1.3.

2 PDE : Solving Heat Equation

2
∂ u 1 ∂u
Heat conduction euqation 2
= 2 ; 0< x < L ; t> 0
∂ x c ∂t

Boundary conditions u ( 0 , t ) =0 and u ( L ,t )=0

Initial condition u ( x , 0 )=f (x)

Solution for General Heat Equation

2
∂ u 1 ∂u
Solve 2
= 2 ; 0< x < L ; t> 0
∂ x c ∂t

BC u ( 0 , t ) =0 and u ( L ,t )=0 for t >0

Solution

Let u ( x , t )=X ( x ) .T ( t ) =XT

2
∂u ' ∂ u ''
Then =X T and =X T
∂t ∂x
2

Substitute into the original PDE

2
∂ u 1 ∂u
2
= 2
∂ x c ∂t
'' 1 '
X T= 2
XT
c
Use separable method to separate the functions and introduce − k 2as “ separation constant”

( )
'' '
X 1 T 2
= 2 =− k
X c T

75
We obtain two ODE equations as follows:
Solve for X Integrate both sides Solve for T Integrate both sides

( ) ∫ ( T1 ) dT =∫ − c 2 k 2 dt
'' 2 2 '
X 2 m +k =0 1 T 2
=− k 2
=− k
X 2 2 c T
m =− k
'' 2
X =− k X 2 2

'' 2
X +k X=0
m=± √ −k 2
m=± ki
( )
1 '
T
T =− c2 k 2
ln T =− c k t+ ln T =¿
lnT 2

e =e −c k t +C
2

 Homogeneous
( T1 ) dTdt =−c k
2 2
2 2
The solution is: T =e −c k t +C
ODE 2 2
X ( x )= A cos kx +B sin kx T =e −c k t . eC
2 2

T =Ce− c k t
The solution for u is
u ( x , t )=X ( x ) .T ( t ) =XT
u ( x , t )=¿
u ( x , t )=¿ where P= AC and Q=BC

Applying the boundary conditions

u(0 , t )=0  u=0 when x=0 u( L , t )=0  u=0

, t >0 when x=L , t >0

Thus , Thus,
2 2
u( x , t )=( P coskx+Q sin kx ) e−c k t 2 2

2 2
u ( L,t )=( Q sin kL ) e−c k t
u ( 0,t ) =( P cos0+Q sin 0 ) e−c k t 2 2
( Q sin kL ) e−c k t =0
2 2
( P cos0+Q sin 0 ) e−c k t =0 Q sin kL=0
P=0 Since Q≠0
2 2
u( x ,t )=( Q sin kx ) e−c k t Therefore, sin kL=0
kL=nπ
nπ
k=
L

76
Applying the boundary conditions

u(0 , t )=0  u=0 when x=0 , t >0 u( L , t )=0  u=0 when x=L , t >0
Thus , Thus,
2 2
u( x , t )=( P coskx+Q sin kx ) e−c k t 2 2

2 2
u ( L,t )=( Q sin kL ) e−c k t
u ( 0,t ) =( P cos0+Q sin 0 ) e−c k t 2 2
( Q sin kL ) e−c k t =0
2 2
( P cos0+Q sin 0 ) e−c k t =0 Q sin kL=0
P=0 Since Q≠0
2 2
u( x , t )=( Q sin kx ) e−c k t Therefore, sin kL=0 “zeros of sine”
kL=nπ
n=1,2,3......
nπ Where ,
k=
L

The general solution of the temperature distribution for the given set of boundary

conditions within a bar that has both ends kept at 0 degree is

−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
L
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 L

77
Example 1:

Solve the Heat equation for c=2 and L=π using the general solution of
−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
L
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 L
where u ( x , 0 )=10 sin 8 x+12 sin 20 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
Solution:
Substitute c=2 and L=π into general solution of u(x,t) and simplify

−(2) ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
π
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 π
∞
¿ ∑ ( Qn sin nx ) ¿ e −4 n t
2

n=1

Apply ( x ,0 )=10 sin 8 x+ 12sin 20❑ , substitute t=0

∞
¿ ∑ ( Qn sin nx ) e −4 n (0)
2

n=1
∞
¿ ∑ ( Qn sin nx )=10 sin 8 x +12 sin 20❑
n=1

Find n and

Substitute into general solution

∞
u(x , t)=∑ ( Q n sin nx ) e − 4 n t
2

n=1

78
Example 2:

Solve the Heat equation for c=6 and L=2 π using the general solution of
−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
L
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 L
where u ( x , 0 )=10 sin 4 x −3 sin 5 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π
Solution:

Substitute c=¿6 and L=2 π into general solution of u(x,t) and simplify

−(6) (
2π )
−36 ( ) t
2 2
∞ nπ ∞ n

( ) ( )
2
t
nπx =∑ Qn sin nπx ¿ e 2
u ( x , t )=∑ Qn sin ¿e
n=1 2π n =1 2π

¿ ∑ (Q sin x ) ¿ e
∞
n −9n t
2

n
n=1 2
Apply u ( x , 0 )=10 sin 4 x −3 sin 5 x , when t=0

( )
∞
n
¿ ∑ Qn sin x ¿ e− 9 n t
2

n=1 2
∞
¿ ∑ ( Qn sin nx )=10 sin 4 x − 3 sin5 x
n=1

Find n and

Subtitute into general solution

( )
∞
n
u(x , t)=∑ Qn sin
2

x e −9 n t
n=1 2

79
Example 3 :

( )
∞
n
u ( x , t )= ∑ Qn sin x e−2 n t
2

The general solution of the PDE is given by n=1 3 . Determine

the particular solution by applying the initial condition u ( x , 0 )=2 sin 2 x−5 sin 7 x .

80
Example 4:

Solve the Heat equation for c=¿12 and L=2 π using the general solution of
−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑ Qn sin ¿e L
n=1 L
where u ( x , 0 )=0.5 sin 3 x −3 .5 sin 5 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π

81
Example 5:

Solve the Heat equation for c=8 and L=4 π using the general solution of
−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
L
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 L
where u ( x , 0 )=11 sin 0.5 x − 22 sin2.5 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 π

Example 6: 82
Solve the Heat equation for c=6 and L=3 π using the general solution of
−c ( ) t
2
∞ nπ

( )
2
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑
L
Qn sin ¿e
n=1 L
where u ( x , 0 )=10 sin 2 x −3 .5 sin 4 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 π

Example 7:
83
 ∞
u ( x, t )= ∑ Qn ( sin2 nx ) e−8n t
2

The general solution of the PDE is given by n=1 . Determine

the particular solution by applying the initial condition u ( x , 0 )=2 sin 6 x−5 sin10 x .

84