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    Principles of Hydrodynamics

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    Balaji Sayana
    Hydrodynamics is the study of the dynamics of continuous fluids and solids. It describes flows using conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum. The Navier-Stokes equations and elasticity equations govern fluid and solid motion respectively, with constitutive relations describing how materials respond to forces. Thermal energy flows are also modeled, usually using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Numerical methods are commonly used to solve the resulting partial differential equations describing hydrodynamic systems.

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    Principles of Hydrodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Balaji Sayana
    21 views1 page
    Hydrodynamics is the study of the dynamics of continuous fluids and solids. It describes flows using conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum. The Navier-Stokes equations and elasticity equations govern fluid and solid motion respectively, with constitutive relations describing how materials respond to forces. Thermal energy flows are also modeled, usually using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Numerical methods are commonly used to solve the resulting partial differential equations describing hydrodynamic systems.

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    Hydrodynamics is the study of the dynamics of continuous fluids and solids. It describes flows using conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum. The Navier-Stokes equations and elasticity equations govern fluid and solid motion respectively, with constitutive relations describing how materials respond to forces. Thermal energy flows are also modeled, usually using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Numerical methods are commonly used to solve the resulting partial differential equations describing hydrodynamic systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    21 views1 page

    Principles of Hydrodynamics

    Uploaded by

    Balaji Sayana
    Hydrodynamics is the study of the dynamics of continuous fluids and solids. It describes flows using conservation laws of mass, energy, and momentum. The Navier-Stokes equations and elasticity equations govern fluid and solid motion respectively, with constitutive relations describing how materials respond to forces. Thermal energy flows are also modeled, usually using Fourier's law of heat conduction. Numerical methods are commonly used to solve the resulting partial differential equations describing hydrodynamic systems.

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    181

    7. Principles of Hydrodynamics
    1 Introduction; 2 Hydrodynamic States; 3 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinate Systems; 4 Continuity
    Equation; 5 Pressure Tensor; 6 Equation of Motion; 7 Navier-Stokes Equations; 8 Elasticity Equations; 9 Heat
    Flux Vector; 10 Energy Equation; 11 Summary and References

    7.1 Introduction
    Hydrodynamics once meant the dynamics of water. But the breadth of the subject
    has come to include general flows of continuous matter, solids as well as fluids, as well
    as related problems in static stress analysis in which there is no flow at all. Thus
    another classical body of knowledge, elasticity theory, is included in hydrodynamics.
    The fundamentals of hydrodynamics parallel those of molecular dynamics:
    conservation of mass and energy, together with Newton's equations of motion for the
    flow of momentum. In hydrodynamics continuum constitutive equations are the
    analog of atomistic forces, and serve to distinguish one material from another. But the
    hydrodynamic equations of motion have to be developed for continua rather than
    particles. The forces causing flows are either external forces, from fields or moving
    boundaries, or internal forces, described in terms of the hydrodynamic pressure tensor
    P. Thus the hydrodynamic analog of interatomic forces is the "constitutive relation"
    describing the response of individual materials to sources of momentum and energy.
    The mechanical constitutive relation or "equation of state" for each material gives the
    pressure tensor as a function of the geometric flow variables, strains in the case of
    elastic solids and strain rates in the case of viscous fluids.
    Because the macroscopic thermodynamic view includes an additional thermal
    variable, temperature or internal energy, the constitutive equations needed to specify a
    well-posed hydrodynamic problem must describe also the flow of energy in response to
    temperature gradients. Energy flows are usually assumed to follow Fourier's law of
    heat conduction, Q = - K - V T . Once both the mechanical and thermal constitutive
    relations are given, the remaining task is to solve Newton's equations for the motion
    together with Fourier's heat flow equation for the energy.
    There are a variety of analytic and numerical methods for solving problems in
    hydrodynamics, many more than in molecular dynamics because the underlying
    equations are partial differential equations rather than ordinary ones. The
    hydrodynamic equations are typically irreversible, rather than reversible, and
    absolutely unstable when reversed, so that it is only possible to predict the future. The
    past is inaccessible. The chief simplifying feature of the continuum approach, relative
    to the atomistic one, is that the flows take place in one-, two-, or three-dimensional
    geometrical spaces rather than in the abstract many-dimensional phase space of
    statistical mechanics.
    The numerical limitations are similar to those governing molecular dynamics
    simulations. The system of interest has to be described by fewer than a billion degrees
    of freedom, and followed in time for no more than a million time steps. The
    computational work involves the evaluation of spatial derivatives, usually evaluated

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