Biology IGCSE

Ecology 1 B Questions
Q1.
(a) Fish do not have lungs. They use gills for gas exchange. Fish gills have similar adaptations to the
alveoli in lungs. Suggest how fish gills are adapted for gas exchange.(3)
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(b) A person keeps small fish in a glass container called an aquarium.
The diagram shows an aquarium.

He follows these steps to try and keep his fish healthy.

 place the aquarium near a window
 use the aerator for one hour each day
 set the aerator to pump large bubbles of air rather than small bubbles
 feed the fish several times a day with large amounts of food
 change the water in the aquarium every four days
He measures the changes in oxygen concentration in the aquarium water over a period of four days.
The graph shows these changes in oxygen concentration.

The person claims he keeps his fish in good conditions. Evaluate this claim.(6)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q2. The bacterium H. pylori causes stomach ulcers.
(a) The diagram shows this bacterium.

(i) Which of these is found in this bacterium? (1)

A cellulose B chitin C cytoplasm D nucleus
(ii) The bacterium has evolved to release an enzyme called urease.
The action of the bacterium neutralises the acid in the stomach.
What is the pH changed to? (1)
A 1 B 2 C 7 D 12
(iii) Use the theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how H. pylori bacteria could have
evolved to produce urease.(4)
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(b) Probiotics are live microorganisms that can have health benefits when consumed.
Scientists investigate the ability of probiotics and cranberry juice to reduce the growth of H. pylori.
The scientists give various treatments to a group of people who have H. pylori.
The treatments are given daily for three weeks.
The scientists measure the mean percentage reduction of H. pylori for each treatment.
The table shows the scientists' results.

Give two conclusions from these results.(2)

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(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q3.
(a) The table gives some examples of biological processes.
Complete the table by giving the name of each process.
The first one has been done for you.(3)

(b) Zinc is poisonous to many plants and can affect natural selection.
A scientist investigates the ability of one grass species to survive at different distances from a zinc
mine.
The scientist uses a sampling method to measure the percentage cover of this grass species at
different distances from the zinc mine.
The graph shows the scientist's results.

(i) The zinc concentration in soil is higher near the zinc mine than it is further from the zinc mine.
Explain how natural selection could be responsible for the results shown in the graph between 0 and
100 metres.(4)
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(ii) Describe a method the scientist could use to compare the population size of the grass species at
50 metres and 100 metres from the mine.
(4)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q4. Squirrels are animals that live in woodland. They feed on nuts produced by the trees.
The diagram shows a squirrel eating a nut.

(a) Describe a method you could use to show that the nut contains fat. (3)
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(b) The table lists substances found in two types of nut, A and B.
The mass of each substance is given in milligram per gram of nut.

(i) Explain the role of fibre in the squirrel's diet. (2)

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(ii) Explain which nut is better at helping the squirrel make red blood cells. (2)
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(iii) Nut A has a mass of 28.0 grams.
Calculate the total mass of carbohydrate in this nut. (2)

total mass of carbohydrate = ........................................................... grams

(c) The graphs show the number of squirrels, foxes and trees in a woodland in 2010 and in 2018.

Discuss possible reasons why there is a decrease in the number of squirrels from 2010 to 2018.
Use information from the graphs and your own knowledge in your answer.(5)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)
Q5. The diagram shows a food chain from a lake.

(a) Name the primary consumer in this food chain.(1)

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(b) The microscopic plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
(i) Describe the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.(3)
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(ii) Give two reasons why some of the energy in the microscopic plants is not transferred to the small
fish.
(2)
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(c) The birds do not have teeth.
The fish they eat is initially crushed in part of their digestive system called a gizzard.
Suggest why crushing the fish in the gizzard helps the birds to digest the fish.(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)
Q6. Two different areas, A and B, of a woodland habitat were studied.
This food chain in area A was observed.

(a) (i) Give the producer in this food chain.(1)

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(ii) Give the tertiary consumer in this food chain.(1)
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(b) A sample is taken from area A of the woodland.
Table 1 shows the number of individuals of each species recorded in area A.

Table 1
(i) Draw a labelled pyramid of numbers for this data. (3)

(ii) A sample is also taken from area B in the woodland.

Table 2 shows the number of individuals of each species recorded in each area.

Table 2
 A scientist concludes that, because area B is next to farmland, the differences in species numbers
are due to the farmer using a chemical to kill insects on his land. Evaluate this claim. (5)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q7. The diagram shows a food web for a region in Africa.

(a) Use information from the food web to complete the table. The first one has been done for you.(3)

(b) The flowers of the acacia tree produce nectar.

Give two other features you would expect to find in an acacia flower.(2)
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(c) The graph shows the decrease in the mean mass of nectar in flowers during one morning.

(i) Use the graph to calculate the greatest rate of decrease in the mean mass of nectar. (2)
 greatest rate = ........................................................... mg per hour
(ii) Give a reason why the mass of nectar decreases during the morning.(1)
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(d) Acacia flowers produce a chemical that repels ants.
Suggest two advantages for the acacia plant of producing this chemical.(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q8. The plants in a woodland are eaten by mice and caterpillars.
The mice also eat the caterpillars. The mice are eaten by birds called owls.
(a) Draw a food web showing these feeding relationships.
(2)

(b) Give the term that describes the trophic level of a caterpillar.(1)
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(c) The woodland covered a total area of 5 km2. A scientist investigates the number of mice and owls in
the woodland. He counts the number of mice and owls on the same summer day each year for five years.
The table shows the scientist's results.

(i) Calculate the number of mice in the total area of woodland in year 3. (2)

number of mice = ...........................................................

 (ii) Suggest why there were more mice in year 4 than in the other years.(3)
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(iii) Suggest why the number of owls was fairly constant each year.(2)
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(iv) Suggest a method you would use to estimate the number of mice in the woodland.(3)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q9. Many farmers keep their chickens in sheds.
They claim that their chickens grow larger when kept in sheds rather than outside in fields.
(a) Design an investigation to test this claim.
Your answer should include experimental details and be written in full sentences. (6)
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(b) Which of these is used to test for protein in chicken meat? (1)
A Benedict's reagent B biuret reagent C ethanol D iodine
(c) Suggest why the respiration rate of a small chicken is higher than the respiration rate of a large
chicken. (4)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q10. Farmers can keep their animals indoors or outdoors.
A student uses this apparatus to compare the heat loss from animals kept indoors and outdoors.
He uses a covered beaker to represent animals indoors and an uncovered beaker to represent animals
outdoors.

This is the student's method.

 pour 200 cm3 of hot water into each beaker
 measure the temperature of the water in each beaker
 cover one beaker with a cardboard box
 measure the temperature of the water in each beaker after 30 minutes
The student repeats the investigation six times and calculates the mean temperature of the water for each
beaker.
The table shows the student's results.

(a) Give the dependent variable in this investigation.(1)

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(b) Give one reason why the student uses the same volume of water in each beaker. (1)
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(c) Calculate the difference between the percentage decrease in temperature for the uncovered beaker
and the percentage decrease in temperature for the covered beaker. (2)

difference = ........................................................... %
(d) The student concludes that it is better for farmers to keep their animals indoors.
Discuss this conclusion.(4)
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(e) Describe how the student could modify his investigation to find out if an animal's body size affects
heat loss.(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q11. Lichens are organisms that grow well on stone walls in unpolluted air.
Lichens grow less well in polluted air.
Car exhaust fumes contain sulfur dioxide that pollutes air.
A scientist investigates the effect of pollution by cars in a city.
This is her method.
 measure the percentage area of a stone wall in the city centre covered by lichen
 repeat this measurement at different distances from the city centre
The table shows her results.

(a) Explain the results shown in the table.(2)

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(b) Describe a method to measure the percentage of a stone wall covered by lichen. (3)
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(c) Adding water to a powder called sodium metabisulphite will release sulfur dioxide gas.
Devise a laboratory investigation to find out the effect of sulfur dioxide gas on the heat released by
germinating seeds.
Include experimental details in your answer and write in full sentences.(6)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q12. A student studies the organisms in a pond community.
(a) Which of these is the correct description of a community?(1)
A the living organisms together with their non-living environment
B the area where organisms live
C the organisms of all species in a habitat
D the organisms of one species in a habitat
(b) The table shows the number of organisms per m2 at different trophic levels in a pond community.
It also shows the total biomass of these organisms per m2.

(i) Calculate the mean mass in g of a single primary consumer.

Give your answer in standard form.
(3)

mean mass = ........................................................... g

(ii) Use the grid to draw a pyramid of biomass for the pond community.
(2)
(c) The number of secondary consumers is low because energy transfer is not 100% efficient.
(i) Explain why egestion is one reason why energy transfer is not 100% efficient.(2)
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(ii) Give two other reasons why energy transfer is not 100% efficient. (2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q13. In some countries, snails are farmed as a source of protein.
The photograph shows a snail.

(a) A scientist investigates the effect of temperature on the growth of snails.

The scientist measures the mean (average) shell height of groups of snails kept at three different
temperatures for 24 weeks.
The table shows the scientist's results.

(i) Plot a line graph to show how the mean shell height increases with time for each temperature.
Use a ruler to join the points with straight lines.
(5)
 (ii) Explain the effect of temperature on the growth of snails in this investigation.(3)
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(iii) State the dependent variable in the investigation.(1)
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(iv) State how the scientist made sure their results were reliable.(1)
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(b) Assimilation efficiency is the percentage of food that is eaten and not egested as faeces.
Assimilation efficiency is calculated using this formula.

(i) A snail eats 1.2 g of food and produces 0.30 g of faeces.

Calculate the assimilation efficiency of this snail.
(2)

assimilation efficiency = ........................................................... %

(ii) Explain why the assimilation efficiency of a primary consumer is less than the assimilation
efficiency of a secondary consumer.(2)
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(c) The production efficiency of an animal is the percentage of assimilated food that is made into new
biomass.
The table shows the production efficiency of a mammal and a snail, both of which are primary consumers.

Suggest why there is a difference in the production efficiency of the mammal and the snail.(2)
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(Total for question = 16 marks)
Q14. Yeast is used to make bread. The diagram shows a yeast cell.
(a) Give two differences between the structure of a yeast cell and the structure of a plant leaf cell. (2)
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(b) A student uses this method to investigate the effect of oxygen on the growth of yeast.
 put 100 cm3 of glucose solution into each of two beakers
 add 0.1 g of yeast to each beaker
 bubble sterile oxygen into one beaker and sterile nitrogen into the other beaker
 after 24 hours, take three samples from each beaker
 observe these samples using a microscope
 count the number of yeast cells in one field of view for each sample
The table shows the student's results.

(i) Explain the student's results.(2)

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(ii) The oxygen and nitrogen are sterilised to remove micro-organisms.
Suggest why micro-organisms need to be removed from these gases.(2)
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(iii) The student controls these variables in his investigation.
 the volume of glucose solution
 the mass of yeast
 the time of sampling
Give three other variables he needs to control.(3)
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(iv) Comment on the reliability of the student's data.(1)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q15. Feeding relationships can be shown using food chains.
This food chain comes from a woodland ecosystem.

(a) Name the secondary consumer in this food chain.

(1)
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(b) (i) Draw a pyramid of numbers for this food chain.
Label your pyramid.
(3)
 (ii) Describe how a pyramid of biomass would look different to a pyramid of numbers. (2)
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(iii) Explain why the biomass changes moving up the pyramid. (3)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q16. A rhino is a large mammal that lives in hot parts of Africa.
The drawing shows a rhino.

(a) The rhino feeds on plants and rests in the shade during the day.
(i) Which of the following describes the trophic level of a rhino? (1)
A producer B primary consumer
C secondary consumer D tertiary consumer
(ii) Which of the following explains why the rhino rests in the shade during the day?(1)
A it has a large surface area to volume ratio and needs to avoid overheating.
B it has a large surface area to volume ratio and needs to gain heat.
C it has a small surface area to volume ratio and needs to avoid overheating.
D it has a small surface area to volume ratio and needs to gain heat.
(b) The horn of the rhino is valuable in some human cultures. This results in rhinos being killed just for
their horn.
This species is at risk of extinction because the mean rate of killing is one rhino every six hours.
In 2016, there were an estimated 25000 of one species of rhino in Africa.
Calculate the year in which this rhino species would become extinct, assuming the number of births
equals the number of natural deaths.
(3)

year = ...........................................................
(c) In an effort to protect the rhino from extinction, scientists have produced a heart rate monitor.
The monitor is attached to the rhino. It sends an alarm signal to the nearest police station if the rhino is
under stress. This allows the police to respond quickly to save the rhino from being killed.
 (i) Explain how stress affects the heart rate of a rhino.(2)
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(ii) Describe the evidence the scientists need to find out if this method helps to protect the rhino from
extinction. (2)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q17. The diagram shows a food chain in the Antarctic ocean.

(a) (i) Which term describes the trophic level of the krill? (1)
A predator B prey C primary consumer D secondary consumer
(ii) Draw a labelled pyramid of biomass to represent this food chain.
(2)

(b) The microscopic plants float in seawater, but also grow on the lower surface of ice.
The krill feed on the microscopic plants.
They remove microscopic plants from the lower surface of the ice at a rate of 1.6 cm2 per second.
Calculate the time taken for the krill to remove microscopic plants from one square metre of ice.
Give your answer in minutes.
(2)

time taken = ........................................................... minutes

(c) A student investigates the rate that krill feeding removes microscopic plants floating in seawater.
Suggest how the student could do this investigation in a laboratory. (4)
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(d) Krill obtain most of their food from microscopic plants growing on the lower surface of ice.
Explain how global warming could affect the whale population in the Antarctic ocean.(4)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q18. The diagram shows a forest food web.

(a) (i) How many producers are shown in this food web?(1)
A one B three C four D nine
(ii) How many secondary consumers are shown in this food web?(1)
A one B three C four D seven
(b) The coyote uses some of its senses to catch deer.
(i) Name the sense that uses receptor cells in the retina.(1)
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 (ii) A coyote runs 530 metres in 30.0 seconds trying to catch a deer.
Calculate the speed of this coyote in metres per second.
(2)

speed = ........................................................... m/s

(c) The coyote will not catch the deer if too much lactic acid builds up in its muscles.
Explain why lactic acid builds up in the coyote's muscles when it runs.
(2)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q19. The diagram shows a food web.

(a) Use information from the food web to complete the table.
The first one has been done for you.(3)

(b) Explain why the energy in the mud worms is not all transferred to the organisms that eat them.(4)
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(c) The diagram shows sandpipers feeding.
Sandpipers have long beaks so that they can dig for worms in the mud.
 Explain how sandpipers evolved to have long beaks.(4)
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(Total for question = 11 marks)
Q20.Faeces contain undigested food.
(a) The table shows the percentage of different substances in a dry sample of faeces.

(i) Name a carbohydrate that could be found in faeces.(1)

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(ii) Describe how you would test the sample of faeces for fat.(2)
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(iii) State the five chemical elements that could be present in protein.(1)
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(b) Grass is eaten by many animals.
Diagram 1 shows a grass cell.
 Diagram 2 shows this grass cell in the faeces of an animal.

Explain the difference in the appearance of these grass cells.(3)

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(c) The diagram shows a section through a building that has been designed to grow grass indoors.

This is the method used to grow grass in the building.

 wash and sterilise empty trays
 fill these trays with soil containing grass seeds
 put these trays in the building
 spray mineral ion solution on to the soil in the trays
 provide light and keep the temperature at 20 °C
 collect the grass after a week and feed to animals
1000 kg of grass can be grown every day using this method.
A farmer would need to use several fields to grow this mass of grass every day outdoors.
The farmer decides to grow grass in the building to feed his animals, rather than letting them eat grass
from his fields. Discuss this decision.
(6)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)