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P
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curd6le

teadig
Detinisastey is y Tyie Event Hht on C2 u3e

;iuals t toce usi? Hheir

turctin ot
us t
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hd, Lndslhde
ars, Bttte, Riots,
ecal Conietr
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1)
escieqr posio Aeciaent 5
Deforestnto
ef socieiy is
apikute otdisptoced
a es.y
depens
Copa city to displace Enornos

Fjnanciod is neekd
as fom the Putlic.
pisAstey
held m June
1992, te Dis as te
eIperts have a9apeent
mitigate
Disqsters. yt h95Bufeins. of
Risk. RÍSk is been Csed
consicicsed as e*pasure to 929rd.
blity and
expresion Could
Risk =
Cyacly Butdng
 Risk Management

bisastey

RrstCAne

Recavevcry
34t

Ditastey ReEponIe’

prevenfic,

in i Buene Hire:
Tmpats wold be limitecd t

2rottd Hhese assurap tbnd 95

Fpicentre ot the cA e dics in
Cisis
faqñapem ent, Jndia fook the tording pt, inspite ek
beig kiler
(Tun mi).
as man rnade disstey forcCs psttCula
tenmcl
Life
 It
a)
3 Wulnerability
vUi The Th8se
ciet chisncters is Hect Tne t0rites catopuske
jor The Plants
(H4zgrds)
neraoiity
ctisaster. Concept
itset.'n Made
Combines co ta
fertheres betuciion
relatio ific
LeaKs from
4efurestatect - Disstersi
It ahort
veny Soetrne
oitts ef is eers Animas. lya
reiex EX9n Pl
peing
Vulnerbity
to
fevested the bhele
t ccuvig D
relaiornuip town

e: heppen but
is
Vlnrableto
elestoged thc
i oitt
Can
inicn
ceytaini
onc
cevtunly
thi
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lardad'e.
vi tane
 cqkabiky guand'and nation fective
ensUN activiHes
to pprgvenent
o4 Ind
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is
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ness
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Arranemerts)
ightesPocr seLineine ife BaceCap creaton
et
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and Pents
Preping
squi
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occsr bisester
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in Rele
veS bettem- ivint
tine Peoae on( opan Thteshod v)
Density
et i)
fopalatten Gneng
Peverty 1)
cocation i)
follouo
aiyt Vulner eetenine
Hht factoys porta
t im
lity- ncrq Val Afectt
rg Factors
BtACk: has teyclsa,
ay
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and butes
tbutes conti
t Coti qbiity Vulner disasey prcodes
a
 ydralagla u,an tefés to a rolrd, lutole, nd

Hydrological disasters
Floods

A lood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerycs land.B The EU Floods directive
defines aflood as a iemporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. In the
sense of "lowing water", the word may also be applied to the inlow of ihe tide. Flooding may
result fromthe volume of water within a body of vwater, such as a river or lake, which overllows
While.the.
or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual'boundaries.
size of'a lake or other bòdy of waieriwill varý with seasonal chänges in precipitalion and snovw
melt, it is not a significant flood uniess the water covers land used by man like a village, ciy or
other inhabied arca, roads; exþarSs of farmland, etc.

The Limpopo River, in southern Mozambique, during the 2000-Mozambique lood

Some of the imöst hotable fioods inciude:

The Johnstown Flood of 1889 where over 2200 people lost their livesi when the South
Fork Dam holding back Lake Conemaugh troke.
The Huang He (Yellow River) in China floo particularly often. The Great Flood o!
1931 caused between 800,000 arnd 4,000,00U ueaths.
The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the most cpstly floods in Unied Stales history.
The 1998 Yangtze River Floods, in China, lefi 14 milliun people homcless.
The 2000 Mozambique flood covered much of' the country lor three wecks, resulting in
thousands of deaths, and leavingthe country devastated lor years alierward.
The 2005 Mumbaifloods which killed 1094 people,
The 2010Pkistan floods,daröaged crops and infrastructure, claiming many lives.
Tropical cyclones can result in extensive flooding and _lorm_urge, us happened with:
Bhola Cyclone, which struck East Pakistan (now Bangladeslh) in 1970,
Typhoon Nina, which struck China in 1975,
Hurricane KatriFa, which struck New Qrdeans,L.ouisians in 2005,and
Cyclone Yasi, which struck Australia in 201|
 reBho
or ofsyegching
nt. a0metmes water, of ges
explosio cuption. an
undliodes, oelieve Scientists civitg
or Voicaric A
Waer pias
eruption
oildlife cating sufo ter,
lake lcep fo
UOhic Eruptons
is Limnic
Hrat
Seve
bìsastese:. hat
o and frguent most
Flcad
Erus
tmosphereeX4iple
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eest
eiminat
eal: beShata disnstex hman
possibic etCnE maxiMym
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is Tt cUntiledbto avd Aid:, 2Afe
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Disaster
Di
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is be
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ehuig before,
taktn HeasuneS Contec? DiSaster
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Disaste oto Chl!
Aoitety
imprcrs ad Losses rommektol Cnvi ceonumis
humwidesprexe' invotylng 80Gcy cowimatesi,
yn
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ae of Aeisus
Tt
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4 A
 TsunamiS Aacc
These
at tectonic pnte bonola dcs

Waves to be comG

Cyptiens.

tbat e leyct ot river, 4rog

a) Genei Fieel- 1ully oisi
mlt i3 t* pimary caye ot floos
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ie 4 warer saitsovey 4lo He ievel, he eurundiy
ater
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ef Hoods 4ives in U"p. and
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is ot

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may be 4m bust
Fius Ficoá- Tnere
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he FQs Feod.
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Pre cecd cal by hey a tie

duing is peiod even a

is Caid he Pcobasi'y
Ficod. Duing the foobability pPeiod
neavy Pajn in caschne nt + heavy
in the trearne | River.
Statisicalsy in (or mthion Colected trorm Floocd Pone regr
fiver to bakly reveaad
Ten Yea eo
 Flopn Forecst tatlone in e county
Ztegtate Flood pyond Aivers.
/ssueul annvaey . Mos t

o Pert k o epjc to)& ho in Rivey

fo w
Passi ble foodig above Hae
Rivex e. hen t

Fleos

DROVGHT- HEat hves, Fox Fire +Drout also cause bisars

5n Tdia due

Peniodi c byouqtt
Arnost GS t the otl aien n India. is Drp'uht P;31e

inc reesmg te Vunealiity tte

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Tyicat etect of cdrcughts

e' Fa raine Condii6ms.

e) Peduced Enery Prvactucion.

) des pread
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bcath ( Hym an, fonimo4e)
H424s PSsesment Bot private 'and Govt fAen cies ciocely moni
howr They preune mithgtio Btrteies bsed on
evALution qnd Asses ment o secuirty ot
Mun migaio strateies o Dyoutht
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fall. Rain vegetation Cover helps Rain) ater to

haue bee xpe°enced some

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he e
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ot
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in
a
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 L

Introduction
Coastal házards play a major role in today's society because it is apart of hunun nture to live
live within 100 km
near or along the coast. 80% of people live near the coist. I.2 billion people on coaslal
coast and it is on the rise. I is important for us to educate our'selves und others
of ihe
Lhazards so we can coninue living near the coast wilh the least amount o1 Jnlage lo he
environment. In the past, human development has effected our cvastal ii ing urrayements by
as
making itvutnerableta such fragile environments such as the barrier islands. Disasters such
hurricanes with high winds and swells, cause erosion along coas1lines. Due lo lhis cerluin
policies have been sei in pläceto try and manage disaster property damages. FEMA, NFIP,
CZM, and ele. Adapiive management has becöme a major source of piarning in order lo make
development sustainable for the environment. Structural versus non-struclurai mitigation
iechniques have been a main focus for planners towards coastal hazardsShort lcrmsolutions.
veraus iong term solutiens; dune, sea;walls, etc., which one should planners focus bn and overall
of
which would be the better option to spend funds on. Current strategies ure only anillusion
safety towards our coastlincs,

For coastal hazards it is impornant tò have emergency management plans in advance so agencies
recovery time
can respond quickiy 'and effectively. If we have beter plans it will create a faster
state. For example,
that will ensure economic, social, and environmental life back io its original management
Huricane Katrina wasan nationa! eye opener on how on the risk of improper ri_k
fedcral system and
-between. federal; state, and local governments. Due to the nature of' the
in addition 10
policies ofien conflict with one another between both private and public agenciesyovernments
Communication betWecH these is
mandated mitigation programs going unfunded. hazards are
essential incoordinating-an effective response thrOugh mitigation: Cyastal
everyone to-be
unpredicËable to knowwhere and when they willoccur and it is important for
prepared.

Coastal Environments
of'the United States with very
There are many different types of environments along ti: coasts
that are involved.
diverse features that affect, influence, and mold the nearsiore processes
lechniques
Understanding these ecosystems and environments can further advance the mitigating
vulnerable
hazards in these
and policy-making efforts against natúral and man-made coastal the norhern ice-pushing,
areas. The five most common types of coastal zones range from
mountainous coastline of Alaska and Maine, the barrier island coasts lacing the Atlantic, the
teep, cliff-back headlands along the paçific coäst, the marginal-sea type coastline of' the Gulf
and Hawai.l2
region, and the coral reef coasts bordering Southern florida
Ice-Pushing/Moünta inous Coastline
alleclcd predominantly
These coastal regions along the Northern-most part of the nation, were forming a very long,
by, along with the rest of the Pacific Coast, continuous tecionic activity,
environments are heavily
irregular, ridged, steep and mostly mountainous coastline. These conditionsaffecting Alaska's
Occupied with permafrost and glaciers, which are the two major
Coastal Developmnent.2]

Barrier Island Coastline

 formations
rock
clifted rivers, and waves.
parallci diverse
an
islands
ISlands variousridged, andcòntinuqusly roughwind-gencrated
numerous and deliver
runnig and
asSwells estuaries, tectonically marsh of extremelydiverse
highlyvalue.4
protecting
barTICr
The perpendicular;-cause
The the
onsisting also
sandoceans
trends. beach.belovalleys."
w intersecting,
of
aréasaid
thebut economic
naturally
ofmarshes, along.a of protection,
andsizesleve! control.
vasthighly Hawaiifrom Bècause
of
strips steep, and
surges
and inçluding åssembled
lägoons, Mexico;
of withdissipatéd
coastlines,it's
Florida,and
narrowtyoessea veryfringing consisting
yet increasing
shoreline
and
disasters floor damage.
storm ahd
controls, of running
peninsulas,of fiow
various
lairlyntigalingsystems consistsfor:àtions Gulf
gcean,
energy
inrer-laying
aarnd prone-to'
coast,water natural
southern
ofthe
wavethetourism,
onsistsihe basement resistances the to the direc!for
of nation,
down border
its teninetyaporcent.of
morpholwetland
of ogv the
rock form
desccnding along attaining
provide
thebotiomtheand and
Hazards
in Coastlíne
the volcanic fisheries
halrolc range, altering States
lagoons of
structures shores for surge
enly
signilicant
stein environments
of of
nart
thai isregion.oflandförmthe significant.buffer
United along not Coastal
The tidal Abrasionslohcs cliffs Coaslinc.
western'andwith Type
Marginal-Sca
and the
storm to
rccfs
s
form occur.cnergy. melamorphic,
vegctative
all
uplifted the bays, maD-made off suructures
up of
servies
a,
landpayevCnlsunique Clirf-Backing
the environment, of Corallocatedabsoroing
Coastine
Reef coral
impact
inlets
banks of
a and
is
dain
wave
mainlandmultiple
islands
along
Thecoastline
of
stretch
withSedinmentary, southern mariyThiswith are naturala
is the
thesc.
ecosystems,
process
amountof
Causes
'ecosystems,
ninimizing
the
Cxtcnsivc. forming developed, reefs
on gencrally
disturbed wetlands. complex abundant
lagoons.
Stccp, Coral This
Barncr dcpcnd
create
th
The
iO
 Natural VS Human disasters

Thepopulation that lives along or near our coastlines are an extremely vulnerable
Therèare numerous issues facing our coastlines and there are two main populalion.
categories
hazards can be plced under, National disasters and Human disusters. Both of' thesethat these
great damage to our coastlines and discussion is stil ongo1ng regarding what issues cause
standards
responses need to be met to hclp both the individuals who want 10 continue living along the
or
coastline, while keeping them safe and.not eroding more coastline away. Natuçal disasters are
disasters that are out ofhuman control ând are usually caused by the weather: Disasters thal
include but arcnot limiled to; storms, tsunamis, typhoons, lvoding: udes.
nor'easters, and storm surge. Human disästers occur when humans are the walerspouls.
muin culprit belhind
why the disaster happened. Some hunan disasters äre but are nt limited 0; pollutiun, rawling.
and human development. Natural and humarn disasters continue lo harnn the coastlines s'verly
and they need to be researched, in order to prepare/styp the hazards if possible.

The populations that live near or along the coas! experience many huzards and iu atlecis millions
of people. Around ten milion pcople globally feelthe effects of coastal probleHns yeariy and
most are dåe to certain natural ha|ards like coastal flooding with storn surges and typhoons. P A
'major problem related tÏ coastalregioDs deals with how the entire glohal eivironment is
changing and in response, the coastal regions are easily eflecied.

Hurricane.Diana

Storms, Flooding, Erosion

Storms are one of the major hazards that ate associaled 1o coastal regions. Slorms, flooding, and
stormsor Hurricanes
erosion are closely associated andcan happen simultaneously. TropicalHurricane
during Andrew
especially can devastate coastal regions. For examplé, Florida hurricane that caused S26.S
Occurredin 1992 that caused extrem damage. It was a rategory five
from ilhe storm. Hurricane
bi llion dollars in damages and even 23 individuals lost their lives hurricane can do in u
Karinaalso caused havoc along the coast to show the extreme force a
that causes flooding and
certain region.. I n almost all cases, storms are the major culprit
when £massive amount of rainlall comes
erosion. Flash flooding is caused by storms that occurs
Where as a storn1 surge, which is closely related to
down into an areaover a short period of time. poshes water lowards low pressure or inland and
Iropical storms, iswhen the wind collects and a higher sea level that rises
can rise rapidly." is an ofishore rise of water and overallcreates
pushed inland. The amount of rise or fall of storm surge depends greatly on he amount
and is occurs during a high lide il can
and duration of wind and water in a specific location. Also if' i
have an even greater effect on the coast.
 P o l i c i

Amos1 allstoms with high wind and waler cause crosion along the coast. Erosion
hut not limitcd io: along shorc currents. lides, sea levcl rise and fall, and high winds. occurs
Largerwhen Nati

amounts of crosion causc thc coastline loerode away at-a aster rate and c¡n teve
homeless and leave lcss land to devclopor keep for environmental reasons. Coastalpeople
becn incrcasing ovcr the past few ycars andit is still on the rise which erosion has
hazard. In the United Statcs, 45 percent of its coast line is alang the makes it a major coastline
hc crosion rate pcr ycar along the Gulf co£st is.at six Atlantic-or Gulf coast and
feet a year. The averáge rate of erosion
along the Alanticis aroundtwo to three.fect. a vear. Even
speciiic iocations vary becÁuse of various with these findings, erOSION rates in
cause major erosion upwards lo 100feet orenvironmenial factors such as major storms.that can
more in only one day.
Pollution, Trawling, Human Development

NorhCarolina Homes being taken by the

Atlantic Ocean 08-23-2011
Pollution. irawling.
and human evelopment are imajor
weionse.Ths arc !wo nanm çaicgorics human disasters thàt effect coastl
source related to Follution, point sQurce pollution, and nonpoint
pallution. Point source
bodyof water that lcads into thepollution
is when there is an exact
locatión
rivers and oceans. Known dumping into the such as a pipeline ora
anothcr point source of pollution. Nonpoint source ocean is al[o
.runoff, and industrialwastc. Examples of pollution that pollution would pertain more to fertilizer
limilcd 10: fertilizer runoff. oil spills, and effect the coastal regicns are but are not
human acts that hur thc coastlinc are as dumping of hazardous materials into the oceans. More
drilling. 1 Qil spills arc onc of the most follows;waste
hazardous
discharge, fishing, dredging, mining,and
dangers towards coastal communities. They
arc hard to contain. difficult toclean up, and
devastate everything.
birds. thc watcr. and cspccially the coastline nar the spill. The The fish, animals such as
most recent oilspill that had
cverybody conçcrncd with oil spll was the. BP oil spill.
Trawling hurts the normal ccosystemns in th¹ water around the coastline. It depletes all
ccosystems on the occan •loor such as, ilounder, shellfish, marsh etc. u.is simply agiant ret that
is deúg across the occan floor and destroys and catches anything in its path. Human development
is one of the major problens when facing coastal hazards. The.overallconstruction of buildings
and houscs on the coast line takes away the natyral occurences to handle the fluctuation in water
and sca levcl rise. Building houses in pre-flood areas or high risk areas that are extremely
..
vulnerable to flooding arc major concems towards human development in coastal regions.
Having houses and buildings in arcas that are known Thave powerful storms that will create
people.to bc in risk by,living there. AlIso pertaining (n barrier islands, where land is at risk for
erosion but thcy still ontinuc to build there anyway. More and more houses today are being
taken by ihe öccan. look al piciure above.
 was
fotlowingproperty or within sub-federal
owners wih ompletcd
ot goals
coastal
Coastal theland
expensive
provides have capaciy und
The
deci[ion coordination,
public25% which
located strategic
coastal establishes of program tw
home tosses. compliant coastal tò to stale lransportalion,
was establish
events. reduce roughly to quality, also required
necessary
Only incrcasing U.S.periaining policies less areas,
advisorythe
legislation
This was she
olfers fluOd property 1The'manage lorCAMA.CZMA
NFIP
llooding to
itsurance. guvernment.mapping consitilue 35 waler CZMA programs is coasial Administrative by couperalivinsure and
but are
widespread represent pronotes. was
und the the state imnplemented
an
iloid, thalandflvodplains issues
support,and resources
tourism,
in thisenvironment,
streamline
protection. ilthrough
1968alter pulicies the members,evaluate critical
coastal operates
tlood from ife which on !] regulatorythat u
ereales ol'
the LO CSO
in recover and to afier 1970 Funding,
Congress initiatives. as found
participation,
goal coastal
development,
instituted
providing by
indivjduals riskdomestic
mitigation owners, suchprovided Eachuses,ldentifying was
construcied issues to government
high löses
reduce in
environmental
Works Congress Ii Thecoastal
and after-continually established of legislatiun for. thatCZMA. of
flood mappedthese subsidized lobbies
decisions.
primary implementation planners.
use
wasrebuild
discontinuc implemented
member'states CZMA insuranceprovide policy the
protect policies to Public theeconomic
were losses. the State preserving
NFIP for to CSO assistance state is government
balance
to cóst
disbursedcomprehensively the or for land
sruciures was policy the
should
assistance, CAMA with
The
or opportunity betict regulatory are áre Act standard mitigating
the CSO policies. in ldentifying in-tandem conservations,
Programto insurance management' make
andretlected modification.
Flood
Insurance insurers and
Program companies only reduce federa! andfor Management programs governments.resources,
of
amount
adopted. of or funding
information development Act or capable
Th» majority oastal
Organization Act federal to Act local
Insurance
an private net assessed..ToOrgan/zationon
Çoastal
States requirements
by measures,Téchnical
Management
for be parts: work
communities to
insurancetotalhave also
regulations. input terini. Mapagement supposed-10 which boundary Management
operate by water law.
are
NFIPThe
rates of zon Zoneminimum
distinct 10 madesyslemfor
local
the program
the issue_
states provide-
long common
Flood which the coastal the to minimum 1974 andstandards
of reduce
by behali The.risk.be' policies States on allowing secure
Coastal
for building government Area
and decisions
management
land
tederal a policy ? zone Areain state
qualifying
Policies National decision cOmniunities
this of could
floodplains. governments
Coastal and to Zone to is with Carolina of
and of andprotection
National on awareness areand thecreatewhich the Management
coastalCoastalCoastal
of exceed risktotal hazards, Coastal minimum program the reviewspreservation
made losses,
The the goals
Policy CS needs, 1972 national establish guidelines
in andthe The Statesusage,the beiween a
of State The North Create
in for The and
a the
 shore. b¡lanced
example theof confinued
wheD
integraicd nplemenid
'urricancs.
thiianagenent
e with planning
ioDue and
protectitg
coasi. lo
thc
pianning.
nation's
coastal ihe
the to growlt terrilory.
The
caasialnoreusters.
"preservc.
inccring mcrcasng
norc
Coastal h
According ccosysiems
zoneaiong Somc
hccausc
zone"The protect. urhanization
carthquakes, of
ofmanagcmcnt, Management.the oneAct
tructures to coast, the of
the and
hazards thc
develop, environment
Coasta! this movemcnt along
development adapiive flooding,
ructurespossible, ihere
and
act include
Zone the
întroduced
coasiines,
of
(CZMA) erosion,
movemént fron
managennent
Vanagement people
of depieting.
the betterpollution tohe
land was planning
of
strongiy
and can management to
Act, and created barciershorc
restore the Coastai
the the and and
use islands,
io and
efiéciS objectives human maragement
or 1972 management the
crhance
mitigationpractices
affectthe because hazards
deveiopmeni
of sea
erosion level
are
resSources the
strategies such thhai isare
sea to of
along remain becOMing
nse, essentla!
for20 the come
along
the
 L8

Stoe l l i a cking

Cociyta dgaikn
aliial. drkastc

palletio

Marine feas tei

A
Cient Lwualli,
Phib
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 "Atmozpheti Djatserr
Cimaiic and almosphec hazafhs

Young steer after a blizzard, March 1966

Blizzard:
A blizzard is a severe winter storm icy and windy
conditions characterized by low jempeCaures
strong winds, and heavy snow.

JH o
Scientists warn that plobal warming and clinmatechane nayresul1 in mor:
ComIng years. exlensive droughts in

Hailstorm
A hailstom isa inaturel hazard where a
dautage the locaticn in whhch they fal!. thunderstorm produces numerous haistone_ which
HailstormsCan be especial!y devastating fo fartelds;
ruining crops and damaging equipmen.
Heat wave.
Aheai wave is ahzard charactrized by heat
which is considered extreme and unusual in the
area in-whieh it occurs. Heat wavës are rare and
tó take place, and may require.speciic combinations of weather events
include-temperature inyersionskatabatic
There ispotential for longer term events causing global wind[: OLotherDhenomena,.
warming,
opposíte tó glacial 'ité age'.events),or through human induced including stadial events (the
climatic warming.
Maelstrom
cwnt wateu ka move:te
AmaelsrGín. is a very powerful
dowsdraf.. Ther are virtually nowhirlpool.
li is a large, swirling bodv of water with
documented aceounts considerable
of large ships being sucked into
maelstron,although smaller crafi and swimmers are in danger. a
nay even threaten iarger crafts. ’ Fsunumi generated máelstroms
bot /Shipsareat /4paacat
Cycionic storms: Hurricane Kalrina
 Hurricane, Iropicai cyclone, and typhoon are different names for the same phenomenon: a
CVclonicstorm system tha forms over the occans. It is caused by evaporated waterha çomeS.
off of the ocean and becomes a storm. The Coriolis Effect
causes the storms to Spil, and2
hårricane is declared when this spinning mass of storms. attains a wind speed greater thán 74 mph
(119 km/h). Hurricane is used or these phenomena in thc Atlantic and casten
tropical cycl:ne in the Indian, typhoonin the western Pacific. Paciticceans,.

Ice storm

An ice storm isa.particular wcather cvent in which precipitation lalls as ice, due :o atmosphere
conditions,
Tornado

ALomado is a natural disaster resulting from a thunderstorm. Tornadogs are violent, rotating
columns of air which can blow at specds berween 50 mph (8O km/h) and 300 mph (480km/h),
and possibly higher. Tormadocs.can Qcaur anÈ s ac, or can occur in large tornado outbreaks
associatCd witn superccBls or in other lai ze a.cas 0. understorm development. Waterspouts are.
tornadocs occurring ovcr tropicai waters in ight :ajn conditions.

imate change
Climate change is along-term hazard wiich.can inctease or deerease the risk of gtker weather
hazards, and also directly endangers propeity due to sea level riseand biologicál organisms due
1o hahita! destr.ction.

Geomagnetic stOrm
Gcomagneic slorms car disrupt or damage technoiogical infrastructure, and disorient species
with m8gnctoccpliop.
A blizzard is a severc. Suoystom charzcterized by-strong.winds. and. low temperatures. Ths
diferençe bélwccn ablizzard and a snowstorm is.he strength ofthe wind. To be a blizzard, a.
km/h
Snow.storm must have sustained winds.of frequent gusts that are greater than or equal. to 56 mile
melersor.a quarer
(35 ph) with blowing or rifiing 'snow which reduces visibility to 400houis.oLmore
oftime -ypically thre Snowfali
or less. and. mus lastI aprolongcd criod that at least soine snow
amounts do not have to.b¹'signi!icarit. In.Australia the definition requires
has been raised.irom the grcund.
zero yisibility; and temperaturcs of-2
A sCvere blizzard bas winds over 72 km/h (45 mph). near blowing snÍw near the ground, but no
Snawdrifis and
^( (0 )or lower. Aground blizzard has
lalling Snow(!

paralyze regions for days a! a time,

Blizzards can bri; near-whiteou! conditions, and can Iran blizzard, which caused
particularlywhere snowfai! is unusualor rare. The J97:?
recorded history.
approximately 4.000 dcashs, was the dcadliest in
European Union
which started to play a
Since 2001, the EU adopted Community Mechanism for Civil Protection, co-uperaiion in civi!
Signiicant role on the global scene, Mechanism's main role is tu facilitale
may require urgent
protection assistance interventions in the event of major emergencies which threal of such
may be an imminent
response actions. This applies also to situations where there
major emergencies 9

is part o! Direclorale
The neart of the Mechanisn is the Monioring and information Centre. I accessible 24
General for Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protecuon of the European Commission and
means
hours a day. It gives countries access to a platform, to a one-stop-shop of' civil protecion
outside the Union
available amongst the allthe participating states. Any country inside or the
affected by a major disaster can make an appeal for assistance hrough MIC. I acts us a
communication hub at headquarters level between participating stzies, the allected coun1ry und
status o!
despatched field experts. It also provides useful and updated information on the uctual
an' ngoing emergency.Da

National organizations
Australia

M¡in article: Ernergency Management inAu_iralia

Nalurai disasters are part ofife in Ausiralia. Drought orevrS DN average every.3 out of 0 years
and associated héatwaves have killed more Ausi ralians than any oiheriype of naturat diaaster H)
the 20th century.
Australia's emergency månagement processes embrace the.concept uf the prepared community.
The principal government agency in achieving this is.Emergency Management Australia.

Canada

Public Safery Canada is Canada's national emergency mahagement ayency. Each provinceis
required to have legislation in place foY dealing with emergencies., as. well as establish their own
emergency management agencies. ty pically called an "Emergency Measures Organization"
(EMO). xhich funcions as the primarv liaison with the municipal and federal level.

Public Safety Canada coordinates and supports the eitots of. lederal organizatons ensuring
national 'security and the safety of Canadians. They aiso work with other levels of goerment.
first responde1 s, cordmunity groups. the privatc secior (operátors of' critical inirasiructure) and
other nations.

PubBic Safety Canada's work is based on a wide rangc ot' policies und legislation through the
Pubie Safety and Emergenc; Preparedness Act which detines the powers, duties andiunctions
oi PS are ouiined.Other acts are specitic to tields such an correciens. emcrgene: mungment
lovw enforcement. and national security
Germany
In Germany the Fedcral Govcrnment controls the German
and Zivilschutz (civil protcction) programs. The local unitsKatastrophenschutz (disaster relief)
çf German fire department and the
Technisches Hilfswcrk (Federal Agencyfor Technical Relief,. THW) are part of these
programs.& Thc German Armed Forces (BundeSwehr), the German Federal Police and the i6
state police forccs (Länderpolizei) all have been deployed for disaster relief operations.
Bcsides the Gcrman Red Crossclain neocal, humanitarian help is dispensed by the Johannitcr
Unfallhilfc mn nevcc the Gcrman cquivalent of the St. John Ambulance, the Maltescr
Hill'sdienst, aemcct the Arbciter-Samaritçr-Bund cQN nesl and other private Organization,
to cít the largest relicf organisation thatare cquipped for large-scale emergencies. As of 2006,
there is a jointcourse, at the (Iniversity of Bonn leading to the degree"Master in Disaster
Prevention and Risk Governance"L"]
India

Kalpakkam, in afiernath of the 2004

Aproteciiye wall built en the shore of the.coastal town of
Indian (Qcean Earthguake:.
National Disaster Managèment Authority of
The role of cmergencymanagemcnl in India falls-to Home Affairs. In recent years there
India. a governrment agcncv subordinatc 4o the MËni_try of
has bcen a-shilt in cmphasis from response and-recovery to strategic fisk maiagement and
reduction. and:from agovernricit-eetered approach to decentralizéd community participation.
The Ministry-of Scicncc and Teçhnolrayheaded by Dr.Karan Rawat, supporis an' internal earth
the academic knowiedge and expertise of
agcncy that faiitates rcscarch by bringing
scicntiststo emergency management.
India. It is
public/private has rcently been formed by the Govermment of
Agroup represening a India-bascd computer company and aimd at improving
the genera!
funded primarily by a large which might be described
coinmunities io emergcncies. in addition tó those incident_ management
-responseof
efforns involve the provision of emergency
as disastcrs. Someof the groups' earl crcalion of a single.emergency telephone
responders (a first in india). the training. Ioperates in
iraining tor first standards icrEMS stalf. cquiprment, and
number., ard the cstablishment of group.
being made it making this a nation-wide cffective
threc states. though cfforts arc