Abstract

Abstract
This project gives the detailed overview of the IC Engines. To describe how difference in phase
of technology has helped to improve the thermal efficiency. Compare the Technologies of the
IC Engines of the past with the modern Technology IC Engines based on the Thermal Efficiency
and the emissions on the environment. This project also includes the types of cycles involved in
IC Engines. Also explain the types of IC Engines based on the number of strokes and the pros
and cons of those types. The main part involves reviewing the Research papers about IC
Engines. Also compairing the emissions of older engines with newer engines based on the UN
SDG-7 and UNSDG-11.
Introduction:
The first IC Engine in the world was invented in 1876 by Nikolaus Otto a German.
An internal combustion engine is a type of heat engine where the combustion of a fuel takes
place within a combustion chamber that is an essential component of the flow circuit, typically
involving a component to like oxygen but commonly air. This is the most used in the whole
world. There are total of 1.4 billion IC Engines in this world right now.
Types of IC Engines:
A) OTTO Cycle Engine:
The Otto cycle engine represents an idealized cycle designed for Spark Ignition engines. It is
characterized by two isentropic processes, along with two isochoric processes. An engine that
operates based on this thermodynamic cycle is referred to as an Otto cycle engine.
B) Diesel Cycle Engine:

The Diesel cycle engine is a cycle for diesel engines, consisting two isentropic processes,
one isobaric process, and one isochoric process.
Types of fuel used:

1. Petrol
2. Diesel
3. BI-fuel (Natural Gas CNG)
Literature Review:
1. Design and Weight Optimization of IC Engines:
IC Engines Produce power by converting heat energy into mechanical energy. The heat is
obtained by burning of Chemical energy. Force generated by this is transmitted by using a
connecting rod by piston. So in Design piston play important role so it has to be built by a
material that is sustainable by heat and durable. So materials like aluminum alloys are used to
overcome heat problem. Now a days for engines produces high power and heat steel alloys are
used in pistons. Weight is optimized by following things in a piston as it plays a important role
in many aspects:
Material Selection, Forging Process and Design Optimization. [1]
2. Laws of Thermodynamics role in IC Engines:

U sing computer models to simulate how internal combustion engines work has proven to be a
valuable method for understanding their performance of new advancements.
Following are the points to prove importance of 2nd Law:
1. Entropy Increase
2. Irreversibility
3. Carnot Efficiency Limit
4. Waste Heat [2]
3. REVIEW ON INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VIBRATIONS:
The internal combustion (IC) engine is the concentrated mass in vehicle and if not properly
designed it will cause vibrations and transfer to the supporting structures ride comfort, driving
stability and drivability are important factors for the performance of a vehicle and are affected
by the engine vibrations. We can reduce the vibrations by Balancing, Vibration Isolation, Tuning
and Optimization, Vibration Analysis, Reducing Unbalanced Forces, Optimizing Engine Design,
Maintenance. [3]
4. Design and Modification of Radiator in I.C. Engine Cooling System for

Maximizing Efficiency and Life
The Heat dissipation from the internal combustion engines is very necessary for the good
working of the car is heat not dissipated well the performance gets low. In the dissipation of
heat radiator plays a very important role in this process.
Next are the ways for the good heat dissipation from the radiator Heat Dissipation Efficiency,
Temperature Control, Coolant Flow Optimization, Material Selection, Airflow Management,
Reducing Hotspots, System Integration, efficiency under Varied Conditions, Weight and Space
Optimization. (Palani, Irudhayaraj et al. 2016)
5. A Challenging Future for the IC Engine: New Technologies and the Control
Role:
Along the history, Internal Combustion (IC) engines have been of great importance in the
combustion vehicles sectors. The goal of the future technology is to design the IC Engines in
such a way that the emission of CO2 is minimum. The older IC engines were great innovations
in technology but at that time our lesser knowledge caused the environment in a bad manner.
So the Future Technology is all about reducing the bad effect on the environment. [5]
6. Effect of fuel additives on internal combustion engine performance and

emissions:
Older IC Engines were bulky and have thermal efficiency of 5-10 percent but with
advancements it increased. To increase the thermal efficiency different methods were
introduced. One of which is adding additives. Purpose of fuel additives is Enhancing
Combustion, Improving Performance, Increasing Fuel Efficiency, and Reducing Emissions. [6]
7. Assessing the influence of operating factors on the properties of engine

oil and the environmental safety of internal combustion engine:
Today, environmental safety is determined not only by the design features of the ICE feed
system but also by the properties and stability of the state of fuels and lubricant. The factors
that influence the operating factors are Temperature, Engine Load and Speed, Fuel Quality,
Maintenance Practices, Air Quality and Filtration, Additive Package and Oil Composition,
Emission Control Systems, Environmental Impact. In these factors the major ones can cause
serious damage if not considered properly. (Baskov, Ignatov et al. 2020)
8. Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion

engines:
To provide the cost effective Travel for people the fuel price must be reduced as much as
possible. Few years back the new method in which use of hydrogen as a fuel was introduced it
can help in many ways as Clean Combustion, High Energy Content, Fast Combustion. But it have
few challenges like storage, transfer because of low energy density. [8]

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B) Diesel Cycle Engine:

Types of fuel used:

2. Laws of Thermodynamics role in IC Engines:

4. Design and Modification of Radiator in I.C. Engine Cooling System for

6. Effect of fuel additives on internal combustion engine performance and

7. Assessing the influence of operating factors on the properties of engine

8. Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion

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