvanitions.
    E js a eta - stable state Population inve rijon
    achieved between Fz È
    Laser action :
    " E2’E First transition a kes a spotaneous
    transidion fram E do Er emithg a photon ot
    energ hu.
    This ew tted photon leads to stimulated emisjon
    Qnd laser acHon
    no-radiative tvansition
    Aivantages :
    " High energy output
    pefatition rate operation f high
    " fasy to acheive population nve rslon.
    Disad vantages :
    Replacement of Nd2t in VAG Gnd i a
    Complicajed process.
    Uses :
    . 4is uelaly used in englneerirg arplicatiors
    Uke drilirg trimmíng and micro- machiig epeatibn.
    1t is sed in medical applicadtovn Like
    endos coy Uolo9 y ete
    CO laser
    Ihtroduction :
    " Co Laser is a molecubr
    Laser.
    e Photons ave emted durig
    te tran s tion between the
    vi bratioral states Eregg
    |o Gnergy level diagam is
    slown in te figure
    E1,E2 are akctroic energy euel
    V', ae víbratiaal energy (eLel
    T3ave rotiatioal energy leel Et
    co molecules,
    Funda me ntal bades of vibration of the
    Symmetric CI oo)
    Bendivg mode (o10) , Co 20)
    Asgmmetric made Co o 1), (0 0 2)
    Sy mmetríc mode :
    Carbon atom is statiorary
    O atons vibrate hog He axís
    Bendirg mede :
    Carbon tom is Statiorary
    the atoms are In perpendi colar vibraton
    this rise to too zuanta of freguneny
    A
    Symm etric mode :
    Al the three atons wpil| vibrate .
    The carbon atons cwill vibrate in the
    opposite divection ot Os vibvation
    principle :
    " he ntrogen atoms ave initially raled to e xicited
    ötate
    The nitvogen atom! deliver Yhe energy to Coz atoms
    wjhich has the vey Close energy level to it.
    " Then, te transition tales place betweeh he
    vibra t'oral energ y leels ot he same eleconic
    state of he Co Cloms hd heh Ce
    te taser beanm
    is emitted .

    charcte vis tics :


    " Type : Molecular gas laser
    " Active medium Mixture of Co, N, and He
    te
    " Pumpig method : zlectvic dichavge method
    opti cal resorajor : silicon mirrors coated with Al.
    Powe r ootput
    " Nature ot output : ContinvCUS
    wavelergtr ! q. 6 Hm and 10 6 m
    Constroction : (o2

    Folly vetlec
    tor
    Pavial eklecloy

    Misture of
    N&He
    flaser
    Biewsters uindow
    Power suy

    Active medin is placed in the discharge tube.


    Nitrogen helps to increase the popsbtion ot atams
    jn the pper leuel of co2'
    grond
    " Heltum is Used to depopulate the atovns in he Sstate.
    The dischavge is prod vce d by D'c- txcitation
    Tuo silicon
    stlton mircova Coated with Al , ave ued as
    Optical resovators.
    Workirg :
    Eneigy leel diag1eam is shown ih figure.
    N atoms are raised to higher energy vibatioral
    te vel
    o co atoms ave vaised through reorance eneg9
    trans fer to co o ).
    O 0 l ’ t oo: This transidion Generates a laser
    beam of wave leng th t0. 6 em
    9 00I ’ o20 : This transition generates a laser
    beam of wae lergh q-6 ur
    Sgmmetric Berdig metric

    tnergy

    o 20

    around State
    Advartages : Co2

    Constructon is stple
    " E fficienc y is high
    Dis advantoges :
    " Operaton tempeature dous am importart role.
    EtpoSure may dama9e our eyes
    Ppplications :
    Tt is wed in remote Sensirg
    Tt is Used in various medical elds lie neuro
    SUYgery t micro sUrgery, treatne mt ot Liuer et.
    . lt (s ysed to pergforn bloodlers
    Operaton
    Theory f Compton
    Effect
    when a beam of worochromatic radiation
    Svch as X-rays, Y-rays etc -) of hlgh fregvency
    Ís allouwed to fall on a fine
    fine scatter,
    saatter Me beam is
    Scattered jnto two compone nts viZ"
    One component tavirg the same fre qvency o)
    wave length os that of the incident radiation, so
    called Unmodified adia tion
    iý The other compoOnent havirg lower freguency
    hioher wave teng
    tength compaved
    Compayed to tnciden tt radiation
    is called mo dífied radi ation
    this effect of Saat te rivg is called Compton Efect.
    Principle :
    Compton Scatterig te callision hetween a
    photon end an electron is consîdered Then by applgig
    the taws ot conservation ot energg and yroymentum,
    he expre&sjon for Compton waue lergth is deived.
    ASsUMptons
    |: The collision occurs batween yhe photon avd
    electvon in te SCottert ng atenal
    2 The electron is free avd is at rest before
    collision w+tn inci dent plo ton
    Let vs find te enagy aud momen tn Components
    hefore and after collision proces .
    Scatteved
    Tolor

    Inciden
    Pholon lecoilelecton
    E-me2
    Electvon
    al rest
    E- m c?

    Eneoy before coll (s ion:


    Lt mo is rest ras ot the lectron, then
    The total energy before collision - hu tm, c2
    Energy after colis ion :
    Total energy bfter coll ision = hul + mc2 ’ 2
    Accordirg to Conneration taw of erergy
    Energy betore co llis ion = ene99 after collsion
    hut mo c = hul t mca
    Morgertum alorg x- axs:
    7otal momentun total womentun
    be fore collsion after Collis ion

    h/c =h cose t mv cos ’4


    coso = mvcasd v-v'coso) = mu cas
    h [v-vcose = m vc cos ’ 6
    Momentm alog Y - axis:
    Before colls ion :
    Momentum ot phalon ahag y-axis = ö
    Momentun ot election aho9 Y-axis =0
    7otal Momentun ahorg y- oxÍs = o
    AHter collision : Scattesch
    Valan
    Momentn ot Aho ton
    alang Y-axis =h sine
    P=hvle
    Momentun ot MX
    electen abg -mv sino Irident holon
    Y-axsS
    Total momerntm ahorg
    y- axîs hu' sine -
    musing 8 D C
    Yecile
    Applyirg he law of conseradion of momentum
    1otal mo mentuyn (otal omentm
    betore collision ater collision
    0 = hu' siro - mu Sing ’ q

    my sing hu' sine - mv c sin d hv sino

    Sqwarig and adding 1o and cas) +


    mc v cos ¢ t sín6) =}Cv 2vu' cose +(u)
    hysino
    Stnce Cog2 ¢ t sin' =1
    m2 cty = h2 (v -2vb oSe t(v'2)) 12

    From e egn C30 met = mocz t h (u-v')


    3guarig on bat sides ueget
    mc= [mo c +h cv -)J2
    mo ck t 2hmo c Cu-) th(v- 20w +vi)>3
    mct =
    Subrtacti' I2 from 13
    cc-y2) = m ct t 2hmo c(v-v-2h-vv'cI-cose)
    mte
    frorm theory ot yelattity
    m = mo/Jrvlce
    Sqvarig and multiply c- on bo th sides
    m c2 c - y = m' ch 15
    Eqpating 4) nd (1s)
    moci + 2hmac2 (v-v') - 2hvv' (CI-cose))
    mict=
    cose)
    2h moc2 (U -v = 2 h2 w' (I-
    V-v moc2
    Cl- cose)
    moc2
    Mu ltiply by 'c' on both sides
    moC
    CL-cos)
    change n he wavé length

    Special Cases :
    Case l :
    When &=0 CoS e =1
    6"625 I0-3

    Hat vovo scaterig at


    A =o (This means Hat e agle
    eg val to
    to zeo)
    Case 2:

    6625 x I0-34
    = 0" O 242 40

    This wavelevgth is Called


    Cormpton wavelegth which
    has a Good agreenent wË th he epe rin ental rsult.
    Cae 3 :
    Lhen e 1&0 coSe = -|
    AA = 6623 x (0-34
    q-(| > (0 3 x lo 8
    You Thank
    t Ato from
    A shiffs leroth uuave the 80° to
    dhom varibs satterigo of agle he When
    maximom be tofound
    ergth
    s
    is wae shitt
    n he 18o° = e for Thus

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