To investigate the heat transfer rate of coolant mixed with

nanoparticles in automobile radiator.

Name of Students Roll No.

1.Meesum Ali (G.L) 19ME08

2.Asadullah Buriro (AGL) 19ME53
3.Ayaz Dahani 19ME36

SUPERVISED BY

Engr. Syed Azhar Hussain Shah

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUAID-E-AWAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, NAWABSHAH, PAKISTAN
 DEDICATION

All that is in the heavens and on earth exalts Allah, who is All-Powerful and All-Wise. He
who creates life and destroys it rules over both the heavens and the earth, and He is
capable of accomplishing everything. He is the first (nothing comes before Him), the
highest (nothing goes higher than Him), the closest (nothing comes closer to Him), and
the All-knower of everything (Sutra Al-Hadid) Only ALLAH, the Most Gracious, Most
Merciful, and Most Generous, is deserving of praise and adoration for giving us the
insight, courage, and strength to start and finish this task.
 CERTIFICATE

This acknowledges that the following students, working under the supervision of Engr.
Syed Azhar Hussain Shah, Lecturer in the Mechanical Engineering Department at
Quaide-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology in Nawabshah, wrote
the work presented in the thesis titled "To investigate the heat transfer rate of coolant
when mixed with nanoparticles in automobile radiator."

Name of students Roll no:

1. Meesum Ali (G.L) 19ME08

2. Asadullah Buriro (AGL) 19ME53
3. Ayaz Dahani 19ME36

Project Supervisor External Examiner

Chairman
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dated ………………………

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would want to thank Allah first and foremost for giving us courage and keeping us
secure in a strange environment. We feel privileged to have the chance to make a positive
difference in the world. Second, we would like to express our gratitude to Engr. Syed
Azhar Hussain Shah, our kind supervisor, without whose assistance this thesis would not
have been possible to complete. He not only gave us room to work in our own way while
encouraging and challenging us throughout our academic careers with his extensive
experience and knowledge in the field of engineering. I couldn't have asked for a better
mentor and advisor for our bachelor's degree.

4
 ABSTRACT

Nanofluid is used as a transport medium has great potential in engineering applications

related to heat transfer. In this study, water and titanium oxide TiO2 were used as coolant
in car radiator. In this investigation, heat transfer rate was experimentally measured using
volumetric concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.075% at constant flow rate of 1
LPM and air velocity of 1-2m/sec. This nanofluid was prepared using two-step method to
understand the effects of particle concentration on heat transfer rate. In this method,
hybrid nano powder was first well mixed and heated at certain temperature to get stabled
nanofluid and then dispersion process was carried out for 2 hours using hot plate
magnetic stirrer apparatus.The experiment was conducted on car radiator using pure water
and water/TiO2 nanofluid (0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.07% by volume concentrations)
to measure heat transfer rate. The coolant in the reservoir tank was heated up to the
desired temperature of 40°C to 45°C and circulated through the radiator using pump.
The results show that increasing the volumetric flow rate of the circulating nanofluid in
the radiator tubes increases the heat transfer capacity as well as the convective heat
transfer coefficient of the nanofluid. A maximum heat transfer enhancement of 31% was
recorded for a nano fluid with a nanoparticle concentration of 0.07% compared to water at
constant flow rate of 1 LPM and air velocity of 2m/sec.

5
Contents
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATE.................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 01.......................................................................................................................7
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 03.....................................................................................................................12
EXPERIMENTAL METHADOLOGY..........................................................................12
3.2 Experimental Setup: -...........................................................................................13
3.3 Experimental Procedure -.....................................................................................14
3.4 Heat Transfer Calculations:..........................................................................................15
CHAPTER 04.................................................................................................................16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................16
4.1 To investigate the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) and TiO 2 +water as coolant in
car radiator using velocity of air 1m/sec and flow rate of 1LPM.......................................16
4.1 (a) Heat transfer study:.................................................................................................16
4.2 To investigate the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) and TiO 2 +water as coolant in
car radiator using velocity of air 2m/sec and flow rate of 1LPM.......................................17
4.2 (a) Heat transfer study:.................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 05.....................................................................................................................20
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK.............................................................................20
5.1 Conclusion: -.........................................................................................................20
References..................................................................................................................21

CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview: -

Incredible endeavours have been gone through to move forward the warm effectiveness of
a number of forms with blended victory until the later rise of a promising modern lesson

6
of nano-coolants with a fluid component such as water blended with nanoparticles begun
to create their way into a horde of building applications. Although they are anticipated to
supply substitutes of routine coolants within the close future, a number of advancements
are still to be made.
Endeavours are still being made on one hand to diminish the
equipment’s estimate and increment the thermal trade surface by utilizing balances, and
on the other hand to extend the warm conductivity of liquid exchangers. Enhancements in
nanotechnology have upgraded our capacities to synthesize nano-scale materials, such as
diverse sorts of nanoparticles counting nonmetallic, carbon based and metallic ones,
which have begun to be utilized in customary liquids such as water, ethylene
glycol and oil, making a unused course of liquids called nanofluids.

1.2 Nanofluids: -
Nanofluids are arranged by scattering nano size particles (less than 100 nm) into base
fluid. They are anticipated to be broadly utilized in warm exchange due to their great
thermophysical and rheological properties. Nanofluid solidness, as the prerequisite within
the study of nanofluids, may be a basic bottleneck within the progresses of nanofluids in
warm exchange. Destitute colloidal solidness leads to molecule accumulations and indeed
precipitation, which result in erosion of components, clogging of stream channels, and
weight drops. Hence it is vital to synthesize long-term steady and reusable nanofluids for
effective mechanical utilization. This chapter methodically audits diverse angles that can
possibly move forward nanofluid soundness. Individually, they are the arrangement of
nanofluids, assessment of nanofluid solidness, stabilization procedures, solidness
instruments, and impacts of nanofluid solidness on warm properties. We trust this work
can highlight nanofluid steadiness and the challenges related to mechanical possibility in
warm exchange.

1.3 Radiator: -
Radiator is actually a heat exchanger used in automobiles to maintain engine temperature
to working limit. Due to combustion in engine the heat is generated which keeps
increasing the engine temperature which is dangerous for engine components thus needs
to be controlled and it is done by means of car radiator. Coolant is circulated through the
engine hence absorbing heat from engineand maintaining its temperature. Thereforefor
the better performance of coolant nanoparticles are added in base fluid creating nanofluids
and their heat transfer rate is analyzed.

1.4 Problem statement: -

All IC engines of automobiles contain radiator to keep their temperature limited to

achieve optimum engine working. In car radiator, conventional baseline water is used as
coolant used to reduce the temperature of engines. At high operating temperature, baseline
water is not sufficient to absorb more heat coming from engines inside. Therefore, nano
particles of titanium oxide were mixed in the baseline water to absorb more heat from
engines. So that engine may run smoothly without any deterioration of engine material.
.

7
1.5 Objectives: -

1. To investigate the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) as coolant in car
radiator.
2. To compare the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) coolant with TiO2
nanofluid coolant in a car radiator.

CHAPTER 02

LITERATURE REVIEW
Choi [1] proposed the concept of adding the nano meter sized solid particles in
conventional heat transfer fluid and by preparing stable fluid can enhance the heat transfer
characteristics which he named as Nanofluids at Argonne National Laboratory of USA.
Enhancement in thermal properties is depends on the method of preparation, particle size,

8
type of particle etc. Now a days researchers also starts investigating the potential in
hybrid Nanofluid to get more benefit in heat transfer rate. Che Sidik [2,3] has discussed
the challenges to preparation of stable hybrid Nanofluid and enhancement in the thermal
properties. Subhedar and Ramani [4] also observed that thermal conductivity of
Nanofluid is increases linearly as the volume concentration is increases, with 0.8%
volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles of size 20 nm in water/MEG base fluid 8.5%
enhancement in thermal conductivity is observed. So to overcome the difficulty of heat
transfer by using water with Ethylene Glycol it is necessary to add metallic or nonmetallic
oxides nanoparticles to enhance the thermal properties of the mixture. Enhancement in
heat transfer by using nanofluids will make possible in reduction in frontal heat transfer
area of the radiator. Improved thermal properties of nanofluids also allow circulating
nanofluids with lower flow rate than the base fluid for the same heat transfer which in
turn reduces the pumping power required than the base fluid. To understand the potential
of nanofluids for car radiator the literature survey is carried out, few critical findings of
them are discussed here. Zeinali Heris et al. [5] have experimentally investigated the
performance of CuO/EG-water as a coolant in car radiator. In their study they used
nanofluids with 0.05–0.8% volume fraction of CuO. For 0.8% nanofluids the gain in the
heat transfer coefficient they found 55% compared to the EG-water mixture performance.
Ali et al. [6] used Al2O3 water based nanofluid used in their experimental study as a
coolant for automobile radiator. They study the effect of volume fraction of Al2O3 from
0.1% to 2% on heat transfer and pumping power. They found the heat transfer by
nanofluid coolant increases upto 1% and beyond that it decreases as the concentration
increases. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [7] has performed parametric study to investigate the
potential of Al2O3/EG-Water nanofluid as a coolant for car radiator. In their study the
used water EG mixture with 95:5, 90:10 and 80:20% by volume and 0.2–0.8%
concentration of Al2O3 for preparing nanofluid. In the best conditions in their
experiments 40% enhancement in heat transfer was observed over the performance of the
base fluid. Naraki et al. [8] used CuO/water nanofluid in a vehicle radiator. Under laminar
flow condition they investigated the performance of nanofluid with 0.15–0.4%
concentration. The overall heat transfer coefficient with nanofluid was found 6–8% more
than that of water. Leong et al. [9] studied the performance of ethylene glycol based
copper nanofluid as a coolant in car radiator. They recorded that by adding 2% copper
particles in EG 3.8% enhancement in heat transfer can be obtained than ethylene glycol
under turbulent flow condition of coolant. Ebrahimi et al. [10] did experimental study of
heat transfer in car radiator with SiO2-water Nanaofluid. They found the Nusselt number
increases as coolant inlet temperature, Reynolds number and volume fraction increases.
Vajjha et al. [11] used numerical approach to study heat transfer performance of CuO and
Al2O3 nanofluid in the car radiator tube. They use water-EG mixture as a base fluid.
They found 94% enhancement in average heat transfer coefficient in 10% volume fraction
Al2O3 nanofluid and 89% enhancement in 6% volume fraction CuO nanofluid under
laminar condition. M'hamed et al. [12] has carried out an experimental investigation to
study the suitability of MWCNT in car engine with base fluid EG-Water by 50:50 vol.
They found as the concentration of MWCNT increases the heat transfer coefficient is also
increased. In their study for 0.5% volume fraction of MWCNT they found approximately
196% rise in average heat transfer coefficient. Che Sidik et al. [13,14] has also concluded
from their deep review on feasibility of Nanofluid as a automotive radiator coolant that
there is approximately 50% rise in heat transfer coefficient as compare to the base fluid
coolant. Optimum performance is found by using less than 1% concentration of
nanoparticles. In this research Al2O3/Water-MEG based nanofluid is used as a coolant for
9
a car radiator. Coolant side Nusselt number enhancement for nanofluid over base fluid is
studied. To predict the coolant side Nusselt number under laminar flow condition Nusselt
number correlation is developed from experimental data. To overcome the issue of
increase in pumping power by using Nanofluid estimation of reduction in frontal area of
radiator by using nanofluid is also done. Optimized parameter required to achieve
maximum heat transfer at minimum consumption of pumping power is also find out. Pak
and Cho [15] presented an experimental investigation of the convective turbulent heat
transfer characteristics of nanofluids (Al2O3–water) with 1 to 3 vol.%. Their results show
that Nusselt number for the nanofluids enhances with increasing of volume concentration
and Reynolds number. Heris et al. [16] examined and proved the enhancement of in-tube
laminar flow heat transfer of nanofluids (water–Al2O3) in a constant wall temperature
boundary condition. In other work, Heris et al. [17] presented an investigation of the
laminar flow convective heat transfer of Al2O3–water under constant wall temperature
with 0.2 to 2.5 vol.% of nanoparticle for Reynolds number varying between 700 and
2050. They presented again the Nusselt number for the nanofluid which is greater than the
base fluid. Lai et al. [18] studied the flow behaviour of nanofluids (20 nm Al2O3
nanoparticle in water) in a millimetre-sized stainless steel test tube, subjected to constant
wall heat flux and a low Reynolds number (Reb270). The maximum promotion of Nusselt
number for 1 vol.% nanofluid was 8%. Jung et al. [19] conducted convective heat transfer
experiments for a nanofluid (Al2O3–water) in a rectangular micro-channel under laminar
flow conditions. Their results show the heat transfer coefficient increases by more than
32% for 1.8 vol.% nanoparticle. Sharma et al. [20] implemented 1 to 2.5 vol.% Al2O3 in
water in horizontal tube geometry and concluded while the Peclet number is between
3500 and 6000, up to 41% promotion in heat transfer coefficient compared to pure water
may have occurred.
Ho et al. [21] conducted an experiment for cooling in horizontal tube in laminar flow of
Al2O3–water at 1 and 2 vol.% concentrations and concluded the interesting enhancement
of 51% in heat transfer coefficient. Nguyen et al. [22] performed their experiments in a
microprocessor type cooling heat exchanger and at 6.8 vol.% Al2O3 in water obtained
40% growing in heat transfer coefficient. Xie et al. [23] reported the convective heat
transfer enhancement of nanofluids as coolants in laminar flows inside a circular copper
tube with constant wall temperature. Different nanofluids consisting of Al2O3, ZnO,
TiO2, and MgO nanoparticles were prepared with a mixture of 55 vol.% distilled water
and 45 vol.% EG as base fluid. MgO, Al2O3, and ZnO nanofluids exhibited superior
enhancements of heat transfer coefficient, with the highest enhancement up to 252% at a
Reynolds number of 1000 for MgO nanofluid. The performance of finned tube heating
units with nanofluids has been compared mathematically with a conventional heat transfer
fluid which comprised of 60% EG and 40% water by Strandberg and Das [24]. Their
model predicted an 11.6% increase in finned tube heating output under certain conditions
with the 4% Al2O3/60% EG nanofluid and an 8.7% increase with the 4% CuO/60% EG
nanofluid compared to heating output with the base fluid. Application of EG based copper
nanofluids in an automotive cooling system has been studied by Leong et al. [25].
Relevant input data, nanofluid properties and empirical correlations were obtained from
literatures to investigate the heat transfer enhancement of an automotive car radiator
operated with nanofluid-based coolants. It is observed that, about 3.8% of heat transfer
enhancement could be achieved with the addition of 2% copper nanoparticles in a base
fluid at the Reynolds number of 6000 and 5000 for air and coolant respectively. Some
extensive reviews in the nanofluid heat transfer have also been published by Godson et al.
[26], Kakaç et al. [27] and Wang et al. [28].
10
11
 CHAPTER 03
EXPERIMENTAL METHADOLOGY

3.1 Nanofluid Preparation:

A nanofluid is a fluid containing nano sized particles of titanium oxide called nanofluid.
This fluid is produced by suspension of nanoparticles in a base fluid. These nanosized
particles were added to the base fluid by volumetric concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%,
0.05% and 0.075%. This nanofluid is prepared using two-step method and evaluated
using standard Equation (1). The two-step method is used to understand the effects of
particle concentration on heat transfer rate. In the two-step method, nanoparticles are
produced separately and suspended in a base fluid with some proportion by volumetric
concentrations. In this method, hybrid nano powder is first well mixed and heated at
certain temperature in order to get stabled nanofluid. Water is taken as base fluid. The
dispersion process was carried out using hot plate magnetic stirrer and Preparation
method of nanofluid is given in figure 1. The nanofluid was subjected for the duration of
2 hours. The density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of nanofluid were calculated
using two phase flow equations.

Figure 1: Preparation method of nanofluid

Where ρp, ρbf = density of nanoparticle and base fluid (kg/m 3), Wbf=weight of base fluid
(litters), Wp=weight of nanoparticle (kg).
Table 1 shows the Thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles

Table.1: Thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles [12]

Properties Titanium oxide
(TiO2 )
Density 4.5 g/cm³

12
 Thermal 9
Conductivity
(W/m.K)
Specific heat 686(J/kgK)
Capacity
Appearance White powder
Cpnf =(1-)(ρb/ρn)Cpbf + (ρp/ρn)Cpp (2)
Where ‘C’ is the volumetric concentration and ρ is the density
Knf ={ kp+(φ-1)kb -φ(φ-1)(kb-kp)}/{kp.+(φ-1)kb+ φ(kb-kp)}kbf (3)
‘K’ is thermal conductivity and ‘φ’ is the shape factor of the nanoparticles

3.2 Experimental Setup: -

This setup consists of a electric heater, a car radiator, a reservoir tank, a centrifugal pump,
an air blower, flow control valves and K-type thermocouples to measure inlet and outlet
fluid temperature. An electrical heater of 2 kW was used to heat the coolant in the
reservoir tank. The coolant was circulated using a 0.5 HP centrifugal pump. A globe valve
was used to vary the flow rate of the coolant fluid entering the radiator. Two K-type
thermocouples were placed at the inlet and the outlet of the radiator to measure the
coolant temperatures. An experimental methodology is shown in figure 2.

13
 Figure.2 Experimental methodology

3.3 Experimental Procedure -

The forced convective heat transfer experiment was conducted on car radiator using pure
water, and water/TiO2 nanofluid (0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.07% by volume). The
coolant in the reservoir tank was heated up to the desired temperature of 40°C to 45°C
and circulated through the radiator using the pump. The coolant flow rate was fixed at 1
Litre/min. The air flow rate to the radiator was kept at velocity of 1, 2m/s. Schematic
diagram of experimental setup is shown in figure 3.
.

14
 Figure 3: Schematic diagram of experimental setup

After experimental work, the data were collected and heat transfer rate of the nanofluid
coolant was measured using equation (4).

3.4 Heat Transfer Calculations:

The heat transfer rate and the Nusselt number of the coolant were calculated by the
following procedure. According to Newton's law of cooling
Q = mCpT= mCp(Ti-To) (4)
Where m is the mass flow rate of the coolant and Cp is the specific heat

Q = hAsT = hAs(Tb-Ts) (5)

Where h is the overall heat transfer coefficient and As, is the surface area of the tube,
Tb is the bulk temperature
Tb= (Ti + To)/2, Ti and To are the inlet and outlet temperatures of the coolant (6)
Ts is the tube wall temperature, obtained by the average of both the side thermocouples
Ts = (T1+T2+T3+T4)/4 (7)
Nusselt number can be calculated by
Nu = h Dh / k (8)
Dh is the hydraulic diameter of the flat tube and k is the thermal conductivity of coolant
fluid.

15
 CHAPTER 04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 To investigate the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) and TiO2
+water as coolant in car radiator using velocity of air 1m/sec and flow
rate of 1LPM.
4.1 (a) Heat transfer study:
At first water is circulated through radiator to check it`s heat transfer performance at
constant flow rate of 1 LPM and air velocity of 1m/sec. Heat transfer rate of both fluids is
shown in Figure 4.
Heat transfer rate (Watt)

350
300
250
200
150
100
Heat transfer rate (Watt)
50
Water+0.01%TiO2
Water+0.0%TiO2 Water+0.03%TiO2
Water+0.05%TiO2
Water+0.07%TiO2
0

Volume concentration, %
Figure 4: Heat transfer rate of both fluids using velocity of air 1m/sec and flow rate of
1LPM

The heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) is compared with the heat transfer rate of TiO 2
nano fluid at different volume concentrations and can be seen in figure 3. It has been
observed that heat transfer rate of nano fluids is higher than baseline water because
thermal conductivity of TiO2 nano fluid is higher than baseline water. Therefore, heat
transfer rate especially at 0.07% volume concentration of TiO 2 nano fluid produced more
than baseline water. The comparison is shown in table 2.

16
Table 2: The comparison in heat transfer rate of both fluids using velocity of air 1m/sec
and flow rate of 1LPM
Type of Fluid Heat transfer rate Enhancement of
(Watt) Heat transfer rate

Water+0.0%TiO2 243 -
5.7% Enhancement
257
Water+0.01%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
10.3% Enhancement
268
Water+0.03%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
17.6% Enhancement
286
Water+0.05%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
25% Enhancement 304
Water+0.07%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
From table 2, it was shown that by using 0.07% volume concentration of TiO 2 nano fluid,
maximum heat transfer rate was enhanced i.e 25% than baseline water because difference
of temperature at inlet and outlet across the radiator is maintained more than baseline
water.

4.2 To investigate the heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) and TiO2
+water as coolant in car radiator using velocity of air 2m/sec and flow
rate of 1LPM.

4.2 (a) Heat transfer study:

Water was mixed with nano particles of TiO2 at volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%,
0.05% and 0.07% and was circulated through radiator for measuring heat transfer rate
Different results were obtained at different concentrations keeping the air velocity of
2m/sec and flow rate remained constant of 1 LMP.

17
 Heat transfer rate (Watt)
450
400
350
300
250
200
Water+0.0%TiO2
150
Water+0.01%TiO2
100 Water+0.03%TiO2
50 Water+0.05%TiO2
Water+0.01%TiO2
Water+0.0%TiO2 Water+0.03%TiO2
Water+0.05%TiO2
Water+0.07%TiO2 Water+0.07%TiO2
0

Volume concentration, %
. F
igure 5: Heat transfer rate of both fluids using velocity of air 2m/sec and flow rate of
1LPM

The heat transfer rate of base fluid (water) was compared with the heat transfer rate of
TiO2 nano fluid at different volume concentrations and can be seen in figure 4. It has been
observed that heat transfer rate of nano fluids is higher than baseline water because
thermal conductivity of TiO2 nano fluid is higher than baseline water. By increasing the
velocity i. e 2m/sec of air to the radiator, the heat transfer rate was increased more than
velocity of 1m/sec.
Therefore, heat transfer rate especially at 0.07% volume concentration of TiO 2 nano fluid
produced more than baseline water using velocity i. e 2m/sec of air. The comparison of
both fluids is shown in table 3. The comparison is shown in table 3
Table 3: The comparison in heat transfer rate of both fluids using velocity of air 2m/sec
and flow rate of 1LPM
Types of Fluid Heat transfer rate Enhancement of
(Watt) Heat transfer rate
Water+0.0%TiO2 321

7.1% Enhancement
344
Water+0.1%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
14.3% Enhancement
367
Water+0.2%TiO2 of heat transfer rate
23% Enhancement of
397
Water+0.3%TiO2 heat transfer rate
31% Enhancement of
423
Water+0.4%TiO2 heat transfer rate

18
From comparison table 3, it was shown that using velocity of air i.e. 2m/sec to the radiator
at volume concentration of 0.07% produced maximum heat transfer rate i.e. 31% that
baseline water because difference of temperature at inlet and outlet across the radiator is
maintained more than baseline water.

19
 CHAPTER 05

CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion: -

From results it was concluded that:

1- By adding nano particles of TiO2 at volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%,

0.05% and 0.07% in the baseline water increased the heat transfer rate, convective heat
transfer coefficient and overall performance of radiator.

2- The maximum enhancement in the value of heat transfer rate was measured as 423
Watt at volume concentration of 0.07% and such 31% enhancement was done using
velocity of air 2m/sec and flow rate of 1LPM.
As a consequence, it is believed that nanofluid especially TiO 2 nanofluid produced good
effects as coolant than baseline water at operating temperature of 40 to 45°C because
thermal conductivity of TiO2 nano fluid is higher than baseline water. Therefore, heat
transfer rate especially at 0.07% volume concentration of TiO 2 nano fluid produced more
than baseline water. Due to this high performance, such type of nanofluids can be used in
automobile because of better performance in its thermal properties.

5.2 Future work:-

In future, it is strongly recommended that by using different shapes (rectangular,
spherical, nodular), size (15nm-50nm), type (Fe2O3, ZnO & Al2O3) and concentration
(0.1-0.5%) of nanoparticle in the base fluid will show best performances.

20
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