Microsoft Windows - An Introduction to MS Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which
are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing
industry.

With the examination point of view, there are quite a few Government exams which include
Computer Awareness as a part of their syllabus, and MS Windows is an important topic from that
prospect.

To get the list of all major Government exams and information related to each of them, candidates
can visit the linked article.

In this article, we shall discuss at length about the history and development of Windows along with
all its versions till date, Windows operating system, applications and important commands.

Furthermore, candidates looking for more study material related to the Computer Awareness
preparation, are advised to check the links given below:

Brief introduction about MS Windows has been given in the table below, candidates must refer to
this information:

MS Windows

Developer Microsoft

Initial Release 20th November 1985

Marketing Target Personal Computing

Languages Available in 138 languages

Default User Interface Windows Shell

Official Website microsoft.com

What is Windows Operating System?

By definition, an Operating System is a group of several GUIs (Graphical User Interface) families, all
of which are developed, sold and marketed by Microsoft.

The latest version of Microsoft Operating System which is being widely used across the world is
Windows 10.

For conceptual clarity and understanding the context well, candidates are advised to check out the
video given below:

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History and Development of Windows

It was 1983 when work on “Interface Manager” was started by Microsoft but it was in November
1995, when the first Windows 1.0 was introduced. Later on, with developments in technology, the
requirement of the people and increased demand for Graphical User Interface, Microsoft kept
releasing revised versions of Operating Systems.

The image given below shows the different Microsoft Operating Systems along with the year in
which they were introduced:

Versions of Windows Operating System

Let us understand the different versions of Windows Operating System along with the features of
each of them individually.

1. Windows 1.0

 It was released on November 20, 1985

 Pure Operating Environment

 Used Graphical User Interface

 Simple Graphics

 Offered limited multi-tasking was expected to have a better future potential

2. Windows 2.0

 It was released on December 9, 1987

 16-bit Graphic User Interface (GUI) based operating environment

 Introduced Control Panel, and the first version of MS Word and Excel

 Unlike Windows 1.0, it had the capacity to allow applications to overlap each other

 It was also the last Windows OS which did not require a hard disk

 Hardware played an important role

3. Windows 3.0

 It was released in 1990

 It was better at multitasking

 Used 8086 microprocessors

 It has both, conventional and extendable memory

 First version of Windows to gather critical appreciation

 Better memory/ storage

Note* – None of the above mentioned Windows was Operating Systems. They all came under the
category of Windows, working based on a graphical operating environment. It was Windows 95,
which was the first Operating System released by Microsoft.

4. Window 95

 It was the first complete Operating System

 It was released on August 15, 1995

 It merged MS-DOS and Windows products

 It simplified plug and play features

 Taskbar and Start menu was introduced with this Windows OS

 Advanced from 16 bit GUI to 32 bit GUI

 Long file names could be saved

 Initially, computers with Windows 95 did not have Internet Explorer installed but by the
release date of Windows 95, the first version of Internet Explorer was installed in the
software

 On December 31, 2001, Windows declared this version of OS outdated and ended its
support for the same

5. Windows 98

 It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998

 It was a 16 bit and 32 bit product based on MS DOS

 It was not an entirely new version but just a tuned-up version to Windows 95

 Internet Explorer 4.01 was released along with this Windows version

 It did not support USB printers or mass storage devices

 An update to this version “Windows SE” was released in 1999

6. Windows 2000

 It was officially released on February 17, 2000. However, its manufacturing had begun in late
1999

 A core set of features was followed for manufacturing Windows 2000 but 4 different
editions, targeting different sectors of the market were released. These included: Server,
Professional, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server

 It was considered as one of the most secure OS ever

 A local disk manager was introduced with these Windows

 Multilingual User Interface – it supported many different languages

7. Windows XP
  While the manufacturing started on August 24, 2001, the official product was released on
October 25, 2001

 Advanced portable PC support

 Automatic wireless connection support

 Fast start-up

 Better Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 Help and support centre

8. Windows Vista

 It was released on January 30, 2007

 It had an upgraded version of Graphical User Interface

 It was the first operating system to use DVD-ROM for installation

9. Windows 7

 It was released on October 22, 2009

 A large number of new features were introduced

 Redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar

 Incremental upgrade to the Windows line

 Libraries were added in the file management system

 A few features from the past Windows were removed

 Extended hardware support

10. Windows 8

 It was released for retail on October 26, 2012

 Optimisations for touch-based

 Installed in new devices like Laptops, Mobile phones, tablets, etc.

 Increased integration with cloud services

 Windows Store service for software distribution

 Task manager had been redesigned

 New security features were introduced

 Online Applications could be directly downloaded

11. Windows 10

 It was released on July 29, 2015

 Addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8

  A virtual desktop system

 It had the ability to run windows store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in
the full-screen mode

 Included new icons

 To reduce storage shortcomings, Windows 10 automatically compresses the file size

Candidates looking forward to preparing themselves for the upcoming competitive exams can check
out the links given below and solve more and more questions to ace the examination:

Applications in Windows

There are all kinds of applications which are available at the Windows store and people can easily
access them and download them for their personal or professional usage.

Given below is a list of such application available on Windows:

 Web Browsers

 Adobe Photoshop

 Adobe Reader

 Messenger

 Media Players

 Games

 Audio/ Video Chatting Apps

 Maps & Calendar and this list goes on

Aspirants must note that questions from Computer Knowledge may also be asked as a part of the
General Awareness section. So, the preparation must be done accordingly.

Apart from the Computer Awareness section, there are various other sections which are a part of
the competitive exam syllabus. Given below are the links for the same:

List of Important Commands for Windows

Since Computers run over a set of commands which are entered in the form of input, which with the
advancement of Operating Systems can be entered through various Hardware devices.

Given below are a few important MS-DOS Windows commands for the reference of candidates:

Important Commands for Windows

cd – change directory help – help about a command

cls – clear window notepad – windows notepad text editor

dir – display list of contents of current directory type – displays content of text file
 assoc – display/modify file extensions attrib – displays/ change file attributes

call – calls one batch program file from another color – set text and background colour

comp – compares the contents of two files copy – to copy one or more files to another location

date – displays date del – delete multiple files

edit – Run MS-DOS text editor exit – close MS-DOS window

find – search for a text string in a file move – move one or more files to another location

Mostly the above-mentioned commands are not directly used by the user but are entered into the
computer through a hardware device.

All the information given above in this article will help aspirants know more about the History and
development of Windows and Operating System and questions from this topic may be asked in the
upcoming examinations, so preparation must be done accordingly.

Candidates can also check the difference between hardware and software at the linked article.

Furthermore, there are various other difference between articles which will help candidates learn
more about the different computer-based terms/programs/devices, etc. Given below are few such
important links:

Sample MS Windows Questions and Answers

Computer Knowledge is an integral part of the exam syllabus for various Government sector jobs. It
is important for candidates to have an idea to the type of questions which may be asked in this
section.

Thus, given below are a few sample questions based on Microsoft Windows, in the same format as
asked in various competitive exams. Aspirants can refer to these and apprehend the question
pattern and types.

Q 1. In which year was Windows 8 released?

1. 2009

2. 2008

3. 2012

4. 2013

5. 2010

Answer: (3) 2012

Q 2. What is the full form of ‘U’ in ‘GUI’?

1. Unified

2. Unfiltered

3. User

4. Utility

5. Utilisation

Answer: (3) User

Q 3. What is the maximum size of a word document created in Windows?

1. 1 MB

2. 16 MB

3. 62 MB

4. 1 GB

5. 32 MB

Answer: (5) 32 MB

Q 4. What are the total number of function keys on a keyboard?

1. 15

2. 13

3. 11

4. 12

5. 10

Answer: (4) 12

Q 5. Which of the following does not have a start button?

1. Windows 7

2. Windows XP

3. Windows Vista

4. Windows 8

5. Windows 8.1

Answer: (4) Windows 8

Differences between WWW and Internet

WWW (World Wide Web) Internet

 The World Wide Web is the common system for navigating The internet is a public network of network with a
the internet. It is not the only system that can be used for maze of wired and wireless connections between
such access, but it is by far the most common one. separate groups of servers computers and
countless devices from around the world

The World Wide Web is distinguished from other systems Along with Internters, there also exist the
through its use of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). It can Intranets, which is the same type of information
be safely said that the HTTP is the language of the World network but more privatized in order to control
Wide Web access.

WWW is more software-oriented as compared to the Internet is primarily hardware-based.

Internet

The HTTP along with being the language of the World Wide The internet is governed by a set of rules and
Web also governs it by dealing with linking of files, regulations collectively known as Internet
documents and other resources Protocol (IP). The IP deals with data transmitted
through the internet.

The invention of the World Wide Web can be credited to Sir The first workable prototype of the Internet was
Tim Berners Lee. During his work at the European the ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency
Organization for Nuclear Research in 1989, he had Network) in the late 1960s. After its adoption on
developed the basic idea of the WWW to merge the evolving January 1st 1983, researchers began to develop a
technologies of computers, data networks and hypertext “network of networks” which evolved into the
into a powerful and easy to use global information system. modern form of the Internet

Difference Between Antivirus and Firewall

In the realm of cybersecurity, Antivirus and Firewall are two words used interchangeably. Both are
used to protect the hardware and software of a computer system.

Yet there are fundamental differences between a firewall and antivirus software

For one, a firewall is a hardware and software-based security system designed to protect and
monitor both a private internet network and a computer system. While antivirus is a software
program that detects and eliminates any threats that will destroy a computer system.

Keeping the context of the IAS Exam in mind we will highlight further differences between a firewall
and an antivirus

Aspirants can find more Difference Between Articles, by visiting the linked page.

Candidates who are preparing for the Civil Services Examination must go through the following links:

1. CSAT Questions for Practise

2. Topic Wise UPSC Prelims Questions [2013-2020]

 3. UPSC MCQ on Science and Technology

4. Gist of Yojana

5. This Day in History

6. Latest Current Affairs

Differences between Firewall and Antivirus

 Firewall Antivirus

A firewall is a security network designed to Antivirus is is a software utility program designed to protect a
protect computer systems and networks from system from internal attacks from viruses, trojan horse,
malicious attacks. spyware etc

The general term used for a firewall is “packet Antivirus identifies and corrects any weaknesses found in the
filter” because it filters any incoming data computer system.
packets for suspicious contents.

The main purpose of a firewall is to monitor The main function of an antivirus is to scan, detect, prevent
network traffic and restrict any unauthorized and remove any existential threat to the computer system
entry

A firewall works at a network protocol level to An antivirus will only scan for any harmful programs that are
safeguard against any unwanted intrusion present in the system such as viruses, worms, Trojans etc

One of the limitations of a firewall is that it One of the limitations of an antivirus is that it is cannot check
cannot block any internal attacks and also those read-only files.
attacks that bypass its network coverage

DEC SEAL was the first commercially viable The first documented removal of a computer virus was by an
firewall program that came out in 1992. Its actual antivirus software was in 1987 when a German
creation was spearheaded by American computer security expert, Bernard Robert Fix, created a
computer scientists Brian Reed and Jeff Mogul. programme to remove a virus that had infected files in a DOS-
based system

What is Cloud Computing?

In cloud computing, we can manipulate, configure and access the hardware and software remotely.
In general, cloud computing is accessing and storing the files and databases over the internet instead
of accessing it on your computer’s hard drive.

Cloud computing offers platform independence, the software is not required to be installed on any
PC. There is portability in cloud computing.

Applications that execute on a cloud are over email or through web conferencing.

Click here to know more about SBI Recruitment.

Prerequisites

To learn cloud computing, one should have basic knowledge of computer, Database Management
System (DBMS) and Networking. These subjects will help you to understand the concepts of cloud
computing very easily.

Basic Concepts of Cloud Computing

To make cloud computing feasible and accessible to the end users, there are certain services and
models:

1. Deployment Models

2. Service Models

1. Deployment Models

There are four types of access in the cloud:

 Public

 Private

 Hybrid

 Community

 Public Cloud

Public cloud is easily accessible to the general public. A private cloud is operated by the organisation
it serves. Public cloud is inexpensive. There are no wasted resources because you pay for what you
use.

 Private Cloud

Private cloud only allows systems and services to be within an organisation. Private cloud is the best
for business with dynamic or unpredictable computing needs because they will have control over the
environment of the cloud.

 Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is a cloud service which includes both private and public clouds. Hybrid cloud is best for
heavy workload because it combines both public cloud and private cloud.

 Community Cloud
In the Community cloud, the resources are shared between several organisations. It allows several
companies to work together on the same platform, where they can share their resources.

2. Service Models

There are three service models:

 Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) – Here users are responsible for managing data,

applications and runtime. In IaaS, providers manage virtualisation, servers, hard drives,
storage, and networking.

Example: (AWS) Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure.

 Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) – PaaS is used for development. With PaaS, one can develop
and customise applications. PaaS makes it easy to for development, testing, and deployment
of applications.

Example: Apparenda

 Software-as-a-service (SaaS) – As it is a service based cloud, the cloud provider delivers a

complete software to the client. It provides pre-configured hardware resources through a
virtual interface. It does not include any Operating System. It allows access to the software
only.

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce, Workday.

To know more about SBI Syllabus, click at the linked article.

Candidates willing to ace the upcoming Bank exams must focus on solving more and more sample
questions as this will help them analyse their preparation and know which sections of the exam
syllabus require more hard work and efficiency. To get free online test series for IBPS, SBI and other
Bank exams, refer to the links given below:
 Free Online Mock Test Series with Solutions Previous Year Government Exam Question Papers PDF

Bank PO Question Papers with Solutions Free Online Bank Exam Quiz

History of Cloud Computing

The evolution of cloud computing started in 1950 with mainframe computing. Here multiple users
are allowed to access a mainframe.

After 20 years around 1970, the concept of virtualisation came. Virtualisation software made it
possible to execute one or more operating systems simultaneously in an isolated environment.

To know more about different SBI Exams Notification, click at the linked article.

Candidates can also check the detailed bank exam syllabus for the various banking sector exams in
which Computer Knowledge is a part of the Prelims or Mains syllabus in the articles given below:

SBI PO Syllabus IBPS PO Syllabus

RBI Assistant Syllabus RBI Grade B Syllabus

IBPS Clerk Syllabus SBI Clerk Syllabus

Benefits of Cloud Computing

 Applications and utilities can be accessed over the internet.

 Applications can be modified and manipulated via the internet at any instance of time

 To access, manipulate and modify, you don’t have to download or install any software.
  Cloud is platform independent, as it is available over the internet, one can access it anytime,
whenever they want.

 It is more reliable because cloud computing offers load balancing.

Risks related to Cloud Computing

In some cloud’s data management and infrastructure management is provided only by the third
party, so it’s very risky to handover any valuable information to the service providers.

It becomes challenging to switch from one cloud service provider to another.

Sometimes data deletion request is made and it may not get deleted, as backup files are not
available at the time of deletion.
Questions based on the basic concept of cloud computing its components and it benefits may be
asked in the bank exams. Candidates must, therefore, go through the article above carefully and
understand what is cloud computing and prepare it for the upcoming bank exams.

Apart from bank exams, there are various other competitive exams where cloud computing and
Computer Awareness may be a part of the syllabus. To excel in other such Government exams,
candidates can check the Preparation Strategy for Competitive Exams at the linked article.

For more information regarding computer and bank exam syllabus, stay tuned to BYJU’S. It is
imperative for candidates to have a better understanding of how to make strategies for their bank
exam preparation to excel in their respective exam.

Frequently Asked Questions on Basics of Cloud Computing

Q1

Q 1. What is Cloud Computing?

Ans. Cloud Computing is uploading data files and images over the centers available for users over the
Internet.

Q2

Q 2. What are the characteristics of Cloud Computing?

Ans. Characteristics of Cloud Computing:

 Easily accessible

 Minimum charges

 On-Demand Network

 Resource Pooling

 Adequate Storage

Q3

Q 3. What are the examples of cloud computing?

Ans. Given below are a few examples of cloud computing:

 Google Cloud

 Adobe Creative Cloud

 Creatio

 Salesforce

 Microsoft 365

 Microsoft Power BI

Q4

Q 4. Why is cloud computing important?

Ans. Cloud computing ensures that a person can easily store large amount of data and then have
convenient access to the same.

Q5

Q 5. What is the benefit of Cloud Computing?

Ans. It is more reliable because cloud computing offers load balancing and applications can be
modified via the internet any time.

List of Computer Abbreviations & Acronyms

Given below is the list of computer abbreviations to prepare for the Government exams 2023:

Computer Abbreviations List

S. No. Computer Full Form

Abbreviation

1 AAC Advanced Audio Coding

2 ABR Average Bit Rate

3 ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

4 AGP Advanced Graphics Port

5 AI Artificial Intelligence

6 AIM AOL Instant Messenger

7 ALGOL Algorithmic Language

8 ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit

9 AOL America Online

10 AMD Advanced Micro Devices

11 API Application Program Interface

12 APT Automatically Programmed Tooling

13 ARP Address Resolution Protocol

14 ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

15 ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

16 AS Autonomous System

17 ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

18 ASP Active Server Pages

19 ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface

20 ATA Advanced Technology Attachment

21 ATDT Attention Dial Tone

22 AUI Attachment Unit Interface

23 AUTOEXEC Autoexec Automatic Execution file

24 AVI Audio Video Interleave

25 BASIC Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code

26 BCC Blind Carbon Copy

27 BCD Binary Coded Decimal

28 BCR Bar Code Reader

29 BDSL Broadband DSL

30 BEDO Burst Extended Data Out (RAM)

31 BGP Border Gateway Protocol

32 BHTML Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language

33 BIOS Basic Input Output System

34 BIPS Billion Instruction Per Second

35 BIU Bus Interface Unit

36 BMP Bitmap

37 BRD Blu-Ray Disc

38 CC Carbon Copy

39 CD Compact Disk

40 CD-R Compact Disk – Recordable

41 CDROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory

42 CDRW Compact Disk Rewritable

43 CD-WO Compact Disk – Write Once

44 CD-XA Compact Disk – Extended Architecture

45 CGI-BIN Common Gateway Interface – Binary (programming for Web forms)

46 CIS CompuServe Information Service

47 CISC Complex Instructions Set Computers

48 CMD Command

49 CMYK Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black (color model)

50 CNM Circulatory Network Mode

51 COAX Coaxial Cable (for Ethernet and similar networks)

52 COBOL Common Business Oriented Language

53 COMPUTER Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade/Technology,

Education, and Research.

54 CPI Clock / Cycle Per Instruction

55 CPU Central Processing Unit

56 CROM Computerized Range of Motion

57 CRT Cathode Ray Tube( standard type computer monitor display

58 CSLIP Compressed Serial Line Interface Protocol (Internet)

59 CSS Cascading Style Sheets

60 CTRL Control (computer keyboard key)

61 CUI Character User Interface

62 DAC Data Acquisition and Control

63 DAT Digital Audio Tape

64 dB Decibel

65 DBMS Data Base Management System

66 DDL Data Definition Language

67 DHTML Dynamics Hyper Text Markup Language

68 DML Data Manipulation Language

69 DNS Domain Name System

70 DOC Data Optimizing Computer

71 Doc Document

72 DOS Disk Operating System

73 DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory

74 DVD Digital Video/Versatile Disc

75 DVDR Digital Versatile Disk Recordable

76 DVDRW Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable

77 DCE Data Communications Equipment

78 DVI Digital Visual Interface

79 DVR Digital Video Recorder

80 E-Commerce Electronic Commerce

81 EDC Electronic Digital Computer

82 EDI Electronic Data Interchange

83 EDP Electronic Data Processing

84 EEPROM Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

85 EFS Encrypted File System

86 EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics

87 E-Mail Electronic Mail

88 EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

89 EROM Erasable Read Only Memory

90 FDD Floppy Disk Drive

91 GB Giga Byte

92 GDI Graphical Device Interface

93 GUI Graphical User Interface

94 HD Hard Disk

95 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

96 HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

97 I/O Input/Output (serial and parallel ports)

98 IC Integrated Circuit

99 IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

100 INTEL Integrated Electronics

101 IOP Input Output Processor

102 IP Internet Protocol

103 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

104 ISP Internet Service Provider

105 IVR Interactive Voice Response

106 KB KILOBYTE
107 Kbps Kilobits/Kilobytes Per Second

108 LAN Local Area Network

109 LED Light Emitting Diode

110 LLL Low Level Language

111 LPT Line Printer

112 MAC Media Access Control

113 MAN Metropolitan Area Network

114 MB Motherboard/ Megabyte

115 MBASIC Microsoft BASIC (Microsoft)

116 MBPS Megabytes Per Second

117 Mbps Megabits Per Second

118 MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

119 MMX Multimedia Extensions

120 MODEM Modulator Demodulator

121 MSCDEX Microsoft Compact Disc Extension

122 MS-DOS Microsoft – Disk Operating System

123 NAT Network Address Translation

124 NTP Network Time Protocol

125 OCR Optical Character Reader

126 OMR Optical Mark Reader

127 OOP Object Oriented Programming

128 OS Operating System

129 P2P Point to Point Protocol

130 PAN Personal Area Network

131 PC Personal Computer

132 PCB Printer Circuit Board

133 PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

134 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor

135 PIXEL Picture Element

136 PNG Portable Network Graphics

137 PPP Point to Point Protocol

138 PRN Printer

139 PROM Programmable Read Only Memory

140 RAM Random Access Memory

141 RARP Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

142 RDBMS Relational Data Base Management System

143 RIP Routing Information Protocol

144 RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer

145 ROM Read Only Memory

146 SAM Software Asset Management

147 SAN Storage Area Network

148 SCSI Small Computer System Interface

149 SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory

150 SFTP Secure File Transfer Protocol

151 SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language

152 SGRAM Synchronous Graphics RAM

153 SIP Session Initiation Protocol

154 SIU Serial Interface Unit

155 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

156 SNAP Sub Network Access Protocol

157 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

158 SRAM Static Random Access Memory

159 SYSOP System Operator

160 TCP Transmission Control Protocol

161 UI User Interface

162 URL Uniform Resource Locator

163 USB Universal Serial Bus

164 VCD Video Compact Disk

165 VDU Visual Display Unit

166 VIRUS Vital Information Resource Under Siege

 167 VRAM Video Random Access Memory

169 VxD Virtual Extended Driver

170 WAN Wide Area Network

171 WAP Wireless Application Protocol

172 WBMP Wireless Bitmap Image

173 WIFI Wireless fidelity

174 WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

175 WML Wireless Markup Language

176 WWW World Wide Web

178 XGA Extended Graphics Array

179 XHTML Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language

180 XMF Extensible Music File

181 XML Extensible Markup Language

182 XMS Extended Memory Specification

183 FORTRAN Formula Translation

List of Computer Shortcut Keys

The table given below mentions the list of shortcut keyboard keys, mainly used for operations in MS
Office and its applications. Candidates can go through the list carefully and must know them for
basic computer operations as well.

Computer Shortcut Keys

S.No. Shortcut Keys Function

1 Alt+F Displays the File menu options

2 Alt+E Opens the Edit options

3 Alt+Tab Switch between open programs

4 F1 Used by every Windows program for Help

5 F2 To Rename a selected file

6 F5 Refresh the page or current window

7 Ctrl+D To Bookmarks the current page (for most Browsers)

8 Ctrl+N Create a new or blank document or open a new tab in the Internet Browser

9 Ctrl+O To Open a file

10 Ctrl+A Select the entire text at once

11 Ctrl+B Change the text to Bold

12 Ctrl+I Change the Text to Italics

13 Ctrl+U Underline the selected text

14 Ctrl+S Save the file or document you are working on

15 Ctrl+X Cut selected part of the text or image

16 Shift+Del Remove the selected items

17 Ctrl+C To copy the text or image

18 Ctrl+V To Paste

19 Ctrl+Y Redo last action

20 Ctrl+Z Undo last action

21 Ctrl+K Insert hyperlink for selected text.

22 Ctrl+P To print the document

23 Home Moves the beginning of the current line

24 Ctrl+Home Moves to the beginning of the document

25 End Moves to the end of the line

27 Ctrl+End Moves to the end of the document

28 Ctrl+Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.

29 Ctrl+Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.

30 Alt+F4 To close the program currently active

31 Alt+Enter Open the properties for the selected item

32 Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar Create a non-breaking space

33 Ctrl + Shift+ < Decrease font size one value

34 Ctrl + Shift + > Increase the font size one value

35 Ctrl + [ Increase the font size by 1 point

36 Ctrl + ] Decrease the font size by 1 point

37 Ctrl + Spacebar Remove paragraph or character formatting

38 Ctrl + Alt + V Paste special

39 Ctrl + Shift + V Paste formatting only

40 Ctrl+F10 Maximise the document window

41 Ctrl + Shift + T Enter the current time

42 Ctrl + ; Enter the current date

43 Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window

44 Shift + F5 Bring up search box.

45 Ctrl + F9 Minimise current workbook

46 Ctrl + F10 Maximise currently selected workbook

47 Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/window

48 Ctrl + Page Down Move between Excel worksheets in the same Excel document

49 Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel files

50 Ctrl + Page Up Move between Excel worksheet in the same Excel document

51 Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the cells

52 Ctrl + ’ Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected.

53 Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section to text

54 Ctrl + Space Select entire column

55 Shift + Space Select entire row

56 Ctrl+L To left-align the selected text

57 Ctrl+R To right-align the selected text

58 Ctrl+J To justify the selected text

59 Ctrl+E To centre align the text

60 Ctrl+Del To delete the word to the right

61 Shift+Del To permanently delete a file

Classification of Computers

There are three major categories based on which computers can be classified. These are:

1. Based on Size

2. Based on Purpose

3. Based on Types

The image given below gives a clear classification of the Types of Computers:

Further in this article, we shall discuss in detail the above-mentioned types of computer in detail for
candidates to understand them easily and efficiently.

Types of Computer-Based on Types

The three types of computers along with their functions are given below:

 Analog Computer – An analog computer one that uses the continuously changeable aspects
of physical phenomena to model the problem being solved. These phenomena may be such
as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities and they are extremely complex to be used.
Such computers are mostly used for scientific and industrial applications. Examples of Analog
computers include Thermometer, Operational Amplifiers, Electric Integrators, etc.

 Digital Computer – Such computers are capable of solving problems in discrete format. It
only operates on data entered in binary language and can perform the dynamic function of
managing large amounts of data and regulating the operations of the machine, Examples of
Digital computers are Desktop, Laptop, Mobile Phones, etc.

 Hybrid Computer – Computers that exhibit features of both Analog and Digital computers
are called Hybrid Computers. The logical operations are solved by the digital aspects and the
differential equations are solved using the analog features. Few important examples of
Types of Computers – Based on Size
Described below are the four types of Computers based on their sizes along with their functions:

 Micro Computers – A relatively inexpensive and small computer comprising a

microprocessor and a Central Processing Unit (CPU) is called a Microcomputer. Such
computers are made with minimal circuitry mounting over a single circuit board. Examples
include Desktop, Laptop, etc.

 Mini Computer – Developed in the mid-1960s, Mini computers are comparatively smaller
than mainframe computers. They were developed keeping in consideration human
interaction, control instrumentation and were cost-effective. For example Smartphones,
iPads, etc.

 Mainframe Computer – Computers used by large Organisations to manage bulk data are
called Mainframe computers. Main functions of such type include managing customer
statistics, census and other heavy data in a single device. For example, the system used at
Trading companies.

 Super Computer – Computers used at Organisations dealing with Weather forecasting,

Quantum Mechanics, Climate research, etc., where high level of performance has to be
justified are called Super Computers.

Apart from the Computer Awareness section, candidates can also get the detailed subject-wise
syllabus for various Government exam in the table given below:

Types of Computer – By Purpose

On the basis of purpose, there are just two variety of computers. Those two varieties have been
discussed in detail below:

1. General Purpose – Based on General Purpose, there are these following functions which a
device is expected to perform:

1. Basic Input/Output functions

2. Calculations

3. Data Saving on a smaller scale

4. General performing activities

These may include basic calculators, laptops, desktop computers, mobile phones, etc., which can
help people with their basic necessary functions are included in the General Purpose computer type.

 Special Purpose – When a computer is designed specifically to perform a certain function,

such type of computers is known as Special Purpose computer. These types may include:

1.

1. Thermometers to test temperature

2. Generators to manage electricity

3. Devices used for analysing Climate Change

4. Large computers for IT Companies

5. Machines used at Manufacturing Units and the list goes on and on

The special-purpose computers are important for various Organisations and their applications are
made in a way that makes the work easy and efficient.

Aspirants are also advised to also check the Preparation Strategy for Competitive Exams at the linked
article and get the best tips and strategies to ace the upcoming Government exams.

Types of Computers – Sample Questions

Given below are a few sample questions based on the different types of computers which may be
asked in the Government exams.

Q 1. Which of the given computers can be operated with the touch of the fingers?

1. Tablets

2. Mainframe Computers

3. Desktop

4. Laptops

5. None of the above

Answer: (1) Tablets

Q 2. Which of the given computers is the most expensive?

1. Super

2. Mainframe

3. Mini

4. Micro

5. Desktop

Answer: (2) Mainframe

Q 3. Which is the most powerful type of computer?

1. Mini

2. Micro

3. Mainframe

4. Supercomputer

5. Laptop

Answer: (4) Supercomputer

Q 4. Which of the given type of computers work on batteries?

1. Mainframe

2. Super

3. Mini
 4. Laptop

5. Desktop

Answer: (4) Laptop

The questions given above are just for candidates reference and similar type of questions may be
asked from this topic. Thus, candidates can prepare themselves accordingly.

For any further information regarding the upcoming Government exam, the important exam dates,
study material and preparation tips, candidates can turn to BYJU’S.

Apart from types of computer, there are various other important concepts which one must be aware
of while preparing for the upcoming competitive exams. Given below are the links for such
computer-based terms and concepts:

Frequently Asked Questions on Types of Computer

Q1

Q 1. How many types of computers are there, based on data handling capability?

Ans. Based on the data handling capability of the computer, they can be divided into three types,
namely Hybrid, Analogue and Digital Computer.

Q2

Q 2. Is there a full form for COMPUTER?

Ans. As per a few people, the word COMPUTER can be expanded and written as Common Operating
Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.

Q3

Q 3. What are the different types of computer?

Ans. Given below is a list of books that candidates can consider to prepare for the RBI Grade B exam:

 Analog

 Digital

 Hybrid

 Mainframe

 Mini Computer

 Micro Computer

 Super Computer

Q4

Q 4. Which was the first computer?

Ans. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first electronic computer.

Q5
Q 5. Who is known as the Father of Computer in India?

Ans. Bhatkar, who developed the first supercomputer of India, named PARAM 8000 in 1991 is known
as the Father of Computer in India.

Tyndall Effect

The Tyndall effect, also known as the Tyndall phenomenon, is the scattering of a light beam by a
medium containing microscopic suspended particles—for example, smoke or dust in a room—
making a light beam entering a window visible.

45,755

Table of Contents

 What is the Tyndall Effect?

 Examples

 Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What is the Tyndall Effect?

The Tyndall effect is the phenomenon in which the particles in a colloid scatter the beams of light
that are directed at them. This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some very fine
suspensions. Therefore, it can be used to verify if a given solution is a colloid. The intensity of
scattered light depends on the density of the colloidal particles as well as the frequency of the
incident light.

When a beam of light passes through a colloid, the colloidal particles present in the solution do not
allow the beam to completely pass through. The light collides with the colloidal particles and is
scattered (it deviates from its normal trajectory, which is a straight line). This scattering makes the
path of the light beam visible, as illustrated below.
Generally, blue light is scattered to a greater extent when compared to red light. This is because the
wavelength of blue light is smaller than that of red light. This is the reason why the smoke released
by motorcycles sometimes appears blue.

The Tyndall effect was first discovered by (and is named after) the Irish physicist John Tyndall. The
diameters of the particles that cause the Tyndall effect can range from 40 to 900 nanometers (1
nanometer = 10-9 meter). In comparison, the wavelength of the visible light spectrum ranges from
400 to 750 nanometers.

Examples of the Tyndall Effect

 Milk is a colloid that contains globules of fat and protein. When a beam of light is directed at
a glass of milk, the light is scattered. This is a great example of the Tyndall effect.

 When a torch is switched on in a foggy environment, the path of the light becomes visible. In
this scenario, the water droplets in the fog are responsible for the light scattering.

 Opalescent glass has a bluish appearance when viewed from the side. However, orange-
colored light emerges when light is shined through the glass.

How is the Tyndall Effect Responsible for Blue Eye Colour?

The primary difference between blue, brown, and black coloured irises is the amount of melanin in
one of its layers. The layer in a blue iris has relatively lower amounts of melanin in it when compared
to a black iris, making it translucent. When light is incident on this translucent layer, it is scattered
due to the Tyndall effect.
Since blue light has a shorter wavelength when compared to red light, it is scattered to a greater
extent. Another layer deeper in the iris absorbs the unscattered light. Since the majority of the
scattered light is blue, these irises gain their characteristic blue colour.

Several phenomena involve the scattering of light. Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering are
examples of such phenomena. Clear sky is blue due to the scattering of light by air particles, which is
an example of Rayleigh scattering. However, when the sky is cloudy, the relatively large cloud
droplets are responsible for the scattering of light, which is an example of Mie scattering.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1

What does Tyndall effect depend on?

John Tyndall, a 19th-century physicist, was the first to describe the Tyndall effect. The quantity of
scattering is determined by the light’s frequency and particle density.

Q2

Can you give a situation where the Tyndall effect can be observed?

When a torch is switched on in a foggy atmosphere, the path of the light becomes visible, which is
an example of the Tyndall effect. The light scattering in this scenario is caused by the water droplets
in the fog.

Q3

Does Tyndall effect go away on its own?

The Tyndall effect will remain as long as the filler is there, but as the dermal filler particles
disintegrate, the intensity of the impact may decrease.

Q4
What does Tyndall effect look like under eyes?

The Tyndall effect is a rare occurrence in which a patient’s skin turns bluish after receiving dermal
fillers. Because of the thin skin around the eyes, this discoloration is most evident there.

Q5

Why does the Tyndall effect not work on true solutions?

It is based on the idea that light beams scatter due to the existence of large colloidal particles in the
solution that separate the light. However, in a true solution, the particles are not large enough to
scatter the light particles, which is why the Tyndall effect is not observed.

To learn more about the Tyndall effect and other related concepts, such as the dispersion of light in
a prism, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone.

Tyndall Effect

The Tyndall effect, also known as the Tyndall phenomenon, is the scattering of a light beam by a
medium containing microscopic suspended particles—for example, smoke or dust in a room—
making a light beam entering a window visible.

45,755

Table of Contents

 What is the Tyndall Effect?

 Examples

 Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

What is the Tyndall Effect?

The Tyndall effect is the phenomenon in which the particles in a colloid scatter the beams of light
that are directed at them. This effect is exhibited by all colloidal solutions and some very fine
suspensions. Therefore, it can be used to verify if a given solution is a colloid. The intensity of
scattered light depends on the density of the colloidal particles as well as the frequency of the
incident light.

When a beam of light passes through a colloid, the colloidal particles present in the solution do not
allow the beam to completely pass through. The light collides with the colloidal particles and is
scattered (it deviates from its normal trajectory, which is a straight line). This scattering makes the
path of the light beam visible, as illustrated below.

Generally, blue light is scattered to a greater extent when compared to red light. This is because the
wavelength of blue light is smaller than that of red light. This is the reason why the smoke released
by motorcycles sometimes appears blue.

The Tyndall effect was first discovered by (and is named after) the Irish physicist John Tyndall. The
diameters of the particles that cause the Tyndall effect can range from 40 to 900 nanometers (1
nanometer = 10-9 meter). In comparison, the wavelength of the visible light spectrum ranges from
400 to 750 nanometers.

Examples of the Tyndall Effect

 Milk is a colloid that contains globules of fat and protein. When a beam of light is directed at
a glass of milk, the light is scattered. This is a great example of the Tyndall effect.

 When a torch is switched on in a foggy environment, the path of the light becomes visible. In
this scenario, the water droplets in the fog are responsible for the light scattering.

 Opalescent glass has a bluish appearance when viewed from the side. However, orange-
colored light emerges when light is shined through the glass.

How is the Tyndall Effect Responsible for Blue Eye Colour?

The primary difference between blue, brown, and black coloured irises is the amount of melanin in
one of its layers. The layer in a blue iris has relatively lower amounts of melanin in it when compared
to a black iris, making it translucent. When light is incident on this translucent layer, it is scattered
due to the Tyndall effect.

Since blue light has a shorter wavelength when compared to red light, it is scattered to a greater
extent. Another layer deeper in the iris absorbs the unscattered light. Since the majority of the
scattered light is blue, these irises gain their characteristic blue colour.

Several phenomena involve the scattering of light. Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering are
examples of such phenomena. Clear sky is blue due to the scattering of light by air particles, which is
an example of Rayleigh scattering. However, when the sky is cloudy, the relatively large cloud
droplets are responsible for the scattering of light, which is an example of Mie scattering.

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Q1

What does Tyndall effect depend on?

John Tyndall, a 19th-century physicist, was the first to describe the Tyndall effect. The quantity of
scattering is determined by the light’s frequency and particle density.

Q2

Can you give a situation where the Tyndall effect can be observed?

When a torch is switched on in a foggy atmosphere, the path of the light becomes visible, which is
an example of the Tyndall effect. The light scattering in this scenario is caused by the water droplets
in the fog.

Q3

Does Tyndall effect go away on its own?

The Tyndall effect will remain as long as the filler is there, but as the dermal filler particles
disintegrate, the intensity of the impact may decrease.

Q4

What does Tyndall effect look like under eyes?

The Tyndall effect is a rare occurrence in which a patient’s skin turns bluish after receiving dermal
fillers. Because of the thin skin around the eyes, this discoloration is most evident there.

Q5

Why does the Tyndall effect not work on true solutions?

It is based on the idea that light beams scatter due to the existence of large colloidal particles in the
solution that separate the light. However, in a true solution, the particles are not large enough to
scatter the light particles, which is why the Tyndall effect is not observed.

To learn more about the Tyndall effect and other related concepts, such as the dispersion of light in
a prism, register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone.

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5efc30b6716b750d127c0de1#:~:text=The%20event%20of,are%20too%20large.