Completed Work Okehi
Completed Work Okehi
Completed Work Okehi
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes are insects which belong to the phylum Arthropoda, class insecta, order dipteraand
Species have been described, many of which are known vectors of human and zoonotic diseases.
The family cullicidae has three medically important genera; Anopheles (malarial vector in man),
Culex (vector of West Nile virus in man), and Aedes (vector of dengue, yellow fever and filarial
diseases) (Nasir et al., 2015). Mosquitoes spread more diseases than any other group of
Arthropod, mosquito-borne diseases is the major health problem in both man and veterinary
mosquitoes affecting humans and animals worldwide, causing millions of death every year
(Johnson and Singh, 2017). Mosquitoes spread diseases to humans causing millions of death
alone caused 435000 deaths (WHO, 2018). Mosquitoes are distributed worldwide, occurring
throughout tropical and temperate regions and northwards into the arctic circle but are absent in
Antarctica and few islands (Service, 2008). Aedes mosquitoes are found in tropical, sub-
Mosquitoes are vectors of disease causing agents found within almost all tropical and subtropical
countries. They are responsible for the transmission of pathogens causing some of the life
threatening and debilitating diseases of man, such as; malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever,
chikungunya, filariasis, encephalitis, etc (Chandra et al., 2008; ICMR, 2003). Lymphatic
filariasis is a significant public health and economic problem in many tropical and subtropical
regions of the world, including. Not only the man is affected by mosquitoes but also they
transmit diseases among animals like viral diseases “fowl pox” of chicken, meyxomatosis of
rabbits, rift valley of sheep and encephalitis of horses and birds. Moreover, their vicious biting
and hovering sound cause a lot of annoyance especially in urban areas; this cause great
The control of mosquito at the larval stage is necessary and efficient in integrated mosquitos’
management. During the immature stage, mosquitoes are relatively immobile; remaining more
concentrated than they are in the adult stage. Since the discovery of DDT, mosquito control
approach has been almost completely based on synthetic organic insecticides. But the extensive
use of synthetic organic insecticides during the last five decades have resulted in environmental
pollution and also in the development of physiological resistance in major vector species in
addition to the increased costs of insecticides. Hence forth, there appeared a continuous search
for selective pesticides that could be safe to non-target organisms as well as to the environment,
but at the same time, have the knock out ability only to the target organisms. Such pesticides can
be used ad jointly with biological control agents without any detrimental effects.
Plant constituents have been suggested as alternative sources for larval mosquito control
products, in part, because they constitute a potential source of bioactive chemicals that often
produce only minor adverse effects on non-target organisms and the environment. Essential oils
often act at multiple and novel target sites, thereby reducing the potential for resistance
(Sukumaret al. 1991, Wink 1993, Kostyukovskyet al. 2002, Priestley et al. 2003, Isman 2006).
These constituents are widely available with some being relatively inexpensive compared with
plant extracts such as pyrethrum and neem (Isman 2001). Much effort has been focused on plants
and their essential oils as potential sources of commercial larvicides because they meet the
management has become acutely problematic. Hence more attention has been focused on
botanicals. Therefore this study is carried out to determine the Larvicidal activity of aqueous
More than 2 billion people living in the tropics have been infected by mosquito-borne diseases,
such as malaria, chikungunya, dengue fever, lymphaflariasis, yellow fever and Japanese
encephalitis (Mahardika et al., 2014). Malaria alone caused 435,000 deaths in 2017
strategies against mosquitoes but they have negative impacts on man and the environment (Igbai
et al., 2018). The recently released WHO Global report in the insecticide resistance in Malaria
vectors 2010-2016 shows that resistance to the four commonly used insecticide classes –
The aim of this research study is to determine the larvicidal potential of aqueous extract of
1.3.2 Objectives
i. To determine the effects of the aqueous extract on the developmental duration of mosquitoes.
iii. to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) and the 90% lethal concentration (LC90)
Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control has disrupted natural biological
control systems and led to resurgence in mosquito populations. It has also led to the development
of resistance (WHO, 1992). Synthetic insecticides are toxic and adversely affect the environment
by contaminating soil, water and air. There is need to find alternatives to these synthetic
pesticides. Controlling the vectors using various methods can interrupt disease transmission.
Plants are considered rich sources of bioactive chemicals and may be an alternative source of
The emergent consciousness of the hazards of extreme use of pesticides worldwide has led
researchers to search for safer and more environment friendly another methods for insect pest
control. Therefore, widespread studies are accepted out to screen plants as insect increase control
agents. Over the last two to three decades, better concentration has been alert on the bioactivity
of Phytochemicals for their potential as pesticides against phytophagous insects. Plant derived
pest control agents are biodegradable, non-toxic to non-target organisms, non-constant in nature,
as well they do not promote drug resistance. Secondary metabolites are very much toxic to many
insect species and more than 2000 plant species are known to possess some larvicidal properties.
environmental contamination, low toxicity to humans and other advantages. Botanical properties
of plant source with larvicidal properties have been tried as an indigenous technique for
organized range of insect pests in the modern past. The use of plant extracts for insect control has
numerous attractive features as these are usually more recyclable, less dangerous and a rich
storehouse of chemicals of various biological actions. In addition, herbal source give a lead for
Materials were sourced from journals, articles, textbooks, archives and Internet.
The work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is an introduction. Chapter two is literature
review. Chapter three focuses on materials and methods. Chapter Four is on result. Chapter five
Anarcardiaceae family. It is a small tree, with leaves that are alternate, simple, entire, obtuse, and
borne on short leaves stalks. The flowers are abundant, small and fragrant, and are produced in
terminal, loose panicles. The tree can grow as tall as 14 metres(46 feet), but the dwarf cultivars,
growing up to 6m( 20ft), prove more profitable, with earlier maturity and greater yields.
Cashew leaves are leaves of the cashew tree. They are oval in shape with fine pronounced
Cashew leaves are best eaten when they are young and are a purplish green at the tips, and a
brighter green on the bottom. When young, the leaves have a texture like hard spinach. They
have a tangy, astringent taste. Cashew leaves are available all year round. The leaves and young
Research has shown that cashew leaves are rich in antioxidants and have antifungal, anti-
parasitic, anti-bacterial, antiseptic and anti- inflammatory properties. In Peru and India, they are
chewed and used as toothpaste, and are further used to treat toothaches and gum problems. They
may be pulped to make mouthwashes. In Africa, they are used to treat diabetes and Malaria.
They contain vitamin B and Vitamin C. They are a fair source of iron and calcium, and also
contain zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, sodium and potassium. Young cashew leaves
may be eaten fresh out of hand, like lettuce leaves. They are commonly included among the
leaves in “Ulam” salads in Malaysia. They may be dipped in a spicy sauce and eaten as a snack,
or may be used as a garnish for fish and sambal dishes. Their astringent taste helps to bring
coolness to spicy dishes. To store Cashew leaves, place them in a bag in the refrigerator, where
Source: https://www.wikipedia.org/cashewleaves.com
2.2 Taxonomical Classification of AnacardiumOccidentaleleaves( Cashew leaves)
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiosperms
Class: Eudicots
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Anacardium
Species: AnarcardiumOccidentale
2.3.1 Saponin
Saponins are glycosides with distinctive foaming characteristics. They are natural detergents
found in certain plants. They are found in many plants especially certain desert plants. Saponins
are freely soluble in both organic solvents and water (Hostettman and Marston, 1995). Saponins
have detergent or surfactant properties because they contain both water soluble and fat soluble
components. They are amphipathic compounds, possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic
portions. They are therefore surface active agents and can be used as emulsifiers. At
concentrations between 200-500ppm, saponins exits as monomers, above 500ppm they aggregate
They are general descriptive names for a group of polymeric phenolic substances capable of
tanning leather or precipitating gelatin from solution, a property known as astringency. Their
molecular weight ranges from 500 to 3000KiloDaltons. The tannin compounds are widely
distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from predation, and
perhaps also as pesticides, and in plant growth regulation (Katie et al., 2006). The astringency
from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the
consumption of unripened fruit or red wine (McGee, 2004). Likewise, the destruction or
modification of tannins with time plays an important role in the ripening of fruit and the aging of
wine. Tannins are divided into two groups, hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Hydrolysable
tannins are based on Gallic acid, usually as multiple esters with D-glucose, while the more
numerous condensed tannins (often called proanthocyanidins) are derived from flavonoid
monomers. Tannins may be formed by condensation of flavan derivatives which have been
of quinine units.
2.3.3 Terpenoids
The terpenoids include several sesquiterpene lactones such as: vernolide, vernodalol, vernolepin,
associated with the ability of Vernoniaamygdalina to regulate blood sugar (Njanet al., 2008;
The flavonoids found in this plant are quercetin, kaempferol, and catechins. In higher plants,
flavonoids are involved in the filtration of ultraviolet light, nitrogen fixation, cell cycle
inhibition; as chemical messengers and for the protection of plants against certain diseases.
Flavonoids are known to demonstrate two major mechanisms of action (either through direct
scavenging of free radicals ;or interfering some enzyme activities such as with nitric oxide
The secondary compounds of plants make up a vast repository of compounds with a wide range
of biological activities. Phytochemicals have a major role in mosquito control programs. The
bioactive plant ingredients can be obtained from the whole plant or from specific parts by
extraction with different types of polar and nonpolar solvents. Most studies report active
compounds as steroidal saponins. Saponins are freely soluble in both organic solvents and water.
Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides with the ability of forming soapy lather when shaken
with water and classified as triterpenesaponin or steroidal saponins on the basis of the structural
Flavonoids are hydroxylated phenolic substances that occur as a C6-C3 unit linked to an
aromatic ring. They are synthesized by plants in response to microbial infection (Fessender,
1982, Dixon et al., 1983). Their activity is probably due to their ability to complex with
extracellular and soluble proteins of bacterial cell walls. More lipophilic flavonoids may also
disrupt microbial membranes (Tsuchiya et al., 1996). They have been found to be effective
against a wide array of microorganisms (Casley, 1997). Several members of Asteraceae family
are reported to have mosquito larvicidal activity due to the presence of several flavonoids and
Trixisvauthieri extracts accounts for its mosquito larvicidal activity (Macedoet al., 1997).
Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites in higher plants and classified into flavones,
aglycone moieties (Sakagamiet al., 2012). The methanolic extract of Tagetesminuta was found to
contain Aglycan flavonoids which may be the effective components that have larvicidal effect
Tannin is a general descriptive name for a group of polymeric phenolic substances capable of
tanning leather or precipitating gelatin from solution. Their molecular weights range from 500 to
300 (Haslam, 1996). They are found in every part of the plant such as leaves, wood, fruits, bark
and roots. They are divided into two groups, hydrolysable and condensed tannins. Tannins may
be formed by condensation of flavan derivatives that have been transported to woody tissues of
plants. Many human physiological activities such as stimulation of phagocytic cells, host
mediated tumour activity and a wide variety of anti-infection actions have been assigned to
tannins (Haslam, 1996). The growth of many fungi, bacteria, yeast and viruses are inhibited by
tannins. Tannins in fruits thus serve as a natural defense mechanism against microbial infections
could be associated with the hydrolysis of ester linkage between gallic acid, usually as multiple
esters with D-glucose which eventually affects the biosynthetic steps in the synthesis of cell wall
and cell membrane (Lim et al., 2006). A cardiac glycoside was reported to have a caricidal effect
against larva and adult stages of the camel tick (Al-Rajhlet al., 2003).
The fragrance of plants is carried in the essential oil fraction. These oils are secondary
metabolites that are highly enriched in compounds based on isoprene units. They are called
terpenes. Terpenes are a class of molecules that typically contain either ten or fifteen carbon
atoms built from a five-carbon building block called isoprene. If three isoprenes are present, as in
farnesol, the category is called sesquiterpenes which is a common group of plant poisons.
Broadly, terpenoids are grouped on the basis of isoprene units present (Shrivastava and Patel,
2007).
responsible for larvicidal effect of Hugoniabusseana extract. It exhibited a high activity against
Anopheles gambiae (Magadula and Erasto, 2009). Terpenoids are usually present in essential oils
monoterpenes in plants may repel many potential predators but may also attract other animals.
According to research, many plants of Asteraceae family have recorded larvicidal activity. The
ethanol extract of aerial parts of T. minuta against Aedesfluviatilis exhibited high activity with an
LC50 value of 1.0 ppm (Macedoet al., 1997) while the methanol extract of the same plant
showed an LC50 value of 2.5 ppm against Anopheles stephensi (Hadjiakhoondiet al., 2005).
Ethanol extract of Ecliptapaniculata also in the family recorded an LC50 value of 3.3 ppm
various plant extracts. According to (Matasyohet al., 2008) extracts of Aloe turkanensis, Aloe
ngongensis and Aloe fibrosa exhibit activity against the third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae.
mortality of 80 % at a concentration of 2000 mg/l (Swamyet al., 2014). Essential oils and non-
larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae (Mudalunguet al., 2013). Research work that was
done on cultures of Sterum species (J05289) has shown that they have larvicidal compounds that
can be used to control mosquitoes and spread of diseases by the vectors (Chirchiret al., 2013).
2.5 Antimalaria
Extracts of leaves and root bark showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei which
causes malaria when tested in vivo in mice and against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro (Kambizi
and Afolayan, 2001). These extracts suppress the growth of malaria parasites. The leaf extract
has also been observed to restore the efficiency of drugs like chloroquine after the malaria
parasites had developed resistance towards them (Iwalokun, 2008; Njanet al., 2008; Egharevbaet
al., 2014).
Aedesaegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is the major global vector of dengue fever,
chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro and yellow fever viruses, and other disease agents which are
poorly controlled in Africa and often go unrecognized (Weetmanet al., 2018). The mosquito can
be recognized by black and white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the
upper surface of its thorax. Its distribution and abundance has been favored by poor water supply
and sanitation infrastructure, including poorly designed tanks and jars and unreliable piped water
supply. (Koenraadtet al., 2006; Nagao et al., 2006; Strickmanet al., 2003).
According to the World Health Organization it has been reported that about 129 countries are
suffering from dengue and there is increase in the number of people who get infected with
The larvae feed on bacteria, grow over a period of weeks until they reach the pupa stage and
have a comb-scale like silk pattern (Fig 1). The lifespan of an adult Ae.aegypti is two to four
weeks depending on conditions, but the eggs can be viable for over a year in a dry state, which
allows the mosquito to re-emerge after a cold winter or dry spell (McBride et al., 2014;
Weetmanet al., 2018). Both Aedes species like to deposit their eggs in natural reservoirs.
Favorites are forks in trees, or manmade reservoirs like old (car) tyres, empty bottles, vases,
etc.Aedes has a shorted and darker siphon compared to Culex. At the early instars of Aedes larva,
the siphon remains soft which gets darker and harder in the later instars. Moreover, it cannot
transmit any disease at this (larva) stage due to the lack of proboscis which they use to bite
Phytochemicals literally mean “plant chemicals”. They are biologically active, naturally
occurring chemical compounds found in plants, which provide health benefits for humans further
than those attributed to macronutrients and micronutrients. They protect plants from disease and
damage and contribute to the plant’s colour, aroma and flavor. Phytochemicals such as rotenone,
nicotine and pyrethrum have been used as pesticides by man before the advent of synthetic
and Piperaceae produce chemical compounds which act as antifeedants, repellents, biocides or
growth inhibitors detrimental to many insect species (Singh, 2016).The insecticides of plant
origin are commonly used in the form of aqueous/solvent extracts, powders, slurries, volatiles
Toxicity of plant extracts towards larvae of insects has been reported by several authors.
Myristicin extracted from P. mullesua effectively killed fourth instar larvae of Spilarctiaobliqua
(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) after 24 hours following topical application (Srivastavaet al.
of the sugar-apple aqueous extract compared favourably with 1 % rotenone and pyrethrum, two
well-known commercial insecticides of botanical origin (Leatemia and Isman 2004). Larvicidal
(Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae) has been studied and it was revealed that phytochemicals derived
from M. oleiferaseeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts
could be used for further integrated pest management programs (Prabhuet al., 2011)
Mosquito repellents appear to act by masking odor cues given off by a person or by direct
repellency to female mosquitoes seeking a blood meal. Plant products have been used
traditionally by human communities in many parts of the world against the vectors and the
different species of insects(Saniet al., 2019). Many scientists have reported plants and natural
derived chemicals which are non toxic to man and domestic animals as useful basis for
development of safer and more effective mosquito insecticides. The search for natural herbal
preparations that do not produce any adverse effects in the non-target organisms and are easily
biodegradable remains a top research issue for scientists associated with alternative vector
control strategies (Govindrajan, 2010). Phytochemicals explored from plant sources can act as
larvicides and can be responsible for the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-borne
diseases at the individual as well as at the community level (Govindrajan et al., 2008).
CHAPTER THREE
The plants were collected from AnyigbaDekina LGA KogiState.The town is situated on latitude
7.493366 and longitude 7.173639 and it is located 120KM east of Lokoja, the state Capital.
Anyigba shares common boundaries in the North with Ajiolo, Abocho and Biraidu, and South
with Abejukolo-egume, and Ofakaga. Anyigba fall within the southern Guinea Savannah with no
The Plants were collected from the study area (Anyigba, Kogi State) and brought to the
Anyigba for identification and then air dried in the department of Animal and Environmental
The collected leaves were rinsed with distilled water and dried at room temperature for 4 weeks
and then taken to the university Biochemistry laboratory, where the dried leaves were pulverized
into powder by stainless electrical blender and stored in an air tight container. The extraction was
carried out for 48 hours and the powdered material was used for further phytochemical analysis.
The extraction was done in Biochemistry laboratory of Prince AbubakarAudu University. 500
grams of the pulverized plant was measured into a conical flask and was diluted with 5000mls of
eva water. It was tightly covered and left for 48 hours for proper mixture. After 48 hours, the
mixture was filtered through vacuum filtration and then concentrated through a water bath.
The larva were identified to be aedesaegypti by an entomologist using an identification key for
arthropod vector. The larval stage of mosquito for this study was sourced from the root of a
Pipette, Dropper, Disposable tubes, Strainer, beakers, measuring cylinder, ice bath (for grinding),
The leaves of Anacardiumoccidentale were collected and washed thoroughly with borehole
water so as to remove dirt, air-dried in a shaded area and grinded. Water was then added then left
for twenty four hours. The mixture was allowed to stay for a certain period with occasional
shaking to allow the solvent to extract the phytochemicals. The extract was then filtered and the
quantity of the phytochemical present in the extract using appropriate analytical techniques was
determined.
3.7Larvicidal Assay
Bioassay for the larvicidal activity was carried out according to World Health Organization
standard, with minor modifications (WHO, 2005). A stock solution was prepared and stored in a
refrigerator at 15°C. 20 healthy third larvae instar were collected and placed in the 500mls
plastic beaker containing 1000mls of water from their natural growth medium with various
concentration of the aqueous extract ranging 500ppm, 250ppm, 125ppm, 62.50ppm, and
31.25ppm in triplicates. Three controls were also setup. The beakers were covered with muslin
cloth to prevent the entry of strange materials. Mortality count of larvae was monitored at regular
intervals i.e. 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after treatment. Larvae was considered dead if they settle
and remain motionless in the bottom of the bowl with no response to light or mechanical
stimulus or not recovering life functions even after being transferred to their growth medium.
Using Abbot's formula, percentage mortality was calculated and with the aid of Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), regression analysis was done and the LC 50 and LC95 were
estimated at 95% Confidence Limit. Upper and Lower Boundaries for the Extract were also
determine.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
31.5 ppm) of Aqueous Extract of Anarcadium occidentalis on Aedes aegyptii within a range of 5 minutes
to 48 hours. As observed from the results, no significant difference is observed from 5 mins to 1 hr period
of exposure to extract. which denotes that within the first period of 3 hours of exposure, no effect of the
extract was observed on the larva Aeds aegyptii. But a significant difference was observed from 3 hrs to
48 hrs. The highest level of significance is observed within the period of 48 hours. This reveals that at 24
hrs, the there is high effect of Anarcadium occidentale on the Larva of Aedes aegyptii.
Across the concentration, no significant difference is observed in the control, and 500 ppm. A significant
Across the 250 ppm the highest level of significance was observed at 3hrs and 48 hrs. no significant
difference was observed in the remaining periods of time. Across the 125 ppm no significant difference
was observed in 5 minutes to 1 hr time but a significance was observed the first 3 hour period. Across the
62.5ppm, no significant difference was observed in 5 minutes to 48 hr time, and finally across the 31.5
ppm no significant difference was observed in 5 min 50 24 hours but a significant difference was
Control 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00±0.00 a 0.33±0.58a 0.33±0.58a 0.33±0.58a 2.67±0.58a
a
500 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 1.67±1.15ab 2.33±1.52ab 2.33±1.52ab 2.33±1.52ab 7.33±2.30b
250 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00±0.00a 1.67±0.58ab 1.67±0.58ab 1.67±0.58ab 12.00±3.00c
125 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 1.00±0.00ab 3.67±1.52b 3.67±1.52b 3.67±1.52b 7.33±3.21b
62.5 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.69±1.15ab 1.67±1.15ab 1.67±1.15ab 1.67±1.15ab 5.33±1.15ab
31.5 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00a 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 0.00 ±0.00 2.33±1.52b 3.00±2.00b 3.00±2.00b 3.00±2.00b 8.00±2.64bc
Table 4.1 Larvicidal Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Anarcadium occidentalis on Aedes aegyptii
4.2 Lethal Concentration of Anarcadium occidentale
The lethal concentration observed in this indicates that at 24 hours an LC 50 of 47.24 and at 48 hrs a lethal
concentration of 9.83 was observed. This indicates that within 24 hours, more lethality was observed and
almost half the population of the mosquito larva was reduced and weakened.
Table 4.2 Lethal Concentration of Anarcadium occidentalis on Aedes aegyptii
LC50 Period
47.24 24hr
9.83 48hrs
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
It seems that the concentration of aqueous leaf extract had no significant effect on the mosquito
larvae during the initial period (from 5 minutes to 1 hour), but a significant difference emerged
after 3 hours and became more pronounced at 48 hours, particularly among the concentrations of
500 ppm, 250 ppm, and 125 ppm. This pattern suggests that the effects of the extract take some
time to manifest and become noticeable. It would be beneficial to conduct further research to
understand the mechanism behind this delayed but significant impact. The result of this study
denotes that within the first period of 3 hours of exposure, no effect of the extract was observed
on the larva Aedes aegyptii. But a significant effect was observed from 3 hrs to 48 hrs. The
highest effect was observed within the period of 48 hours. This reveals that at 48 hrs, there is
high effect of Anarcadium occidentale on the Larva of Aedes aegyptii. This result is contrary to
the work of Mukhopadhyaya (2010) who observed a higher efficacy at 24 hours. In their study,
the highest efficacy was observed in 12 ppm which contradicts the result in this study whose
highest efficacy was observed in 500, 250, and 125 ppm. The results of the lethal concentration
of 47.24 for 24 hrs contradicts the result observed in Ali and El-Rabaa (2010) who observed a
LC50 conc of 41.25 at 48hr. higher efficacy observed in the 500, 250, and 125ppm concentration
might be because of the high level in concentration. The findings from this study are in
agreement with the findings from the work of Yousaf and Zuharah (2015) in which 100 %
mortality was observed by mosquito larva after being administered with a high concentration of
Anarcadium occidental. The findings in this study also contradicts the findings of de Azevedo et
al. (2021). They had the highest efficacy of vegetable leaf on mosquito larva at 120hrs after
exposure to the concentration of 2500 ppm of the extract. The present findings corporate earlier
findings of Macedo et al. (1997) who showed that ethanol extract of Tagetes patula was less
active and only 50% larvae were killed at higher concentration (100 ppm).
5.2 Conclusion
Our present observation reveals that Ae. aegypti larvae are highly susceptible to Anarcadium
occidentalis extract at (500, 250, and 125 ppm). The highest Lethal concentration was observed
in 24 hrs with the LC50 of 47.24. in conclusion, the result in this study proves that there is high
efficacy of Anarcadium occidentalis on the Ae. Aegyptii. However, further studies on the
identification of the active principles involved and their mode of action and field trials need
5.3 Recommendation
Further research study needs to be carried out to help understand the effect of the chemical
component of anarcadium extract. This will help in observing the full efficacy of the extract. The
results also emphasized the need of further research and investigation to find out the bioactive
compounds of anarcadium extract and their activities against other vector pests. This may help in
insecticides in future.
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