Reviewer (Physics)

Conversions:
Units
Length
SI English
(Metric) (American) 1m = 3.28 ft
1 ft = 12 in
length meter/m foot/inches 1 mil = 5280 ft
1 nautical mil = 1.152 mi
mass gram/kilogram lbs/slug./lbm

temperature celsius/kelvin fahrenheit/ Mass

ranci 1kg = 2.2 lbm
1 slug = 32.174 lbm = 14.6kgm
time secs/mins./hrs. secs/mins./hrs
Force
1 lbf = 4.45 N
Area length² m² ft² / in² 1 kgf = 9.8 N
(A)
Temperature
Force mass × kg × m/s² lbm × ft C to F = (9/5 C)+32
(F) accelaration =N /s² C to K = C + 273.15
=lbf
F to C = (5/9 F) - 32
slug × ft/ F to R = F + 460
s²
Velocity
Volume length³ m³ ft ³/ in³ 1 mph = 88 fpm
1 knot = 1.152 mph
Density mass/volume kg/m³ lbm/ft³
slug/ft³
Pressure
Work force × N×m ft × lbf 1 atm = 14.7 psi
distance = joules = 2116.8 psf
(J) = 101325 Pa

Pressure force/ N / m² lbf/ft²

(P) area = Pascal = psf
(Pa) Vector Analysis
lbf/in²
=psi - Spot the constant values, cancel them
Power work/time J/s ft × lb / s - expand some variables
(Pw) = watts =Horsepo - cancel same vectors
wer (HP) - simplify

Velocity distance/time m/s ft/s

Accelera velocity/time m/s^2 ft/s^2

tion
Base Units

Trigonometry

Pythagorean Theorem
a² + b² - c² = 0
a² + b² = c²
c = √a² +b²

sine = opp/hyp
cos = adj/ hyp
tan = opp/ adj

Direction: (clockwise)

North - 360
North East - 45

East - 90

South East -135

South - 180

South West - 225

West - 270

Northwest - 315
Unit Vectors Kinematics - concept that are needed to describe
motion without any reference to force
𝐴= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 (position vector)
Dynamics - deals with the effects that forces have all
2 2 2
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 (magnitude) motion

𝑎 = 𝐴/|𝐴| (unit vector)

To Check:

2
1 = (𝐴/|𝐴|)

Bakit 1 for checking?

Vector Addition/Subtraction
Velocity Formula:
v = Δx / Δt
v= x2 − x1/t
where v is the velocity of the object, Δx is the change
in position, and Δt is the change in time.
Instantaneous Velocity = dx(t)/dt (derivative of
a. position vector at p and q = normal subs of delta x with respect to time)
position Final Velocity Formula:
b. distance vector from p to q = add the vectors
(distance vector formula) (q-p) v = v0 + at
where v is the final velocity of the object, v0 is the
initial velocity of the object, a is the acceleration of
the object, and t is the time elapsed.

c. distance vector between p to q= magnitude

Acceleration Formula:
d. vector parallel to p to q with a magnitude of
____ = unit vector aave= Δv / Δt
where a is the acceleration of the object, Δv is the
change in velocity, and Δt is the change in time.
Instantaneous Acceleration= dv(t)/dt (derivative of
delta v with respect to time)
 Velocity Displacement

Displacement Formula: 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1/2 (𝑣0 + 𝑣𝑓)𝑡

Δx = x - x0
2 2 2
where Δx is the change in position, x is the final 𝑣 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑣 𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 /2
(vector) where x: y = d 2
position of the object, and x0 is the initial position of 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 /2
2 2
the object. 𝑣 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑣 𝑖 + 2𝑎𝑦
Total Displacement: ∆x= summation of x

Free Fall
Final Position Formula:
If an object is falling freely for a duration of "t"
xf = x0 + v0t + at²/2
seconds from an initial height "h", with a final
xf= x0 +𝑣t velocity of "v" due to gravity "g", its motion can be
mathematically described using the following
where xf is the final position of the object, x0 is the
initial position of the object, v0 is the initial velocity equations:
of the object, a is the acceleration of the object, and t
is the time elapsed. 2
h = 1/2𝑔𝑡
Time Formula:
v² = 2𝑔ℎ
t = (v - v0) / a
where t is the time elapsed, v is the final velocity of v = 𝑔𝑡
the object, v0 is the initial velocity of the object, and a
is the acceleration of the object.
h height traveled
lapse time : t0 - t1
v final velocity

Average Velocity Formula: g acceleration due to gravity

Vavg = (v + v0) / 2 t time taken

where Vavg is the average velocity of the object, v is
the final velocity of the object, and v0 is the initial
velocity of the object. Unit 2:

Force and Newton's Law of Motion

Kinematic Equation for Projectile Motion:
The first law, also known as the law of inertia, tells
y = yo + vyo t - gt²/2
us that objects want to keep doing what they're doing
where y is the height of the object, yo is the initial - if something is at rest, it wants to stay at rest, and
height of the object, vyo is the initial vertical velocity if it's moving, it wants to keep moving at the same
of the object, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and t speed and in the same direction. So, if you throw a
is the time elapsed. ball in space, it will keep moving in a straight line at
the same speed until something else makes it stop or
change direction.

Rest: Fnet =0
Constant Velocity: Fnet =0 thus acceleration=0

The second law explains how forces affect an

object's motion. The more force you apply to an
object, the more it will accelerate (change its speed or
direction). But the more massive the object is, the
harder it is to get it moving. So, if you want to push a
heavy box, you need to apply more force than if you
Work Energy and Power
were pushing a light box.

Work done by the system is positive (outflow)

Fnet = mass x acceleration
Work done on the system (inflow)
Fnet = (Fapplied - Ff)
W = Fdcos Θ
The third law tells us that every action has an equal
Work (Joules) = Force x distance
and opposite reaction. This means that when one
object pushes or pulls on another object, the second
Wnet = Fnet × distance
object pushes or pulls back on the first object with
Wnet = KE (initial) - KE (final)
the same force, but in the opposite direction. For
example, when you jump off a diving board, you push
Work Energy Theorem
down on the board, and the board pushes back up on
you, propelling you into the air.

Action Reaction: Fa= - Fb

ma = -ma

U= internal energy
Weight = mass × gravitational acceleration
(9.81m/s²)
Kinetic Energy (Joules) = ½ mass x velocity^2

acceleration= ∆v/time
Potential energy (Joules) = mass x gravitational
acceleration= Force / mass
acceleration (9.81 m/s²) x height

Fave = ½ (Initial Force + Final Force)

Mechanical Energy= KE + PE

Conclusion:

Power = Work / Time or Force x velocity

Momentum
➔ can be defined as "mass in motion"
Momentum is a property of a moving object that is
equal to its mass times its velocity. It is represented
by the symbol p and has units of kilogram meters per Q - heat capacity
second (kg m/s). n - number of moles
R= specific heat constant (8.3145 j/mol x Kelvin)
Momentum (p) = mass (m) x velocity (v) u = internal energy

Impulse Cv:monatomic (3/2 × R)

Cp: mono atomic (5/2 × R)
Impulse is the change in momentum that occurs
when a force is applied to an object for a certain Cv: diatomic (5/2 × R)
amount of time. It is represented by the symbol J and Cp: diatomic (7/2 × R) approx
has units of Newton seconds (N s).
Cv: Polyatomic: (7/2 × R)
Impulse (I) = force (F) x time (t) Cp: Polyatomic : (9/2 × R) approx

The relationship between impulse and momentum is

given by the impulse-momentum theorem, which Work done by system = positive
states that the impulse applied to an object is equal to Work done on the system = negative
the change in its momentum.
Open System:
Impulse (J) = change in momentum (Δp) Close System:
Isolated System:
Δp = m (∆V)
Conservation of mass is a fundamental principle in
where Δp is the change in momentum, m is the mass physics that states that mass cannot be created or
of the object, v1 is its initial velocity, and v2 is its final destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed.
velocity after the impulse is applied. In various branches of physics, such as fluid
dynamics, thermodynamics, and particle physics,
Thermodynamics conservation of mass is applied using different
- study of heat, mechanical work and internal formulas and equations. Here is a summary of some
energy and how those three work with each key formulas used in conservation of mass:
other
Continuity Equation (Fluid Dynamics): The
thermos dynamicos - Greek continuity equation relates the velocity and
cross-sectional area of a fluid flowing through a pipe
or channel. It can be expressed as: A1v1 = A2v2
where A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas at two
different points in the fluid flow, and v1 and v2 are the
velocities at those respective points.

Ideal Gas Law (Thermodynamics): The ideal gas law

describes the relationship between pressure,
volume, and temperature of an ideal gas. It can be
written as: PV = nRT where P is the pressure, V is the
volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal
gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvin.

R= specific heat constant (8.3145 j/mol x Kelvin)

Charles Law- states that the volume of a gas equals

a constant value multiplied by its temperature as
measured on the Kelvin scale (zero Kelvin
corresponds to -273.15 degrees Celsius).

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Isobaric Process: A vertical line representing a

Conservation of Energy Equation
constant pressure.
(Thermodynamics): In thermodynamics, the
Isobaric Process: A straight horizontal line
conservation of energy equation is used to describe
representing a constant pressure.
the energy balance in a system. It can be stated as: ΔU
= Q - W where ΔU is the change in internal energy of
the system, Q is the heat transferred to the system,
and W is the work done by the system.

TS Diagram/ PV Diagram

Isothermal Process: A horizontal line representing a

constant temperature (PV)
Isothermal Process: A hyperbolic curve, indicating an
inverse relationship between pressure and volume Isochoric Process: Isometric Process A point on the
(TS) diagram, as there is no change in volume.
Isochoric Process: A vertical line, as there is no
change in volume.

Adiabatic Process: Isentropic Process A curved line

sloping upwards or downwards, depending on the
process
Adiabatic Process: A steeper hyperbolic curve
compared to the isothermal process.
 gravity, and h is the height or elevation of the fluid
Polytropic Process above a reference point.

Euler's Equation: Euler's equation is a fundamental

equation in fluid dynamics that describes the motion
of an inviscid fluid:

∂v/∂t + (v · ∇)v = -1/ρ∇P + g

where v is the velocity vector, t is time, ∇ is the

gradient operator, P is the pressure, ρ is the density of
the fluid, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.

Reynolds Number: The Reynolds number is used to

determine the flow regime of a fluid (whether it is
laminar or turbulent) and is calculated as:

Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that deals Re = (ρVD)/μ

with the study of fluids (liquids and gases) and their
behavior under various conditions. There are several where Re is the Reynolds number, ρ is the density of
fundamental formulas used in fluid mechanics to the fluid, V is the velocity, D is the characteristic
describe fluid flow, pressure, forces, and other length (such as diameter), and μ is the dynamic
properties. Here are some common formulas: viscosity of the fluid.

Continuity Equation: The continuity equation MASS FLOW RATE

expresses the conservation of mass for a fluid in
steady flow:

A1V1 = A2V2

where A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of the

pipe or flow section at two different points, and V1
and V2 are the corresponding velocities of the fluid at
those points.

Bernoulli's Equation: Bernoulli's equation relates

the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid
flowing along a streamline in an ideal, inviscid, and
incompressible flow:

P + 1/2ρV^2 + ρgh = constant

where P is the pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid, V

is the velocity of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to
Example:
Two Gaseous streams enter a combining tube and
leave as a single mixture.

Enter
Gas A: Area= 75 in²,
Velocity= 500fps,
volume= 10ft³/lb

Gas B: Area= 50 in²

Density= 0.12 lb/ft³
mass flow rate= 16.67 lb/s

Exit
Gas C: Velocity= 350 fps
volume= 7ft³/lb

Find the ff.

a. V² (velocity)

b. m3 (mass flow rate)

c. A³ (Area)
 1 𝐻 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑦
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔Δℎ
𝑅 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝑉
Δ𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔Δ𝑧
𝐶𝑝
(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦)𝑈 = ∑ 𝑢1 + 𝑢2 + 𝑢3 … + 𝑢𝑛
𝐶𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑊 + 𝑄 + 𝑈 + 𝐻 = 𝐶
𝑅̂ = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Δ𝑃𝐸 + Δ𝐾𝐸 + Δ𝑊 + Δ𝑄 + Δ𝑈 + Δ𝐻 = 0?
𝑅 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚
𝜌= ?
𝑉
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 → 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 → 𝐹𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒
𝜌𝐴𝑉 = 𝑐
𝐹
𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 𝑃=
𝐴
𝑚̇ = 𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 (𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒) 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ∗ 𝑓𝑡
𝐾= =
𝑁 ∗ 𝑠2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∗ 𝑠 2
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝑚
Common Heat transfer: 𝜌= ?
𝑣
- Radiation 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
- Convection
- Conduction 𝐹𝑔
𝑟= = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡?
𝑣
𝐻 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃0 (𝑎𝑡𝑚) , 𝑃𝑎 (𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒) , 𝑃𝑔 (𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝐴 > 𝑃0
Air constant:
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃0 + 𝑃𝑔
𝐽
𝑅 = 287 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝐴 < 𝑃0
𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃0 − 𝑃𝑔
𝑅 = 1716𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑅 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃0 + 𝑃𝑔
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑔 𝑟𝑉 𝑟𝐴ℎ 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑔 = = = = 𝑟ℎ =
𝐶𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐾

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑠 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉

𝑚̇𝑣
𝑃𝑉 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑉=
𝐴
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦?
𝑇𝑆 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
𝑚3
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑇 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
ROENTGEN RIO
 𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉 ℎ = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇 = 𝐸𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦
𝑣̇ = 𝐴𝑉 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
The ideal gas law 𝑉2
ℎ+ =𝐶
2
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤
𝑉12 𝑉22
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝐶𝑃 𝑇1 + = 𝐶𝑃 𝑇2 +
2 2
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑇 = 𝑇0 + 𝑎ℎ
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃𝑉
= 𝑚𝑅
𝑇
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇?
Basic Aerodynamic

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑑 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 = 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑐 < 1
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑐 = 1
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑐 > 5
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑏 → 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑖𝑟
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝜌1 = 𝜌2

𝐵𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑖 ′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑖𝑑𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟)

𝜌𝑉12 𝜌𝑉22
𝑃1 + = 𝑃2 +
2 2
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

𝑉22 − 𝑉12
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = −𝜌 [ ]
2

𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑑ℎ = 𝑉𝑑𝑉
ROENTGEN RIO