Important Questions of Cell - The Unit of Life

NCRT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
1.Which of the following is not correct?

(a) Robert Brown discovered the cell.
(b) Schleiden and Schwann formulated the cell theory.
(c) Virchow explained that cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
(d) A unicellular organism carries out its life activities within a single cell.
Soln.(a) Robert Hooke discovered the celland Robert Brown discovered nucleus in
the cell.
2.New cells generate from

(a) bacterial fermentation
(b) regeneration of old cells
(c) pre-existing cells
(d) abiotic materials.
Soln.(c)
3.Match the following.

Column I Column II
(a) Cristae (i) Flat membranous sacs in stroma
(b) Cisternae (ii) Infoldings in mitochondria
(c) Thylakoids (iii) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus
Soln.
Column I Column II
(a) Cristae (ii) Infoldings in

mitochondria
(b) (iii) Disc-shaped sacs in

Cisternae Golgi apparatus
(c) (i) Flat membranous sacs in

Thylakoids stroma
4.Whicth of the following is correct?

(a) Cells of all living organisms have a nucleus.
(b) Both animal and plant cells have a well defined cell wall.
(c) In prokaryotes, there are no membrane bound organelles.
(d) Cells are formed de novo from abiotic
Soln. (c) Mature mammalian erythrocytes and sieve tube cells of vascular plants
lack nucleus.
5.What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention the functions that it performs.

Soln. Mesosomes are formed by the infoldings of plasma membranes. They
are mainly found in bacteria. Functions of Mesosomes are listed below:
i) These extensions help in cell wall formation and DNA replication and
distribution of equal chromosomes in daughter cells.
ii) They contain enzymes for aerobic respiration and also helps in secretion
processes and to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane and
enzymatic content
• 6.How do neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane? Can the
polar molecules also move across it in the same way? If not, then how are
these transported across the membrane?
Soln. Neutral solutes do not carry any charge because they move
across the plasma membrane through osmosis. while polar
molecules are charged molecules so they cannot pass through the
non-polar membrane. To cross the non-polar membrane they
require a carrier protein that facilitates its transport inside the cell.
If this transport takes place against the concentration gradient, it
will require energy in the form of ATP.
• 7. Name two cell-organelles that are double membrane bound. What are the
characteristics of these two organelles? State their functions and draw
labelled diagrams of both?
• Solution: Mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane bound

organelles.
• Characteristics of Mitochondria are:
• 1) Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures and generally found in

the cytoplasm of cells with other organelles.
• 2) They are principally concerned with energy generation in the

form of ATP by converting chemical energy.
• 3) Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes – outer and

inner where the outer membrane covers the organelle. However,
the inner membrane is folded and forms a layered structure. This
layered structure contains several finger-like projections called
cristae.
• 4) The inner mitochondrial membrane also possesses F0F1

particles called oxysomes. These oxysomes are responsible for
ATP generation by using electron transport systems.
• 5) The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the inner mitochondrial

membrane that encloses a mitochondrial matrix.
• Functions of Mitochondria are:
• 1) Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of a cell because it

generates ATP by cellular respiration.
• the form of ATP to perform all the important activities of living cells.
• 3) They are regarded as semi-autonomous organelle because they

have their own DNA and ribosomes.
• 4) Citric acid cycle taking place in the matrix of mitochondria where it

generates several metabolic intermediates. These intermediates are
required for the biosynthesis of various amino acids and proteins.
Characteristics of the chloroplast:

1. They are oval-shaped and possess an outer membrane and an
inner membrane. The gap present between these membranes is
known as intermembrane space.
2. They are a type of plastid which is involved in the synthesis and

storage of food for the plants. Therefore, they are known as the
kitchen house of the cell.
3. The internal membrane is highly folded and has thylakoids (closed

disc-like structures).
4. The thylakoids are arranged like some stacks known as grana

(plural) /granum (singular). Many grana are linked by stromal
lamellae.
Functions of chloroplast
1. chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.
2. Chloroplasts contain the enzymes for the synthesis of carbohydrates and proteins
3. They temporarily or permanently store starch.
4.Maintains balance of C02 concentration in the air.
5. Keeps oxygen balance constant in atmosphere by liberating 02 into the

atmosphere, used during respiration and combustion.
8.What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
Solution: Characteristics of prokaryotic cells are as follows:
• The prokaryotic cell is essentially a single – envelope system.

• Prokaryotes lack membrane bound cell organelles.
• Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes.
• DNA is naked and lies coiled in cytoplasm. It is not covered by nuclear
membrane and is termed as nucleoid.
• Nuclear components, like, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm are
absent.
• Cell wall is present in bacteria and cyanobacteria, but
• absent in mycoplasma.
• Multiplies by asexual reproduction.
• Transcription and translation takes place in cytoplasm.
9.Multicellular organisms have division of labour. Explain.
Sol : A multicellular organism has cells as a basic structural unit in its

body. The cells are arranged in a manner to form tissues like blood, bone,
etc. and these tissues are arranged in a manner to form organs like the
heart, kidney, or other body organs. These organs form an organ system
such as the digestive system, reproductive system, and respiratory
system, etc. and various organ systems of the organism perform together
to form a complete individual.
10.Cell is the basic unit of life. Discuss in brief.
There are several organ systems that function together to form an

organism. Each organ system like the nervous system, digestive system,
circulatory system, etc., includes several organs. And these organs are
formed by several types of tissues. A tissue is formed combinedly by the
cells that interconnect with each other and perform a shared function. A
cell can do all an organism can do this is the reason the cells are called the
basic building blocks of all organisms.
11.What are nuclear pores? State their function.
Soln. Nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus from outside and separates it from cytoplasm. It
consists of two membranes, with outer membrane continuous with endoplasmic reticulum.
The nuclear envelope is interrupted by minute nuclear pores, at a number of places, which
are produced by the fusion of its two membranes. These
nuclear pores are the passages through which movement of RNA and protein molecules
takes place in both directions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
12.Both lysosomes and vacuoles are endomem-brane ‘structures, yet they differ in terms
of their functions. Comment.
Soln. Organelles of endomembrane system such as lysosome and vacuoles function in
close coordination with one another but are specialised to perform different functions.
Lysosomes breakdown the ageing and dead cells, they help in digestion of food as they
contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes. They are involved in cell division also. Vacuoles on
other hand, help in excretion and osmoregulation in Amoeba (contractile vacuole) or
provides buoyancy, mechanical strength in prokaryotes (air vacuoles)
13.Describe the structure of the following withthe help of labelled diagrams.

(i) Nucleus (ii) Centrosome
Soln.(i) Nucleus: Nucleus is double membrane bound principle cell organelle which contains
all genetic information for controlling cellular metabolism and transmission of genetic
information.
Nucleus is differentiated into following four parts:
(a) Nuclear envelope: It is a double membrane bound envelope that surround the nucleus
and separates the latter from the cytoplasm.
(b) Nucleoplasm: Itis clear, non-staining, fluid material present in the nucleus, which contains
raw materials (nucleotides), enzymes (DNA/RNA polymerases) and metal ions for the
synthesis of RNAs and DNA. The nuclear matrix or the nucleoplasm is composed of
nucleolus and chromatin.
(c) Nucleolus: It is a naked, round and slightly irregular structure, which is attached to the
chromatin at a specific region. It is a site for active ribosomal RNA synthesis.
(d) Chromatin : It has the ability to get stained with certain basic dyes. It is known to be the
hereditary DNA protein fibrillar complex. The chromatin fibres are distributed throughout the
nucleoplasm.
(ii) Centrosome
Ans: The centrosome is made up of two cylindrical structures that lie

perpendicular to each other called centrioles. These centrioles are linked
with each other by interconnected fibres. Each centriole has a cartwheel-
like arrangement which is made up of microtubule triplets that are evenly
placed in a ring. A proteinaceous hub is present in the central part of a
centriole which is connected to the triplets via radial spokes. The centrioles
play a vital role in forming the spindle fibres and astral rays during cell
division and also forms the basal body of cilia and flagella
14.What is a centromere? How does the position of centromere form the basis of
classification of chromosomes. Support your answer with a diagram showing the position
of centromere on different types of chromosomes.
Soln. A chromosome consists of two identical halves, the chromatids held together at one
point called the centromere. The centromere is also called as primary constriction. On its
side a disc shaped structure called kinetochore is present. Chromosomes are classified into
four types according to position of centromere on the chromosome.
On the basis of the position of the centromere, chromosomes are classified

into the following types:
(1) Acrocentric Chromosome: In this type of chromosome, the centromere
is present at the sub-terminal. In the Anaphase stage chromosomes are J-
shaped.
(2) Sub-metacentric Chromosome: In this type of chromosome, the

centromere is sub-median and the anaphasic chromosome appears L-
shaped.
(3) Metacentric Chromosomes: In this type of chromosome, the

centromere is present in the middle and divides the chromosome into two
equal parts. The chromosome appears V-shaped.
(4) Telocentric Chromosome: In this type of chromosome, the centromere

is present at the terminal. The anaphasic stage appears l-shaped.

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NCRT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED

1.Which of the following is not correct?

2.New cells generate from

3.Match the following.

(a) Cristae (ii) Infoldings in

(b) (iii) Disc-shaped sacs in

(c) (i) Flat membranous sacs in

4.Whicth of the following is correct?

5.What is a mesosome in a prokaryotic cell? Mention the functions that it performs.

• Solution: Mitochondria and chloroplast are double membrane bound

• Characteristics of Mitochondria are:

• 1) Mitochondria are rod-shaped structures and generally found in

• 2) They are principally concerned with energy generation in the

• 3) Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes – outer and

• 4) The inner mitochondrial membrane also possesses F0F1

• 5) The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the inner mitochondrial

• Functions of Mitochondria are:

• 1) Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of a cell because it

• 3) They are regarded as semi-autonomous organelle because they

• 4) Citric acid cycle taking place in the matrix of mitochondria where it

Characteristics of the chloroplast:

2. They are a type of plastid which is involved in the synthesis and

3. The internal membrane is highly folded and has thylakoids (closed

4. The thylakoids are arranged like some stacks known as grana

1. chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.

3. They temporarily or permanently store starch.

4.Maintains balance of C02 concentration in the air.

5. Keeps oxygen balance constant in atmosphere by liberating 02 into the

• The prokaryotic cell is essentially a single – envelope system.

Sol : A multicellular organism has cells as a basic structural unit in its

There are several organ systems that function together to form an

13.Describe the structure of the following withthe help of labelled diagrams.

Ans: The centrosome is made up of two cylindrical structures that lie

On the basis of the position of the centromere, chromosomes are classified

(2) Sub-metacentric Chromosome: In this type of chromosome, the

(3) Metacentric Chromosomes: In this type of chromosome, the

(4) Telocentric Chromosome: In this type of chromosome, the centromere

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