SALD-2300: Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer

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C060-E007B

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer

SALD-2300
Applicable to a Wide Range of Applications Using
Optional Units and Application Software Packages
Provides Accurate Evaluation of the Change in Particle
Size Distribution, Conforming to ISO13320

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer

SALD-2300

Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis?


Particle size distribution can be calculated using the light intensity distribution pattern of scattered
light which is generated from sample particles when laser irradiates them.
This is the main particle size analysis method because it has excellent properties such as a wide
measurement range, a short measurement time, and the ability to measure both wet and dry samples.
Please refer to page 19 for the measurement principle.
Wide applicability High resolution High concentration

High repeatability High reliability High sensitivity

High throughput High efficiency High analysis capability

Powerful new functions have been added to accurately evaluate the change in
particle size distribution.
Particle size distribution can have a major effect on the characteristics desired for a given
application or objective, or on the performance and quality of a final product.
A particle size analyzer with the ability to precisely measure particle size distribution is an
essential tool in today’s laboratory. The SALD-2300 is that tool. With a variety of optional units
and application software packages, the SALD-2300 can easily address the application
requirements in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, drinks,
pigments, paints, ceramics and electronic materials.

The following three functions have been added to ensure the accurate
evaluation of changes in particle size distribution, which is caused by time
course or particle concentration.

1 Wide particle concentration range from 0.1ppm to 20%.

2 Continuous measurement function at minimum 1-second intervals

3 Wide measurement range from 17nm to 2500 μm

SALD-2300 maintains data compatibility with previous products such as the SALD-2001, SALD-2101, and
SALD-2201.
Wide applicability

■ Using the SALD-MS23 sampler, the measurement range is 17nm to 2500μm for wet measurement.
For example, PSL particles with a median diameter of 50nm and stainless balls with a diameter of 2mm can be measured by a
single analyzer.
Q3(%) q3(%) Q3(%) q3(%)
100 20 100 50
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)


Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)


80 80 40
15

60 60 30
10
40 40 20

5
20 20 10

0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm) Particle Diameter (μm)

PSL particles 50nm median diameter Stainless balls of 2mm diameter

■ The system configuration can be optimized to address various uses, purposes, measurement objects,
environments and conditions.

Sampler SALD-MS23
Measurement range: 17nm to 2500μm
Sample amount (Suspension): 3 level variable 100/200/300
mL
Concentration range: 0.1ppm to several 10ppm
Measurement of circulating samples between flow cell
and dispersion bath of sampler

Batch cell SALD-BC23


Measurement range: 17nm to several 100μm
(Depending on medium viscosity and particle density)
Sample amount (Suspension): 12mL
Concentration range: 0.1ppm to several 10ppm
Wing SALD II Measurement unit Organic solvent and acid can be used.
PC SALD-2300 Stirring by up-down motion of a plate

High concentration sample measurement system SALD-HC23S


Measurement range: 30nm to 280μm
Sample amount (Suspension): 6μL to 150μL
Concentration range: Several 10ppm to 20%
High-concentration samples can be measured without dilution.
This method can be applied to paste or changeable
samples by dilution.

Cyclone injection type Dry measurement unit SALD-DS5S


Measurement range: 0.3μm to 2500μm
Sample amount(Dry powder): 1mL to 10mL
Concentration range: 0.1ppm to Several 10ppm
Measurement by dispersing dry powder into air
Sample dissolved in liquids
Sample whose size is different between “in liquid” and “in air”

■ Various sample amounts (Suspension) can be selected according to measurement objects and purposes.
・ Sample amount for SALD-MS23 is variable: 100mL, 200mL, or 300mL.
・ Sample amount for batch cell SALD-BC23 is 12mL.
・ In the case of high-concentration sample measurement system SALD-HC23S, optional indentation can be used for sample
amounts ranging from 6μL to 150μL.

4
High resolution Accurately detects particle size distribution with five peaks

Scattered light from coarse particles is concentrated at low angles near the optical axis and fluctuates vigorously within a tiny angle, but
scattered light from microparticles fluctuates slowly up to large angles away from the center. Whereas the intensity of scattered light from
coarse particles is extremely high, the intensity of scattered light from microparticles is very low. The SALD-2300 achieves high resolution
over a wide range of particle sizes by utilizing the relationship between particle size and scattered light and increasing the detection surface
area of each of the 78 concentric detector elements in the Wing Sensor II at a logarithmic rate from the center outward. In addition to the
Wing Sensor II, one sensor is used for side scattered light and five sensors are used for backward scattered light.
Q3(%) q3(%)
100 10
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)


80 8

60 6

40 4

20 2

0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm)

Particle Size Distribution Data with Five Peaks


Wing Sensor II
Reliably reproduces particle size distributions with complicated distribution shapes.
This is an example of measuring a mixture of five types of particles, with diameters of
0.7, 2, 5, 25, and 100μm.

High reliability

■ Laser diffraction method ISO 13320 and JIS Z 8825-1 compliant


Complies with ISO 13320 and JIS Z 8825-1 laser diffraction and scattering standards.

■ Instrument validation with JIS standard particles


System performance can be confirmed using MBP1-10 standard particles specified in JIS Z 8900-1. These samples have a
broad particle size distribution; using these samples enables verification of the instrument's accuracy.

■ Easy maintenance
A powerful self-diagnostic function allows checking the output signals from each
sensor and detection element and the system's functional status. The operation log
function stores detailed information with all measurement data, such as the
operating status and cell contamination status. This allows retroactively verifying
the validity of measurement data and confirming the cell contamination status.

■ Allows verifying measurement results (particle size distribution data) by


light intensity distribution data (raw data)
Since light intensity distribution data (raw data) and measurement results (particle
size distribution data) can be displayed on the same screen, measurement results
can be verified while viewing both sets of data. In addition to verifying whether the
detection signal level (particle concentration) is appropriate or not, this enables
confirming the validity of measurement results from multiple aspects, such as in
terms of the distribution width and the presence of aggregates and contaminants.

High reproducibility Improved stability of the optical system

SALD systems utilize an OSAF (Omnidirectional Shock Absorption Frame), which completely isolates all elements of the optical
system from impacts, vibration, and other external disturbances. Therefore, optical axes rarely need adjustment.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
5
Automatic refractive index calculation function eliminates
High efficiency / High reliability the mistake or trouble of selecting refractive indices.

Automatic Refractive Index Calculation Function Is Available.


Selecting a refractive index was an unavoidable part of using the laser diffraction method, in which a published value was
generally entered. However, such values were not necessarily appropriate, considering the effects of particle composition and
shape. Therefore, tedious trial and error processes were used to select refractive indices.
WingSALD II solves such problems by being the world's first software to include a function that automatically calculates an
appropriate refractive index based on the LDR (light intensity distribution reproduction) method.
Note: The LDR method automatically calculates an appropriate refractive index based on consistency between the actual measured light
intensity distribution and one reproduced (recalculated) from particle size distribution data. This method was developed by Shimadzu and
published in two technical papers. It is sometimes called the "Kinoshita Method", in academic communities, after the name of Shimad-
zu’s engineer.
The refractive index of main materials can be selected in the list.

(1) Specify a range for the refractive index

(2) Evaluate

(3) Display candidates from refractive index


and particle size calculation results

6
Assist function decreases operational error to
High efficiency / High reliability ensure more accurate measurement.

Measurement Assistant Function Allows Preparing SOPs to Ensure Measurements Are Always Performed
Using the Same Conditions and Procedures.
Anyone can conduct high-quality measurements anywhere at any time.
With the SALD-MS23, SALD-BC23, and SALD-DS5S, automatic measurement by PC control can be conducted according to a
specified SOP.
The operator's work consists of sample preprocessing and inputting only.
Creating, saving, and sharing measurement conditions and procedures, including pretreatment methods and conditions, ensures
measurements are performed using the same conditions and procedures, even if performed by a different operator or at a different
location or plant, and ensures safe comparison of data.
Furthermore, when the measurement assistant function is used, measurement instructions for the operator are displayed on the screen.
This enables even inexperienced operators to perform measurements correctly.
Various functions and operations of SALD-2300 can be controlled by a PC, enabling SOPs to be used more effectively.
In addition, administrators and operators can be assigned different operating privileges to ensure security.
Note: SOP is an acronym for Standard Operating Procedure.

Create and save measurement conditions


and procedures (SOP)
Procedures, remarks, and other information
are displayed interactively during measurements.
This standardizes measurement procedures
and prevents mistakes.

Includes security features


that limit the functionality available
to operators

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
7
By enabling measurement under wide particle
High sensitivity / High concentration concentration conditions (0.1ppm to 20%), changes
in particle size distribution depending on particle
concentration can be evaluated.
Previously, the particle concentration of a sample had to be adjusted to meet the optimum conditions of analyzers by dilution or concentra-
tion using a centrifuge. In these cases, changes in particle size distribution, such as agglomerations or dispersions, could not be considered.

Dispersions and agglomeration can be caused by dilutions.


In some cases, dilutions can accelerate dispersions, but in other cases, they can create agglomerates.
To ensure optimum, the initial particle concentration must be determined without dilutions or concentrations.
After the evaluation of particle size distribution at the initial state, the effects of particle concentration from dispersions and
agglomerations must be evaluated.

Wide particle concentration range must be covered to evaluate the dissolution process of sample particles.
This is necessary because the progress of dissolution makes the particle concentration low in comparison to the first particle concentration.

SALD-2300 can measure particle size distribution under the conditions of particle concentration from 0.1ppm to 20%.
When the sampler SALD-MS23 or batch cell SALD-BC23 is used, measurements are possible under conditions of concentration
from 0.1ppm to 100ppm.
When the high-concentration sample measurement system SALD-HC23S is used, high-concentration samples up to 20% can be
measured because the negative effects of multiple scattering are prevented.

q3(%)

30 30
Measurement without dilution of hand
cream
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

25 25

20 20 In the case of hand cream, dilutions make the

15 15
particle size distribution narrow.
Measurements without dilutions must be done to
10 10
obtain accurate measurement.
5 5

0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm)

q3(%)
Q3(%)
100 20
Evaluation of a fine particle included in red wine
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

80 The graph to the left shows the result of measur-


15
ing red wine in the state of the undiluted solution.
60
The low-concentration sample can be measured as
10
40 an undiluted solution.
5 Measuring it in this state can remove the influence
20
of dispersion or agglomeration by the concentra-
0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
0 tion operation.
5000
Particle Diameter (μm)

q3(%)
30 30
Evaluation of negative electrode material of a
25 25
secondary battery
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

20 20 At left is a graph showing the results of measuring

15 15
a carbon black particle.
The agglomeration particle (micrometer range) has
10 10
been dispersed to the fine particle (sub-microme-
5 5
ter range) by dispersion processing using a
0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
0
5000
homogenizer. The sample (sample that absorbs
Particle Diameter (μm)
light like the carbon black) that doesn't transmit
light easily can be measured based on the
improvement in sensitivity.

8
Changes in particle size distribution can be monitored in real-time.
High speed Continuous measurement function at 1-second intervals can record these processes
for additional analysis.
Particle size distribution data and light intensity distribution data can be displayed in real-time.
This means that sample changes over time or shifts in the dispersion status can be monitored in real-time.
Since both the light intensity distribution data, which is the raw data, and particle size data can be monitored simultane-
ously, they can be compared to keep track of any changes in the status of samples.

Continuous measurement can record a maximum of 200 data sets at minimum 1-second intervals.
Maximum 200 particle size distributions at minimum 1-second intervals can be measured and stored continuously. These data
can be analyzed from various angles using statistical processing, time series analysis and 3-dimensional graph functions.

Statistical processing

Updates particle size distributions Time series analysis


and light intensity in real time

3-dimensional graph

Particle size distribution / Light intensity distribution


Simultaneous and real-time display

Cross reference of particle size distribution and light intensity distribution enables multilateral evaluations of dissolution process.
(%)100% = 60000 q3(%)
100 10 10
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

80 8 8
Light Intensity

60 6 6

40 4 4

20 2 2

0 0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 68 72 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50
Sensor Element Number Particle Diameter (μm)

This is an example of light intensity distribution data and particle size distribution data for the dissolution process of calcium carbonate.
It shows how dissolution progresses from smaller diameter particles and how the normalized amount of large particles increases.

q3(%)
20 20
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

15 15
Normalized Particle Amount

q3(%)
5000
20
10 10 16 1000
12 500
8 100
4 50 )
m
5 0 10 (μ
5 er
5 et
1
1 Diam
2
3 cle
4
0.5 rti
5 0.1 Pa
0 0 File 6 0.05
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 No 7
Particle Diameter (μm)
. 8 0.01
9
10

This is a result of measuring the process by which a powdery digestive medicine is distributed into water.
The particle size distribution can be displayed by the 3D graph. In a 3D graph, the dispersion process that changes from the large
particle to the small particle is easily viewed.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
9
High efficiency Processes multiple sets of data more efficiently

Multiple sets of data can be stored as a group, which enables easier organization, re-displaying, and reanalysis of data. Data can
be loaded as a group and displayed or analyzed at the same time, rather than having to load each set separately.

Measurement data from multiple facets


High analysis capability –Extensive assortment of data analysis applications included standard

The following data analysis applications are included standard.

■ Evaluation of Scattering Angle


Graphs the components of scattered light intensity at each angle. This takes advantage of the features of the
highly-integrated photodiode array to allow evaluating the low-angle scattered light with high resolution.
Application Fields: Evaluating the scattering characteristics of films and sheets.

■ Data Emulation Function


Based on SALD series measurement results, this function allows emulating measurement results obtained using other models
or other measurement principles. This maintains compatibility with data results obtained with previous measurement methods.

Cumulative % Emulation by 51 conversion expressions


51 conversion expressions can be obtained at the cumulative

SALD Series
% points (0.01%, 2%, 4% …… 96%, 98%, 99,98% on
particle size vertical axis) to express the relationship between the particle
distribution data
51 points

Particle size size distribution data measured by SALD-2300 and that


distribution data using
a different analyzer measured by another instrument or technology.
model/measurement
principle 102 parameters ai (i = 1,2,..…, 51) and bi(i = 1,2,..…, 51)
used in 51 conversion expressions can be stored as a parame-
ter table, which can be used for emulations.

Particle size
This emulation function may be able to reduce some problems
when an old particle size analyzer is upgraded to a new
instrument.

The same samples must be measured by two instruments in


order to develop the parameter table for emulations.

■ Mixture Data Simulation Function


Allows simulating particle size distributions using any mixture ratio of multiple particle size distributions. This makes it
possible to determine the optimal mixture ratio for obtaining the desired particle size distribution, without repeatedly
measuring the particle size distribution of sample mixtures.

■ Data Connecting Function


Allows combining the measurement results for two different measurement ranges at any particle size point to create a
single particle size distribution. For example, sieve data for particles above 2000 μm can be combined with SALD series
data for particles below 2000 μm to create a wide-ranging particle size distribution, which is required for civil engineering,
disaster prevention, and environmental fields.

10
System Structure

Wide range of system configurations can be designed by adding optional units.

100mm 100mm
or more or more
680mm about 400mm

or more
100mm
SALD-2300
Measurement Unit
PC

280mm
320mm
Measurement Unit SALD-2300
The batch cell and the high-concentration sample 1280mm or more
measurement system can be set in the measurement unit.
Small-Volume Measurement System
(SALD-2300 and SALD-BC23)
High-Concentration Sample Measurement System
(SALD-2300 and SALD-HC23S)
Very Small-Volume Measurement System
(SALD-2300 and SALD-HC23S and
“Glass Slides with Indentation”) 100mm 100mm
or more or more
820mm or more about 400mm or more
or more
100mm

SALD-2300
Measurement Unit
PC
640mm or more

540mm

SALD-MS23
Wet Measurement System Sampler
(SALD-2300 and SALD-MS23) 1420mm or more

130mm
680mm about 400mm
or more
100mm

SALD-2300
Measurement Unit
PC
750mm or more

650mm

SALD-DS5S
(Pressure regulator)

Dry Measurement System


SALD-DS5S
(SALD-2300 and SALD-DS5S) (Sampling unit and dispersion device)

1210mm or more

100mm 130mm
or more
820mm about 400mm
or more
100mm

SALD-2300
Measurement Unit
PC
750mm or more

650mm

Wet/Dry Measurement Full System SALD-DS5S


(Pressure regulator)
SALD-MS23
(SALD-2300 and SALD-MS23 and SALD-DS5S) Sampler
SALD-DS5S
(Sampling unit and dispersion device)

1450mm or more

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
11
System Configuration

Wet measurement for small amount of sample / Almost all dispersion media can be used.

Batch Cell SALD-BC23


Funnel ・Measures using small quantities of samples (particles being measured)
and liquid media (dispersion media).
・Organic solvents or acids can be used.
Laser Light Batch Cell ・Less liquid waste is disposed of when using suspensions containing
organic solvents or acids.
Stroke of
Vertical Motion
・Vertical motion of the stirring plate inhibits settling of particles. A
funnel made of tetrafluoroethylene resin is included to prevent spilling
the suspension. This reduces the chance of getting it on hands or
Stirring Plate
fingers and prevents contaminating the cell surface.
Measurement Results
Q3(%) q3(%) Q3(%) q3(%)
100 20 100 20
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)


Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)


80 80
15 15

60 60

10 10
40 40

5 5
20 20

0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm) Particle Diameter (μm)

Agricultural chemicals Silicon


Particle size distribution may affect the aerial spraying property and resistant toxicity. Particle size distribution is one of the very important quality control items
Disposal of the sample after measurement is easy because the sample amount is small. because it may influence the yield of final products

General wet measurement for a variety of samples Measurement unit Wing sensor II
Flow cell
Sampler SALD-MS23 Side scattered
light sensor

Laser light source


Backward scattered Condensing lens
light sensor

Dispersion Motor

medium
Flow Cell Dispersion medium
supply pump
・ Groups of particles are dispersed in a liquid medium and measured as they are circulated between
the flow cell, which is placed in the measurement unit, and a dispersion bath in the sampler.
Dispersion bath
・ The dispersion bath incorporates a stirrer and an ultrasonic sonicator. A pump delivers the dispersed
suspension to the flow cell.
Circulation
・ The pump is specially designed to ensure both the liquid medium and the particles are circulated. A pump
stainless ball of 2mm circulates and it is possible to measure it. Ultrasonic sonicator Drain valve
・ Most organic solvents can be used as dispersion media.
The sample quantity is changeable. 100mL, 200mL or 300mL can be selected. Sampler
Drain

Measurement Results
Q3(%) q3(%) Q3(%) q3(%)
100 20 100 10
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)


Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

80 80 8
15

60 60 6

10
40 40 4

5
20 20 2

0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm) Particle Diameter (μm)

Soybean powder Zirconia


SALD-2300 can accurately measures samples which have wide distributions and Zirconia can be used as a heat-resistant ceramics material.
complex profiles. For ceramics products, particle size distribution is one of the most important
Soybean powder is a material which is used to make various foods. Its particle quality control items, because the strength and heat-resistant property can
size distributions can affect quality, taste, tongue feeling and teeth feeling. depend on particle size distribution.

12
Measurement without Dilution

High-Concentration Sample Measurement System SALD-HC23S


・High-concentration samples can be measured using the laser diffraction method.
・Measurement is possible by simply holding the high-concentration sample particles between two glass slides.
・Samples for which the particle size distribution would be changed by dilution can be measured in their original state, or with the minimum
required level of dilution, and true images of the measurement object can be obtained.
・Commercial hand creams, face creams, and rinses can be measured with hardly any pretreatment.

Flow cell or batch cell Glass plates (Glass slides)

(Forward Scattered Light)


Diffracted/scattered light
Multiple scattered light

Laser light
Laser light

th
pa
Side/back ht
Light path length scattered light Lig gth
len
Measurement with Standard Sample Held between Cell Holder for High-Concentration
Flow Cell or Batch Cell Two Glass Slides Sample Measurement System

If a standard flow cell or batch cell is used to measure a sample at a high concentration, the long light path length results in
multiple scattering, making it impossible to obtain accurate measurements.
With this system however, is possible by simply holding the high-concentration sample particles between two glass slides, which
shortens the length of the light path, avoids the negative effects of multiple scattering and makes accurate measurement possible.

・ Glass sample plates (glass slides with indentation) (Standard accessory)


Effective for measurement of samples with relatively low concentrations, or expensive samples that can only be used in small amounts.
■ Dimensions Circular indentation*
Particle concentration
Name Indentation depth Number Sample volume
(% by weight) * The indentation of
glass sample plate
Glass sample plate (0.02mm) 0.02 mm (20 µm) 2 0.006cm3
(0.02mm) is rectangular
Glass sample plate (0.05mm) 0.05 mm (50 µm) 1 0.015cm3 in shape.
Glass sample plate (0.1 mm) 0.1 mm (100 µm) 1 0.03cm3 A few hundred Indentation depth
Glass sample plate (0.2 mm) 0.2 mm (200 µm) 1 0.06cm3 ppm to a few Cross
percent section
Glass sample plate (0.3 mm) 0.3 mm (300 µm) 1 0.09cm3
Glass sample plate (Glass slide with indentation)
Glass sample plate (0.4 mm) 0.4 mm (400 µm) 1 0.12cm3
Glass sample plate (0.5 mm) 0.5 mm (500 µm) 1 0.15cm3 ■ Example of Use (Indentation Cell)
Slide glass
Glass
sample plate
Sample

Measurement Results
Q3(%) q3(%) Q3(%) q3(%)
100 20 100 10
Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)

Normalized Particle Amount (Cum)


Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

80 80 8
15

60 60 6
10

40 40 4

5
20 20 2

0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm) Particle Diameter (μm)

Hair color Eye drop medicine


Properties of hair color such as color, gloss and adhesive strength depend on Particle size distribution of eye drop medicine may adversely affect the medicine
particle size distribution. And these properties can determine its product value. as well as the feeling of an eye, which is very sensitive. Measurement of the
Particle size distribution of these kinds of samples may be changed by dilutions, initial particle concentration without dilution is essential.
so high-concentration sample measurement without dilution is better.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
13
System Structure

Powder samples can be measured without preparation.

Cyclone Injection Type Dry Measurement Unit SALD-DS5S

A cyclone type sample suction mechanism has been developed.


Strong double dispersion process of suction and injection can be used.
Measurement with high precision, high sensitivity, high reproducibility and high resolution
■Sample to be applied
・Easily dissolved samples (medicine, powder foods)
・Easily agglomerated samples (magnetized particles)

■Features
・Using three types of sample suction mechanism (cyclone type, one shot type, hand shot type) and four types of dispersion nozzle, the
optimum combination can be selected to perform measurements based on the sample properties and amount.
・When the cyclone type is used, the sample loaded in the special sample holder is sucked in while being rotated, then injected from the
nozzle and measured.
In addition, since a sample holder is used, there is no scattering of the sample nor do the operator's hands become soiled.
・When the one shot type is used, putting the sample into a small hopper is the only operation required for measuring. This type is suitable for
a small sample amount. (option)
・When the hand shot type is used, the sample can be sucked directly from the beaker or chartula for measurement. (option)

Sample Suction
Mechanism
One Shot Type (option)

Measurement Unit
Hopper
Wing Sensor
Ejector Sensor for Forward Scattered Light
Air Inlet to Prevent Backflow
Scattered Light

Hand Shot Type (option) 4 Types Condensing Lens


Suction Tube Ejector Injection Nozzle Sample Particles

Injection Suction

Laser Beam

Hand Switch Air Valve PC


Sample can be injected
Suction Nozzle only under the operation
of a vacuum cleaner Pressure Sensor to
Confirm the Operation
Cyclone Type Pressure Regulator of Dust Collector Dust
(PC Control) Collector

Compressor
(Compressed Air
Source)

・When compressed air, including the sample, flows through the injection
nozzle, the shape, area, and direction of the cross section is changed in
order to obtain the large changes in volume, pressure and direction of air
flow. Therefore, agglomerates can be strongly dispersed into air.
・In order to obtain the optimum dispersion based on the properties of the
Standard dispersion nozzle (Type 1) Sample sample one of four differently shaped nozzles can be selected.
Section-2 Injection
Section-4
・Magnetized particles, which are easy to cohere in liquid, can be strongly
Section-1
Section-3 dispersed into air using the type 1 injection nozzle. Therefore, accurate
3 mm dispersion nozzle (Type 2 *1) measurement results can be obtained.
Section-2
Section-4 ・Using a type 4 dispersion nozzle the dispersion force is weakened, enabling
Section-1
Section-3
measurements to be made without destroying fragile particles.
2.5 mm dispersion nozzle (Type 3 *1) ・Using type 2 and 3 dispersion nozzles the dispersion force is strengthen,
Section-2
Section-4 that is suitable for the dispersion of fine particles.
Section-1
Section-3
・When the cyclone type is used, the double dispersion process of suction
Straight nozzle (Type 4 *2) and injection enables measurement with good reproducibility.
Section-2 Section-4
Section-1 Section-3 *1 Type 2 and Type 3 are set options *2 Type 4 is an option

14
Measurement Results

Q3(%) q3(%) Hard flour Dispersion of flour by water is so difficult


100 20
Soft flour
that organic solutions such as IPA must be
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)


80
15 used for wet measurement.
60 Cyclone injection mechanism can disperse
10

40
flour in air easily, enabling dry
5 measurement with good reproducibility.
20

Moreover, the sample can be gathered into


0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10
Particle Diameter (μm)
50 100 500 1000 5000 a vacuum cleaner and disposed of easily.

Q3(%) q3(%) Q3(%) q3(%)

100 10 100 10
Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)

Normalized Particle Amount (Diff)


80 8 80 8

60 6 60 6

40 4 40 4

20 2 20 2

0 0 0 0
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000
Particle Diameter (μm) Particle Diameter (μm)

2 types of gastrointestinal medicines

Dissolubility depends on particle size distribution and may adversely impact the measurement of pharmaceuticals. Dry measure-
ment is necessary to measure pharmaceuticals with dissolution effects.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
15
Hardware Specifications
General Specifications
Measurement principle Laser Diffraction Method
Measurement range SALD-MS23: 17nm(0.017μm) to 2500μm
SALD-BC23: 17nm(0.017μm) to 400μm
SALD-HC23: 30nm(0.030μm) to 280μm
SALD-DS5: 300nm(0.3μm) to 2500μm
Note 1: The measurement range varies according to the shape etc. of the particle.

Measurement Unit: SALD-2300


Light source Red Semiconductor laser (Wavelength 680 nm)
Light detector Detector elements for UV semiconductor laser
Total 84 elements (78 forward, 1 side, 5 back)
System Compliance Class 1 Laser Product, CE compliant
Required power supply 115 or 230 VAC as ordered 100 VA
Dimensions & weight W680mm×D280mm×H430mm, 31kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)
Note 2: Reference sample and USB cable (2 m) supplied as standard

Sampler: SALD-MS23
Dispersing bath Capacity: 100/200/300 mL
Sonicator Frequency about 32 kHz, output about 40 W
Liquid Pump Radial pump, maximum flow rate 2000cm3/min
Liquid Pump Material Stainless (SUS 304, SUS 316), Tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
Perfluoroelastmor (FEP) or Kalrez, Thermoflon Pascal (inside)
Liquid Supply Pump Diaphragm pump, maximum flow rate 750cm3/min
Liquid Supply Pump Material Tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl dene fluoride
Flow Cell Quartz glass
Required power supply 115 or 230 VAC as ordered, 200 VA
Dimensions & weight W390mm×D520mm×H430mm,18kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)
Note 3: USB cable (2 m) supplied as standard

Batch Cell: SALD-BC23


Cell Material Quartz glass
Required Liquid Volume Approx. 12 cm3
Stirrer Mechanism Up-and-down movement of blade
Dimensions & weight W100mm×D120mm×H140mm, 0.8kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)

High-concentration Sample Measurement System: SALD-HC23S


Cell Material Borosilicate glass/Quartz glass
Required Liquid Volume Approx. 0.15 cm3
Dimensions & weight W20mm×D100mm×H9mm, 0.2kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)

Cyclone Injection Type Dry Measurement Unit: SALD-DS5S


Sample suction types Cyclone type / One shot type / Hand shot type
Suction nozzle Can be selected from 4 types (φ2.5 mm/φ3.0 mm dispersion nozzle and Straight nozzle are optional)
Sampling Unit Specifications
System Cyclone type (By rotating and vertical movement of a special sample container)
Sample placement method Placed in a sample container
Communication method USB (PC control)
Required power supply 115/230VAC(±10%), 100VA, 50/60Hz (excluding dust collector and compressor)
Dimensions & weight W 240×D 310×H 210 mm, 10 kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)
Pressure Regulator Specifications
Maximum Primary pressure Approx. 0.8 MPa
Secondary pressure 0.05 to 0.5 MPa
Filtration rating Removing particles of 5 μm or larger
Connection to air source Tube of 6 mm outside diameter
Communication method USB (PC control)
Required power supply 115/230VAC(±10%), 100VA, 50/60Hz (excluding dust collector and compressor)
Dimensions & weight W 130×D 223×H 233 mm, 3 kg
Operating Environment Temperature: 10 to 30°C, Humidity: 20 to 80 % (no condensation)
Note 4: Dry case for SALD-2300 is included as standard.
Requirements for compressor and dust collector
Compressor Output : 0.4 kW
Minimum pressure : Approx. 7 kgf/cm2 (approx. 0.69 MPa)
Air discharge : 45 L/min
Tank volume : Approx. 30 L
Dust collector Type : Vacuum cleaner (Paper pack type)
Dust collecting efficiency : More than 99% for 0.3 μm particles
Capacity : 2.0 m3/min or more
Vacuum : Approx. 2000 mm Aq or lower
Suction hose diameter : Approx. 32 mm

16
Software Specifications
WingSALD II
Measurement and Data Display Functions
Measurement of Particle Size Distribution Manual Mode and Assist Mode
Refractive Index Setting Automatic refractive index calculation function (LDR method: Light Intensity Distribution Reproduction Method)
makes setting the refractive index easy.
Real-Time Display Particle size distribution/light intensity distribution simultaneous display
Diagnostics/Adjustments Self-diagnostic function and cell check function
Recalculation of Particle Size Distribution Batch recalculation of max. 200 distributions
Display of Particle Size Distribution Data Displays overlay of max. 200 distributions
Display of Light Intensity Distribution Displays overlay of max. 200 distributions
Statistical Data Processing Max. 200 sets of data (also allows overlaying max. 200 data sets)
Time-Series Processing Max. 200 sets of data
3-Dimensional Graphing Max. 200 sets of data
Data Transfer via Clipboard [Image Output]: Outputs entire data sheet or graph only.
[Text Output]: Outputs summary data, particle size distribution data, or light intensity distribution data.
Data Sorting Sorts by file name, sample ID, sample number, or refractive index
Output Conditions
Particle Size (μm) Divisions Fixed 51 or 101 divisions User settable 51 divisions
Particle Amount (%) Divisions Fixed 51 divisions User settable 51 divisions
Distribution Basis Count, length, area, or volume
Expression of Cumulative Distribution Oversized or undersized
Expression of Frequency Distribution q, q / Δ×, q / Δlog ×
Smoothing Levels 10 levels
Distribution Function Fitting Rosin-Rammler distribution, logarithmic Gaussian distribution
Data Shifting ±10 levels
Report Function Single data sets (6 templates), overlaid data (5 templates), statistical data, time-series data,
or 3D data can be selected and output using batch processing
Data Analysis Functions
Scattering Angle Evaluation Function Evaluates scattering characteristics within micro angle regions for samples such as optical films and sheets.
Data Emulation Functions Emulates measurement results from other instruments and measurement principles, using SALD series
measurement results.
Mixture Data Simulation Function Simulates particle size distributions using any mixture ratio of multiple particle size distributions.
Data Connection Function Combines two particle size distributions with different measurement ranges at any particle size point to
create a single particle size distribution.
Continuous Measurement Function Continuously measures changes in particle size distributions and particle diameters over time,
at intervals as short as one second, and saves the results.
Note 5: The LDR method automatically calculates an appropriate refractive index based on consistency between the actual measured light intensity distribution
and one reproduced (recalculated) from particle size distribution data. This method was developed by Shimadzu and published in two technical papers.
It is sometimes called the "Kinoshita Method", in academic communities, after the name of Shimadzu’s engineer.

PC Requirements The software is included standard on a CD-R with the SALD system (optical system).
Install the software on a PC that meets the following specifications.

OS Windows ® 10 (32/64bit)
CPU Intel ®Core ™ i5, i7
MEMORY 4GB min.
HDD Min. 1 GB of free space required.
CD-ROM Drive Required for software installation
USB Port Unit Name Required USB port
SALD-2300 1 port
SALD-BC23 0
SALD-MS23 1 port
SALD-HC23S 0
SALD-DS5S 2 ports
Printer 1 port
Display SXGA (1280×1024 pixels) min.
Printer Must be compatible with operating system.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
17
Particle Size Analyzer Applications

Particle size distribution is one of the main factors determining the characteristics of powders and particles.
Powders and particles are used in a wide variety of fields for a wide range of objectives and applications. In some cases,
they are used directly as pharmaceuticals, catalysts, additives, or binders while in other situations they are used as raw
ingredients. In either case, the particle size distribution can have a major effect on the characteristics desired for a given
application or objective, or on the performance and quality of a final product. Consequently, measuring the particle size
distribution is essential for stabilizing or improving the characteristics, performance, or quality of powders or particles.

nm μm mm
nanometers micrometers millimeters

10 50 100 500 1 5 10 50 100 500 1 5

Liposomes
Acetaminophens Pharmaceuticals
Titanium Oxide
Talc Cosmetics
Pearl Pigments

Cornstarch
Wheat Flour (cake flour) Food Products
Wheat Flour (bread flour)

Kaolinite
Ceramics
Alumina

PVC Powder
Macromolecules
Acrylic Polymer Beads

Catalysts Vanadium Oxide


Zinc Sulfide
Electronic Materials Phosphor
Clay Silt Sand

Soil and Civil Engineering Materials


Cement

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000


Particle Size: µm

Shimadzu particle size analyzers are used in a wide variety of fields, for a wide range of purposes and applications.
1 Pharmaceuticals The smaller the particles, the larger their specific surface area and the more quickly they dissolve. In the case of particles in
medical injections, the particle size determines how they pass through or penetrate capillaries and blood vessel walls and
which parts of the body they reach.
This has a major influence on the efficacy and side effects of pharmaceuticals.

2 Cosmetics For lipstick, mascara, and eye shadow, subtle differences in color and shine are controlled by differences in the particle size
distribution. The smoothness or UV light-blocking properties of creams also vary depending on the particle size distribution.

3 Food Products Many food products include powdered ingredients. The mouth, tooth, and tongue feel and other characteristics of bread,
cakes, pasta, etc. depend on the particle size distribution. Also, controlling the particle size distribution in beverages is
important to ensure consistent quality.
For example, smaller particle sizes are used in milk and lactic acid beverages to prevent differences in concentration and taste
between the upper and lower portions of the container

3 Ceramics The strength, density, hardness, heat resistance, water and air permeability, and other characteristics of ceramics depend not
only on the type of ingredient particles, but also significantly on the particle size distribution.

4 Macromolecules When particles are used as ingredients in pipes, films, and sheets, the particle size distribution can affect the strength and light
permeability of the final product.

5 Catalysts Though chemical reactivity is affected by the specific surface area and pore structure, given the same material, the chemical
reactivity can be controlled by varying the particle size distribution.

6 Electronic Materials The manner and degree to which particle size affects electronic materials differ depending on the application and material.
However, the quality control of particle size distribution is increasingly being required to ensure higher and more consistent
quality of the final product.

7 Soil and Civil


Engineering
The particle size distribution of soil and cement has a significant effect on the stability and strength of supporting ground, the
strength of buildings and other structures, and how much these change over time. Also, measuring the particle size
Materials distribution is an important factor in understanding the scale of environmental pollution in soil.

18
Measurement Technology Laser Diffraction Method

・ There is a one-to-one correspondence between the particle diameter and the light intensity distribution pattern.
When a particle is irradiated with a laser beam, light is (Side) Scattered light 5.0 μm

emitted from the particle in every direction. This is


Scattering angle
“scattered light”. The intensity of the scattered light varies
(Back) Laser light (Forward)
with the scattering angle and describes a spatial intensity 2.0 μm
Particle
distribution pattern. This is a “light intensity distribution
pattern”. If the particle diameter is large, the scattered (Side)

light emitted from the particle is concentrated in the Diffraction/Scattering by Particle


1.0 μm
forward direction (i.e., the direction of the laser beam), and fluctuates intensely in an angular range too
small to be represented in a diagram. Compared to the light emitted in the forward direction, the
intensity of all other light is extremely low. As the particle diameter becomes smaller, the pattern of the
0.5 μm
scattered light spreads outwards. As the particle becomes even smaller, the intensity of the light emitted
to the side and backwards becomes higher. The light intensity distribution pattern becomes
gourd-shaped and spreads out in every direction. In this way, then, there is exists a one-to-one
correspondence between the particle diameter and the light intensity distribution pattern. This means 0.3 μm

that the particle diameter can be ascertained by detecting the light intensity distribution pattern.

・ Measurement is performed on particle groups. 0.2 μm

Particle size distribution measurement is not performed on individual particles, but rather on particle
groups made up of large numbers of particles. Particle groups contain particles of different sizes, and the
light intensity distribution pattern emitted by a group is composed of all the scattered light emitted from 0.1 μm
all the individual particles. The particle size distribution, in other words, what particle sizes are present in
what proportions, can be obtained by detecting and analyzing this light intensity distribution pattern. This
is the basic principle behind the laser diffraction method used in laser diffraction particle size analyzers. Correspondence between the
particle diameter and the light
intensity distribution pattern.

・ Optical System in SALD-2300


Sensor for scattered light in the
The laser beam emitted from the light source (semiconductor laser) is Condensing lens forward area (Wing Sensor)

converted into a thick beam with a collimator and this is directed at the
particle group. The scattered light emitted from the group in a forward Particles
direction is concentrated with a lens, and concentric scattering images
are formed at a detecting plane positioned at a distance equal to the Semiconductor laser Diffracted, scattered image
focal length. This is detected with the wing sensor in which Scattered light

light-receiving elements are arranged concentrically. The scattered light


emitted to the side and backwards is detected with side and back
Collimator lens
Sensor for scattered light in side and backward areas
scattered light sensors. The light intensity distribution data can be
obtained by detecting scattered light data of all directions. Sensor for backward scattered light
Sensor for side scattered light
2.0μm
・ Flow of Light Intensity Detection and Data Processing Detection Wing Sensor II

With the SALD-2300 laser diffraction particle size analyzer, particle


Light intensity
size distributions are calculated using light intensity distribution data. distribution pattern

The overall flow of detection and data processing is shown in the (%)
100

80

diagram to the left. In measurement, the whole range of operations


Light Intensity

60
Light intensity
distribution data 40

from the detection of scattered light intensity distribution patterns to 20

the calculation of the particle size distribution is executed as one 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45


Sensor Element Number
50 55 60 65 5

process, and the particle size distribution data is output. Calculation of particle
size distribution Q3 (%)
100
q 3 (%)
50
Normalized Particle Amount

90
Recalculation of particle size distributions can be performed by using 80
70
40

60 30

the previously detected and saved light intensity distribution data 50


40
30
20

Particle size 20 10
and selecting a refractive index that is different from the time of distribution data 10
0
0.01 0.050.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100
0
500 1000
Particle Diameter(µm)

measurement.

SALD-2300
Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer
19
SALD-2300

Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.
Intel and Intel core are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries

For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.


This publication may contain references to products that are not available in your country. Please contact us to check the availability of
these products in your country.
Company names, products/service names and logos used in this publication are trademarks and trade names of Shimadzu Corporation,
its subsidiaries or its affiliates, whether or not they are used with trademark symbol “TM” or “®”.
Third-party trademarks and trade names may be used in this publication to refer to either the entities or their products/services, whether
or not they are used with trademark symbol “TM” or “®”.
Shimadzu disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.

www.shimadzu.com/an/ The contents of this publication are provided to you “as is” without warranty of any kind, and are subject to change without notice.
Shimadzu does not assume any responsibility or liability for any damage, whether direct or indirect, relating to the use of this publication.

© Shimadzu Corporation, 2023 / First Edition: March 2012, 3655-09318-PDFIK, C060-E007B

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