AI Guardian on the Road: Harnessing Machine

Learning for Two-Wheeler Helmet Detection

Kartik Kartik Kartik
Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science
Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun
Uttarakhand, India Uttarakhand, India Uttarakhand, India
line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID line 5: email address or ORCID

Vikrant Sharma Satvik Vats

Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Computer Science
Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun
Uttarakhand, India Uttarakhand, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Cataracts have been one of the most prevalent eye components, incorporating the applicable criteria that
disorders, which often can cause significant visual impairment follow.
due to the clouding of the eye’s lens. This condition can worsen
in future, often leading to severe vision problems and even II. EASE OF USE
blindness. Consequently, detecting cataracts is paramount in
mitigating the associated risks and preventing the onset of A. Selecting a Template (Heading 2)
blindness. Throughout the years there has been quite good First, confirm that you have the correct template for your
progress in leveraging cutting-edge technology, especially due paper size. This template has been tailored for output on the
to machine learning, to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of A4 paper size. If you are using US letter-sized paper, please
cataract detection. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) close this file and download the Microsoft Word, Letter file.
have emerged as a powerful tool for automating the
classification of eye images in the context of cataract B. Maintaining the Integrity of the Specifications
identification. Our research was more concerned with fine-tune The template is used to format your paper and style the
the process of cataract identification, aiming to increase the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, and text fonts
accuracy while minimizing the data loss. To accomplish this, are prescribed; please do not alter them. You may note
we conducted a series of experiments, with a key focus on
peculiarities. For example, the head margin in this template
manipulating a critical parameter: the number of training
measures proportionately more than is customary. This
epochs. Our research revealed a compelling relationship
between the number of training epochs and the accuracy and measurement and others are deliberate, using specifications
loss of data in our CNN.As we delved into a spectrum of epoch that anticipate your paper as one part of the entire
values, a clear pattern emerged: the higher the number of proceedings, and not as an independent document. Please do
epochs, the more refined and potent the model became. In this not revise any of the current designations.
research, a significant milestone was reached when utilizing a
generous number of 90 epochs, resulting in an impressive III. PREPARE YOUR PAPER BEFORE STYLING
accuracy rate of 96%. Before you begin to format your paper, first write and
save the content as a separate text file. Complete all content
Keywords— Cataract detection, Deep learning, and organizational editing before formatting. Please note
Convolutional Neural Network (CNNs), Eye disorders, sections A-D below for more information on proofreading,
Ophthalmology spelling and grammar.
I. INTRODUCTION Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the
text has been formatted and styled. Do not use hard tabs, and
This template, modified in MS Word 2007 and saved as limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a
a “Word 97-2003 Document” for the PC, provides authors paragraph. Do not add any kind of pagination anywhere in
with most of the formatting specifications needed for the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do
preparing electronic versions of their papers. All standard that for you.
paper components have been specified for three reasons: (1) A. Abbreviations and Acronyms
ease of use when formatting individual papers, (2) automatic
compliance to electronic requirements that facilitate the Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they
concurrent or later production of electronic products, and (3) are used in the text, even after they have been defined in the
conformity of style throughout a conference proceedings. abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, sc, dc,
Margins, column widths, line spacing, and type styles are and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use abbreviations
built-in; examples of the type styles are provided throughout in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.
this document and are identified in italic type, within B. Units
parentheses, following the example. Some components, such
as multi-leveled equations, graphics, and tables are not ● Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI
prescribed, although the various table text styles are units are encouraged.) English units may be used as
provided. The formatter will need to create these secondary units (in parentheses). An exception

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trade, such as “3.5-inch disk drive”. ● A graph within a graph is an “inset”, not an “insert”.
The word alternatively is preferred to the word
● Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current “alternately” (unless you really mean something that
alternates).
in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This
often leads to confusion because equations do not
balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, ● Do not use the word “essentially” to mean
clearly state the units for each quantity that you use “approximately” or “effectively”.
in an equation.
● In your paper title, if the words “that uses” can
● Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of accurately replace the word “using”, capitalize the
units: “Wb/m2” or “webers per square meter”, not “u”; if not, keep using lower-cased.
“webers/m2”. Spell out units when they appear in
text: “. . . a few henries”, not “. . . a few H”. ● Be aware of the different meanings of the
Identify applicable funding agency here. If none, delete this text box. homophones “affect” and “effect”, “complement”
and “compliment”, “discreet” and “discrete”,
● Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25”, not “.25”. “principal” and “principle”.
Use “cm3”, not “cc”. (bullet list)
● Do not confuse “imply” and “infer”.
C. Equations
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● The prefix “non” is not a word; it should be joined
specifications of this template. You will need to determine
whether or not your equation should be typed using either to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.
the Times New Roman or the Symbol font (please no other
font). To create multileveled equations, it may be necessary ● There is no period after the “et” in the Latin
to treat the equation as a graphic and insert it into the text abbreviation “et al.”.
after your paper is styled.
Number equations consecutively. Equation numbers, ● The abbreviation “i.e.” means “that is”, and the
within parentheses, are to position flush right, as in (1), abbreviation “e.g.” means “for example”.
using a right tab stop. To make your equations more An excellent style manual for science writers is [7].
compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or
appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for IV. USING THE TEMPLATE
quantities and variables, but not Greek symbols. Use a long
After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready
dash rather than a hyphen for a minus sign. Punctuate
for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the
equations with commas or periods when they are part of a
Save As command, and use the naming convention
sentence, as in:
prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper.
In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and
ab  import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style
your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the
Note that the equation is centered using a center tab stop. MS Word Formatting toolbar.
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined A. Authors and Affiliations
before or immediately following the equation. Use “(1)”, not
The template is designed for, but not limited to, six
“Eq. (1)” or “equation (1)”, except at the beginning of a
authors. A minimum of one author is required for all
sentence: “Equation (1) is . . .”
conference articles. Author names should be listed starting
D. Some Common Mistakes from left to right and then moving down to the next line.
This is the author sequence that will be used in future
● The word “data” is plural, not singular. citations and by indexing services. Names should not be
listed in columns nor group by affiliation. Please keep your
● The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0, and affiliations as succinct as possible (for example, do not
differentiate among departments of the same organization).
other common scientific constants, is zero with
subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter “o”. 1) For papers with more than six authors: Add author
names horizontally, moving to a third row if needed for
● In American English, commas, semicolons, periods, more than 8 authors.
question and exclamation marks are located within 2) For papers with less than six authors: To change
quotation marks only when a complete thought or the default, adjust the template as follows.
name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When a) Selection: Highlight all author and affiliation lines.
quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic
typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation b) Change number of columns: Select the Columns
should appear outside of the quotation marks. A icon from the MS Word Standard toolbar and then select the
parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a correct number of columns from the selection palette.
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parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is the extra authors.
punctuated within the parentheses.)
B. Identify the Headings units. For example, write “Temperature (K)”, not
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide “Temperature/K”.
the reader through your paper. There are two types: ACKNOWLEDGMENT (Heading 5)
component heads and text heads.
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
Component heads identify the different components of America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted
your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other. expression “one of us (R. B. G.) thanks ...”. Instead, try “R.
Examples include Acknowledgments and References and, B. G. thanks...”. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the
for these, the correct style to use is “Heading 5”. Use “figure unnumbered footnote on the first page.
caption” for your Figure captions, and “table head” for your
table title. Run-in heads, such as “Abstract”, will require you REFERENCES
to apply a style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style The template will number citations consecutively within
provided by the drop down menu to differentiate the head brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket
from the text. [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]—do not
Text heads organize the topics on a relational, use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a
hierarchical basis. For example, the paper title is the primary sentence: “Reference [3] was the first ...”
text head because all subsequent material relates and Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the
elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more sub- actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was
topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) cited. Do not put footnotes in the abstract or reference list.
should be used and, conversely, if there are not at least two Use letters for table footnotes.
sub-topics, then no subheads should be introduced. Styles
named “Heading 1”, “Heading 2”, “Heading 3”, and Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’
“Heading 4” are prescribed. names; do not use “et al.”. Papers that have not been
published, even if they have been submitted for publication,
C. Figures and Tables should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been
a) Positioning Figures and Tables: Place figures and accepted for publication should be cited as “in press” [5].
tables at the top and bottom of columns. Avoid placing them Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for
in the middle of columns. Large figures and tables may span proper nouns and element symbols.
across both columns. Figure captions should be below the For papers published in translation journals, please give
figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the language citation [6].
abbreviation “Fig. 1”, even at the beginning of a sentence.

TABLE I. TABLE TYPE STYLES [1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of
Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil.
Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
Table Table Column Head (references)
Head Table column subhead Subhead Subhead [2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.,
vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
copy More table copya [3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange
anisotropy,” in Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds.
a.
Sample of a Table footnote. (Table footnote) New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–350.
[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption. (figure caption) [5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name
Stand. Abbrev., in press.
Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for [6] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, “Electron
spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate
Figure labels. Use words rather than symbols or interface,” IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August
abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to avoid 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982].
confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity [7] M. Young, The Technical Writer’s Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:
University Science, 1989.
“Magnetization”, or “Magnetization, M”, not just “M”. If
including units in the label, present them within parentheses. IEEE conference templates contain guidance text for
Do not label axes only with units. In the example, write composing and formatting conference papers. Please
“Magnetization (A/m)” or “Magnetization {A[m(1)]}”, not ensure that all template text is removed from your
conference paper prior to submission to the
just “A/m”. Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and conference. Failure to remove template text from
your paper may result in your paper not being
published.