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    QC-1 Assn Tanvir

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    RA Tanvir
    Redox titration involves the reaction of oxidation and reduction between chemical species. A titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a standard solution until the reaction reaches the endpoint. Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reactions can be balanced by writing separate half reactions for oxidation and reduction and ensuring the same number of electrons are lost and gained. The endpoint of a titration can be determined using various methods like indicators, potentiometry, or monitoring changes in pH, color, or conductivity.

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    QC-1 Assn Tanvir

    Uploaded by

    RA Tanvir
    18 views11 pages
    Redox titration involves the reaction of oxidation and reduction between chemical species. A titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a standard solution until the reaction reaches the endpoint. Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reactions can be balanced by writing separate half reactions for oxidation and reduction and ensuring the same number of electrons are lost and gained. The endpoint of a titration can be determined using various methods like indicators, potentiometry, or monitoring changes in pH, color, or conductivity.

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    QC-1 assn Tanvir

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    Redox titration involves the reaction of oxidation and reduction between chemical species. A titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a standard solution until the reaction reaches the endpoint. Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reactions can be balanced by writing separate half reactions for oxidation and reduction and ensuring the same number of electrons are lost and gained. The endpoint of a titration can be determined using various methods like indicators, potentiometry, or monitoring changes in pH, color, or conductivity.

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    QC-1 Assn Tanvir

    Uploaded by

    RA Tanvir
    Redox titration involves the reaction of oxidation and reduction between chemical species. A titration determines the concentration of an unknown solution by adding a standard solution until the reaction reaches the endpoint. Oxidation is the loss of electrons while reduction is the gain of electrons. Redox reactions can be balanced by writing separate half reactions for oxidation and reduction and ensuring the same number of electrons are lost and gained. The endpoint of a titration can be determined using various methods like indicators, potentiometry, or monitoring changes in pH, color, or conductivity.

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    of 11

    SUBMITTED TO:

    Md. Kamrul
    Hasan

    Lecturer

    Department of
    Pharmacy

    Daffodil
    International
    University
    Redox titration in
    pharmaceutical analysis
    Name of the Course : Pharmaceutical Analysis and QC-1 ;Course
    Code : BPH-221 ; Program : B. Pharm.

    SUBMITTED BY:
    NAME: Rifat Ahmed
    Tanvir

    ID: 201-29-399
    What is redox titration?
    A TITRATION WHICH DEALS WITH A REACTION INVOLVING OXIDATION AND
    REDUCTION OF CERTAIN CHEMICAL SPECIES.

    What is a titration?
    The act of adding standard solution in small quantities to the test solution till
    the reaction is complete is termed titration.

    What is a standard Solution?


    A standard solution is one whose concentration is precisely known.

    What is a test solution?


    A test solution is one whose concentration is to be estimated

    What is oxidation?
    Old definition:

    Combination of substance with oxygen

    C (s) + O 2(g) CO2(g)

    Current definition:

    Loss of

    Electrons is
    Oxidation (LEO) Na Na+ + e-

    Positive charge represents electron deficiency

    ONE POSITIVE CHARGE MEANS DEFICIENT BY ONE ELECTRON

    What is reduction?
    Old definition:

    Removal of oxygen from a compound

    WO3 (s) + 3H2(g) W(s) + 3H2O(g)

    Current definition:

    Gain of

    Electrons is

    Reduction (GER)

    Cl +e- Cl-

    Negative charge represents electron richness

    ONE NEGATIVE CHARGE MEANS RICH BY ONE ELECTRON

    OXIDATION-REDUCTION
    Oxidation and reduction go hand in hand. In a reaction, if there is an atom
    undergoing oxidation, there is probably another atom undergoing reduction.
    When there is an atom that donates electrons, there is always an atom that
    accepts electrons. Electron transfer happens from one atom to another.
    How to keep track of electron
    transfer?

    Oxidation number or oxidation state (OS):

    Usually a positive, zero or a negative number (an integer)

    A positive OS reflects the tendency atom to loose electrons

    A negative OS reflects the tendency atom to gain electrons

    Rules for assigning OS


    The sum of the oxidation numbers of all of the atoms

    in a molecule or ion must be equal in si

    gn and value

    to the char

    ge on the molecule or ion.

    KMnO4 SO42-

    Potassium Permanganate Sulfate anion

    OS of K + OS of Mn +

    4(OS of O) = 0 OS of S + 4(OS of O) = -2

    NH4+ Ammonium cation OS of N + 4(OS of H) = +1

    Also, in an element, such as S

    8 or O
    2 , this rule

    requires that all atoms must have an oxidation

    number of 0.

    In binary compounds (those consisting of only two

    different elements), the element with greater

    electronegativity is assigned a negative OS equal

    to its charge as a simple monatomic ion.

    NaCl Na+ Cl - MgS Mg2+S2-

    When it is bonded directly to a non-metal atom,

    the hydrogen atom has an OS of +1. (When bonded

    to a metal atom, hydrogen has an OS of -1.)

    Except for substances termed peroxides or

    superoxides, the OS of oxygen in its compounds is -

    2. In peroxides, oxygen has an oxidation number of

    -1, and in superoxides, it has an oxidation number

    of -½ .

    2O HCl 2H+O2-NH4+N3- 4(H+) H + Cl

    Hydrogen peroxide: H 2 O 2= 2H + 2O

    Potassium superoxide: KO 2= K + 2O -1/2


    Please Remember !!
    In a periodic table,

    Vertical columns are called GROUPS

    Horizontal rows are called PERIODS

    Electronegativity increases as we more left to right

    along a period.

    Electronegativity decrease as we move top to bottom

    down a group.

    Balancing simple redox


    reactions Cu (s) + Ag +(aq) Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)

    Step 1: Pick out similar species from the equation

    Cu(s) Cu2+(aq)

    Ag +(aq) Ag (S)

    Step 2: Balance the equations individually for

    charges and number of atoms

    Cu 0(S) Cu2+(aq) + 2e

    Ag +(aq) + e - Ag (S)

    Cu 0(S) Cu2+(aq) + 2e

    Ag +(aq) + e - Ag (S)

    Cu 0(S) becomes Cu 2+ (aq) by loosing 2 electrons.

    So Cu 0(S) getting oxidized to Cu2+(aq) is the

    oxidizing half reaction.

    Ag +(aq) becomes Ag 0 (S) by gaining 1 electron.

    So Ag +(aq) getting reduced to Ag (S) is the

    reducing half reaction.

    LEO-GER

    Balancing Redox Reactions using Half


    Reaction Method
    1- Divide the equation into an oxidation half-reaction and a reduction

    half-reaction
    2- Balance these – Balance the elements other than H and O

    3- Balance the O by adding H2O – Balance the H by adding H+

    4- Balance the charge by adding e5- Multiply each half-reaction by an integer


    such that the number of

    electron lost in one equals the number gained in the other

    6- Combine the half-reactions and cancel

    7- Balancing Redox Reactions Using the Half Reaction Method

    Example-1
    Al + HCl = AlCl3 + H2 0 +1 -1 +3 -1 0

    Oxidation: (Al = Al3+ + 3e-)  2 = 6 e–

    Reduction: (2H+ + 2e = H2 )  3 = 6 e–

    Redox: 2Al + 6H+ = 2Al3+ + 3H2

    Example-2
    MnO4 + C2O4 2 + H+ = Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O

    1- Balance each half reaction: MnO4 + 5é = Mn2+C2O42 = 2 CO2 + 2é

    2- Use the number of moles so as to make the electrons gained in one

    reaction equal those lost in the other one

    Measuring the endpoint of a titration


    Different methods to determine the endpoint include:
     Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a chemical change.
    An acid–base indicator (e.g., phenolphthalein) changes color depending on the
    pH. Redox indicatorsare also used. A drop of indicator solution is added to the
    titration at the beginning; the endpoint has been reached when the color
    changes.

     Potentiometer: An instrument that measures the electrode potential of the


    solution. These are used for redox titrations; the potential of the working
    electrode will suddenly change as the endpoint is reached.

    An elementary pH meter that can be used to monitor titration reactions

     pH meter: A potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on


    the amount of H+ ion present in the solution. (This is an example of an ion-
    selective electrode.) The pH of the solution is measured throughout the
    titration, more accurately than with an indicator; at the endpoint there will be
    a sudden change in the measured pH.

     Conductivity: A measurement of ions in a solution. Ion concentration can


    change significantly in a titration, which changes the conductivity. (For
    instance, during an acid–base titration, the H+ and OH− ions react to form
    neutral H2O.) As total conductance depends on all ions present in the solution
    and not all ions contribute equally (due to mobility and ionic strength),
    predicting the change in conductivity is more difficult than measuring it.

     Color change: In some reactions, the solution changes color without any
    added indicator. This is often seen in redox titrations when the different
    oxidation states of the product and reactant produce different colors.

     Precipitation: If a reaction produces a solid, a precipitate will form during the


    titration. A classic example is the reaction between Ag+ and Cl− to form the
    insoluble salt AgCl. Cloudy precipitates usually make it difficult to determine
    the endpoint precisely. To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to
    be done as "back" titrations (see below).

     Isothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat


    produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint. Used in
    biochemical titrations, such as the determination of how substrates bind to
    enzymes.

     Thermometric titrimetry: Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry


    because the heat of the reaction (as indicated by temperature rise or fall) is
    not used to determine the amount of analyte in the sample solution. Instead,
    the endpoint is determined by the rate of temperature change.

     Spectroscopy: Used to measure the absorption of light by the solution


    during titration if the spectrum of the reactant, titrant or product is known.
    The concentration of the material can be determined by Beer's Law.

     Amperometry: Measures the current produced by the titration reaction as a


    result of the oxidation or reduction of the analyte. The endpoint is detected as
    a change in the current. This method is most useful when the excess titrant can
    be reduced, as in the titration of halides with Ag+ .
    CONCLUSION
    In every redox reaction, both reduction and oxidation must occur. Substance
    that gives electrons is the reducing agent or reductant. Substance that accepts
    electrons is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reaction of ferrous ion with
    chlorine gas Overall, the number of electrons lost in the oxidation half reaction
    must equal the number gained in the reduction half equation.

    THE END

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