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    The document discusses key aspects of research including definitions, purposes, characteristics, types and ethics. Research is defined as a systematic investigation designed to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It should be logical, empirical, analytical, critical and methodical. There are both qualitative and quantitative research methods discussed, with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Key ethical considerations for research include informed consent and protecting participants from harm. Common types of qualitative research outlined include narrative, phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

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    The document discusses key aspects of research including definitions, purposes, characteristics, types and ethics. Research is defined as a systematic investigation designed to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It should be logical, empirical, analytical, critical and methodical. There are both qualitative and quantitative research methods discussed, with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Key ethical considerations for research include informed consent and protecting participants from harm. Common types of qualitative research outlined include narrative, phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

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    The document discusses key aspects of research including definitions, purposes, characteristics, types and ethics. Research is defined as a systematic investigation designed to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It should be logical, empirical, analytical, critical and methodical. There are both qualitative and quantitative research methods discussed, with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Key ethical considerations for research include informed consent and protecting participants from harm. Common types of qualitative research outlined include narrative, phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    22 views6 pages

    PR Reviewer

    Uploaded by

    daniellagatmaitan
    The document discusses key aspects of research including definitions, purposes, characteristics, types and ethics. Research is defined as a systematic investigation designed to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It should be logical, empirical, analytical, critical and methodical. There are both qualitative and quantitative research methods discussed, with their respective strengths and weaknesses. Key ethical considerations for research include informed consent and protecting participants from harm. Common types of qualitative research outlined include narrative, phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.

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    of 6

    REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH

    RESEARCH
    - is about the thinking process; systematic investigation
    - require to think critically
    - is designed to scientific and phenoma

    Importance:
    1. To promote people’s relationships
    2. It increase man’s understanding of truth
    3. Obtaining world knowledge
    4. Things are studied in their natural setting. Immerse yourself to the natural setting
    of the participant; investigate and interview
    5. Research is an instrumental for positive societal changes
    6. It engenders respect for people’s individuality
    7. It helps understanding and people’s interaction
    8. It increases the researcher’s interest
    9. It offers and examining about something

    CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH:

    1. Logical - based on valid procedures and principles


    2. Empirical - based on direct experience or observation by the researcher; based
    on real life situation
    3. Cyclical - it starts with a problem and ends with a problem
    4. Analytical - utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data, whether
    historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study
    5. Critical - research exhibits careful and precise judgement
    6. Methodical - conducted methodical procedures without bias using systematic
    method and procedures
    7. Replicability - the designs are repeated and replicated

    ETHICS OF RESEARCH

    1. Informed Consent - obtaining the participants voluntary agreement; with


    permission
    2. Beneficence - welfare of the participants; no harm
    3. Fabrication,falsification and plagiarism

    QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

    Qualitative Research - defined as the “naturalistic method of research which deals with
    concern human difficulty by discovering it straightly” (Beck, 2004).
    - deals with words and meanings
    - allow you to explore ideas and experiences in depth
    - formulate hyphothesis

    Strength:
    1. Gives rich information (from the experiences of participants)
    2. Provides in-depth information
    3. Unravels complex phenomena
    4. Provides perspective

    Weakness:
    1. Often times consuming
    2. Interpretation of results may be biased
    3. Conclusions are not generalized

    Quantitative Research - is a positivist scientific method; measurable


    - deals with numbers and statistics
    - allow you to test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analyzing data

    TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

    Common Types:

    Narrative - focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories.
    Phenomenology - refers to the study of how experiences meaningful
    Ethnography - it is a study of particular cultural group; tradition and culture
    Grounded Theory - formulate theory
    - development of theory directly biased and grounded in the data collected by the
    researcher
    - research methodology for discovering theory in substantive area
    Case Studies - this involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization, or
    situation. It seeks to find answers to why such thing occurs to the subject. Varieties of
    data collection methods such as interviews, questionnaires , observations and
    documentary analysis are used.

    Other Types:

    Content Analysis - text analysis


    Historical Analysis - past and related literature
    Action Research - propose of program

    APA 7th Division

    In Text Citation - with in the sentence

    Types:
    Narrative Citation - the last name of the author is outside of parentheses
    Ex. Dela Cruz (2005)

    Parenthetical Citation - the last name of the author is in of parentheses


    Ex. (Dela Cruz, 2005)

    1. Publisher location not included


    Ex: Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people:Powerful lessons in
    personal change. Simon & Schuster.
    2. In-text citation are shortened
    Ex:(Taylor et al., 2018)
    3. Up to 20 authors in the reference list
    Ex: F., Lee, H., Cox, G., Harris, H. ., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter. D.,
    Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
    4. DOIs are formatted as URLs
    Ex: https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
    5. Citing web pages
    Ex: Walker, A. (2019, November 14.) Germany avoids recession but growth remains
    weak. BBC News. https//www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
    6. Citing ebooks
    Ex: Bruck, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites.
    Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
    7. Contributors other than author
    Ex: Film Director
    TV series Executive producer(s)
    8. Use singular “they”
    Ex: A researcher’s career depends on how often they are cited.
    9. Be sensitive to labels
    Ex: People living in poverty, Transgender People
    10. Appropriate level of specificity
    Ex: People aged 65 to 75

    References - list of references


    - alphabetical arrange

    ELEMENTS OF REFERENCE

    -Who is the author


    -When did it publish
    -What is the title
    -Where it was published

    PARTS OF RESEARCH

    ● Research Topic- is an intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of


    scientific inquiry.
    ● Research Title- summarizes the study. The initial aim of a title is to capture the
    reader’s attention and to draw his or her attention to the research problem being
    investigated. Maximum of 15 words.
    ● Background of the study- is the general orientation to the problem area. It is a
    brief rationale to justify the problem. This is the present state of knowledge
    regarding the problem.
    ● Research Problem- a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge
    that you will aim to address in your research.
    ● Research Question- it is what your study intends to answer. It is said to be the
    question form of the research problem that you just have identified.
    ●
    Key Qualities of a Good Research Question

    -Focused on a single problem or issue

    -Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources


    -Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints

    -Specific enough to answer thoroughly

    -Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis

    -Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

    Scope and Delimitation

    Scope of the study- it describes the coverage of the study, it specifies what is
    covered in terms of concept, number of subjects or the population included in the
    study, as well as the timeline when the study was conducted.

    Delimitation of the study- this section allows the writer to explain why certain
    aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were excluded

    This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph. It answers the
    basic questions:

    WHAT – The topic of investigation and the variables included.

    WHERE – The venue or setting of the research.

    WHEN – The time frame by which the study was conducted.

    WHY – The general objectives of the research.

    WHO – The subject of the study, the population and sampling.

    HOW – The methodology of the research which may include the research
    design, methodology and the research instrument.

    ● Significance of the study- in this part of the research, the researcher defines
    who will benefit out of the findings of the study.

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