198 Service.

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The 2.7-litre V6 Biturbo

Design and Function

Self-study Programme 198

All rights reserved. Subject

to change.
AUDI AG
Dept.I/GS-5
D-85045 Ingolstadt
Fax +49.841/89-6367
740.2810.17.20
Technical status: 01/98

Printed in Germany
For internal use only
 The 2.7-litre V6 biturbo .......

Turbocharged engines are already something The goal of AUDI’s engineers was to realise a
of a tradition at AUDI. The task now facing high “basic torque level“ and a torque
AUDI’s engineers was to develop a worthy characteristic that rises in direct proportion to
successor to the 5-cylinder turbocharged engine speed to its peak.
engine.
The term “basic torque level“
One of the key development goals for the describes the torque which is
turbocharged engine was to achieve a good immediately available when the
level of dynamic response, particularly at the throttle is opened (e.g. at part
bottom end of the rev band. throttle or in overrun).
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SSP 198/77

........ a further milestone in engine development by Audi!

2
 Contents

Page

Engine ......................................................... 4
Technical data, crankshaft, cylinder head,
camshaft timing, cooling circuit, engine
lubrication, overview of components, air ducting,
charging, exhaust system, pneumatically
controlled systems, charge pressure control, air
divert control in overrun, ACF system, crankcase
breather

Motronic ME 7.1.......................................... 31
Subfunctions, system overview

Subsystems of the Motronic ..................... 33

Torque-oriented engine management, torque-
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oriented functional structure, Electronic throttle,

exhaust gas temperature control

Sensors ....................................................... 49
Additional sensors of the Motronic

Auxiliary signals/interfaces ...................... 57

Functional diagram..................................... 62
Self-diagnosis ............................................. 64
Vehicle diagnosis, test and information system
VAS 5051, test box V.A.G 1598/31

Transmission .............................................. 66
Self-adjusting clutch, gearbox

This Self-study Programme provides you with information New!

regarding design and function.

The Self-study Programme is not a Workshop Manual!

Important!/Note!

Please refer to the Service Literature for all the relevant

maintenance and repair instructions.

3
 Engine

The 2.7-litre V6 biturbo

This engine will also be used in the Audi S4 A tuning protective device prevents
and Audi A6. the S4 engine control unit being
The engine used in the A6 has a comfort- installed in the A6!
oriented setup, which means that it has This prevents misuse, which can
different torque and power output. result in damage to the drivetrain!
This effect was principally achieved by
modifying the software configuration of the An auxiliary heater is not available
engine control unit. as an option for the S4 and the A6,
due to the constraints on space.
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BITURBO

SSP 198/01

4
 The technical data S4
500 200,0

• Configuration: 450 180,0

V6 engine with 90° V-angle and twin
400 160,0
turbochargers
350 140,0

Torque [Nm]
Engine code:

Output [kW]
•
300 120,0
S4: AGB
A6: AJK 250 100,0

200 80,0
• Output:
150 60,0
S4: 195 kW at 5800 rpm
A6: 169 kW at 5800 rpm 100 40,0

50 20,0
• Torque:
S4: 400 Nm at 1850 to 3600 rpm 0 0,0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
A6: 310 Nm at 1700 to 4600 rpm
SSP 198/02 Speed [rpm]
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• Maximum speed:
6800 rpm Figures obtained using 98 RON
unleaded premium fuel to
• Compression ratio: 89/491/EEC.
9.3 : 1

• Displacement:
2671 cm3
A6
500 180,0
• Bore:
81 mm 450 160,0

400
140,0
• Stroke:
86.4 mm 350
120,0
Torque [Nm]

Output [kW]

300
• Weight: 100,0
250
approx. 200 kg
80,0
200

• Engine management: 150

60,0

Motronic ME 7.1
40,0
100

• Firing order: 50 20,0

1-4-3-6-2-5
0 0,0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

• Fuel type: SSP 198/46 Speed [rpm]

S4: 98/95/91 RON
A6: 95/91 RON
Figures obtained using 95 RON
unleaded premium fuel to
• Compliant with emission standard:
89/491/EEC.
EU III-D

5
 Engine

The crankshaft

The crankshaft is identical to that used in the The pistons are forged to enable them to
2.8-litre V6 engine. withstand the high loads to which they are
subjected.
The crankshaft bearing caps are attached to
the central crankcase by 4 bolts. Due to the high combustion pressures, a 2-
material bearing shell is installed on the
• The 4-bolt connection reduces the load on connecting rod side. The bearing cap has a 3-
the bearing caps considerably. material bearing shell.

The middle two crankshaft bearing caps are Advantage:

also bolted to the side of the crankcase. The bearing shell has a high load-bearing
capacity
• The lateral bolted connection helps to
improve acoustics.
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2-material
bearing shell
SSP 198/11

4-bolt connection

3-material
Lateral bolted connection bearing shell

6
 Cylinder head

The cylinder heads are largely identical to The shape of the inlet duct causes the drawn-
those used in the V6 naturally aspirated in air to tumble.
engine. Common parts are used for both banks
of cylinders. Advantages:
The mounting position of the right-hand • A good degree of swirl and high ignitability
cylinder head is rotated through an angle of fuel-air mixture are achieved
180° in relation to the left-hand cylinder head. • The tumble effect allows more efficient
combustion
The timing of the inlet camshafts is engine-
dependent. For a turbocharged engine, the compression
ratio of 9.3 : 1 is high.
To improve heat dissipation, the exhaust
valves are sodium-filled. Advantage:
• High ”basic torque level“ and fuel
economy
Tumble duct
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In combination with five-valve-

per-cylinder technology, the inlet
duct is shaped as a so-called
“tumble duct“.

Tumble effect Tumble duct

SSP 198/78

7
 Engine

The variable valve timing

The camshaft timing has been modified The design and function of the
compared to the 2.8-litre V6 engine to meet the variable valve timing are already
demands of turbocharging technology. described in Self-study Programmes
182 and 192.
Variable valve timing with an adjustment angle
of 22° is used here for the first time in
turbocharged engines.
Activation of the variable valve timing is
Advantage: dependent on engine load and speed.
• A torque increase of approx. 10% is
achieved at the bottom and top ends of the In the self-diagnosis, you can find out whether
engine speed range. the variable valve timing is active or not by
• Better emission levels and fuel reading out the relevant measured value block
consumption figures. (refer to Workshop Manual).

The variable valve timing is activated by the

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Motronic by means of camshaft adjustment

valves N205 and N208.

Diagram of variable valve timing

Variable valve timing active
(shown using the 265 bhp engine as an
= advance position
example)

Full throttle
Engine load in %

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

SSP 198/45 Engine speed

8
 Cooling circuit

Both exhaust gas turbochargers are water- Located in the cooling circuit is a electrical
cooled and integrated in the cooling circuit. coolant pump.
This pump is required as a means of
When the coolant thermostat is closed, the protection against overheating of the coolant
coolant flows back to the coolant pump along under high thermal load, e.g. when the hot
the short-circuit line as well as the heat engine is turned off.
exchanger.
When the coolant thermostat is open, the
coolant flows back to the coolant thermostat
through the radiator (primary flow) or through
the oil cooler and expansion tank (secondary
flow).

Coolant temperature
Continued coolant function pump
senders G2 and G62
Heat exchanger
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Thermoswitch for F95

Expansion
tank

Short-circuit
line

Coolant

SSP 198/03

Coolant pump Oil cooler

Radiator fan thermoswitch F18/F54 Radiator

9
 Engine

Electrical coolant circulation pump V51

Electrical coolant circulation pump V51 is Due to this reversal of the direction of coolant
located in the engine’s V angle. flow, coolant is drawn in via the cylinder heads
(large cross-sections), which means that any
If the coolant temperature is too high, vapour bubbles which develop are expelled
thermoswitch for coolant circulation run-on from the exhaust gas turbocharger lines.
F95 activates the additional coolant function.
The electrical coolant circulation pump again
The high temperatures which occur at the draws in coolant along the rear coolant pipe,
exhaust gas turbocharger produce vapour thereby recirculating the coolant.
bubbles which prevent coolant being drawn in
by pump V51.
When pump V51 starts up, the coolant flows
through the exhaust gas turbocharger and the
cylinder heads. The direction of flow in the
turbocharger cooling circuit is reversed by
this.
Thermoswitch for additional coolant
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function F95

Rear coolant pipe

Electrical
coolant
Radiator fan thermoswitch circulation pump
F18/F54 V51
SSP 198/10

10
 Fan control

The control unit for radiator fan V293 regulates

the output of the radiator fan and controls the
continued coolant circulation. The induced-air
fan V7 and the forced-air fan V177 are
activated simultaneously.
Forced-air fan V177 is located upstream of the
condenser, water cooler and visco fan. It
assists the visco fan.

The electronic power control

The various fan settings are executed by an
electronic power control.
The fan motors are operated periodically, the
length of the operating cycle depending on the
fan setting selected. Fan output level is
controlled via pulse-width-modulated outputs.
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Should a fan fail, the radiator fan control unit

increases the speed of the fan motor still SSP 198/50
available.

Advantages of the power control:

• The series resistors previously used for
power control are no longer required.
Control unit for radiator fan
• Lower power consumption in lower fan attached to front right
settings. vehicle side member
• Safety functions.

8-socket relay plate

The power supply is protected by a

fuse on the 8-socket relay plate. For
the correct fuse rating, please refer
to wiring diagram.
Vehicles equipped with an air
conditioner require a higher fuse
rating than vehicles without an air
conditioner.
SSP 198/55
Fuse, terminal 30

Fuse, terminal 61

11
 Engine

Electric circuit of fan control:

1 2 3
F18
V293
*
_
M

Air-conditioning pressure switch F129 V51

*

F54
_
M

V7
P

F129
P _
M
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V177

F95
only for vehicles with air conditioner
SSP 198/17

for vehicles with air-conditioning system: Components:

Integrated in the pressure switch for air F18/F54 Radiator fan thermoswitch
conditioner F129 is the high-pressure switch F95 Thermoswitch for continued coolant
for activating a higher fan setting. function
F129 Pressure switch for air conditioner
The pressure switch is mounted below the (only for vehicles with air conditioner)
right-hand headlight behind the bumper.
V293 Control unit for radiator fan

V7 Radiator fan (induced-air fan)

V51 Continued coolant circulation pump
V177 Fan 2 for radiator (forced-air fan)
(only for vehicles with air conditioner)

1 Terminal 30, positive supply via fuse

on 8-socket relay plate
2 Terminal 61, D+ (alternator) via fuse on
8-way relay
3 Fan activation (only for vehicles with
air conditioner)

12
 Function of fan circuit
(for vehicles with air-conditioning
system)

4 fan settings are possible:

is activated by coolant pump thermoswitch

The electrical coolant function..... F95.
The fan motors and continued coolant
circulation pump V51 are activated.
The fan motors run at min. output (40%).

The continued coolant function is

only activated if the “engine not
running“ signal is picked up at
terminal 61. The continued coolant
function period is limited to 10
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minutes.

is requested by radiator fan thermoswitch F18

Fan speed 1...... or by the air-conditioning control panel.
The fan motors run at 50% output.

is activated by air-conditioning system

Fan speed 2...... pressure switch F129.
The fan motors run at 85 % output.

is activated by radiator fan thermoswitch F54.

Fan speed 3...... The fan motors run at full output.

Fan speeds 1, 2 and 3 are only

activated if the “engine running“
signal is picked up at terminal 61.

13
 Engine

Engine lubrication A new feature of the biturbo is Bearing cap The oil circuit
the “integrated oil supply“ (see
The oil circuit of the 2.7-litre V6 biturbo engine largely corresponds to that next page). A duocentric oil pump draws in the oil
of the 3rd V6 engine generation. Oil groove through a coarse filter. Located in the
In addition, the two exhaust gas turbochargers are supplied with pressure chamber of the pump is a
pressurised oil from the main oil gallery via a distributor piece. The oil is pressure relief valve which protects
returned directly to the oil sump. downstream components against
The oil cooler was adapted to withstand the higher thermal stresses in pressure peaks during cold starts.
comparison with a naturally aspirated engine.
Exhaust gas turbocharger
The oil is fed to the oil filter via the oil
cooler. After passing an oil retention
valve, the oil flows through the filter
to oil filter/oil cooler
distributor piece element. A bypass filter is connected in
Restrictor parallel with the filter element.
Oil pressure relief valve

The oil subsequently reaches the main

Oil retention oil gallery. A branch line is routed to the
valve oil pressure control valve (clean oil
side).
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The following components are supplied

with oil from the main oil gallery:
- the four crankshaft bearings
- the two exhaust gas turbochargers
via an oil distributor line
Oil retention valves - the three pairs of piston spray jets via
a spray jet valve
- the cylinder head of cylinder bank 1
Filter element via an oil retention valve

from oil filter/oil cooler The cylinder head of cylinder bank 2 is

supplied through a separate bore from
crankshaft bearing 2 via an oil retention
Main oil gallery
valve also.

Spring-loaded slipper First of all, the camshaft adjustment

(chain tensioner) valve is supplied with oil from the inlet
drilling in the cylinder head. After the oil
has passed by a restrictor, it is
Oil pressure channeled via the cylinder head main
control valve
gallery to the hydraulic valve tappets
and the camshaft bearings.
Oil temperature SSP 198/49
Induction filter sender
Oil pressure switch
Bypass filter

Bypass valve
from oil filter/oil cooler
Oil pressure relief valve to oil filter/oil cooler

14 15
 Engine

The component parts of the oil circuit

Oil pressure limiting valve

The oil pump ......
Oil pressure control valve
is an internal gear pump. It is attached to the
crankcase as a separate component.

The oil pump is designed in such a way that it

projects deep down into the oil sump and is
immersed completely in the engine oil when
the oil level is correct. This prevents the oil
pump running dry.
The oil pump, in combination with the
extremely short intake path, enables oil
pressure to build up more quickly and safely,
particularly during cold starts.
The oil pump is driven by the crankshaft by SSP 198/57
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means of a single chain.

A spring-loaded flat plate produces the
necessary tension.
Chain guard
A new feature of the oil pump is the chain
guard made from sheet steel. It encapsulates
both the chain wheel and the chain over a large
area.
This reliably prevents oil frothing and the The oil filter ......
problems associated with this.
contains an oil retention valve, the filter
element, a bypass filter and the filter bypass
valve. The latter has the task of maintaining
engine lubrication via the bypass filter if the
filter element becomes clogged up or if the oil
has a high viscosity.

The oil cooler ...... The spray jets valve ......

is integrated in the primary flow. By increasing opens up the oil flow to the piston spray jets if
the capacity and optimising the flow the oil pressure is greater than 1.8 bar.
resistance, the entire oil flow can be routed Reason: at low oil viscosity and low engine
through the oil cooler. Unlike the V6 naturally speeds, the oil pressure would otherwise drop
aspirated engine, a bypass is not required. below the minimum permissible level. That
aside, piston cooling is not necessary at low
engine speeds.

16
 The oil pressure control valve ...... The oil retention valves ......

regulates the engine oil pressure. It is prevent the oil running out of the oil filter and
integrated in the oil pump housing. The oil the cylinder heads and back into the oil sump
quantity “regulated“ by the oil pressure while the engine is stationary.
control valve is fed to the suction side of the
oil pump.
This helps to optimise efficiency.

The oil pressure limiting valve ...... The restrictors ......

is a pressure relief valve. It is located inside the prevent “flooding“ of the cylinder heads. At
oil pump housing and opens when the oil high engine speeds, an excessively large
pressure rises too high (cold start). If an amount of oil enters the cylinder heads and
excessively high oil pressure builds up, has to be returned to the oil sump via the oil
various component parts of the oil circuit (e.g. return drillings. The restrictors reduce the oil
oil filter, oil cooler) may be damaged. Also, flow and thereby ensure that return flow takes
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there is the possibility of the inlet and exhaust place.

valves opening or no longer closing, due to
“bulking“ of the hydraulic tappets. The knock-
on effect of this is that the engine can no
longer be started or cuts out.

The “integrated oil supply“ ... Transverse drilling

will also be adopted for all V6 5V naturally

aspirated engines.
Each camshaft bearing is supplied via a
drilling stemming from the cylinder head main
gallery.
The oil is fed along a bolt shaft in the bearing
cap to a transverse drilling.
A lubrication groove distributes the oil
throughout the camshaft bearing. It is no
longer necessary to run a pipe to the
individual bearing caps.

Advantages:
• Fewer components
• Quick and even oil supply
• No additional installation work necessary
SSP 198/58
• Lower cost

Cylinder head main gallery

17
 Engine

Front view of engine

Intake-air temperature
Hall sender G163 sender G42

Knock sensor G61

Knock sensor G66

Camshaft adjustment
Charge air cooler valve N208

Charge air cooler

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SSP 198/51

Power assisted steering Oil pressure

pump drive switch

Visco fan Oil filter

Alternator

Air-cond. compressor

18
 Rear view of engine

Pressure limiting
valve
Coolant temperature sender F18/F54
Hall sender G40
Camshaft adjustment
Distributor piece valve N205

Exhaust gas
temperature sender
G235 (with evaluation
electronics)
Thermoswitch for
continued cooling
function F95
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SSP 198/52

Lambda probe
G108

Prim. catal. converter Prim. catal. converter

Exhaust gas temperature Lambda probe G39

sender G236 (with
evaluation electronics)

SAC clutch pressure plate

19
 Engine

Top view of engine

Solenoid valve for charge Solenoid valve for

pressure control N75 activated charcoal
Divert air valve for
Camshaft
turbocharger N249
adjustment valve
N205 Fuel pressure regulator

Injector
Injector
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SSP 198/54
Divert air valve Divert air valve
Hall sender G163
Camshaft adjustment
Charge pressure
valve N208
sender G31
Throttle valve
control part

20
 View of engine from left

Injector
Pressure control valve

Individual ignition coil

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Prim. catal. converter

SSP 198/53

Exh. gas turbocharger

Oil cooler
Charge air cooler
Pressure unit for
Oil filter wastegate flap

21
 Engine

Air ducting

Fresh air is induced by the combined air filter Cooling air intakes in the bumper and air vents
and air mass meter and distributed to the two in the wheel housing liners ensure that a
exhaust gas turbochargers by the air sufficient amount of air flows through the
distributor. charge air coolers.

The air distributor is made of plastic. Advantage of charge air cooling:

• Cooled air has a higher density, and this
Advantage: means improved volumetric efficiency.
• Lower weight • The lower temperature reduces knock
• The intake air is heated to a lesser degree tendency also.
by the engine
The compressed air streams then converge
The air, which is compressed and thus heated upstream of the throttle valve control part and
by the exhaust gas turbocharger, is fed to the distributed to the individual cylinders in the
charge air coolers. intake manifold.
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Exhaust gas turbocharger

Air filter
Air distributor
Air mass meter

Throttle valve control part

Charge air cooler

SSP 198/04

22
 Charging

Two water-cooled exhaust gas turbochargers • Since the turbochargers are flanged
with wastegate are used for charging. directly onto the exhaust manifold, the
The charge pressure of both exhaust gas exhaust gases travel less distance and
turbochargers is controlled via the common there is less temperature loss.
charge pressure control valve N75. • As a result, the catalytic converters are able
to heat up more quickly and the efficiency
Advantages of the biturbo technology: of the exhaust gas turbocharger is
improved by the favourable air-flow.
• The exhaust gas turbocharger is smaller,
which means better response due its
reduced mass.
The turbochargers must be replaced
• Higher charge pressure at low engine
in pairs
speeds.
To maintain a synchronous air-flow
• The exhaust gas turbochargers are located through the two chargers, it is
outside the V-angle due to the high important to observe this instruction
temperatures they reach. This advantage of to account for manufacturing
this arrangement is that the intake air is not
tolerances.
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heated up additionally and the sub-

assemblies are not subjected to so much
thermal stress. Service personnel are not permitted
to adjust the linkage to the wastegate
flap.

Compressor housing
Exhaust manifold

Pressure unit for actuating

wastegate flap

to exhaust system

Control pressure from

solenoid valve for
SSP 198/32
charge pressure
control
Turbine housing
Charge press. side
Intake side of exhaust
of exh. gas turbo-
gas turbocharger
charger

23
 Engine

Exhaust system

The exhaust manifolds are designed as pipe A new generation of probes is used
elbows with insulated air gaps. in this engine.
The “planar lambda probe“ is an
Advantage: improvement on the finger-type
• Less heat loss of the exhaust gas and less lambda probe (refer to chapter on
heat radiation in the engine compartment “Sensors”).
• Weight saving
Advantage:
Located downstream of each exhaust gas • Short warm-up time
turbocharger is a primary catalytic converter • Less heating energy demand
close to the engine (metal substrate) .
• Long service life
Advantage • More stable control
characteristic
• The catalytic converters quickly reach a
state of readiness for operation after a cold
start
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The large-surface area main catalytic

converters (ceramic substrate) are located
under the vehicle floor.

Air-gap-insulated pipe elbow

Exhaust manifold

Inner pipes

Outer shell

Wire mesh ring acting

as a spacer
Lambda probe

SSP 198/33

Main catalytic converter Prim. catal. converter

24
 Pneumatically controlled systems

In the Biturbo, 4 systems are pneumatically • ACF system

controlled: The Motronic ME 7.1 activates the solenoid
valve for the activated charcoal canister
• Charge pressure control and regulates the fuel vapour feed rate to
The Motronic ME 7.1 activates the solenoid the engine via the vacuum.
valve for charge pressure control N75 and • Crankcase breather
regulates the charge pressure via the The crankcase breather controls the return
wastegate. of oil vapours to the engine via two
• Divert air control in overrun mechanical valves.
The Motronic ME 7.1 activates the electric
divert air valve for the turbocharger and
opens the pneumatic divert air valves using For exact the line routing, please refer
this vacuum. to the Workshop Manual.
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Divert air valve for

turbocharger N249
Non- return valves (ACF system)
Divert air valve
Non-return valve (divert (pneumatic) Solenoid valve for activated
air control in overrun) charcoal canister N80

SSP 198/31

Pressure control valve Distributor piece Solenoid valve for charge

pressure control N75

25
 Engine

Charge pressure control

The air mass required to develop a specific If a defect occurs in one of the cylinder banks
level of torque is determined by means of an air (e.g. melting of the catalytic converter or
mass calculation and produced by controlling blockage of the exhaust system), a purely air
the charge pressure as required. mass-oriented charging system would still try
to provide the computed air mass.
For safety reasons, the engine in the biturbo This would lead to an excessively high charge
regulates the charge pressure, and not the air pressure.
mass as is the case with the 1.8-litre 4-cylinder
turbocharged engine. In any case, the charge pressure control
prevents an excessively high charge pressure
The charge pressure is measured by charge building up inside the intake system.
pressure sender G31.
The Motronic regulates the charge pressure of
both turbochargers via the solenoid valve for
charge pressure control G31.
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Charge pressure Control pressure

Atmospheric pressure

SSP 198/08

Solenoid valve for charge Charge pressure sender G31

pressure control N75

26
 The solenoid valve for charge pressure control The wastegate is kept closed in a
N75 changes the opening time to atmospheric depressurised state by a spring inside the
pressure according to the signals it receives pressure unit . The entire exhaust gas flow is
from the engine control unit (duty cycle). routed via the turbine, and a charge pressure is
built up.
Thus, a control pressure is produced by
modulating the charge pressure and The control pressure counteracts this spring
atmospheric pressure. This pressure acts on force and opens the wastegate. Part of the
the pressure unit for the wastegate. exhaust gas flow is fed from the wastegate
past the turbine, and the charge pressure stops
rising.

Turbine wheel Impeller

to catalytic converter Intake air

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Wastegate flap
(open)

to
combustion
chamber
Exhaust gas from
combustion chamber
SSP 198/66
Control pressure from solenoid charge pressure to solenoid valve
valve for charge pressure control for charge pressure control N75
pressure unit N75

Solenoid valve for

If there is no flow, N75 is closed and the charge charge pressure
pressure acts directly on the pressure unit. The limitation N75
waste gate opens even if the charge pressure
is low.

If the charge pressure control fails, the charge

pressure is thus limited to a “basic charge Atmospheric Control
pressure“ in order to prevent the maximum pressure from pressure to
distributor piece pressure unit
permissible charge pressure being exceeded.
This results in a loss of performance.

The “basic charge pressure“ is the charge

pressure (approx. 300 - 400 mbar) which is Restrictor
Passage in no
achieved without regulation (mechanical flow state
charge pressure). SSP 198/67

Charge pressure from compressor housing

27
 Engine

Divert air control in overrun

To avoid pumping the exhaust gas The divert air valve N249, in combination with
turbochargers when a sudden transition from the vacuum reservoir, enables the divert air
high load to overrun is made, two divert air valves to operate independently of the intake
valves are used. manifold pressure.

The system is designed in such a way that the

The Motronic also activates the pneumatic divert air valves continue to be
two pneumatic divert air valves by opened by the intake manifold pressure if the
means of an electrical changeover electrically actuated divert air valve N249 fails.
valve, the divert air valve for
turbocharger N249.

Advantage:
• Controlled opening of the
divert air valves reduces the
noise level in the induction
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tract and reduces fuel

consumption. Vacuum reservoir (inside
wheelhousing on the left)

Non-return valve
Divert air valve for turbocharger N249
with flow
without flow

SSP 198/05 Divert air valve (pneumatic)

28
 ACF system

Integrated in the lines of the ACF systems are Vacuum in intake manifold:
the solenoid valve for activated charcoal Non-return valve 1 open. Fuel vapours return
canister N80 and two non-return valves. to intake manifold.

The engine control unit, assisted by solenoid charge pressure in intake manifold:
valve N80, regulates the return rate of the fuel Non-return valve 2 open. Fuel vapours return
vapours from the ACF canister. upstream of exhaust gas turbocharger.
The Motronic operates the solenoid valve
cyclically using a pulse duty cycle.
The non-return valves control the return of fuel
vapours, depending on operating state.
For the exact line routing, please refer
to the Workshop Manual.
ProCarManuals.com

ACF canister

Solenoid valve for activa-

ted charcoal canister N80

Non-return valve 1 Non-return valve 2

SSP 198/06
Vacuum in intake manifold

Charge pressure in intake manifold

29
 Engine

The crankcase breather ...

...comprises a distributor piece, a pressure The pressure limiting valve limits the vacuum
limiting valve, a non-return valve and the in the crankcase. If the vacuum in the
associated hoses. crankcase exceeds a defined value, the
diaphragm is drawn over the connection
The oil vapours and “blow-by“ gases from the against the force of the spring and closes the
cylinder heads and the crankcase converge in connection. The valve is designed in such a
the distributor piece. way that it allows a small quantity to pass
The pressure limiting valve and the non-return through when closed. This prevents the engine
valve control the return of these vapours and oil being drawn into the intake tract and has no
gases to the engine, depending on the intake adverse effects on engine breathing.
manifold pressure.

Vacuum in intake manifold:

The oil vapours and “blow-by“ gases return
via the non-return valve in the intake manifold. The term “blow-by“ gases refers to
charge pressure in intake manifold: the gases which escape from the
The oil vapours and “blow-by“ gases return
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combustion chamber past the piston

via the pressure limiting valve in the air
rings.
distributor.

from
Pressure limiting valve distributor
piece
Distributor piece

Air distributor

to air
distributor

Connection

Diaphragm

Non-return valve
SSP 198/07

30
 Motronic ME 7.1

Subfunctions of the Motronic

The Motronic consists of known and new subfunctions:

Sequential injection

Charge pressure control

(see chapter on “Engine” pp. 26 and 27)

Stereo lambda control

λ

Mapped ignition
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Cylinder-selective knock control

Static high-tension distribution with 6 individual ignition coils

ACF system

New
Torque-oriented engine management

New
Electrically actuated throttle valve (Electronic accelerator)

New
Cylinder bank-specific exhaust gas temperature control

New
Mapped variable valve timing (intake camshaft adjustment)
(see chapter on “Engine” p. 8)

SSP 198/44

31
 Motronic ME 7.1
Actuators
Sensors

Fuel pump relay J17 and

Hot-film air mass meter G70 fuel pump G6

Engine speed sender G28 Injectors (bank 1) N30, N31, N32

Control unit for Motronic J220

Hall senders (bank 2) G40 and (bank 1) Injectors (bank 2) N33, N83, N84
G163

Output stage (bank 1) N122 and

Lambda probes (bank 1) G39 and (bank 2) G108 ignition coils N (cyl. 1), N128 (cyl. 2)
SSP 198/14 and N158 (cyl. 3)

Throttle valve control part J338

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with angle sender (1) G187 and (2) G188 for

throttle valve drive G186 Output stage 2 (bank 2) N192 and
ignition coils N163 (cyl. 4), N164 (cyl. 5)
and N189 (cyl. 6)
Intake air temperature sender G42
Solenoid valve for activated charcoal
Coolant temperature senders G2 and G62 canister N80

Solenoid valve for

Charge pressure sender G31 charge pressure control N75
Diagnosis

Knock sensors (bank 1) G61 and (bank 2) G66 Throttle valve control part J338
with throttle valve drive G186

Accelerator position sender G79 and 2 G185

Camshaft adjustment valve
(bank 1) N205 and (bank 2) N208

Exhaust gas temperature senders (bank 1)

G235 and (bank 2) G236 Divert air valve for turbochargers

Altitude sender F96 is

Heater for lambda probe
Brake light switch F and brake pedal integrated in the engine (bank 1) Z19 and (bank 2) Z28
switch F 47 control unit.
Clutch pedal switch F36 Fault lamp for electric
EPC throttle control K132
Auxiliary signals Auxiliary signals

32
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Torque-oriented engine
management

The Motronic ME 7.1 has a torque- Making allowance for efficiency and the
oriented functional structure. emissions standards, the engine control unit
This is made possible by the new coordinates the external and internal requests
electronic accelerator function. and meets them by adjusting the available
control variables accordingly.

Internal torque requests

• Starting
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• Idling speed control

• Catalytic converter
heating
• Power limiter
External torque requests • Driving comfort
• Components
protection
• Engine governing
• Driver inputs Control variables
influencing torque

Throttle valve
• Driving Coordination of angle
dynamics torque and
efficiency requests
in engine control Charge pressure
unit
• Driving
comfort
Ignition angle

• Cruise control Injection cut-out

system

Injection time

SSP/198/15

33
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Torque-oriented
functional structure
In comparison with previously known All - internal and external - torque demands
systems, the ME 7.1 is not confined to the are combined, and a nominal torque is derived
output of torque variables to the networked from this.
control units (ABS, automatic gearbox), it also
uses these physical variables to calculate To translate the nominal torque into actions,
control variables. the control variables are co-ordinated with
regard to consumption and emissions so as to
optimise torque control.

Nominal charging
moment Nominal charge
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Prioritisation of Conversion of
charging path torque into
charge
Throttle valve
Calculation of angle
throttle valve
opening
Actual charge Nominal intake
manifold
Calculation of pressure
External and Charge
internal efficiency and
torque reference pressure-
torque control Charge
requests variables
pressure
(Wastegate)

Calculation of Ignition angle

Prioritisation crankshaft-
of crankshaft- synchronous
synchronous intervention Injection cut-
path out

Injection time
SSP 198/75

Nominal inner
torque

34
 The control variable calculation is subdivided
into two paths

Prioritisation of Prioritisation
charging path of crankshaft-
synchronous
path

Path 1 Path 2

The charging path regulates the control All control actions which influence torque
variables which influence charging: regardless of charging are combined in the
crankshaft-synchronous path:
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• Throttle valve angle

• Charge pressure • Ignition angle
• Injection cut-out
• Injection time

The air mass necessary to develop a specific By and large, long-term torque requests are
torque is determined by means of a fulfilled along path 1.
“calculation model“ and is made available
along path 1. Path 2 is particularly well suited to meeting
short-term torque requests, which usually
Path 2 is used to set the injection quantity or have a torque-reducing effect.
cylinder cut-out necessary under the given
circumstances and the optimal ignition angle.

35
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Electrically actuated throttle

valve (electronic accelerator)

With the Motronic ME 7.1, Audi is The accelerator position sender records the
using an electrically actuated accelerator pedal angle and transfers it to the
throttle valve for the first time. engine control unit.
The engine control unit adjusts the throttle
There is no longer any need for a valve by means of an electric motor. A
mechanical accelerator cable continuous stream of feedback signals on the
between the accelerator and position of the throttle valve is sent to the
throttle valve. This has been engine control unit.
replaced by an electronic control
system (drive-by-wire). Extensive security measures in hardware and
software format - such as twin senders, safety
module and self-monitoring computer
The system comprises the following architecture - are integrated in the electronic
components: accelerator .
• Accelerator position sender
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• Engine control unit

• throttle valve control part

CPU = Control Processing Unit Throttle valve control

part J338

Engine control unit Throttle valve

drive G186
Input signals Output signals

Accelerator position sender

CPU

SSP 198/09
Accelerator position Angle sender for
senders G79 and throttle valve drive
G185 Safety module G187 and G188

36
 The electronic accelerator controls the engine The electronic accelerator is used for reducing
output electronically and, over and above and increasing torque and does not adversely
intake-air control, offers the advantage that affect exhaust emissions.
functions such as idling speed control, cruise
control or engine governing can be executed
easily and comfortably.
.

Torque reduction Torque increase

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• Traction control system • Cruise control

• Engine governer • Engine braking torque control
• Speed limiter • Load change damping
• Power limiter (Dash pot function)

• Cruise control system • Idling speed control

• Driving dynamics control systems • Driving dynamics control systems

The throttle valve can be opened regardless of With electronic accelerator, much improved
the accelerator position, and this serves to emissions and higher fuel economy are
reduce throttle losses. achieved in specific load states.

The ideal combination of throttle valve cross- Over and above this, any accelerator
section and charge pressure produce the characteristic can be programmed, e.g.
necessary torque. gradual acceleration when driving at low
In this way, the throttle valve can be opened speed.
fully while the accelerator pedal has not been
fully depressed.

37
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Accelerator position senders G79 There is no separate switch for

kickdown information. Integrated in
and G185 the accelerator position sender is a
“mechanical pressure point “ which
The accelerator position sender transfers an conveys an authentic “kickdown feel”
analog signal corresponding to the accelerator to the driver.
position to the Motronic. To ensure that the When the driver operates the
electronic accelerator functions reliably, the kickdown, the full-load voltage of the
accelerator position sender has two accelerator position sender is
independent potentiometers (G79 and G185). exceeded. If a voltage defined in the
They have different characteristic curves (see engine control unit is attained in the
diagram). process, this is interpreted as a
The control unit monitors the two senders G79 kickdown and transferred to the
and G185 for proper functioning and automatic gearbox (via CAN-Bus).
plausibility. The accelerator position senders for
If a sender fails, the other sender serves as a the manual gearboxes and automatic
substitute. gearboxes are identical. Kickdown is
enabled or disabled via the
The accelerator position sender transfers the accelerator limit stop (refer to chapter
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driver’s inputs to the Motronic and provides on “TDI engines”).

kickdown information to the automatic
gearbox.

SSP 198/25
Resistance in Ω

G79
G185

Lever LL Accelerator travel

SSP 198/12 Acc. position sender

Accelerator

38
 Self-diagnosis/emergency
running

If a fault occurs in the accelerator position

sender or the wiring, two emergency running
programs can be run depending on fault type.

At idling speed, the accelerator

Emergency running program 1 position senders G79 and G185 are
If an accelerator position sender fails: not diagnosed.
If the plug of the accelerator position
• Accelerator position limited to a defined value. sender drops off, no fault is stored in
the control unit.
• If a full load is predefined, the power output is
increased slowly. The fault lamp for electric throttle
control K132 does not come on.
• In the case of implausible signals between G79
and G185, the lower value is used. The engine runs at idling speed and
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Prerequisite: does not respond to the accelerator

The idling speed position must be learnt once pedal.
by the intact sender.
• The signal supplied by brake light switch for
brake pedal switch F47 indicates the idling
speed.
• Comfort functions (CCS) are prohibited.
• The fault lamp for electric throttle control K132
comes on.

Emergency running program 2

If both accelerator position senders fail, driver
input recognition is not possible: Safety function:
For safety reasons, the throttle valve
• The engine only runs at idling speed. is closed as far as a defined angular
position when both the accelerator
• The fault lamp for electric throttle control K132
comes on. pedal and the brake pedal are
depressed.
If the brake is pressed first followed
by the accelerator pedal, the driver
input (torque request) is executed.

39
 Subsystems of the Motronic

throttle valve control part J338 with throttle valve drive G186, angle
senders 1 G187 and 2 G188 for throttle valve drive

The throttle valve control part comprises... For safety reasons, two angle senders
(redundancy) are used. They have opposite
... throttle valve housing with throttle valve impedance characteristics (see diagram).
... throttle valve drive G186 with reduction
gear If an angle sender fails, the second sender
... angle senders for throttle valve drive maintains the electronic accelerator function
G187 and G188 via an emergency running program.

Activated by the engine control unit, the

throttle valve drive controls the air-flow rate
necessary to develop the required torque.
Feedback on momentary throttle valve Angle senders G187 and G188 cannot
position is provided by two potentiometers be replaced separately. The throttle
G187 and G188. valve control part may not be opened.

Redundancy means: superfluous,

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non-essential.
Resistance in Ω

SSP 198/27
G188
Throttle valve drive G186
(Electric throttle control)
G187
Throttle valve housing
with throttle valve
0 100%
Throttle valve opening in %

SSP 198/28
Angle senders for throttle valve Housing cover with electrical
drive G187 and G188 connections

40
 Functional positions of throttle valve control part (linear
representation)
The engine control unit recognises four key functional positions of the throttle valve control part.

• The lower mechanical limit stop Lower mechanical limit stop

The throttle valve is closed. This
position is required to adapt the angle
sender.

SSP 198/24
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• The lower electrical limit stop Position of lower electrical limit stop
is defined by the control unit and is
located just below the lower
mechanical limit stop. During
operation, the throttle valve closes no
further than the lower electrical limit
stop. This prevents the throttle valve
working its way into the throttle valve
housing.

SSP 198/22

• The emergency running position

is the position of the throttle valve in Emergency running position
the deenergised state and ensures that
air flow is sufficient if any of the
relevant electronic accelerator functions
fails. Idling speed is higher - approx.
1000 rpm - and uneven.
Very limited vehicle operation is
possible.

SSP 198/21

41
 Subsystems of the Motronic

• The upper electrical limit stop Position at upper electrical limit stop
is defined in the control unit does not
need to be learned.

As in the fully open position, the

shaft diameter is greater than
the thickness of the throttle
butterfly.

SSP 198/23

Upper mechanical limit stop

To enable the exact angular position of the throttle valve to be identified, angle senders for
throttle valve drive G187 and G188 must be learnt .
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By moving the throttle valve into predefined positions, the values of the angle senders are stored
in the control unit (calibrated) and checked for plausibility. The state of the mechanics (terminals,
weak springs) in the throttle valve control part is determined by evaluating the throttle valve’s
reaction speed.

Basic adjustment (adaption) ...

... involves not only learning the throttle Adaption conditions

valve position, but also a complete check of
the throttle valve control part For basic setting (adaption), the test
conditions described in the
... can be performed using the following Workshop Manual must be met.
three methods:
The basic setting routine will be
• manually - provided the ignition has been cancelled if the test conditions are
switched on for at least 24 minutes without not fulfilled while it is in progress.
operating the starter or accelerator.
• automatically - provided the need for adaption
is acknowledged.
• specifically - by initiating basic setting 04 in
measured value block 60 (refer to Workshop
Manual)

42
 Self-diagnosis/emergency running mode
If a fault occurs in the throttle valve control part or in the wiring, three emergency running
programs can be run, depending on fault type.

Emergency running program 1

If an angle sender for throttle valve drive fails
or an implausible signal is received:
Prerequisite:
• Torque-increasing requests on engine, e.g. CCS, An intact angle sender and plausible
EBC (engine braking control) are suppressed. air mass flow. The air mass flow is
• The fault lamp for electrical throttle control K132 indicated by the air mass meter and
comes on. the charge pressure sender G31.

Emergency running program 2

If the throttle valve drive fails or malfunctions:
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• The throttle valve drive is switched off and the

Prerequisite:
throttle valve goes into the emergency running
position. This results in considerable loss of Emergency running program 2 is only
power, increased idling speed and possibly also run if both angle senders for throttle
rough idling . valve drive recognise the emergency
• Driver inputs are executed as far as possible via running position.
the ignition angle and charge pressure. The
engine shows little response to the throttle.
• The fault lamp for electrical throttle control K132
comes on.

Emergency running program 3

If the throttle valve position is not clearly
recognisable and/or if the throttle valve is not
definitely known to be in the emergency
running position: Repair work may not be performed on
the throttle valve control part J338! If
• The throttle valve drive is switched off and the
throttle valve goes into the emergency running
G186, G187 or G188 becomes faulty,
position. This results in considerable loss of unit J338 must be replaced
power, increased idling speed and possibly also completely and a basic setting
rough idling. performed.
• The engine speed is limited to approx. 1200 rpm
by restricting the injection.
• The fault lamp for electric throttle control K132
comes on.

43
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Fault lamp for electric throttle

control K132

Faults in the Electronic Accelerator System are EPC stands for Electronic Power
detected by the self-diagnosis and indicated Control.
via the separate EPC fault lamp. At the same
time, an entry is made in the fault memory.

When the ignition is turned on, the fault lamp

comes on and must go out again after 3
seconds if a fault state does not exist.

Fault lamp K132 is activated directly by the

engine control unit via an earth potential.

If a fault occurs in the Electronic Accelerator

System, an appropriate emergency running
program will be activated (refer to Accelerator
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position sender and throttle valve control part).

EPC

90 1/2
60 120 8 1/1
4 °C 120 140
3 5 100 160
80 180
2 6
50 200
1 EPC
7 220
30
12 10
120 0 260 12
9 3
60 180 8 16
°C 6 Volt

SSP 198/47

44
 In keeping with our policy of continuous product
improvement, the accelerator position sender
has been replaced by the accelerator pedal
module.
The accelerator pedal module has already been
used in other vehicle models within the Group.

The accelerator pedal module combines the Advantages of the accelerator pedal module:
accelerator pedal and the accelerator position
sender as a unit. • Compact, lightweight, easy to assemble
• Modular technology
The mechanics of the accelerator pedal module
• Inexpensive to manufacture
are located inside the module housing.
Sensors G79 and G185 are located in the
housing cover.
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For manual gearbox:

Stop buffer Module housing

For automatic gearbox:

Pressure element for
conveying the authentic
feeling of a kickdown
Housing cover and
sensors

SSP 198/34

45
 Subsystems of the Motronic

Exhaust gas temperature control

A new feature of Audi automobiles The exhaust gas temperature is recorded in a

is a function which monitors cylinder-bank-specific manner by the two
exhaust gas temperature over the exhaust gas temperature senders G235 and
entire engine speed range. G236.
The Motronic controls the exhaust gas
temperature to 980 °C by enriching the air/fuel
For turbocharged engines, the maximum mixture .
permissible exhaust gas temperature is a key
design criterion. It is therefore possible to largely dispense with
To protect the exhaust gas turbocharger and the prophylactic enrichment process that has
the exhaust manifold, the exhaust gas been standard practice until now.
temperature should not exceed 1000 °C for a The mixture is only enriched...
lengthy period of time. ... when necessary and
... to the extent necessary.
Since many of the components which This means that engine operation with lambda
influence the exhaust gas temperature have = 1 is possible up to high load and engine
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tolerances, thermodynamic adaptation speed ranges.

previously took place at 950 °C for safety’s
sake. Advantage:
This was achieved by enriching the air/fuel • Improved efficiency and reduction of fuel
mixture. consumption as well as exhaust emissions.

Exhaust gas temperature sender

G235
Injectors
Engine control unit

G236

SSP 198/26

46
 Exhaust gas temperature sender
G235 and G236 evaluation electronics

To facilitate exhaust gas temperature control,

the exhaust gas temperature must be recorded
to a high degree of accuracy.
An accuracy of ± 5 °C is achieved in the
measurement range from 950 °C to 1025 °C.
Meas.
The exhaust gas temperature sender is located
inside the exhaust manifold upstream of the
exhaust gas turbocharger.
It comprises a measuring sensor and
evaluation electronics.
The measuring sensor and the control unit are
permanently connected by means of a
shielded, heat-resistant wire.
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The evaluation electronics convert the signal

which the measuring sensor generates into a
pulse-width-modulated signal (PWM signal).
This is a square-wave signal with a fixed
frequency and a variable pulse duty factor.
The pulse duty factor is expressed as a
percentage . The measurement range extends
from ≥10% to ≤90%.
A specific pulse duty factor is assigned to each
temperature (refer to diagram).

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

A pulse duty factor of <1% or >99% is
SSP/198/13
recognised as a fault.
A fault is detected as of a certain enrichment Exhaust gas temperature sender
quantity.
If a sender fails, the charge pressure is reduced
to a safe level and an emergency enrichment
characteristic (engine speed-dependent) is
used.
90%
Pulse duty factor

70%

50%

30%

10%
945°C
950°C

960°C

970°C

980°C

990°C

1000°C

1010°C

1025°C
1030°C

SSP 198/56 Exhaust gas temperature

47
 ProCarManuals.com

48
Notes
 Sensors

The following chapter presents the new features of the sensors, provided that they have not
already been described in the chapter on Subsystems of Motronic.

Charge pressure sender G31

The charge pressure sender is located

upstream of the throttle valve control part.

SSP 198/29
The Motronic supplies the sender with a
voltage of 5 volts and earth.
The signal which the sender generates is a
pressure- proportional voltage ranging from 0
to 5 volts.

At atmospheric pressure (at sea-level), the

voltage is approx. 2.5 volts.
ProCarManuals.com

The signal is used for charge pressure control.

The Motronic also needs information on

charge pressure so that it can take counter-
measures if the maximum permissible
pressure is exceeded.
Charge pressure sender G31
Substitute function and self-diagnosis:
If sender G31 fails, the charge pressure is
controlled via the characteristic curve (engine
speed-dependent). This will result in a
deficiency of engine power.

The altitude sender F96 ....

... is integrated in the engine control unit, as is Substitute function and self-diagnosis
normally the case with turbocharged engines.
If a signal fails, the charge pressure is reduced
... is required to control the charge pressure. In to a safe level, which results in a deficiency of
conditions of decreasing air pressure (lower engine power.
density), the charge pressure is reduced to Adaption of the injection quantity at start-up
prevent the turbocharger overspeeding. no longer takes place.
The fault message “Control unit defective“ is
... influences the air/fuel mixture composition displayed in the self-diagnosis.
at engine start-up. The starting mixture is
leaned down with rising altitude.

49
 Sensors

Hot-film air mass meter G70

The hot-film air mass meter

operates on the same principle as
before. Evaluation electronics
In certain engine operating states,
pulsations occur in the intake tract,
reversing the air flow - and this
gives rise to measurement errors.

The hot-film air mass meter is designed in such

a way that it is able to recognise this returning
air flow (pulsation fault).
This more exact method of intake air
measurement in all operating states improves Meas.
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engine management and reduces exhaust channel

emissions.
The hot-film air mass meter is a thermal
flowmeter. A partial airflow from the
measuring pipe is fed past the sensor element
through a measuring channel in the air mass Sensor element
meter housing.
The ascertained temperature values are
evaluated in the evaluation electronics. The
Motronic applies a voltage proportional to the
air mass to the air mass meter. This voltage is
needed to calculate the injection period and of
actual engine torque.

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

The air mass meter detects air masses above
or below predefined limits. If the air mass
meter fails, the air mass is calculated on the
basis of a characteristic curve (throttle valve
angle and engine speed).

SSP 198/16

Hot-film air mass meter

50
 The measuring principle of the return flow
recognition
Temperature sensors T1 and T2 indicate a
The sensor element is embedded in the temperature difference of ∆T.
mounting plate. In the case of a return air flow, the temperature
The sensor element comprises a diaphragm difference occurs at temperature sensor T1.
with a heating zone and two symmetrically The amount and direction of this difference are
arranged temperature sensors T1 and T2. therefore dependent on the incoming flow.

The heating zone is set to an overtemperature

• Advantage: the differential signal permits a
by means of a heating resistor and direction-dependent characteristic which
temperature sensor T2. enables the Motronic to detect a return air flow.

If there is an incoming flow, the upstream part

of the diaphragm cools down along with the
temperature sensor T1.
The temperature of the upstream temperature
sensor T2 is maintained due to the heated air in
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the heating zone.

Temperature profile
Temperature difference 1 without incoming flow
evaluation: ∆T = T2 - T1 with incoming flow

T
Incoming flow
0

T1 T2

SSP 198/36
Heating zone

Diaphragm
Sensor element

Mounting plate

51
 Sensors

Lambda probes G39 and G108 A new generation of probes used in

the biturbo for stereo lambda
control.
The planar lambda probe is a further
development of the finger-type lambda probe
and has a transient response at lambda = 1.
Advantages:
There is a single lambda probe in the exhaust
pipe running to each of the primary catalytic • The warm-up period is short, which means
lower emissions during the warm-up phase
converters.
• Low heating power consumption
To ensure that the exhaust gases are treated • More stable control characteristic
efficiently, it is important that the lambda
probe should react quickly. The lambda probe
should therefore reach its operating
temperature within as short a space of time as
possible. Its planar (= flat, elongated) design
makes this possible.
The probe heater is integrated in the sensor
element. It quickly reaches its operating
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temperature despite its lower heating capacity.

Note:
At an exhaust gas temperature as low as 150
°C, the probe heater generates the necessary
minimum temperature of 350 °C.
The lambda control is ready to operate approx.
10 seconds after engine start-up.

A porous, ceramic protective layer is sintered

onto the sensor element.
This layer prevents the sensor element being
damaged by residues in the exhaust gas.
It ensures that the sensor element will have a
long service life and meet the tough functional
demands.

Substitute function:
Controlled operation based on a characteristic
curve (cylinder bank-specific).
Sensor element

Section

SSP 198/37

Probe heater

52
 Hall senders G40 and G163

On V-engines with variable valve

timing, a Hall sender acting as a
camshaft sensor is attached to the
left- and right-hand cylinder banks.

Hall sender G40

To permit cylinder-selective knock control and

sequential injection, cylinder 1 must be
defined precisely.
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The signal which Hall sender G40 supplies

together with the signal which engine speed
sender G28 generates (incremental sender for
engine speed and reference mark) enable
ignition TDC of cylinder 1 to be identified
(synchronization of cylinder 1).
After the simultaneous input of both signals,
initial injection and ignition are enabled.

By using Hall senders G163 and G40 as

camshaft sensors, the adjustment of both
camshafts can be monitored closely and
evaluated by the self-diagnosis.

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

If Hall sender G40 fails, Hall sender G163 takes
on the task of synchronising first cylinder.
If both Hall senders fail, it is possible to start
the engine and the engine runs with substitute
functions.

SSP 198/35

Hall sender G163

53
 Sensors

Engine speed sender G28

The engine speed sender is an inductive

sender which records the engine speed and
the exact angular position of the crankshaft Engine speed sender
(single-sender system).

Attached to the flywheel is a separate sender

wheel for the G28.
The sender wheel is designed as a segmented
wheel and is subdivided into 60 segments.
If the sender wheel moves past G28 , this
produces an alternating voltage whose
frequency changes as a factor of engine speed.
The frequency is the magnitude of the engine
speed.
To enable it to recognise the crankshaft
position, there is a gap of two segments in the
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sender wheel.

The G28 recognises the engine speed. Segment

Together with Hall sender G40, the G28 gap
recognises the exact position of the engine
mechanics, i.e. ignition TDC of cylinder 1. The
injection and ignition timing are determined
using this information.

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

The signal which G28 generates is checked
together with the signal supplied by the G40
for plausibility.
If the Motronic control unit does not detect any SSP 198/64
segment gaps during 8 “phases“ of the G40,
an entry is made in the fault memory.
Sender wheel
If the engine speed sender fails, it is not
possible to start or run the engine.
Two mass flywheel

Since the G28 is an inductive sender,

the self-diagnostics are unable to
perform electrical tests (short circuit
to positive or negative or open
circuit).

54
 Diagram of signal of engine speed sender and Hall sender using the oscilloscope function of
VAS 5051

Hall sender G40 (bank 2)

Engine speed sender G28

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SSP 198/59
Sender wheel

Software reference mark TDC of cylinder 1

72° before TDC of cylinder 1

Diagram of signal of engine speed sender and the two Hall senders

Hall sender G40 Hall sender G163 Hall sender G40

TDC of cylinder
1 4 3 6 2 5 1

Engine speed sender G28

SSP 198/60
Here, the signals which G40, G163 and G28 generate are shown combined for added
clarity. A two-channel oscilloscope does not allow all three signals to be represented.
The TDC mark of the belt pulley reflects the TDC of cylinder 3.

55
 Sensors

Brake light switch F and brake The information “brake operated“ is required
for the following functions:
pedal switch F47
• Function of cruise control system
• Safety interrogation of electronic accelerator
function (idling speed recognition during
emergency running mode of accelerator
Clutch pedal switch F36 position sender)

Brake light switch F and brake pedal switch F47

Brake light switch F and
brake pedal switch F47 are combined as a unit. Both serve as
information senders for “brake operated“,
which means they are redundant (for safety
reasons).
Brake light switch F is open in the “off”
position and is supplied with voltage from
terminal 30. It serves as an additional
information input for the Motronic.
Brake pedal switch F47 is closed in the “off”
position closed and is supplied with voltage
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from terminal 15. It serves exclusively as an

information input for the Motronic.

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

The two switches are cross-checked for
plausibility by the self-diagnosis.
Please read the note on the “Safety function“
on page 39.

SSP 198/63

Clutch pedal switch F36 ...

... switches the cruise control system off.
... deactivates the load change functions during the gearshift operation. The load change
function is controlled via ignition angle intervention and throttle valve closing speed.

The clutch pedal switch is closed in the “off” position and is supplied with voltage from terminal
15.

Substitute function and self-diagnosis:

The F36 is not included in the self-diagnosis, which means that no substitute functions are
initiated.

Wrong settings, electrical malfunctions or maloperation (driver keeps foot on clutch

pedal) may result in load change jolts or engine speed overshoots.

56
 Additional signals/interfaces

Additional signals/interfaces to
Motronic ME 7.1

The Motronic receives a large number of The term “interfaces“ is used to

additional signals. describe the control unit connections
The following overview shows the signal and wiring connections of the various
direction and meaning referred to the Motronic control units.
control unit

Input Output Bidirec- Signal meaning

signal signal tional

• CAN-high, data bus signal for automatic gearbox

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• CAN-low, data bus signal for automatic gearbox

• CCS, “set/decelerate“ signal for cruise control system

• CCS, “Off“ signal for without cancellation cruise

control system

• CCS, “On/Off“ signal for with cancellation cruise

control system (master switch)

• CCS, “Resume/accelerate“ signal for cruise control

system

• Road speed signal

• Immobiliser/diagnosis signal

• Air conditioner compressor “On/Off“ signal

• Coolant temperature signal

• Engine speed signal

• Fuel consumption signal

57
 Additional signals/interfaces

The road speed signal ...

... is required for operation of the cruise control ... is a square-wave signal which is conditioned
system, speed limiter, load change measures, by the dash panel insert. The frequency of this
idling speed stabilisation and internal safety signal changes as a factor of road speed.
checks of the control unit (e.g. adaption The dash panel insert transfers 4 pulses per
conditions). revolution of the wheel.

Road speed signal (4 pulses)

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1 revolution of wheel

Signal from speedometer sender (reed contact)

SSP 198/69

Coolant temperature signal

The engine control unit receives from the dash As of a temperature of 116 °C, the charge
panel insert a coolant temperature signal pressure is reduced in order to counteract a
calculated from the signal which coolant further rise in temperature.
temperature sender G2 generates and a If the temperature drops below a value of
related temperature characteristic. approx. 116 °C, a data message is again
The signal is a “data message“ and is transferred and all actions previously
connected to the earth potential when a performed are reversed.
temperature of approx. 120 °C is exceeded.
In this case, the air conditioner’s operating and
display unit switches the compressor off along
the bidirectional wire designated “Air-
conditioner compressor On/Off“.

58
 The “Compressor On/Off“ interface ...

... serves to provide the engine control unit The interface as a signal output:
with information on the circuit state of the
compressor. If the engine control unit applies an earth
potential to the interface, the compressor is
... enables the engine control unit to switch off switched off for a defined period of time as
the compressor or inhibit start-up. required.

... provides a link to the air conditioner’s The engine control unit switches the
operating and display unit. compressor off in the following situations:

The interface as a signal input: - After initiating basic setting (function 04)
- In certain emergency running programs
Shortly before switching on the magnetic within a defined engine speed range
coupling, the air conditioner’s operating and
display unit applies voltage to the interface.
The engine control unit then increases the
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idling speed to compensate for the higher

engine load.

The immobiliser/diagnosis interface ...

... is the communication link between the ... also serves as the diagnosis wire (K-wire) for
engine control unit and the immobiliser in the the diagnosis tester. Dialogue takes place via:
dash panel insert. diagnosis plug ⇔ dash panel insert interface ⇔
immobiliser/diagnosis interface ⇔ engine
control unit

59
 Additional signals/interface

The engine speed signal...

... is a square-wave signal which is conditioned ... is required by the following system
by the engine control unit and whose components:
frequency is synchronous with engine speed.
The duty factor is approx. 50%. - Dash panel insert
Three signals are transferred per revolution of - Automatic gearbox
the engine. - Air conditioner

3 signals
1 2 3
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Segments of the sender wheel

20 40 60

1 revolution of engine

SSP 198/61

The CAN-high/CAN-low interfaces ...

... serve to transfer data between the control You can find detailed information
units. regarding the CAN databus in SSP
186.
The CAN data bus (Controller Area Network) is
a serial data transfer system.

60
 The fuel consumption signal...

... is a data message which is conditioned by ... is required by the dash panel insert to
the engine control unit. The sum total of the calculate fuel consumption and range.
high levels during a defined period of time
corresponds to the injected fuel quantity.

Fuel consumption signal

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Signal of Hall sender G40

SSP 198/68

Signal at idling speed in a time grid of

50 ms/div.

The interfaces of the cruise control system (CCS) ...

... are linked to the controls on the steering The CCS must be enabled or disabled using
column switch. the “login procedure“ function (as with TDI
engines).
Cruise control is executed by the
engine control unit by means of the When the control unit is enabled, a “G“
electronic accelerator function. appears in the control unit identification (refer
to Workshop Manual).
Road speed can be kept constant as
of approx. 25 kph.

61
 Functional diagram

Components: N189 Ignition coil, cylinder 6

N192 Output stage (cylinder bank 2)
F Brake light switch N205 Camshaft adjustment valve 1 (cylinder
F36 Clutch pedal switch bank 1)
F47 Brake pedal switch N208 Camshaft adjustment valve 2
F96 Altitude sender (integrated in engine (cylinder bank 2)
control unit) N249 Divert air valve for turbocharger

G2 Coolant temperature sender Z19 Heater for lambda probe

G6 Fuel pump Z28 Heater for lambda probe 2
G28 Engine speed sender
G31 Charge pressure sender I To dash panel insert
G39 Lambda probe (cylinder bank 1) II To dash panel insert (warning lamp)
G40 Hall sender (cylinder bank 2)
G42 Intake air temperature sender
G 61 Knock sensor (cylinder bank 1) Additional signals
G62 Coolant temperature sender
G66 Knock sensor (cylinder bank 2) 1 CAN-high (automatic gearbox)
G70 Air mass meter 2 CAN-low (automatic gearbox)
G79 Accelerator position sender 1 3 „Set/decelerate“ signal for cruise
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G108 Lambda probe (cylinder bank 2) control system

G163 Hall sender (cylinder bank 1) 4 “Off“ signal without cancellation for
G185 Accelerator position sender 2 cruise control system
G186 Throttle valve drive (electric throttle 5 “On/Off“ signal with cancellation for
control) cruise control system
G187 Angle sender 1 for throttle valve drive 6 Resume/accelerate“ signal for cruise
G188 Angle sender 2 for throttle valve drive control system
G235 Sender 1 for exhaust gas temperature 7 Road speed signal
G236 Sender 2 for exhaust gas temperature 8 Immobiliser/diagnosis signal
9 Air conditioner compressor “On/Off“
J17 Fuel pump relay signal
J220 Motronic control unit 10 Coolant temperature signal
J338 throttle valve control part 11 Engine speed signal
12 Fuel consumption signal
K132 Warning lamp for electric throttle
control

N Ignition coil, cylinder 1

N30 Injector, cylinder 1
N31 Injector, cylinder 2
N32 Injector, cylinder 3
N33 Injector , cylinder 4
N75 Solenoid valve for charge pressure Colour codes:
control
N80 Solenoid valve for activated charcoal Input signal
canister
N83 Injector, cylinder 5 Output signal
N84 Injector, cylinder 6
N122 Output stage (cylinder bank 1) Positive
N128 Ignition coil, cylinder 2
N158 Ignition coil, cylinder 3 Earth
N163 Ignition coil, cylinder 4
N164 Ignition coil, cylinder 5 Bidirectional

62
 30 30
15 15
31 31

J17

from ignition lock terminal 15

Note: Cruise control op. switch

For the correct fuse rating,
please refer to the current flow
diagram Y
G235 G236 N122 N N128 N158 N163 N164 N189 N192
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Z t° t° P P P P P P

Q Q Q Q Q Q

B B B B B B
N30 N31 N32 N33 N83 N84 N80 N75 N249 N205 N208

A A

J220

+ + + + +

Z
I

t° t° t°
λ λ
_
M ml
G6
G70 G39 G108 G28 G61 G66 G188 G187 G186 G79 G185 G163 G40 G2 G62 G42 G31
Z19 Z28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Y to the brake lights
terminal 30a
K132
A B
II

Body earth Body earth Engine earth

F36 F47 F
31 31

SSP 198/18

63
 Self-diagnosis

Vehicle diagnosis, test and

information system VAS 5051
VAS 5051 has the following three operating
modes:

Vehicle self-diagnosis
• Communication via the vehicle’s diagnosis
interface
• Offers the functional capability of currently
available diagnosis testers V.A.G 1551 and
V. A. G 1552

Test instruments
• Measurement of the vehicle’s electrical
parameters (voltage, current, resistance)
and testing of diodes
• DMO (Digital Memory Oscilloscope) for
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representing the voltage curves of the

various individual sensors and actuators

Guided fault finding

• Vehicle and control unit identification
• A test plan is prepared on the basis of the
fault messages issued by the the self-
diagnosis, the fault description of customer
complaints or assumptions regarding the
cause of the trouble.

You will find introductory notes and SSP 198/39

technical information on this system
in Self-Study Programme 202.
VAS 5051
For self-diagnosis, please use the
Workshop Manual in which the
procedure for the various individual
functions is described.

64
 Test box V.A.G 1598/31
The new test box V.A.G 1598/31 is used to The test leads V.A.G 1598/31-1 (1
carry out tests on the Motronic ME 7.1. metre long) and V.A.G 1598/31-2 (2.5
metres long), which are additionally
It also allows tests to be performed while the screened, give greater flexibility and
engine is running. protection against electromagnetic
interference.
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Engine control unit

51
S 50
VA

SSP 198/65
VAS 5051

Earth
Test box V.A.G 1598/31

65
 Power Transmission

Self-adjusting clutch

For the biturbo engines, Audi is Advantages:

using an SAC clutch pressure plate
with a wear compensation feature • Constant clutch releasing loads throughout
for the first time. the service life of the clutch plate.
• Greater wear reserve of the clutch plate.
„SAC“ stands for Self-Adjusting
Clutch.

Sensor plate spring

Adjusting ring
Auxiliary spring
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Housing cover

Main diaphragm spring

SSP 198/42
Compression spring

66
 Problem:

As the clutch plate wears, the position of the The clutch in the biturbo engine is required to
main diaphragm spring changes, as do the transmit high levels of torque.
characteristics for contact pressure and
releasing load. Higher contact pressures have to be applied to
compensate for the limitations on the surface
The main diaphragm spring has a digressive area of the clutch lining for design reasons.
characteristic. To prevent the contact pressure This in turn results in higher releasing loads
of the pressure plate dropping too low over a (particularly as wear progresses).
wear range of approx. 1.5 - 2 mm, the
characteristic of the main diaphragm spring is
such that the forces initially increase as a
factor of distance travelled.
This has the knock-on effect of producing
uncomfortably high pedal forces.

Contact pressure characteristic

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(conventional clutch )

Wear reserve
Contact pressure

Housing cover
Fitting location
Auxiliary spring

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Pressure plate travel in mm

SSP 198/72

Disengaging stop

Solution to problem:
Main diaphragm spring

If the position of the main diaphragm spring

remains constant over the entire wear range,
the associated forces will also remain
unchanged.
Adjusting ring

This effect is achieved using the new SAC

Sensor plate spring clutch pressure plate.

SSP 198/41

67
 Power Transmission

Function of SAC clutch

Compared to a conventional clutch, the
following parts are new or modified:

The stop for release travel limits the

• Sensor plate spring
travel of the release bearing and
• Adjusting ring with ramps (wedges) and prevents unintentional adjustment of
compression springs the adjusting ring.
• Housing cover with ramp indentations and
guides for the compression springs The auxiliary spring counteracts the
• Stop for release travel (integrated in the main plate spring as of a defined
housing cover) travel distance and ensures an even
• Auxiliary spring (riveted to the housing force curve during clutch engagement
cover) and disengagement.
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Pressure plate
Main diaphragm spring

Housing cover with auxiliary spring

and stop for release travel

Sensor plate spring

SSP 198/70 Adjusting ring with
Auxiliary spring compression springs
(riveted on)

68
 Unlike conventional pressure plates, the main The sensor plate spring and the adjusting ring
diaphragm spring mounting of the SAC clutch locate (mounting) the main diaphragm spring.
is non-rigid.

Conventional clutch SAC clutch

after wear after wear

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Adjusting ring

Main plate
spring mounting

Main plate
SSP 198/73
spring mounting

Position as new Position after Position after Position as new

wear wear

When the clutch plate is renewed, the

adjusting ring must be turned back
(refer to Workshop Manual).

The adjusting ring on new SAC clutch

pressure plates is already reset.

69
 Power transmission

Clutch disengagement process

The force of the sensor plate spring The compression springs rotate the adjusting
counteracts that of the main diaphragm spring ring along the ramps in the housing cover.
and is rated such that the main diaphragm
spring is pressed against the adjusting ring In this way, lining wear is compensated and
under normal releasing load. the forces are again equalised.

If the force of the main diaphragm spring (also

refer to load diagram) is greater than that of
the sensor plate spring, the main plate spring
will not come into contact with the adjusting
ring.
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Sensor plate spring Housing cover Compress. spring

Ramp (wedge)

after wear
as new

Adjusting ring with ramps

Main
diaphragm Compression spring
spring
mounting

SSP 198/74

Main diaphragm spring

70
 Gearbox
In the S4, power is transmitted through the Due to the two mass flywheel in
already familiar 6-speed Quattro manual combination with the SAC clutch, a
gearbox of type 01E (C90 gearbox). new 11 mm-thick spacer ring is used
for the manual gearboxes in
As is normal with Audi’s high-performance between the engine and gearbox.
models, the gearbox oil is cooled by an oil
pump and an oil cooler.
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Oil pump

SSP 198/76 to oil cooler

The Audi A6 with biturbo engine can be

combined with the following gearbox versions
at the customer’s option:

Front-wheel drive Manual gearbox 01E (without oil cooling)

Quattro drive Manual gearbox 01E (without oil cooling
Front-wheel drive Automatic gearbox 01V
Quattro drive Automatic gearbox 01V

71
 ProCarManuals.com

72
Notes
 Dear reader,

With its innovative development of the new biturbo engine, AUDI has
achieved a further milestone in the field of engineering.
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With this Self-study Programme you were able to familiarise yourself with
the technology of the biturbo.

In the course of work on our corporate identity (CI), the Self-study

Programme now has a new format. For example, the SSP number is
printed on the back page of the booklet so that you no longer need to take
the booklet out of the folder when searching for it.

Please fax us your suggestions for improving the Self-study Programmes

on +49 841-89-6367.

With the kind regards of your Technical Service Training Team

73