Engineering Design Representation

Despite advances, 2D mechanical drawings are still

the most popular format for design documentation.
Automated extraction techniques allow mechanical
drawings to be developed directly from 3D geometric
models, simplifying the process. However, some
elements of design representation not easily conveyed
through the model database and therefore not as easily
extracted to 2D drawings. Many of these elements
are notational in nature. Some examples include
thread specifications, surface finishes, surface quality,
and dimension tolerances.

This handout will focus on the standards of annotation

for fasteners, and hole callouts (local notes).
Annotation standardization is provided by the ASME
Y14 series of standards. These standards call for the
expanded use of symbology in annotation. This is
due to the international understandability of symbols.
The table at right shows the current standard symbols
commonly used in mechanical drawings along with
the out-dated “abbreviation” form. We will discuss
this topic further when covering Geometric
Dimensioning and Tolerance.

Threads

Screw threads serve three basic functions in mechanical systems; 1) to provide a

clamping force 2) to restrict or control motion, and 3) to transmit power.
Geometrically, a screw thread is a helical incline plane. A helix is the curve defined by
moving a point with uniform angular and linear velocity around an axis. The distance the
point moves linear (parallel to the axis) in one revolution is referred to as pitch or lead.
The term internal threads refers to threads cut into the sidewall of an existing hole.
External threads refers to threads cut or rolled into the external cylindrical surface of a
fastener or stud. The size most commonly associated with screw threads is the nominal
diameter. Nominal diameter is a more of a label than a size. For example, a bolt and nut
may be described as being ½” diameter. But neither the external threads of the bolt or the
internal threads of the nut are exactly .500 in diameter. In fact, the bolt diameter is a little
smaller and the nut diameter a little larger. But it is easier to specify the components by a
single size designation since the bolt and nut are mating components.
 Fig. 1 Thread Profile (External)

Crest – the peak of the thread for external threads, the valley of the thread for
internal threads
Major Diameter - The largest diameter of the thread
Minor Diameter - The smallest diameter of the thread
Pitch Diameter – nominally the mean of the major and minor diameters
Thread Angle – The included angle between two adjacent thread walls.

Effect of thread angle on strength:

The lower the value of the thread angle, the greater the load
carrying capability of the thread.

The force of mating threads is normal to the surface of the thread.

This is shown in the figure as F. The components of the force F
transverse and parallel to the axis are shown as Ft and Fa. The
component of force typically responsible for failure is that applied
transverse to the axis of the thread. It is this load that can cause
cracking in internal threads, especially under cyclic loads. Internal
threads are more susceptible since they are typically cut and cutting
operations in metals produce surface irregularities that can
contribute to crack growth. External threads are typically rolled Fig. 2 Thread Forces
onto a fastener and therefore lack the surface flaws of cut threads. As the thread angle
decreases, the component Ft gets smaller. This is why square and buttress threads are
usually used for power transfer applications.

Standardization of Threads: (Standard Inch Units)

To facilitate their use, screw threads have been standardized. In 1948, the United States,
Great Britain and Canada established the current system for standard inch dimension
threads. This is the Unified thread series and consists of specifications for Unified
Coarse (UNC) Unified Fine (UNF) and Unified Extra Fine (UNEF) threads. Metric
threads are also standardized. Metric thread specification is given through ISO standards.
Thread information is available in tabular form from many sources including Mechanical
Drawing texts and Machine Design handbooks.

Thread form:

Thread form is a classification based upon the cross-sectional profile of the thread. The
standard thread form for inch unit threads in U.S. is the Unified (UN) thread form. This
thread form is characterized by a 60 degree thread angle and a flat crest and rounded root.

Thread series:

Thread series is a standard based upon the number of threads/inch for a

specific nominal diameter. Standards for standard inch units are:
Coarse (C), Fine (F), Extra-Fine (EF). The figure at right shows fine
and coarse thread fasteners. The designation is based upon the number
of threads per unit length. A short discussion of each thread series is
given below. Fig. 3 Course, Fine
Threads
Threads per Inch:

Literally a measure of the number of crests per unit of length measured

along the axis of the thread. The number of threads/inch for a thread
series is given by standard and may be found in thread tables. The Tap
Chart shown later in this document gives the number of threads/inch
based upon threads series and nominal diameter.

Descriptions of the Thread Series: Fig. 4 Threads per Inch

Unified Coarse. UNC is the most commonly used thread on general-purpose

fasteners. Coarse threads are deeper than fine threads and are easier to assemble
without cross threading. UNC threads are normally easier to remove when
corroded, owing to their sloppy fit. A UNC fastener can be procured with a class
3 (tighter) fit if needed (fit classes covered below).
 Unified Fine . UNF thread has a larger minor diameter than UNC thread, which
gives UNF fasteners slightly higher load-carrying (in shear) and better torque-
locking capabilities than UNC fasteners of the same material and outside
diameter. The fine threads have tighter manufacturing tolerances than UNC
threads, and the smaller lead angle allows for finer tension adjustment. UNF
threads are frequently used in cases where thread engagement is minimized due to
thinner wall thickness.

Unified national extra fine . UNEF is a thread finer than UNF and is common to
the aerospace field. This thread is particularly advantageous for tapped holes in
hard materials as well as for tapped holes in thin materials where engagement is at
a minimum.

Class fit:

Class fit is a specification of how tightly mating external and internal threads will mesh.
It is based upon the difference in the values of the respective pitch diameters. These
differences are in the thousandths of an inch. For the Unified thread form, the classes of
fit are:

Class 1: Loose fit. Threads may be assembled easily by hand. Used in

cases where frequent assembly/disassembly required. Typically
require use of locking devices such as lock washers, locking nuts,
jam nuts, etc. Class 1 fits are common for bolts and nuts.

Class 2: Standard fit. Threads may be assembled partly by hand. Most

common fit in use. Used in semi-permanent assemblies.

Class 3: Tight fit. Can be started by hand, but requires assistance (tools) to
advance threads. Common for set screws. Used in permanent
assemblies.

An additional designation is made for external (A) versus internal (B) threads and
is included as a postscript to the numerical designation.
Standard inch unit thread specification examples

.4375 - 20UNF - 2A, LH

.500 - 13UNC – 1A

.375 - 24UNEF - 2B

Specification of Metric Threads:

Metric threads are defined in the standards document ISO 965-1. Metric thread
specifications always begin with thread series designation (for example M or MJ),
followed by the fastener’s nominal diameter and thread pitch (both in units of
millimeters) separated by the symbol "x".

Metric thread specification examples

MJ6 x 1 - 4H5H

M8 x 1.25 - 4h6h LH

M10 x 1.5 - 4h5h

Metric thread series:

There exist multiple metric thread series used for special applications. The standard is
the M series. The MJ series is one of the most common of the special application
threads.

M Series: Standard metric thread profile

MJ Series: Modified series in which crest and root radii are specified

Metric thread fits:

A fit between metric threads is indicated by internal thread class fit followed by external
thread tolerance class separated by a slash; e.g., M10 x 1.5-6H/6g. The class fit is
specified by tolerance grade (numeral) and by tolerance position (letter).

General purpose fit

6g (external) 6H (internal)
Close fit
5g6g (external) 6H (internal)

If thread fit designation (e.g., "-6g") is omitted (e.g., M10 x 1.5), it specifies a
"medium" fit, which is 6H/6g. The 6H/6g fit is the standard ISO tolerance class
for general use.
 English unit internal and external thread class fit 2B/2A is essentially equivalent
to ISO thread class fit 6H/6g. English unit class fit 3B/3A is approximately
equivalent to ISO class fit 4H5H/4h6h.

Default metric fastener thread pitch. If metric thread pitch designation (e.g., " x 1.5")
is omitted, it specifies coarse pitch threads. For example, M10 or M10-6g, by default,
specifies M10 x 1.5. The standard metric fastener thread series for general purpose
threaded components is the M thread profile and the coarse pitch thread series.

Metric fastener thread series compatibility. Metric fastener thread series M is the
common thread profile. Thread series MJ designates the external thread has an increased
root radius (shallower root relative to external M thread profile), thereby having higher
fatigue strength (due to reduced stress concentrations), but requires the truncated crest
height of the MJ internal thread to prevent interference at the external MJ thread root. M
external threads are compatible with both M and MJ internal threads.

M10 x 1.5-6g means metric fastener thread series M, fastener nominal size
(nominal major diameter) 10 mm, thread pitch 1.5 mm, external thread
class fit 6g. If referring to internal thread tolerance, the "g" would be
uppercase.

Left Hand Threads:

Unless otherwise specified, screw threads are assumed to be right-handed. This means
that the direction of the thread helix is such that a clockwise rotation of the thread will
cause it to advance along its axis. Left- handed threads advance when rotated counter
clockwise. Left-handed threads are often used in situations where rotation loads would
cause right-hand threads to loosen during service. A common example is the bicycle.
The pedals of a bicycle are attached to the crank arm using screw threads. The pedal on
one side of the bicycle uses right-hand threads and the other uses left-hand. This prevents
the motion of pedals and crank from unscrewing the pedal and having it fall off during
use. Left-hand threads must be indicated in the thread specification. This is
accomplished by appending “LH” to the end of the specification.

Local Notes

Local notes, also referred to as callouts, are included on a

drawing to specify information for a specific feature of a
component or assembly. The feature being referenced is
indicated through the use of a leader line. The leader line
points to the feature in question and terminates at the note.
One common example of a local note is the specification of
the size dimension of a hole feature.

When a callout is made to a hole feature, the leader line

should reference the circular view of hole with line pointing
toward the center of the circle. The note should be written in
the order of operations performed. (e.g. drill then thread) and Fig. 5 Callout Examples

the leader arrowhead should touch the representation of the

last operation performed.

Fig. 6 Common Callout Symbols

Fig. 7 Counterbored and Countersunk Holes

The two examples of callouts below reference counterbored and countersunk holes. In
case you have forgotten, counterboring and countersinking are secondary machining
operations used to create cylindrical and conical (respectively) enlargements of a hole,
usually for the purpose of recessing a fastener head.
In the examples shown at right the pilot
hole is specified first then the
counterbore or countersink is specified.
Notice that no specification of operation
is given for the pilot hole. Operation
specifications such as “DRILL” or
“BORE” are no longer included in notes
and callouts. Rather only the feature
sizes (and tolerances, if applicable) are
included.

Fig. 8 Counterbore and Countersink Callouts

Counterbore specification:

Include the diameter of the counterbore, which is based upon fastener head diameter
with a clearance value added. ( Refer to Head Dimension Tables, Appendix A for
this information )

Include the depth of the counterbore, which is based upon head profile height.
( Refer to Head Dimension Tables, Appendix A for this information )

Countersink specification:

Include the angle of countersink and either;

1) depth of countersink

or

2) diameter of maximum opening (based

upon fastener head diameter plus 1/64
typ. or equivalent)

Examples of metric notes for counterbored,

countersunk and spot- faced holes are given at right.

The depth of a machined hole is categorized as Fig. 9 Metric Notes for Counterbored,
being either thru or blind. A thru hole begins at the Countersunk and Spotfaced Holes.
penetrating surface and terminates at another
surface. Therefore the “depth” of the hole is based upon the distance between the two
surfaces. Because of this, the thru hole requires no specification of
depth in the note. The word “THRU” should not be included with the
note. If no depth is specified, a hole is by default a thru feature. This is
demonstrated in the notes for the countersunk and counterbored holes
shown in Figures 8 and 9.

A blind hole is machined to a specified depth. This depth specification

must be included in the note for a blind hole. The depth value refers to
the cylindrical (useable) portion of the hole (see Figure 10). The tip
angle in not included in the value of hole depth.

Fig. 10 Hole Depth

When multiple occurrences of the same hole specification

exist in a single component, it is not necessary to write a
callout to each hole in the pattern. Rather, the preferred
procedure is to write the note to one hole, and then include
within that note a reference to the total number of identical
features in the pattern. The proper form for these notes is
given below and in the figure at right.

4 x φ.375

Fig. 11 Multiple Occurances

Writing notes for threaded holes:

The note for a threaded hole is a specification of all information required for the creation
of the hole. This includes; 1) the diameter (and depth if blind) of the pilot hole drilled
prior to thread creation. 2) the specification of the internal threads for the hole. Again a
depth is given if the hole is blind.

The creation of the internal threads is a metal cutting process referred to as “tapping”. It
should be apparent that in order to cut metal, the diameter of the pilot hole must be
smaller than the major diameter of the threads. This difference in diameters is very
important. If the pilot hole diameter is too small, too much material will have to be cut
and the thread cutting tool (tap), being very ha rd (and therefore brittle) will break. If the
pilot hole diameter is too large, the thread height will be too small and load carrying
capability of threads will be compromised. In practice, the diameter of the pilot hole will
set the minor diameter of the internal threads. Typically the thread height for internal
threads is approximately 75% of the mating external threads (it may be as low as 50% for
materials such as steel). This means a gap will exist between the crest of the external
thread and the root of the internal. For this reason, threads may not be considered a seal
in and of themselves.

The diameter of the pilot hole is specific for each thread series and form. This unique
diameter is determined by referencing the thread series and form within a standard table.
Typically this value is referred to in the table as the “tap drill diameter”. (although in the
table below it is given as “Drill Size”) The following table also provides the values of
Threads per Inch for specific nominal diameters and thread series.

Tap Chart - UNC/UNF Threads

Basic
Basic Basic minor minor dia
effective dia of ext. of int.
NF/NC Threads Basic major dia threads threads Drill
Tap size UNF/UNC per inch dia (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches) size
1/4-20 UNC 20 .2500 .2175 .1887 .1959 #7
1/4-28 UNF 28 .2500 .2268 .2062 .2113 #3
5/16-18 UNC 18 .3125 .2764 .2443 .2524 F
5/16-24 UNF 24 .3125 .2854 .2614 .2674 I
3/8-16 UNC 16 .3750 .3344 .2983 .3073 5/16
3/8-24 UNF 24 .3750 .3479 .3239 .3299 Q
7/16-14 UNC 14 .4375 .3911 .3499 .3602 U
7/16-20 UNF 20 .4375 .4050 .3762 .3834 25/64
1/2-13 UNC 13 .5000 .4500 .4056 .4167 27/64
1/2-20 UNF 20 .5000 .4675 .4387 .4459 29/64
9/16-12 UNC 12 .5625 .5084 .4603 .4723 31/64
9/16-18 UNF 18 .5625 .5264 .4943 .5024 33/64
5/8-11 UNC 11 .6250 .5660 .5135 .5266 17/32
5/8-18 UNF 18 .6250 .5869 .5568 .5649 37/64
3/4-10 UNC 10 .7500 .6650 .6273 .6417 21/32
3/4-16 UNF 16 .7500 .7094 .6733 .6823 11/16
7/8-9 UNC 9 .8750 .8028 .7387 .7547 49/64
7/8-14 UNF 14 .8750 .8286 .7874 .7977 13/16
1-8 UNC 8 1.000 .9188 .8466 .8647 7/8
1-14 UNF 14 1.000 .9459 .8978 .9098 15/16
Notice that in the table shown above, the tap drill diameter is given in fractions, letters,
and numbers. These are all drill sizes, just designated in different ways. When including
these diameters in the annotation, use the following.

Diameter from table a fraction: write as exact decimal equivalent or fraction

Diameter from table a letter: write letter and give decimal equivalent* as
reference (in parentheses)
Diameter from table a number: write number and give decimal equivalent*
as reference

* these values may be obtained from Number and Letter Drill Size
decimal equivalence tables, see Appendix D

The note for the threaded hole is then written in order of operation. That is, the
specification of the pilot hole, then the specification of the threads being cut, and depth
(if required)

Fig. 12 Machining a Threaded Hole

Threaded Mechanical Fasteners

In order to fully understand engineering prints and to provide adequate information when
ordering components, one should be able to both create and read complete mechanical
fastener specifications. This will give you the ability to write accurate specification of
desired fastener and to associate a given specification with the respective fastener.
The specification of a fastener includes the following:

A Complete Thread Specification

Head type
Fastener type
Fastener length

It also may include a specification of material and grade (strength). See Appendix
C for hex head cap screw grades.

Examples of fastener specification for the various fastener types are given later in this
document.

There exist many different head types for mechanical fasteners. Some are very
specialized such as castellated and tamper proof heads. We will only consider six basic
head types. These six basic types are listed below along with the standard abbreviation
for each.

Hexagonal head (HEX HD)

Fillister head (FIL HD

Flat head (FLAT HD)

Oval head (OVAL HD)

Round head (RND HD)

Hexagonal socket head (SOC HD)

Fig. 13 Common Head Types

Note: The fillister, flat, oval and round head types are commonly available with slot or
Phillips drive. Other drive types (such as hex socket) are also available, but less
common.
Mechanical Fasteners:

There are three basic types of mechanical fastener. They are the Cap Screw (CAP SCR), Machine Screw
(MACH SCR), and the Set Screw (SET SCR).

Cap screws and machine screws are very similar. Both are available with the same type of head. They
are both used in conjunction with internally threaded holes for the purpose of clamping components
together. There are however, difference between cap and machine screws.

Clamping Force:

When a cap or machine screw is used to attach to components to one another, the fastener is inserted
through a clearance hole in one component and onto a threaded hole in another (see Fig 14 ). An
alternative assembly would be to pass the fastener through two clearance holes and use a nut for
clamping. (Fig. 15)

Clamping force is applied through contact between the

bottom face of head and the contact between the internal and
external threads.

When these methods are used, the fastener is inserted into the
internally threaded component (either the threaded hole or the
nut) and advanced by rotating the fastener. When the head of
the fastener make contact with surface of the component
being attached, the head can advance no further. However,
some additional rotation of the fastener can be made, usually
by means of some fashion or tool (a wrench for example).
Since the threads will advance during this rotation but the
head cannot a tensile load is generated in the shank of the
fastener. This tensile load is proportional to the force used to Fig. 14 Force on Fastener Head
rotate the fastener. The rotational force is referred to as
“seating torque” and the tensile force is referred to as “pre- load”.

Cap Screws (CAP SCR)

Cap screws tend toward larger diameters. The threaded end of a cap
screw is chamfered. The minimum thread length is a function fastener
nominal diameter. For most cap screws, the minimum length of
thread equals 0.50 *DIA + 0.25. For socket head cap screws, the
minimum thread length equals 0.50 *DIA + 0.50. A cap screw
specified with a nut is referred to as a bolt.

Fig. 15 Bolt and Nut

Machine Screws (MACH SCR)

Machine screws are only available in smaller diameters. The threaded end of the fastener not chamfered
but rather simply sheared. The minimum thread length is a function of fastener length as follows:
if fastener length > 2, then min. thread length = 1.75
if fastener length < 2, then min. thread length = fastener length

Examples of Cap and Machine Screw Fastener Descriptions

The following example is the specification for a 1.50 long cap screw with a hexagonal head and using
7/16 nominal diameter Unified fine threads of a standard fit.
1.50 X .4375 – 20UNF –2A
HEX HD, CAP SCR

Set Screws (SET SCR)

The function of set screws is to restrict or control motion..

They are commonly used in conjunction with collars,
pulleys, or gears on shafts. With the exception of the
antiquated square head, set screws are headless fasteners and
therefore threaded for their entire length. Lacking heads, set
screws are categorized by drive type (similar to head type)
and point style. Most set screws use Class 3 fit threads. This
is to provide resistance to the set screw “backing out” of its
threaded hole during service.
In addition, set screws have a specified point type. The point
is used to provide various amounts of holding power when
used. Holding power concerns will be dis cussed below. The
available point types for set screws are the Cone, Cup, Flat,
Oval, and Dog (full or half) points. Profiles of these point
type are shown in figure 17.

Fig. 16 Examples of Set Screw Usage

Cone Cup Flat Dog Oval

Fig. 17 Set Screw Point Types
Set Screw Holding Power:

In many applications, set screws are used to prevent the rotational and axial movement of parts such as
collars, couplings, and pulley sheaves mounted to shafts. Failure of the set screw in these cases is relative
motion of .01 inch between components.

An important consideration in setscrew selection is the holding power provided by the contact between
the setscrew point and attachment surface (typically a cylindrical shaft). Holding power is generally
specified as the tangential force in pounds. Axial holding power is assumed to be equal to the torsional
holding power. Some additional resistance to rotation is contributed by penetration of the set screw point
into the attachment surface. In cases where point penetration is desired, the set screw should have a
material hardness at least 10 points higher on the Rockwell scale than that of the attachment material.
Cup-point set screws cut into the shaft material. Cone-point setscrews also penetrate the attachment
surface and may be used with a spotting hole to enhance this penetration. Oval-point and flat-point
setscrews do not penetrate the surface and hence have less holding power.

Set screw selection often begins with the common axiom stating that set screw diameter should be equal
to approximately one-half shaft diameter. This rule of thumb often gives satisfactory results, but its
usefulness may be limited. Manufacturers' data or data supplied by standard machine design texts will
give more reliable results.

Seating torque: Torsional holding power is almost directly proportional to the seating torque of cup, flat,
and oval-point setscrews.

Point style: Setscrew point penetration contributes as much as 15% to the total holding power. When the
cone-point setscrew is used, it requires the greatest installation torque because of its deeper penetration.
Oval point, which has the smallest contact area, yields the smallest increase in holding power.

Relative hardness: Hardness becomes a significant factor when the difference between setscrew point
and shafting is less than 10 Rockwell C scale points. Lack of point penetration reduces holding power.

Flatted shafting: About 6% more torsional holding power can be expected when a screw seats on a flat
surface. Flatting, however, does little to prevent the 0.01- in. relative movement usually considered as a
criterion of failure. Axial holding power is the same.

Length of thread engagement: The length of thread engagement does not have a noticeable effect on
axial and torsional holding power, provided there is sufficient engagement to prevent thread stripping
during tightening. In general, the minimum recommended length of engagement is 1 to 1.5 times the
major diameter of the setscrew for threading in brass, cast iron, and aluminum; and 0.75 to 1 times the
diameter for use in steel and other materials of comparable hardness. Be aware that the lengths of
engagement specified are for full threads engaged, not overall screw length.

Thread type: A negligible difference exists in the performance of coarse and fine threads of the same
class of fit. Most set screws are class 3A fit.
Drive type: Most set screws use socket (either hex or fluted) drive or a slot drive. The type of drive
affects the seating torque that can be attained because it determines how much torque can be transmitted
to the screw. Less torque can be transmitted through a slot drive than a socket drive. Therefore, holding
power of the slotted screw is about 45% less.

Number of setscrews: Two setscrews give more holding power than one, but not necessarily twice as
much. Holding power is approximately doubled when the second screw is installed in an axial line with
the first but is only about 30% greater when the screws are diametrically opposed. Where design dictates
that the two screws be installed on the same circumferential line, displacement of 60° is recommended as
the best compromise between maximum holding power and minimum metal between tapped holes. This
displacement gives 1.75 times the holding power of one screw.

Torque force: The compressive force developed at the point depends on lubrication, finish, and material.

Setscrews and keyways: When a setscrew is used in combination with a key, the screw diameter should
be equal to the width of the key. In this combination, the setscrew holds the parts in an axial direction
only. The key, keyseat and keyway assembly carries the torsional load on the parts.

The key should be tight fitting so that no motion is transmitted to the screw. Under high reversing or
alternating loads, a poorly fitted key will cause the screw to back out and lose its clamping force.

Examples of Set Screw Fastener Descriptions

The following example is the specification for a 1.00 long set screw with a hexagonal socket drive, a cup
point, a 1/4 nominal diameter, Unified fine threads and a class 3 fit.

1.00 X .250 – 28UNF – 3A

SOC HD, CUP PT, SET SCR
Appendix A

Fastener Head Dimension Tables

The following tables given the head dimensions for various types of machine and cap screws. They are
helpful in specifying counterbore and countersink sizes for callouts. More complete tables may be found
in Mechanical Design Handbooks and Mechanical drawing texts.

Nominal F G H R
Diameter (across flats) (across points) (head height) (fillet radius)
1/4 (0.2500) .4375 5/32
5/16 (0.3125) .5000 13/64
3/8 (0.3750) .5625 15/64
7/16 (0.4375) .6875 9/32
1/2 (0.5000) .7500 5/16
9/16 (0.5625) .8125 23/64
5/8 (0.6250) .9375 25/64
3/4 (0.7500) 1.1250 15/32
7/8 (0.8750) 1.3125 35/64
1 (1.0000) 1.5000 39/64
1 1/8 (1.1250) 1.6875 11/16
1 1/4 (1.2500) 1.8750 25/32
1 3/8 (1.3750) 2.0625 27/32
1 1/2 (1.5000) 2.2500 15/16
 Machine Screws Head Dimensions
Head Dimension Tables Courtesy of Smith Fastener
www.smithfast.com

Round Head Machine Screws

Slotted Phillips

Head Dimensions for Round Head Machine Screws - ANSI B18.6.3

A H J T M G N
Phillips
Dimensions of Recess
Nominal Head
Height of Head Slot Width Slot Depth Driver
Size Diameter Diameter Depth Width Size
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
2 .162 .146 .069 .059 .031 .023 .048 .037 .100 .087 .053 .017 1
3 .187 .169 .078 .067 .035 .027 .053 .040 .109 .096 .062 .018 1
4 .211 .193 .086 .075 .039 .031 .058 .044 .118 .105 .072 .019 1
5 .236 .217 .095 .083 .043 .035 .063 .047 .154 .141 .074 .027 2
6 .260 .240 .103 .091 .048 .039 .068 .051 .162 .149 .084 .027 2
8 .309 .287 .120 .107 .054 .045 .077 .058 .178 .165 .101 .030 2
10 .359 .334 .137 .123 .060 .050 .087 .065 .195 .182 .119 .031 2
12 .408 .382 .153 .139 .067 .056 .096 .073 .249 .236 .125 .032 3
1/4 .472 .443 .175 .160 .075 .064 .109 .082 .268 .255 .147 .034 3
5/16 .590 .557 .216 .198 .084 .072 .132 .099 .308 .295 .187 .040 3
3/8 .708 .670 .256 .237 .094 .081 .155 .117 .387 .374 .228 .064 4
1/2 .813 .766 .355 .332 .106 .091 .211 .159 .416 .403 .256 .068 4
 Fillister Head Machine Screws

Head Dimensions for Fillister Head Machine Screws - ANSI B18.6.3

A H O J T M G N
Phillips
Nominal Head Head Height Dimensions of Recess
Slot Width Slot Depth Driver
Size Diameter Side Height Total Height Diameter Depth Width Size
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
0 .096 .083 .043 .038 .055 .047 .023 .016 .025 .015 .067 .054 .039 .013 0
2 .140 .124 .062 .053 .083 .066 .031 .023 .037 .025 .104 .091 .059 .017
3 .161 .145 .070 .061 .095 .077 .035 .027 .043 .030 .112 .099 .068 .019 1
4 .183 .166 .079 .069 .107 .088 .039 .031 .048 .035 .122 .109 .078 .019 1
5 .205 .187 .088 .078 .120 .100 .043 .035 .054 .040 .143 .130 .067 .027 2
6 .226 .208 .096 .086 .132 .111 .048 .039 .060 .045 .166 .153 .091 .028 2
8 .270 .250 .113 .102 .156 .133 .054 .045 .071 .054 .182 .169 .108 .030 2
10 .313 .292 .130 .118 .180 .156 .060 .050 .083 .064 .199 .186 .124 .031 2
12 .357 .334 .148 .134 .205 .178 .067 .056 .094 .074 .259 .246 .141 .034 3
1/4 .414 .389 .170 .155 .237 .207 .075 .064 .109 .087 .281 .268 .161 .036 3
5/16 .518 .490 .211 .194 .295 .262 .084 .072 .137 .110 .322 .309 .203 .042 3
3/8 .622 .590 .253 .233 .355 .315 .094 .081 .164 .133 .389 .376 .233 .065 4
 Flat Head Machine Screws

Head Dimensions for 82° Flat Head Machine Screws - ANSI B18.6.3 - 1998
A H J T M R N F G
Head Dimensions * Slot Dimensions Recess Dimensions Phillips
Nominal Protrusion Above
Driver
Size Gaging Diameter Gaging
Diameter Height Width Depth Dia Depth Width Diameter Size

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Ref Ref Ref Max Min
0 .112 .096 .035 .026 .023 .016 .015 .010 .062 .035 .014 .026 .016 .078 0
1 .137 .120 .043 .033 .026 .019 .019 .012 .070 .043 .015 .028 .016 .101 0
2 .162 .144 .051 .040 .031 .023 .023 .015 .096 .055 .017 .029 .017 .124 1
3 .187 .167 .059 .047 .035 .027 .027 .017 .100 .060 .018 .031 .018 .148 1
4 .212 .191 .067 .055 .039 .031 .030 .020 .122 .081 .018 .032 .019 .172 1
5 .237 .215 .075 .062 .043 .035 .034 .022 .148 .074 .027 .034 .020 .196 2
6 .262 .238 .083 .069 .048 .039 .038 .024 .168 .094 .029 .036 .021 .220 2
8 .312 .285 .100 .084 .054 .045 .045 .029 .182 .110 .030 .039 .023 .267 2
10 .362 .333 .116 .098 .060 .050 .053 .034 .198 .124 .032 .042 .025 .313 2
12 .412 .380 .132 .112 .067 .056 .060 .039 .262 .144 .035 .045 .027 .362 3
1/4 .477 .442 .153 .131 .075 .064 .070 .046 .276 .160 .036 .050 .029 .424 3
5/16 .597 .556 .191 .165 .084 .072 .088 .058 .358 .205 .061 .057 .0345 .539 4
3/8 .717 .670 .230 .200 .094 .081 .106 .070 .386 .234 .065 .065 .039 .653 4
1/2 .815 .765 .223 .186 .106 .091 .103 .065 .418 .265 .069 .081 .049 .739 4
* Edge of head may be rounded or flat.
 Oval Head Machine Screws

Head Dimensions for Oval Head Machine Screws - ANSI B18.6.3

A H O J T M R N F G
Protrusion Phillips
Nominal Head Head Height Slot Dimensions Recess Dimensions
Above Gaging Gaging Driver
Size Diameter Side Total Width Depth Dia Depth Width Diameter Size
Diameter
Max Min Max Max Max Min Max Min Rew Ref Ref Max Min
0 .112 .096 .035 .056 .023 .016 .030 .025 .068 .036 .014 .047 .031 .078 0
1 .137 .120 .043 .068 .026 .019 .038 .031 .070 .039 .015 .053 .035 .101 0
2 .162 .144 .051 .080 .031 .023 .045 .037 .106 .060 .018 .058 .039 .124 1
3 .187 .167 .059 .092 .035 .027 .052 .043 .118 .072 .019 .064 .044 .148 1
4 .212 .191 .067 .104 .039 .031 .059 .049 .130 .086 .019 .069 .048 .172 1
5 .237 .215 .075 .116 .043 .035 .067 .055 .152 .073 .028 .075 .053 .196 2
6 .262 .238 .083 .128 .048 .039 .074 .060 .172 .092 .030 .080 .057 .220 2
8 .312 .285 .100 .152 .054 .045 .088 .072 .186 .107 .031 .091 .066 .267 2
10 .362 .333 .116 .176 .060 .050 .103 .084 .202 .125 .033 .102 .075 .313 2
12 .412 .380 .132 .200 .067 .056 .117 .096 .264 .140 .038 .113 .084 .362 3
1/4 .477 .442 .153 .232 .075 .064 .136 .112 .284 .160 .040 .129 .095 .424 3
5/16 .597 .556 .191 .290 .084 .072 .171 .141 .384 .226 .065 .155 .117 .539 4
3/8 .717 .670 .230 .347 .094 .081 .206 .170 .404 .245 .068 .182 .139 .653 4
7/16 .760 .715 .223 .345 .094 .081 .210 .174 .416 .257 .070 .195 .150 .690 4
1/2 .815 .765 .223 .354 .106 .091 .216 .176 .430 .271 .071 .212 .163 .739 4
 Hex Head Machine Screws

Head Dimensions
Hex Head and Hex Washer Head Machine Screws - ANSI B18.6.3 - 1998
A W H F U J T

Nominal Width Width

Head Washer Washer Slot Slot
Size Across Across
Height Diameter Thickness Width Depth
Flats Corners
Max Min Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min
2 .125 .120 .134 .050 .040 .166 .154 .016 .010 - - - -
4 .188 .181 .202 .060 .049 .243 .225 .019 .011 .039 .031 .042 .025
5 .188 .181 .202 .070 .058 .260 .240 .025 .015 .043 .035 .049 .030
6 .250 .244 .272 .093 .080 .328 .302 .025 .015 .048 .039 .053 .033
8 .250 .244 .272 .110 .096 .348 .322 .031 .019 .054 .045 .074 .052
10 .312 .305 .340 .120 .105 .414 .384 .031 .019 .060 .050 .080 .057
12 .312 .305 .340 .155 .139 .432 .398 .039 .022 .067 .056 .103 .077
1/4 .375 .367 .409 .190 .172 .520 .480 .050 .030 .075 .064 .111 .083
5/16 .500 .489 .545 .230 .208 .676 .624 .055 .035 .084 .072 .134 .100
3/8 .562 .551 .614 .295 .270 .780 .720 .063 .037 .094 .081 .168 .131
1/2 .750 .735 .820 .400 .367 1.040 .960 .085 .050 - - - -
Metric Cap Screws

Notes:
All linear dimensions in millimeters
The dimensions are generally in accordance with BS EN ISO 4762 BS 3643- 2 & BS 4168

Socket Head Cap Screws (Metric)

Soc.
Nominal Thread. Hex Socket Size Body diameter and Head height Head Dia
length
Size Pitch Max Min Max Min
M3 0.5 2.50 3.00 2.86 5.50 5.20 1.3
M4 0.70 3.00 4.00 3.82 7.00 6.64 2.00
M5 0.8 4.00 5.00 4.82 8.50 8.14 2.70
M6 1.0 5.00 6.00 5.82 10.00 9.64 3.30
M8 1.25 6.00 8.00 7.78 13.00 12.57 4.3
M10 1.5 8.00 10.00 9.78 16.00 15.57 5.50
M12 1.75 10.00 12.00 11.73 18.00 17.57 6.60
M16 2.0 14.00 16.00 15.73 24.00 23.48 8.80
M20 2.5 17.00 20.00 19.67 30.00 29.48 10.70
M24 3.0 19.00 24.00 23.67 36.00 35.38 12.90
 Flat Head Cap Screws (Metric)

Nominal Thread Hex Socket Max Cone Head Soc.

Head Dia
size Pitch Size Dia Height length
D J A1 A_max A_Min H K
M3 0.5 2,0 6,72 6,00 5,82 1,86 1,05
M4 0.70 2,5 8,96 8,00 7,78 2,48 1,49
M5 0.8 3,0 11,2 10,00 9,78 3,1 1,86
M6 1.0 4,0 13,44 12,00 11,75 3,72 2,16
M8 1.25 5,0 17,92 16,00 15,73 4,96 2,85
M10 1.5 6,0 22,4 20,00 19,67 6,2 3,60
M12 1.75 8,0 26,88 24,00 23,67 7,44 4,35
M16 2.0 10,0 33,6 32,00 29,67 8,8 4,89
M20 2.5 10,0 40,32 40,00 35,61 10,16 5,49
Appendix B

Recommended Fastener Torques (from www.boltdepot.com)

Recommended Torque
Size Grade 5 Grade 8 18-8 S/S Bronze Brass
Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
#4* - - - - 5.2 - 4.8 - 4.3 -
#6* - - - - 9.6 - 8.9 - 7.9 -
#8* - - - - 19.8 - 18.4 - 16.2 -
#10* - - - - 22.8 31.7 21.2 29.3 18.6 25.9
1/4 8 10 12 14 6.3 7.8 5.7 7.3 5.1 6.4
5/16 17 19 24 27 11 11.8 10.3 10.9 8.9 9.7
3/8 31 35 44 49 20 22 18 20 16 18
7/16 49 55 70 78 31 33 29 31 26 27
1/2 75 85 105 120 43 45 40 42 35 37
9/16 110 120 155 170 57 63 53 58 47 51
5/8 150 170 284 323 93 104 86 96 76 85
3/4 270 295 510 568 128 124 104 102 118 115
7/8 395 435 813 902 194 193 178 178 159 158
1 590 660 905 1030 287 289 265 240 235 212
* Sizes from 4 to 10 are in in.- lbs.
Sizes from 1/4 up are in Ft. - lbs.
Appendix C

Bolt Grade Markings and Strength Chart (Table from www.boltdepot.com)

Mechanical Properties
Nominal
Head Grade or Minimum Minimum
Material Size Range
Markings Class Proof Load Yield Tensile
(Inches)
(psi) Streng th Strength
(psi) (psi)
American

1/4 thru 3/4 55,000 57,000 74,000

Low or
Grade 2 Medium
Carbon Steel Over 3/4
33,000 36,000 60,000
No Markings thru 1-1/2

Medium
Carbon 1/4 thru 1 85,000 92,000 120,000
Steel,
Grade 5
Quenched
and Over 1 thru
3 Radial 74,000 81,000 105,000
Tempered 1-1/2
Lines
Medium
Carbon
Alloy Steel, 1/4 thru 1-
Grade 8 120,000 130,000 150,000
Quenched 1/2
6 Radial and
Lines Tempered

Stainless 80,000 – 100,000 –

Steel alloy 1/4 thru 5/8 90,000 125,000
markings
with 17-19%
vary. Most 18-8
Chromium 3/4 thru 1 100,000
stainless is Stainless 45,000 –
and 8-13%
non- 70,000 80,000 –
Nickel
magnetic Above 1
90,000
Metric
 Medium
Carbon
Steel, All Sizes
Class 8.8 85,000 92,000 120,000
Quenched thru 1-1/2
and
8.8 Tempered

Alloy Steel,
Quenched All Sizes
Class 10.9 120,000 130,000 150,000
and thru 1-1/2
Tempered
10.9

Stainless 80,000 – 100,000 –

Steel alloy 1/4 thru 5/8 90,000 125,000
markings
with 17-19%
vary. Most A-2
stainless is Stainless Chromium 3/4 thru 1 45,000 –
100,000
and 8-13%
non- 70,000 80,000 –
Nickel
magnetic Above 1 90,000
Tensile Strength: The maximum load in tension (pulling apart) which a material can withstand before breaking or
fracturing.
Yield Strength: The maximum load at which a material exhibits a specific permanent deformation
Proof Load: An axial tensile load which the product must withstand without evidence of any permanent set.

ISO metric fastener material strength property classes (grades). ISO metric fastener material
property classes (grades) should be used. For example, fastener material ISO property class 5.8 means
nominal (minimum) tensile ultimate strength 500 MPa and nominal (minimum) tensile yield strength 0.8
times tensile ultimate strength or 0.8(500) = 400 MPa. (In a few cases, the actual tensile ultimate strength
may be approximately 20 MPa higher than nominal tensile ultimate strength indicated via the nominal
property class code. Consult Table 10, below, for exact values.) Many anchor bolts (L, J, and U bolts,
and threaded rod) are made from low carbon steel grades, such as ISO classes 4.6, 4.8, and 5.8.
Appendix D

Letter and Number Decimal Equivalents

NUMBER DRILL SIZES

Size of No. in Size of No. in Size of No. in Size of No. in

No. Decimals No. Decimals No. Decimals No. Decimals
1 0.2280 21 0.1590 41 0.0960 61 0.0390
2 0.2210 22 0.1570 42 0.0935 62 0.0380
3 0.2130 23 0.1540 43 0.0890 63 0.0370
4 0.2090 24 0.1520 44 0.0860 64 0.0360
5 0.2055 25 0.1495 45 0.0820 65 0.0350
6 0.2040 26 0.1470 46 0.0810 66 0.0330
7 0.2010 27 0.1440 47 0.0785 67 0.0320
8 0.1990 28 0.1405 48 0.0760 68 0.0310
9 0.1960 29 0.1360 49 0.0730 69 0.02925
10 0.1935 30 0.1285 50 0.0700 70 0.0280
11 0.1910 31 0.1200 51 0.0670 71 0.0260
12 0.1890 32 0.1160 52 0.0635 72 0.0250
13 0.1850 33 0.1130 53 0.0595 73 0.0240
14 0.1820 34 0.1110 54 0.0550 74 0.0225
15 0.1800 35 0.1100 55 0.0520 75 0.0210
16 0.1770 36 0.1065 56 0.0465 76 0.0200
17 0.1730 37 0.1040 57 0.0430 77 0.0180
18 0.1695 38 0.1015 58 0.0420 78 0.0160
19 0.1660 39 0.0995 59 0.0410 79 0.0145
20 0.1610 40 0.0980 60 0.0400 80 0.0135
 LETTER DRILL SIZE

A 0.234 N 0.302
B 0.238 O 0.316
C 0.242 P 0.323
D 0.246 Q 0.332
E 0.250 R 0.339
F 0.257 S 0.348
G 0.261 T 0.358
H 0.266 U 0.368
I 0.272 V 0.377
J 0.277 W 0.386
K 0.281 X 0.397
L 0.290 Y 0.404
M 0.295 Z 0.413