Geography Of Tourism

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 Introduction
 The geography of tourism is dominated by number of key
themes, relates
◦ location,
◦ place and
◦ space,
◦ human and
◦ cultural features, and the
◦ movement of people or mobility.
 The geography of tourism is also concerned with the flows
of tourism from generating countries to destinations.
 These can be heavily influenced by economic and political
factors, with the flows of tourism traditionally being from
◦ western developed countries to
◦ less developed countries.
What is Geography?
Geography is …

all around us!

Questions on your mind …
 Are you interested in the world all around
you?

 Do you want to be able to make informed

decisions about where to work, where to live
and where to go on holiday?

 Are you concerned about the environment?

 Do you want to develop skills you will find

useful long after you have left school?
What is Geography?
“Geography” - 2 Greek words
geo (Earth)
graphy (writing/ description)

It is a subject that studies…

Earth’s surfaces and processes that shape it
relationships between humans and physical
environments

GEOGRAPHY is the science which includes the

world and its inhabitants.

In other words ,it is a description of the earth,

or a portion of the earth, including its
structure, features, products, political
divisions, and the people by whom it is
inhabited.
 Purpose of Geography
is to develop …
 the knowledge and understanding of where we live,
other places, how people and the places interrelate
Earth’s surfaces and processes that shape it

 the skills needed to carry out geographical study

(eg, enquiry, mapwork and fieldwork)

 interest in, and to encourage an appreciation of the

world around us

 develop concern for the world around us and an

ability and willingness to take positive action both
locally and globally
 But, knowing one isolated geographical fact does not mean
there is geographical understanding!

For example: Knowing Mt Everest is the highest peak (8850m)

in the world is not understanding geography …unless we
seek to understand

Why it is How its location

the highest influences the
peak? political
security,
downstream
How is it flooding and
created? access to water
of the
surrounding
areas?

Therefore, understanding Mt Everest in terms of the interlinked

physical processes and human activities is then truly
geographical understanding!
Geographical skills
for geographical understanding

1. Ask questions
• “where”, “why”, “what” & “how”
Geographical skills
for geographical understanding
2. Gather information
• Primary information (surveys, fieldwork, fieldtrips)
• Secondary information (variety of sources like
newspapers, reports, photographs, etc.)
• Locate, collect, observe & record information
Geographical skills
for geographical understanding

3. Organize information
• Sorting and presenting the information in the
forms of tables, charts, maps, diagrams or graphs
Geographical skills
for geographical understanding

4. Analyze information
• Find patterns, relationships, connections,
similarities, differences
Geographical skills
for geographical understanding

5. Answer questions
• Reach a conclusion or understanding
Generally, there are 2 broad divisions of Geography
PHYSICAL HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY
• study of human landscape
• study of physical
features of the earth • describe and explain the nature
• describes distribution & and patterns of various human
processes leading to their features and activities
formation of natural features
• examines relationships between
humans and their environment
THE 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
THE FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

1. Location
2. Place
3. Human-Environment
Interaction
4. Movement
5. Regions
1. LOCATION:
Where is it? Why is it located there?
 Absolute Location Relative Location
◦ Is given in degrees of ◦ Relative location depends
latitude and longitude upon point of reference.
(global location) or a Eg. Near, far, a short drive.
street address (local ◦ Described by landmarks,
location). time, direction or distance.
 Paris, France is 48o North From one place to another.
Latitude and 2o East
Longitude.
 The White House is
located at 1600
Pennsylvania
Ave.
2. PLACE: What is it like?
 Physical Characteristics
 Landforms (mountains, plains, etc.), bodies of water
(oceans, lakes, bays, etc.), ecosystems (soil, plants,
animals, and climate)
2. PLACE: What is it like?
 Human Characteristics
 Bridges, roads, buildings, culture, languages, beliefs.
 All places have features that distinguish them from
other places.
3. HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION
 How do people interact with and change their environment?
◦ We depend on the environment.
 Ex. People depend on rivers for water and
transportation.
◦ We adapt to the environment.
 Ex. We adapt to the environment by wearing
clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and
winter (coats), rain and shine.
◦ We modify the environment.
 Ex. People modify their environment by
heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
4. MOVEMENT
 How are people and places linked by
communication and the flow of people,
products and information/ideas?
◦ Movement of People
 Cars, Trucks, Trains, Planes
◦ Movement of Products
 Cars, Trucks, Trains, Planes
◦ Movement of Information/ideas
 Phones, computer (email), mail
 TV, Radio, Magazines
5. REGIONS
 What are regions and how are they
useful?
◦ Regions can be defined on the basis of
physical and human characteristics
◦ Geographers divide the world into regions
to help them interpret information.
SUMMARY CHART
Here, There, Everywhere
The Geography of Travel

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24
Geography Describes the
Traveler’s World
 Physical geography- study of natural features
of region
 Human geography- study of a region’s
cultures and peoples
 Regional geography-combination of physical
and human geography
Elements that Affect
Travel
 Land
 Time zones
 Water
 Weather

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26
Land
 Continents  Mountains
1. Africa 1. Alps
2. Antarctica 2. Andes
3. Asia 3. Himalaya
4. Australia 4. Rockies
5. Europe  Peninsulas and capes
6. North America 1. Baja
7. South America 2. Florida
 Islands 3. Iberia
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TIME Zones
 24 time zones
 Parallel longitude lines
 International Date Line

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WATER
 60% + of the earth is
covered in water
 Bodies of water include:
 Gulfs
 Lakes
 Oceans
 Rivers
 Seas

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29
Weather
 In general,
unpredictable
 Predictable:
◦ Hurricanes
◦ Temperate zones
◦ Tropical zones

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Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All rights reserved.

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Tourism Geography
 Tourism Geography is the study of travel and
tourism, as an industry and as a social and
cultural activity.
◦ Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests
including the environmental aspects of tourism, the
sociology of tourism and locations of tourism
(destinations).
 Tourism geography is that branch of science
which deals with the study of travel and its
impact on destinations.
Leisure, Recreation & Tourism
 Leisure is often seen as a measure of time and is
usually used to mean the time left over after work,
sleep, and personal household chores have been
completed.
 Leisure is free time for individuals spend as they please.
 Recreation is variety of activities taken during leisure
time.
 It refreshes a person’s strength and spirit
 can include activities as diverse as watching television or
holidaying abroad.
 Tourism is “the activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for
not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes.”
34
Leisure, Recreation &
Tourism
 Geography & Tourism
 Spatial Scale
 the human activities, focusing on both
tourist-generating and tourist-receiving areas
as well as the links between them.
 The spatial study can be undertaken at a variety
of scales;
 world distribution of climatic zones

 regional assessment of tourist resources

 the local landscapes of resorts

The geographical components of
the tourism system
Continued..
 The geographical components of the tourism
system
◦ The places of origin of tourists – the tourist-
generating areas.
 Represent the homes of tourists, where journey
begin and end.
 Examine the features that stimulate demand for tourism,
include the geographical location of an area; its
socioeconomic and demographic characteristic.
 These areas represent the main tourist markets in
the world.
 Major marketing functions of tourist industry are found
here, such as tour operation, and travel retailing.
Continued..
 The tourist destinations – the receiving areas.
 Places that attract tourist to stay temporarily and
will have features and attractions that may not be
found in the generating areas.
 comprise of the accommodation, retailing, and
service functions, entertainment, and recreation.
 most important part of the tourism system, which
attract tourists and energize the system.
 recognized as the impacts recipient of the tourism
industry, and therefore where the planning and
management of tourism is so important.
Continued..
 Theroutes travelled between tourist-
generating areas and the receiving areas.
 Link the tourist-generating area and the tourist
destination area.
 As the key element in the system as their
effectiveness and characteristics shape the size and
direction of tourist flows.
 It represents the location of the main transportation
component of the tourist industry.
Continued..
 Spatial interaction between the components of the
◦ Tourist flows
 tourist flows between regions is the fundamental to
the geography of tourism
 between two areas with the destination area
containing a surplus of a commodity (ex. tourist
attraction) and the generating area having a deficit,
or demand for that commodity.
 The regular patterns of tourist flows, which do not
occur randomly but follow certain rules and are
influenced by a variety of push and pull factors.
Continued..
Push factors

Mainly concerned with the stage of economic

development in the generating area, including the
factors as levels of
 affluence,
 mobility and
 holiday entitlement.

Economic development may cause the pressure of

life will provide the “push” to engage in tourism.

An unfavourable climate will also provide a strong

impetus to travel.
 Continued..
 Pullfactors
 Include accessibility, and the attractions and amenities

of the destination area.

 The relative cost of the visit is important, as is the

marketing and promotion of the receiving area.
 Explaining tourist flows
A number of attempts have been made to explain the
factors that affect tourist flows and to provide rules
governing the magnitude of flows between regions
Tourist flows
1. Williams and Zelinsky (1970)
Selected 14 countries that had relatively stable tourist flows
over a few years, which accounted for the bulk of the world’s
tourist traffic.
A number of factors that helped to explain these flows:
 Distances between countries (the greater the distance, the
smaller the volume of flow).
 International connectivity (shared business or cultural ties
between countries).
 The general attractiveness of one country for another.
2. The gravity model
It based on two main factors that influence flows:
 a) The push and pull factors which generate flows, and the
model states that the larger the “mass” of the pushing or
pulling regions, the greater the flow between them.
 b) The restraining factor, which is based on the distance
between the origin and the destination of the flow.
 The time and cost involved in travel act to reduce the flows
with distance.
 Known as the friction of distance.
Measuring tourist flows
 Measuring tourist flows
 The measurement of both international and domestic flows
has been introduced by the national governments and
international organizations.
 reasons why this statistical of flows is important:
 To evaluate the magnitude of tourist flows and to
monitor any change.
 Thisallows projection of future flows and the identification of
market trends to be made.
 Actas a base of hard fact to allow tourism planners and
developers to operate effectively and plan for the future
of tourism.
 Both
public and private sectors use it as a basis for their
marketing.
Forms of Tourism
Forms of tourism can be organized according to:
 Type of destination
 The properties of the tourism system
 The market
 The distance travelled
 Type of destination
 Type of destination

 the important distinction is between international

and domestic tourism.
 Domestic tourism embraces those travelling within their
own country.
 International tourism comprises those who travel to a
country other than that in which they normally live.
 Inbound tourism – non-residents travelling in a given
country
 Outbound tourism – involving residents of a particular
country travelling abroad to other countries
The properties of the tourism system

Tourism system include-

 the market and its motivation to travel;
 the means and forms of transport used.
In other words, the tourism product
determines the nature of the tourism system.
For example: rural, urban, cultural, heritage
and eco tourism.
The market
A further basis for classifying forms of tourism
relates to the market itself.
This can be in terms of the purpose of visit of the tourist:
 Holiday tourism: Where the purpose of visit is
leisure and recreation.
 Common interest tourism: travelling to meet
with friends and relatives as well as religion,
health and educational purposes.
 Business and professional tourism: are those
attending trade fairs and conferences.
Distance travelled
A final basis for a classification of tourism is
by the distance travelled:

Long-haul tourism is generally taken to be

journeys of over 3000 kilometers

Short-haul tourism comprises journey below

that distance.
Smith’s typology of
tourists
Leisure and business
tourism