EG3015/15 & EM3015/15

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN SESSION 2015-16

EM3015
Degree examination in EM3015/EG3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

Wednesday 9 December 2015. 9.00 – 12.00

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING

(i) You must not have in your possession any material other than that expressly
permitted in the rules appropriate to this examination. Where this is permitted,
such material must not be amended, annotated or modified in any way.

(ii) You must not have in your possession any material that could be determined as
giving you an advantage in the examination.

(iii) You must not attempt to communicate with any candidate during the examination,
either orally or by passing written material, or by showing material to another
candidate, nor must you attempt to view another candidate’s work.

Failure to comply with the above will be regarded as cheating and may lead to
disciplinary action as indicated in the Academic Quality Handbook:
(www.abdn.ac.uk/registry/quality/appendix7x1.pdf) Sections 4.14 and 5.

NOTES: (i) Candidates are permitted to use approved calculators.

(ii) Candidates are permitted to use the Stress Analysis Formulae
Handout, which will be available to them.

Candidates should attempt ALL FIVE questions.

All questions carry 20 marks each

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 EG3015/15 & EM3015/15

1. (a) Describe, briefly, what you understand by the term plane stress and the
underlying assumptions that the term implies. [5 marks]

(b) The state of stress at a material point in an engineering structure subject

to plane stress conditions is as shown in Figure Q1(i). Determine the
magnitude of the in-plane principal stresses and the maximum shear
stress. [9 marks]

The material element is rotated clockwise by 30o, as shown in Fig Q1(ii).

Determine the magnitude of stresses σ x ' and τ x ' y ' on the rotated material
element. [6 marks]

20 MPa σ y'

y x'
θ
50 MPa τ x' y'
x 30 o
15 MPa σ x'

(i) (ii)

Figure Q1 [Question 1(b)]

2. (a) A linear elastic isotropic solid with Young’s modulus, E, and Poisson’s
ratio ν is subjected to direct stresses σx, σy and σz. Show that the bulk
modulus, K, is related to the Young’s modulus, E, according to

E
K=
3(1 − 2ν )
[5 marks]

(b) A 500 mm by 500 mm square thin plate with thickness h = 10 mm is made

from an isotropic material with Young’s modulus E = 200 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio ν = 0.3. The plate is subjected to the stresses σ x = 40 MPa
and σ y = 15 MPa as shown in Figure Q2. Determine the

(i) direct strains ε x and ε y , [4 marks]

(ii) change in the length of the diagonal AC, and [7 marks]

(iii the volumetric strain. [4 marks]

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 EG3015/15 & EM3015/15

15 MPa

D 10 mm
y C
x'
θ 500 mm
x 40 MPa
500 mm
A B

Figure Q2 [Question 2(b)]

3. (a) Define von Mises failure criterion and comment on the merits of the
criterion for predicting the onset of failure in engineering materials.
[6 marks]

(b) A thin-walled circular cylinder with closed ends has an internal radius of
50 mm and wall thickness of 4 mm. When in service, the cylinder will be
subject to an internal pressure p = 15 MPa and axial force of F = 40 kN.

Determine

(i) the magnitude of the stresses in the cylinder due to the applied
internal pressure p = 15 MPa. [4 marks]

(ii) the magnitude of the stress in the cylinder due to the axial force
F = 40 kN, and [3 marks]

(iii) the minimum yield strength of the material from which the cylinder
should be made in order to ensure the deformation remains
elastic. Assume von Mises yield criterion and safety factor of 2.
[7 marks]

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 EG3015/15 & EM3015/15

4 (a) A steel bar with the cross section shown in Figure Q4a is used as part of
civil engineering construction. The bar, which is made from a material with
a shear modulus G = 79 GPa and yield stress of 500 MPa, is subject to a
torque of magnitude 1.5 kNm at its ends.

(i) Determine the location and magnitude of the maximum shear

stress. Neglect stress concentration. [6 marks]

(ii) Determine the angle of twist per unit length. [3 marks]

(iii) What maximum torque can be applied to bar to ensure the

deformation remains elastic? Assume Tresca yield criterion with a
safety factor of 1.5. [4 marks]

(b) The front door canopy of a house has a configuration of a cantilever beam.
The beam is subjected to an end load of F = 5 kN as shown in Figure Q4b.
If the beam is made from a material with Young’s modulus E = 70 GPa
and the second moment of area of the cross section is I = 3.5 × 10 −4 m4,
determine the deflection of the beam in the direction of the load.
[7 marks]

150 mm

F = 5 kN
12 mm
200 mm
6 mm

1.2 m

8 mm
100 mm

Figure Q4a [Question 4(a)] Figure Q4b [Question 4(b)]

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5. A thick walled circular cylinder with closed ends has an inner radius a and outer
radius b and subject to internal pressure Pi.

(a) State the load boundary conditions. [3 marks]

(b) Show that the radial and hoop stresses in the cylinder are given by
 b2   2
σr =
Pi 1 −  ; and σ θ = Pi 1 + b 
k 2 − 1  r 2  k 2 − 1  r 2 
where r is the radial distance from the centre of the cylinder and k = b/a,
[10 marks]

(c) If the inner radius a = 250 mm and the outer radius b = 300 mm, determine
the maximum internal pressure that can be applied to the cylinder if the
hoop stress is not to exceed 300 MPa.
[7 marks]

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EM3015 STRESS ANALYSIS A

FORMULAE HANDOUT

1. Stress equilibrium equations

∂σ x ∂τ xy ∂τ xz
+ + + Bx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xy ∂σ y ∂τ yz
+ + + By = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂τ xz ∂τ yz ∂σ z
+ + + Bz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

where (x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and (Bx, By, Bz) are the corresponding
components of the body force.

2. Two-dimensional Strain-Displacement relations (only for small displacements)

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
εx = ; εy = ; γ xy = + ,
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

where u and v are respectively the displacements parallel to rectangular Cartesian co-ordinate
axes x and y.

3. Stress and strain transformation equations

σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σx +σ y σ x −σ y
σ y' = − cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y −σ x
τ x' y' = sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
where x' is inclined at an angle of θ anticlockwise from x.

For corresponding strain transformation equations, replace (σx', σy', τx'y') by (εx', εy' γx'y'/2),
and (σx, σy, τxy) by (εx, εy, γxy/2) in the above equations.

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4. Principal stresses and strains in 2D

σ x +σ y σ x −σ y εx +εy εx −εy   γ xy 

2 2 2

σ 1,2 = ±   ( )
 + τ xy 2
;
ε 1,2 = ±   +
  2 

.
2  2  2  2   

5. Maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain in 2D

2 2 2
σ x −σ y  γ max εx −εy  γ 
τ max = ± 
2

 + τ xy ( ) 2
;
2
= ±   +  xy  .
  2 
   2   

6. Stress-elastic strain relations

τ xy
1
E
(
ε x = σ x − νσ y − νσ z ; ) γ xy =
G
;

τ yz
1
E
(
ε y = σ y − νσ x − νσ z ; ) γ yz =
G
;

τ xz
E
1
(
ε z = σ z − νσ x − νσ y ; ) γ xz =
G
.

OR

( )
σ x = 2Gε x + λ ε x + ε y + ε z ; τ xy = Gγ xy
σ y = 2Gε y + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ yz = Gγ yz
σ z = 2Gε z + λ (ε x + ε y + ε z ); τ xz = Gγ xz

where E is the Young's modulus, ν is the Poisson's ratio, G is the shear modulus,
(x, y, z) are rectangular Cartesian co-ordinates, and
νE
λ=
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )
7. Relationships between elastic moduli
E
Shear modulus (G) − Young's modulus (E) relation: G =
2(1 + ν )

E
Bulk modulus (K) − Young's modulus (E) relation: K =
3( 1 − 2ν )

8. von Mises effective stress, σe

σe =
1
2
[(σ 1 − σ 2 ) + (σ 2 − σ 3 ) + (σ 1 − σ 3 )
2 2
]
2 1/ 2

where σ1, σ2, and σ3 are principal stresses.

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9. Bending Stress

My
σ=
I
where M is the bending moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis to the
point where the stress is being evaluated, and I is the second moment of area of
the cross-sectional geometry. I = πR4/4 for a solid circular cross-section with
radius R.

10. Torsion of a closed circular cross-section

T τ Gφ
= =
J r L

where r is the radial distance from the centre to where the shear stress τ is being
( )
evaluated, and J is the second polar moment of area. J = 0.5π Ro4 − Ri4 for a hollow
circular cross-section with outer radius Ro and inner radius Ri, and J = 0.5πRo4 for a
solid circular cross-section with radius Ro.

11. Torsion of a closed, thin-walled non-circular cross-section

T
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
2t i A
φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: = −1
2
s 
L
4GA  ∑ i 
 ti 
where T is the applied torque, A is the area enclosed by the mean perimeter of the cross-
section, si is the mean perimeter of the section with wall thickness ti, and G is the shear
modulus of the material.

12. Torsion of thin-walled open sections

Tt i
The shear stress τi at a section with a wall thickness ti is: τ i =
Jo

φ T
The angle of twist φ per unit length L is: =
L GJ o

( )
where J o = ∑ 1 bi t i3 , bi is the length of the section with wall thickness ti, T is the
3
applied torque and G is the shear modulus of the material.

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 EG3015/15 & EM3015/15

13. Stresses and displacements in a thin circular disc subject to axisymmetric loading

B 3 +ν B 1 + 3ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8 r2 8
 1 −ν   1 + ν  B  1 − ν  ρω r
2 2 3
ur =   Ar +   −
 E   E  r  E  8

where r is the radial distance from the centre of the disc, E and ν are the Young’s modulus
and Poisson’s ratio, respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density
of the material, and A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or
displacement boundary conditions.

14. Stresses and displacements in shafts or thick-walled cylinders subject to axisymmetric

loading

B 3 − 2ν B 1 + 2ν
σr = A− − ρω 2 r 2 ; σθ = A + − ρω 2 r 2
r2 8(1 - ν ) r2 8(1 - ν )

ur =
(1 + ν ) (1- 2ν )Ar + B −  1 − 2ν  ρω 2 r 3 
   
E  r  1 - ν  8 

where r is the radial distance, E and ν are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,
respectively; ω is the angular speed in radians/sec.; ρ is the density of the material, and
A and B are constants which are determined from the loading and/or displacement
boundary conditions.

15. Stresses in an elastic/plastic thick-walled cylinder

  r  b2 − c2    r  b2 + c2 
σ r = Y ln  − 2 
; σ θ = Y ln  + 
  c  2b   c 2b 2 
where r (< c) is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where
the stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, c is the radial
distance of the elastic/plastic boundary, and Y is the uniaxial yield stress of the material.

16. Stresses in a fully plastic thick-walled cylinder

r   r 
σ r = Y ln ; σ θ = Y 1 + ln 
b   
b
where r is the radial co-ordinate measured from the centre of the cylinder to where the
stresses are being calculated, b is the outer radius of the cylinder, and Y is the uniaxial
yield stress of the material.

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17. Stresses in a thin-walled cylinder with closed ends

PRi PRi
σ r = 0; σθ = ; σz =
t 2t
where P is the applied internal pressure, Ri is the internal radius and t is the wall
thickness.

18. Elastic strain energy per unit volume

1
(
U o = σ x ε x + σ y ε y + σ z ε z + τ xy γ xy + τ yz γ yz + τ xz γ xz
2
)
L
M2
19. Strain energy due to bending, U = ∫ dx
0 2 EI

20. Some mathematical formulas

sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x ; cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x

1 − cos 2 x 1 + cos 2 x
sin 2 x = ; cos 2 x =
2 2

d d
cos x = − sin x ; sin x = cos x ;
dx dx
d d n
tan x = sec 2 x ; x = nx n −1
dx dx

∫ cos x dx = sin x ; ∫ sin x dx = − cos x ;

x n +1 1
∫ tan x dx = − ln cos x ; ∫ x dx = (if n ≠ −1 ); ∫ x dx = ln x
n

n +1

The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has real solutions if b 2 ≥ 4ac and they are:
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a

End of paper

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