Unit - IV
Unit - IV
Unit - IV
UNIT IV
APPLICATIONS OF PDE
4.1.1. DEFINITION:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= c
∂t 2 ∂x 2
T Tension
where c2 = = .
M Mass
VSCET
4.2 UNIT IV
∂2 y ∂2 y
= c2 (1)
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Let y(x,t)=X(x). T(t) ---- (2) be the solution of the given equation, where X
is a function of x only and T is a function of t only.
Diff. (2) p.w.r. to x and t, we get,
∂y ∂y
= x 'T = xT '
∂x ∂t
∂ 2y ∂2y
2
= x "T 2
= xT '' .
∂x ∂t
1 T" X"
=
c2 T X
X" 1 T"
= 2 = k (say)
X c T
X" 1 T"
∴ =k =k
X c2 T
Case (i):
(3) ⇒ X " − p 2X = 0
(4) ⇒ T " − c 2 p 2T = 0
m 2 − p2 = 0 m 2 − p 2c 2 = 0
m 2 = p2 m 2 = p 2c 2
m = ±p m = ±cp
∴ (2) ⇒ (
y(x, t ) = ( A1e px + A2e − px ) A3ecpt + A4e −cpt )
Case (ii):
Let k be − ve (i.e.) k = − p 2
(3) ⇒ X " + p 2X = 0
(4) ⇒ T " + c2 p 2T = 0
m 2 + p2 = 0 m 2 − p 2c2 = 0
m 2 = −p 2 m 2 = p 2c 2
m = ± pi m = ±cp
Case (iii):
Let k = 0
(3) ⇒ X '' = 0 ,
(4) ⇒ T '' = 0 .
m2 = 0 m2 = 0
m = 0, 0 m = 0, 0
VSCET
4.4 UNIT IV
(
y(x, t ) = ( A1e px + A2e − px ) A3ecpt + A4e −cpt ) (5)
4.1.3. NOTE:
In this problem the boundary conditions are fixed. (i.e.) y(0, t ) = 0, y(l, t ) = 0 .
If we apply these two conditions in (5) and (7) we get trivial solutions.
4.1.4. PROBLEMS:
4.1.4.1. PROBLEM:
A string is stretched and fastened to two points x=0 and x=l apart. Motion is
started by displacing the string in to the form y = k(lx − x 2 ) from which it is released
at time t = 0 . Find the displacement of any point on the string at a distance of x
from one end at time t.
Solution:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= a .
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Fig. 4.2.
(i) y(0, t ) = 0, ∀t > 0
y(x, t ) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px )(c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat ) (1)
⇒ c2 = 0 or sin pl = 0 .
∴ c2 ≠ 0 ⇒ sin pl = 0
VSCET
4.6 UNIT IV
Since sin n π = 0
∴ pl = nπ (n be an integer)
nπ
p=
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
nπ x nπ at nπ at
y (x , t ) = c2 sin c3 cos + c4 sin (3)
l l l
∂y(x , t )
= c2 sin
nπ x −c sin nπ at n π a + c cos n π at n π a
∂t l 3 l l 4 l l
∂y(x, 0) nπ x nπ a = 0
= c2 sin 0 + c4
∂t l l
nπ x nπ a
Here c2 ≠ 0, sin ≠ 0, ≠0
l l
∴ c4 = 0 .
nπ x nπ at
y (x, t ) = c2 sin c3 cos
l l
nπ x nπ at ,
y (x, t ) = cn sin cos where cn = c2c3 . (4)
l l
∞
nπ x n π at
y (x, t ) = ∑ cn sin l
cos
l
(5)
n =1
To find cn , expand k (lx − x 2 ) in a half-range Fourier sine series in the interval (0,l).
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) f (x ) = k (lx − x 2 ) = ∑ bn sin l
(7)
n =1
l
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x ) sin dx
l 0 l
cn = bn
l
2 nπ x
∴ cn = bn = ∫ f (x ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2k nπ x
= ∫ (lx − x 2 )sin dx
l 0
l
l
=
2k
− cos nπ x
(lx − x 2 ) l ( )
− (l − 2x )
( )
− sin
nπ x
l
cos
+ (−2)
( )
nπ x
l
l
nπ
l ( )
( )
n
l
π 2
n
( )
l
π 3
0
2k −2(−1)n 2
= 0 + 0 − − 0 + 0 −
nπ 3 3
l
l ( )
( )
nπ
l
2k −2(−1)n 2
= 3
+ 3
l nπ
l ( ) ( )
nπ
l
2k l3
= 3 3
−2(−1)n + 2
l n π
4kl 2
= 1 − (−1)n
n 3π 3
8kl 2
, if n is odd
= n 3π 3
0, if n is even
VSCET
4.8 UNIT IV
∞
8kl 2 nπ x cos nπ at .
y(x, t ) = ∑ 3 3 sin
l
l
n = odd n π
4.1.4.2. PROBLEM:
A string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The mid point of the string is
taken to a height ‘b’ and then released from rest in that position. Show that the
displacement
8b ∞
(−1)n −1 (2n − 1)π x (2n − 1)π at
y(x, t ) =
π2
∑ (2n − 1)2 sin
2l
cos
2l
n =1
Solution:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= a .
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Fig. 4.3.
(i) y(0, t ) = 0, ∀t > 0
∂y(x, 0)
(iii) =0 (∵ initial velocity zero)
∂t
Equation of OB is
y − y1 x − x1 (0, 0) (l ,b)
=
y2 − y1 x 2 − x1 (x1, y1) (x 2, y2 )
y −0 x −0
=
b−0 l −0
bx
y= , 0 <x <l
l
Equation of BA is
y − y1 x − x1 (l, b) (2l, 0)
=
y2 − y1 x 2 − x1 (x1, y1) (x2, y2 )
y −b x −l
=
0 − b 2l − l
x −l
y −b = (−b )
l
xb lb
y =b − +
l l
xb
= 2b −
l
2bl − xb
=
l
b
= (2l − x ) , l < x < 2l
l
y(x, t ) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px )(c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat ) (1)
VSCET
4.10 UNIT IV
⇒ c2 = 0 or sin 2pl = 0 .
∴ c2 ≠ 0 ⇒ sin 2pl = 0
Since sin n π = 0
∴ 2pl = nπ (n be an integer)
nπ
p=
2l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
2l
nπ x nπ at nπ at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c3 cos + c4 sin (3)
2l 2l 2l
∂y(x, t ) nπ x nπ at nπ a + c cos nπ at nπ a
= c2 sin −c3 sin
∂t 2l 2l 2l 4 2l 2l
∂y(x, 0) nπ x nπ a = 0
= c2 sin 0 + c4
∂t 2l 2l
nπ x nπ a
Here c2 ≠ 0, sin ≠ 0, ≠0
2l 2l
∴ c4 = 0 .
nπ x n π at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c3 cos
2l 2l
nπ x nπ at ,
y(x, t ) = cn sin cos where cn = c2c3 (4)
2l 2l
∞
nπ x n π at
y(x, t ) = ∑ cn sin 2l
cos
2l
(5)
n =1
cn = bn
L
2 nπ x
∴ cn = bn = ∫ f (x ) sin dx
L0 L
2l
2 nπ x dx
=
2l ∫ f (x ) sin 2l
0
1 dx
l 2l
nπ x nπ x
= ∫ f (x ) sin dx + ∫ f (x ) sin
l 0 2l l
2l
1 bx nπ x
l 2l
nπ x
(2l − x ) sin
b
= ∫ sin dx + ∫ dx
l 0 l 2l l
l 2l
l 2l
nπ x dx + b (2l − x ) sin n π x dx
x sin
b
2 ∫
l 2 ∫l
=
l 0 2l 2l
VSCET
4.12 UNIT IV
l
b
= 2 x
− cos
nπ x
( )
2l − (1)
− sin ( )
nπ x
2l
l
n π
2l ( ) nπ 2
2l ( )
0
2l
nπ x
− cos ( ) − sin (
2l )
nπ x
b
+ (2l − x ) 2l − (−1)
l
2
( 2l )
nπ
( n2πl )
2
b
= 2 −l
cos ( ) ( ) − (0 + 0)
nπ
2 +
sin
nπ
2
l
( ) ( )
nπ
2l
nπ 2
2l
nπ
cos ( ) sin (
2 )
nπ
b
2 −
+ (0 − 0) − (−l )
l
2
( nπ
2 l ) ( nπ
2 l )
2
b
= 2
−l cos
nπ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 +
sin
nπ
2 +
l cos
nπ
2 +
sin
nπ
2
l
n π
2l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
nπ
2l
2 n π
2l
nπ 2
2l
b
= 2 2
sin
nπ
2 ( )
nπ 2
l
2l ( )
2
b nπ 4l
= 2 sin
l2 2 n 2π 2
8b nπ
= 2 2
sin
n π 2
8b nπ ,
2 2 sin if n is odd
= n π 2
0, if n is even
∞
8b nπ sin nπ x cos nπ at
∴ y(x, t ) = ∑ sin
2 2
n = odd n π 2 2l 2l
(2n − 1)π
sin ∞
= 2∑
8b 2 sin (2n − 1)π x cos (2n − 1)π at
π n =1 (2n − 1)2 2l 2l
8b ∞
(−1)n −1 (2n − 1)π x (2n − 1)π at
y(x, t ) =
π2
∑ (2n − 1)2 sin 2l
cos
2l
n =1
NOTE:
π
sin = 1, sin
3π 5π = 1, .... , sin (2n − 1)π = (−1)n −1
= −1, sin
2 2 2 2
4.1.4.3. PROBLEM:
Solution:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= a .
∂t 2 ∂x 2
∂y(x, 0)
(iii) =0 (∵ initial velocity zero)
∂t
πx
(iv) y (x , 0) = f (x ) = y 0 sin , 0 <x <l
l
VSCET
4.14 UNIT IV
⇒ c2 = 0 or sin pl = 0 .
∴ c2 ≠ 0 ⇒ sin pl = 0
Since sin n π = 0
∴ pl = nπ (n be an integer)
nπ
p=
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
nπ x nπ at nπ at
y (x , t ) = c2 sin c3 cos + c4 sin (3)
l l l
∂y(x , t )
= c2 sin
nπ x −c sin nπ at n π a + c cos n π at n π a
∂t l 3 l l 4 l l
∂y(x, 0) nπ x nπ a = 0
= c2 sin 0 + c4
∂t l l
nπ x nπ a
Here c2 ≠ 0, sin ≠ 0, ≠0
l l
∴ c4 = 0 .
nπ x c cos nπ at
y (x , t ) = c2 sin
l 3 l
nπ x nπ at ,
y (x , t ) = cn sin cos where cn = c2c3 . (4)
l l
πx 2π x + c sin 3π x + ⋯ = y sin π x
c1 sin + c2 sin 0
l l 3 l l
c1 = y 0 , c2 = 0, ⋯ = 0
πx π at .
y (x , t ) = y 0 sin cos
l l
4.1.5. PROBLEMS:
VSCET
4.16 UNIT IV
4.1.5.1. PROBLEM:
Solution:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= a .
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Fig. 4.4.
(i) y(0, t ) = 0, ∀t > 0
∂y(x , 0)
(iv) = λx (l − x )
∂t
Now the suitable solution is,
( )
y(0, t ) = c1 c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat = 0
⇒ c2 = 0 or sin pl = 0 .
∴ c2 ≠ 0 ⇒ sin pl = 0
Since sin n π = 0
∴ pl = n π (n be an integer)
nπ
p=
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
nπ x nπ at nπ at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c3 cos + c4 sin (3)
l l l
nπ x
y(x, 0) = c2 sin (c + 0 ) = 0
l 3
nπ x
c2c3 sin =0
l
nπ x
Here c2 ≠ 0, sin ≠ 0 ⇒ c3 = 0
l
nπ x n π at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c4 sin
l l
nπ x sin nπ at ,
= cn sin where cn = c2c4 (4)
l l
VSCET
4.18 UNIT IV
∞
nπ x nπ at
y(x, t ) = ∑ cn sin l
sin
l
(5)
n =1
nπ a
where Bn = . cn
l
(0,l).
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) f (x ) = λx (l − x ) = ∑ bn sin l
(7)
n =1
l
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x ) sin dx
l 0 l
Bn = bn
l
2 nπ x
∴ Bn = bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
l 0 l
l
2λ nπ x
= ∫ (lx − x 2 )sin dx
l 0 l
l
=
2λ
(lx − x 2 )
− cos ( )
nπ x
l − (l − 2x )
− sin
nπ x
l ( )
+ (−2)
cos
nπ x
l ( )
l
nπ
l( ) nπ 2
l ( ) nπ 3
l ( )
0
2λ 2(−1)n 2
= 0 + 0 − − 0 − 0 −
nπ 3 3
l
l ( )
nπ
l( )
2λ −2(−1)n 2
= 3 + 3
l nπ
l ( ) ( )
nπ
l
4λ l 3 n
= 3 3 (1 − (−1) )
l n π
4λl 2
= 3 3 (
1 − (−1)n )
n π
Since
l
cn = . Bn
nπ a
l4λl 2
= .
nπ a n 3π 3
(1 − (−1)n )
4λl 3
= (1 − (−1)n )
an 4π 4
8λl 3
, if n is odd
= an 4π 4
0, if n is even
∞
8 λl 3 nπ x sin n π at
y(x, t ) = ∑ 4 4 sin
l
l
n = odd an π
VSCET
4.20 UNIT IV
4.1.5.2. PROBLEM:
Solution:
∂2y 2
2 ∂ y
= a .
∂t 2 ∂x 2
Fig. 4.5.
cx, 0≤x ≤
l
∂y(x, 0) 2
(iv) = f (x ) =
∂t c(l − x ), l
≤x ≤l
2
y(x, t ) = (c1 cos px + c2 sin px )(c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat ) (1)
(
y(0, t ) = c1 c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat = 0)
Here c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat ≠ 0 ⇒ c1 = 0
(
y(x, t ) = c2 sin px c3 cos pat + c4 sin pat ) (2)
⇒ c2 = 0 or sin pl = 0 .
∴ sin pl = 0
Since sin nπ = 0
∴ c2 ≠ 0 ⇒ pl = n π (n be an integer)
nπ
p=
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
nπ x nπ at nπ at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c3 cos + c4 sin (3)
l l l
nπ x
y(x, 0) = c2 sin (c + 0 ) = 0
l 3
nπ x
c2c3 sin =0
l
nπ x
Here c2 ≠ 0, sin ≠ 0 ⇒c = 0
3
l
nπ x n π at
y(x, t ) = c2 sin c4 sin
l l
nπ x sin nπ at ,
= cn sin (4)
l l
VSCET
4.22 UNIT IV
where cn = c2c4
cx , 0≤x ≤
l
∂y(x, 0) ∞
nπ a n π x
= ∑ cn sin = f (x ) =
2
∂t n =1 l l c(l − x ), l
≤x ≤l
2
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) ∑ Bn sin l
= f (x ) (6)
n =1
nπ a
where Bn = . cn
l
(0,l).
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) f (x ) = ∑ bn sin l
(7)
n =1
l
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
l 0 l
Bn = bn
l
2 nπ x
∴ Bn = bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
l 0 l
l
2 2 dx
l
π π
= ∫ f (x )sin dx + f (x )sin
n x n x
l 0 l
∫l
l
2
l
2 2 dx
l
π π
= ∫ cx sin dx + c(l − x )sin
n x n x
l 0 l
∫
l
l
2
l
2
=
2c
x
− cos ( )
nπ x
l − (1)
− sin ( )
nπ x
l
l
nπ
( )
l
nπ 2
( )
l
0
l
nπ x
− cos ( ) − sin (
l )
nπ x
2c
+ (l − x ) l − (−1)
l
( l )
nπ
( nlπ )
2
l
2
=
2c l
−
cos
nπ
( ) ( ) − (0 + 0)
2 +
sin
nπ
2
l 2 nπ
l ( ) ( )
nπ 2
l
nπ
l cos ( ) sin (
2 )
nπ
2c 2 −
+ (0 − 0) − −
l
2 nπ
( l ) ( l )
nπ
2
2c
= −
l
cos
nπ
( ) ( )
2 +
sin
nπ
2 +l
cos
nπ
2 +
sin( ) ( )
nπ
2
l 2
n
l
π
( ) ( )
nπ
l
2
2 n
l
π
( ) ( )
nπ 2
l
2c nπ l 2
= 2 sin
l 2 n 2π 2
4cl nπ
Bn = 2 2
sin
n π 2
Since
VSCET
4.24 UNIT IV
l
cn = . Bn
nπ a
4cl nπ
sin
l
= .
2 2
nπ a n π 2
4cl 2 nπ
cn = 3 3
sin
an π 2
∞
4cl 2 nπ nπ x nπ at
y(x, t ) = ∑ an 3π 3 sin 2 sin l sin l
n =1
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION:
∂u ∂ 2u
The heat equation is = c2 2
∂t ∂x
Thermal conductivity
where c2 = .
(density)(specific heat)
(i) (
u(x , t ) = ( A1e px + A2e − px ) A3ec
2 p 2t
)
(ii) (
u(x , t ) = ( A4 cos px + A5 sin px ) A6e −c
2 p 2t
)
(iii) (
u(x , t ) = A7x + A8 A9 . )
4.2.3. NOTE:
4.2.4. PROBLEMS:
4.2.4.1. PROBLEM:
(ii) u(l, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
(iii) u(x , 0) = u 0
VSCET
4.26 UNIT IV
2 p 2t
Here e −c ≠0 ⇒A=0
2 p 2t
∴ (1) ⇒ u(x , t ) = B sin px e −c (2)
2 p2t
Here e −c ≠ 0 , ∴ either B = 0 (or) sin pl = 0 .
∴ B ≠ 0 ⇒ sin pl = 0.
Since sin nπ = 0
⇒ pl = nπ
nπ
p= .
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
2 2
2n π
nπ x −c
u(x , t ) = B sin
t
e l2 (3)
l
∞ n 2π 2
nπ x −c 2
u(x , t ) = ∑ Bn sin
t
e l2 (4)
n =1 l
(0,l),
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) u0 = ∑ bn sin l
(6)
n =1
l
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
l 0 l
Bn = bn
l
2 nπ x
∴ Bn = bn = ∫ u0 sin dx
l 0 l
=
2u 0 − cos l
( )
nπ x
l
nπ
l ( )
0
2u0 −(−1)n 1
= nπ − nπ
l
l
( ) ( )
l
2u 0 l
= ( 1 − (−1)n )
l nπ
4u0
, if n is odd
= nπ
0, if n is even
∞ 2 (2n −1)2 π 2
4u0 1 (2n − 1)π x −c t
u(x , t ) = ∑
π n =1 (2n − 1)
sin
l
e l2 .
4.2.4.2. PROBLEM:
VSCET
4.28 UNIT IV
Solution:
(ii) u(l, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
(iii) u(x , 0) = ?
Equation of OB is
(0, 0) l ,T
y − y1 x − x1
= 2
y2 − y1 x 2 − x1 (x1, y1 ) (x 2, y2 )
y −0 x −0
=
T −0 l −0
2
y 2x
=
T l
2Tx l
y= , 0≤x ≤
l 2
Equation of BA is
l ,T (l, 0)
y − y1 x − x1
= 2
y2 − y1 x 2 − x1 (x1, y1 ) (x 2 , y2 )
l
x−
y −T 2
=
0 −T l
l−
2
y − T 2x − l
=
−T l
−2Tx
y −T = +T
l
2Tx
y = 2T −
l
2Tl − 2Tx
y =
l
2T l
y= (l − x ), ≤x ≤l
l 2
2Tx , 0≤x ≤
l
2
∴ (iii) u(x , 0) = l
2T (l − x ), l
≤x ≤l
l 2
2 2
∴ (1) ⇒ u(x , t ) = B sin px e −c p t
(2)
2 p 2t
u(l, t ) = B sin pl e −c =0
2 p 2t
Here e −c ≠ 0 , ∴ either B = 0 (or) sin pl = 0 .
∴ B ≠ 0 ⇒ sin pl = 0.
Since sin nπ = 0
⇒ pl = nπ
VSCET
4.30 UNIT IV
nπ
p= .
l
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
l
2 2
2n π
nπ x −c
u(x , t ) = B sin
t
e l2 (3)
l
2 2
∞ 2n π
nπ x −c
u(x , t ) = ∑ Bn sin
t
e l2 (4)
n =1 l
2Tx , 0≤x ≤
l
∞
nπ x l
u(x , 0) = ∑ Bn sin = f (x ) =
2 (5)
n =1 l 2T (l − x ), l
≤x ≤l
l 2
l
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
l 0 l
Bn = bn
l
2 nπ x
∴ Bn = bn = ∫ f (x ) sin dx
l 0 l
l
2 l
2 2Tx nπ x 2 2T nπ x
= ∫ sin dx + ∫ (l − x ) sin dx
l 0 l l l l l l
2
l
2
4T
= 2 x
− cos
l( )
nπ x
− (1)
− sin
nπ x
l ( )
l
nπ
l ( ) nπ 2
l ( )
0
l
nπ x
− cos ( ) − sin (
l )
nπ x
4T l
+ (l − x ) − (−1)
2
l
( nlπ ) ( nlπ )
2
l
2
4T −l
= 2
cos
nπ
( ) ( ) − ( 0 + 0)
2 +
sin
nπ
2
l 2
nπ
l ( ) ( )
nπ 2
l
nπ
cos ( ) sin ( )
nπ
4T −l
+ (0 + 0) − 2 − 2
2
l
2
( n
l
π
) ( nπ
l )
2
4T
= 2
2 sin
nπ
2( )
l nπ 2
l ( )
8T l 2 nπ
= 2 2 2
sin
l nπ 2
8T nπ
= 2 2
sin
n π 2
∞ 2 n 2π 2
8T nπ nπ x e −c
u(x , t ) = ∑ 2 2 sin
t
sin l2
n =1 n π 2 l
∞ 2 n 2π 2
8T 1 nπ n π x e −c
u(x , t ) = 2 ∑ 2 sin
t
sin l2 .
π n =1 n 2 l
NOTE 1:
In unsteady state, the temperature at any point of the body depends on the
position of the point and also the time ‘t’.
VSCET
4.32 UNIT IV
In steady state, the temperature at any point depends only on the position of
the point and is independent of the time ‘t’.
NOTE 2:
∂u ∂ 2u
= c2 2 (1)
∂t ∂x
In steady state condition, the temperature ‘u’ depends only on ‘x’ and not on
time ‘t’.
∂u
∴ =0
∂t
∂ 2u
∴ (1) ⇒ =0
∂x 2
4.2.4.3. PROBLEM:
A rod 30 cm long has its ends A and B kept at 20c and 80c respectively
until steady state conditions prevail. The temperature at each end is then suddenly
reduced to 0c and kept so. Find the resulting temperature function u(x, t ) , taking
x = 0 at A.
Solution:
heat equation
∂u ∂ 2u Fig. 4.8.
= c2 2 .
∂t ∂x
∂u
When the steady state condition prevails, = 0.
∂t
∂2u
∴ =0
∂x 2
We integrating, u(x ) = ax + b
When x = 0 , u(0) = b
20 = b
80 = 30a + 20
30a = 60
a=2
∴ u(x , 0) = f (x ) = 2x + 20 .
(i) u(0, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
VSCET
4.34 UNIT IV
(ii) u(30, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
(iii) u(x , 0) = 2x + 20 .
2 2
∴ (1) ⇒ u(x , t ) = B sin px e −c p t
(2)
2 p 2t
Here e −c ≠ 0 , ∴ either B = 0 (or) sin 30 p = 0 .
Since sin nπ = 0
⇒ 30p = nπ
nπ
p= .
30
nπ
Put p = in (2) we get,
30
2 2
2n π
nπ x −c
u(x , t ) = B sin
t
e 302 (3)
30
30
2 nπ x dx
where bn =
30 ∫ f (x )sin 30
0
Bn = bn
30
2 nπ x dx
∴ Bn = bn =
30 ∫ f (x ) sin 30
0
30
1 nπ x dx
=
15 ∫ (2x + 20) sin 30
0
30
=
1
(2x + 20)
− cos
nπ x
( )
30 − (2)
− sin
nπ x
30 ( )
15
nπ
30 ( ) nπ 2
30 ( )
0
1 −(−1)n −20
= (60 + 20) nπ + (2)(0) − nπ + 0
15
30 ( )
30
( )
1 (−1)n 20
= −80 +
15
nπ
30( ) ( )
nπ
30
1 30
= 20
15 nπ
(1 − 4(−1)n )
40
bn = ( 1 − 4(−1)n )
nπ
VSCET
4.36 UNIT IV
∞ n 2π 2
40 n π x −c2 t
u(x , t ) = ∑ n
(1 − 4(−1) ) sin e 302
n =1 nπ 30
n 2π 2
40 ∞
(1 − 4(−1)n ) sin nπ x −c2 t
u(x , t ) =
π
∑ n
e
30
302 .
n =1
4.2.5. PROBLEMS:
4.2.5.1. PROBLEM:
A bar 10 cm long with insulated sides has its ends A and B kept at 20c and
40c respectively until steady state condition prevail. The temperature at A is then
suddenly raised to 50c and at the same time at B is lowered to 10c and
maintained there after. Find the subsequent temperature distribution in the bar.
Solution:
∂u ∂ 2u
= c2 2
∂t ∂x Fig. 4.9.
∂u
When the steady state condition prevails, = 0.
∂t
∂2u
∴ =0
∂x 2
We integrating, u(x ) = ax + b
When x = 0 , u(0) = b
20 = b
MA2211 – TRANSFORMS AND PDE
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 4.37
40 = 10a + 20
a=2
∴ u(x ) = 2x + 20 .
(iii) u(x , 0) = 2x + 20
From (2) and (3) it is not possible to find the constants A and B, since we have
infinite number of values for A and B. Therefore in this case, we split the solution
u(x, t ) into two parts.
(i.e.) u(x , t ) = uS (x ) + uT (x, t ) (4)
∂u ∂ 2u
Where uS (x ) is a solution of the equation = c2 2 and is a function of x alone
∂t ∂x
uS (0) = 50
uS (10) = 10 .
VSCET
4.38 UNIT IV
And uT (x, t ) is a transient solution satisfying equation (4) which decreases as ‘t’
increases.
(iii) u(x , 0) = 2x + 20 .
To find uS (x ) :
uS (x ) = Ax + B
Put x = 0 , uS (0) = B
50 = B .
10 = 10A + 50 .
A = −4
∴ uS (x ) = −4x + 50
To find uT (x, t ) :
= 50 − 50
= 0.
= 10 − 10
= 0.
Put t = 0 , uT (x , 0) = u(x , 0) − uS (x )
= 6x − 30 .
(i) uT (0, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
(ii) uT (10, t ) = 0, ∀ t ≥ 0
(iii) uT (x, 0) = 6x − 30 .
2 2
Here e −c p t
≠0 ⇒A=0
2 2
∴ (I) ⇒ uT (x, t ) = B sin px e −c p t
(II)
2 p2t
Here e −c ≠ 0 , ∴ either B = 0 (or) sin10 p = 0 .
∴ B ≠ 0 ⇒ sin 10p = 0.
Since sin nπ = 0
⇒ 10p = n π
nπ
p= .
10
VSCET
4.40 UNIT IV
nπ
Put p = in (II) we get,
10
2 2
2n π
nπ x −c
uT (x, t ) = B sin
t
e 100 (III)
10
2π 2
∞ 2n
n π x −c
uT (x, t ) = ∑ Bn sin
t
e 100 (IV)
n =1 10
(0,10),
∞
nπ x
(i.e.) f (x ) = ∑ bn sin (VI)
n =1 10
10
2 n π x dx
where bn =
10 ∫ f (x )sin 10
0
Bn = bn
10
2 n π x dx
∴ Bn = bn =
10 ∫ f (x ) sin 10
0
10
1 n π x dx
=
5 ∫ (6x − 30) sin 10
0
10
1
= (6x − 30)
− cos
nπ x
10 − (6) ( )
− sin
nπ x
10 ( )
5
nπ
10 ( )
nπ 2
10 ( )
0
1 −(−1)n −1
= (30) + (0) − (−30) + 0
5
nπ
10 ( )
nπ
10 ( )
1 (−1)n 30
= −30 −
5
nπ
10 ( ) ( )
nπ
10
1 10
= − 30
5 nπ
((−1)n + 1)
60
=− ((−1)n + 1)
nπ
Hence
u(x , t ) = uS (x ) + uT (x, t )
2 2
60 1 ∞
nπ x −c 2 n π t
u(x , t ) = −4x + 50 − ∑ ((−1)n + 1) sin e 100 .
π n =1 n 10
4.3.1. INTRODUCTION:
The differential equation for two-dimensional heat flow for the unsteady case
is
∂u ∂2u ∂2u
= α2 2 + 2
∂t ∂x ∂y
VSCET
4.42 UNIT IV
∂u
In the steady-state, u is independent of ‘t’, so that = 0 . Hence the
∂t
∂2u ∂ 2u
temperature distribution of the plate in the steady state is + = 0 . This is
∂x 2 ∂y 2
called Laplace equation.
4.3.2. NOTE:
( )
u(x , y ) = A cos px + B sin px (Ce py + De − py )
4.3.3. PROBLEMS:
4.3.3.1. PROBLEM
Solution:
The equation is
∂2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
Fig. 4.10.
(i) u(0, y ) = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
(ii) u(10, y ) = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
(iii) u(x, 0) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
( )
u(x , y ) = A cos px + B sin px (Ce py + De − py ) (1)
u(0, y ) = A (Ce py + De − py ) = 0
Here Ce py + De − py ≠ 0, ∴ A = 0
Since B ≠ 0 ⇒ sin 10 p = 0
⇒ 10p = nπ
nπ
∴ p=
10
nπ
Sub p = in (2) we get,
10
nπ y nπ y
nπ x −
u(x , y ) = B sin Ce
10
+ De 10
(3)
10
nπ x
u(x , 0) = B sin (C + D ) = 0
10
VSCET
4.44 UNIT IV
Here
∞
800 1 (2n − 1)π x (2n − 1)π y
=
π 3 ∑ (2n − 1)3 sinh(2n − 1)π sin 10
.sinh
10
.
n =1
4.3.4. PROBLEMS:
4.3.4.1. PROBLEM:
Solution:
Fig. 4.11.
(i) u(0, y ) = 0, 0 ≤ y < ∞
(iii) u(x , ∞) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
x , 0≤x ≤5
(iv) u(x, 0) = .
10 − x , 5 ≤ x ≤ 10
( )
u(x , y ) = A cos px + B sin px (Ce py + De − py ) (1)
u(0, y ) = A (Ce py + De − py ) = 0
Here Ce py + De − py ≠ 0, ∴ A = 0
Since B ≠ 0 ⇒ sin 10 p = 0
⇒ 10p = nπ
nπ
∴ p=
10
nπ
Sub p = in (2) we get,
10
nπ y nπ y
nπ x
u(x , y ) = B sin
−
10
Ce
10
+ De (3)
10
VSCET
4.48 UNIT IV
nπ x
u(x , ∞) = B sin ∞ −∞
(Ce + De ) = 0
10
nπ x
Here sin ≠ 0, B ≠ 0 , e∞ ≠ 0
10
⇒ C =0
∞ nπ y
nπ x −
u(x , y ) = ∑ Bn sin e
10 (5)
n =1 10
∞
nπ x x , 0≤x ≤5
u(x , 0) = ∑ Bn sin = f (x ) = 10 − x, 5 ≤ x ≤ 10 (6)
n =1 10
10
2 nπ x dx
where bn =
10 ∫ f (x )sin 10
0
Bn = bn
10
2 n π x dx
∴ Bn = bn =
10 ∫ f (x ) sin 10
0
1 dx
5 10
nπ x nπ x
= ∫ f (x )sin dx +
∫ f (x )sin
5 0 10 5
10
1 nπ x dx
5 10
nπ x dx +
= ∫ x sin ∫ (10 − x ) sin
5 0 10 5
10
5
1
= x
− cos
nπ x
( )
10 − (1)
− sin
nπ x
10 ( )
5
n π
10 ( ) nπ 2
10 ( )
0
10
nπ x
− cos ( ) − sin (
10 )
nπ x
1 10 − (−1)
+ (10 − x )
5
( nπ
10 ) ( nπ
10 )
2
1
= −5
cos
nπ
( ) ( )
2 +
sin
nπ
2
− ( 0 + 0 )
5
nπ
10 ( ) ( )
nπ 2
10
1
+ ( 0 + 0 ) −
−5 cos
nπ
( ) ( )
2 −
sin
nπ
2
5
n
10
π
( ) ( )
nπ 2
10
1
=
2 sin
nπ
2( )
5 nπ 2
10 ( )
1 100 nπ
= 2 2 2 sin
5 n π 2
40 nπ
Bn = 2 2
sin
n π 2
∞ nπ y
40 1 n π sin nπ x e −
2 ∑ 2 sin
10
∴ u(x , y ) = .
π n =1 n 2 10
VSCET
4.50 UNIT IV
4.3.4.2. PROBLEM:
20y, 0≤y ≤5
u = . Find the steady state temperature distribution in the
20(10 − y ), 5 ≤ y ≤ 10
plate.
Solution:
heat equation is
∂2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
(iii) u(∞, y ) = 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 10
20y, 0≤y ≤5
(iv) u(0, y ) = .
20(10 − y ), 5 ≤ y ≤ 10
(
u(x , y ) = ( Ae px + Be − px ) C cos py + D sin py ) (1)
u(x , 0) = ( Ae px + Be − px )C = 0
Here Ae px + Be − px ≠ 0 ⇒ C = 0
Since D ≠ 0 ⇒ sin10p = 0
⇒ 10p = nπ
nπ
∴ p=
10
nπ
Sub p = in (2) we get,
10
n π y nπ x nπ x
u(x , y) = D sin
−
Ae 10 + Be 10 (3)
10
nπ y
u(∞, y ) = D sin ∞ −∞
( Ae + Be ) = 0
10
nπ y
Here sin ≠ 0, D ≠ 0 , e∞ ≠ 0
10
⇒ A=0
VSCET
4.52 UNIT IV
∞ nπ x
nπ y −
u(x , y ) = ∑ Bn sin 10 e 10
(5)
n =1
∞
nπ y 20y, 0≤y ≤5
u(0, y ) = ∑ Bn sin 10 = f (y) = (6)
n =1 20(10 − y ), 5 ≤ y ≤ 10
10
2 nπ y dy
where bn =
10 ∫ f (y)sin 10
0
Bn = bn
10
2 nπ y dy
∴ Bn = bn =
10 ∫ f (y) sin 10
0
1 nπ y
5 10
nπ y dy + f (y )sin
= ∫ f (y )sin ∫ dy
5 0 10 5
10
1 nπ y dy
5 10
nπ y dy +
= ∫ 20y sin ∫ 20(10 − y)sin
5 0 10 5
10
5 nπ y
10
nπ y
= 4 ∫ y sin dy + ∫ (10 − y )sin dy
0 10 5
10
5
− cos
= 4 y
( )
nπ y
10 − (1)
− sin
nπ y
10 ( )
n π
10 ( ) n
10
π 2
( )
0
10
nπ y
− cos ( ) − sin (
10 )
nπ y
+ 4 (10 − y ) 10 − (−1)
( nπ
10 ) ( 10 )
nπ
2
(xi) u2(0, y ) = 0
To find u1(x, y ) :
( )
u1(x , y ) = A cos px + B sin px (Ce py + De − py ) (1)
⋮
⋮
⋮
∞
nπ x nπ b
= ∑ An sin = 100, where An = Bn sinh (6)
n =1 a a
a
2 nπ x
where bn = ∫ f (x )sin dx
a0 a
An = bn
VSCET
4.56 UNIT IV
a
2 nπ x
f (x ) sin
a ∫0
∴ An = bn = dx
a
⋮
⋮
⋮
200
= (1 − (−1)n )
nπ
400 , if n is odd
An = nπ
0, if n is even
nπ b
Since An = Bn sinh
a
An
∴ Bn =
nπ b
sinh
a
400
, if n is odd
nπ b
= nπ sinh
a
0, if n is even
∞
400 nπ x nπ y
∴ u1(x, y ) = ∑ sin .sinh
π a b
n π sinh
n b
n = odd
a
∞
400 (2n − 1)π x (2n − 1)π y
u1(x, y ) = ∑ (2n − 1)π b
sin
a
. sinh
b
n =1 (2n − 1)π sinh
a
lll ly
∞
400 (2n − 1)π y (2n − 1)π x
u2(x, y ) = ∑ sin .sinh
n =1 (2n − 1)π sinh
(2n − 1)π a b a
b